Nepal: maintaining secularism – an up-hill struggle Written by: Dr. David Seddon Publisher: Book : Nepal: maintaining Secularism- an up- hill struggle Author : Dr. David Seddon Editor : T. N. Ghimire and Uttam Niraula Publisher : Society for Humanism (SOCH) Nepal Society for Humanism (SOCH) Nepal Battisputali, Kathmandu, 01-4484777, 4497168 Post Box : 670, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal Copyright : @Society for Humanism (SOCH) Nepal 2014 Phone: 01-4484777, 4497168 ISBN : 978-9937-2-8493-6 www.sochnepal.org Price : 210/- Foreword Nepal has emerged through six decade long series of struggle Contents for democracy. Certain rights were subsequently assured through the people's movement. Eventually, latest People's movement 2063 1. Introduction ......................................................... 1 became milestone to abolish monarchy and Hindu authority together. Restored parliament's declaration on 16th January 2007 2. India: an example for Nepal?..................................... 4 confiscated Nepal's title of world's only one Hindu Nation. 3. Nepal: A Hindu monarchy ........................................ 12 Even after the declaration, the attempt of state being neutral towards faith groups has become major political controversy. Some 4. The Monarchy Resurgent ......................................... 28 political parties have found huge political space to manipulate 5. Towards a secular state .......................................... 48 angry Hindu majority voters. As a result the most regressive political party has become forth-largest party despite their 6. Nepal: Towards a Secular State ................................ 51 suppression on people's movement 2063. 7. The Hindu Backlash: 2008-2014................................. 61 Agenda of secularism has become the politics of religious 8. The ‘Social Inclusion’ Agenda ................................... 67 hatred instead of equality and rights of minority. Parties favoring secularism are failed to make people realize its importance for 9. More Recent ‘Foreign’ Interventions:2014-2015 ............. 79 strengthening democracy and dignity of each individual. The group 10. ‘Secularism’ and Religious Beliefs and Practices ............ 84 or parties close to absolutism have mishandled the space created by their failure. As an civil society organization, Society for Humanism 11. Current Issues ...................................................... 95 (SOCH) Nepal is lobbying for establishment of every individual's right regardless of their caste, color, race, religion, gender, geographical settlement, etc. Rights of minority religious or non-religious group cannot be assured without completely separating religion and state. In other words, SOCH Nepal has been actively lobbying for secularism (which guarantees the rights of each minority believers or nonbelievers). Publication of this book is an attempt to make reader's understand the importance of secularism in democracy. It gives an overview on political struggle for secularism in Nepal. Dr. David Seddon is well-known researcher, writer and consultant, and author or co-author of several books on Nepal. Till now, many writers and politician provide his references in various contexts. SOCH Nepal is delighted to be able to publish this freestanding book. His text will also be included in the forthcoming publication by SOCH. In the end, this book is a breakthrough for the readers understanding the discourse of secularism in Nepal where there is no legible domestic publication on Secularism. Uttam Niraula Director Society for Humanism (SOCH) Nepal 1 | Nepal: Maintaining Secularism- an up-hill struggle Nepal: Maintaining Secularism- an up-hill struggle | 2 on state re-structuring - saw heightened debate. Some began to call for the re-instatement of a Hindu state, often in the name of unity and integrity but sometimes as a response to alleged proselytization by Christians and Muslims; others (including Muslims and Christians) were alarmed by this increasingly Nepal: maintaining aggressive Hinduism. In the meanwhile, many were calling for political quotas and other forms of positive discrimination for some ‘minorities’ but not others, in the name of ‘social secularism – an up-hill inclusion’; while others were increasingly fearful (particularly from a ‘gender perspective’) about partiality and exclusiveness struggle in determining the rights of citizenship, and other rights. By the end of the year, secularism had become increasingly controversial even embattled. The temperature was raised still further when, in December 2014, the British Ambassador expressed his view that any new Dr. David Seddon Constitution would ‘enshrine equality for all, without discrimination based on gender, sexual orientation, caste, ethnicity, religion or language, and with a particular focus on ensuring enjoyment of those rights by the most marginalised in 1. Introduction society such as dalits’, and would also ensure that ‘the right to change religion is protected, and that the right to hold opinions In May 2006, the newly re-constituted parliament declared Nepal and to express them freely will remain strong.’ Although he was to be a secular state. This was confirmed by the Interim clearly endorsing a broad commitment to human rights without Constitution in 2007 and by the elected Constituent Assembly in discrimination, his – to my mind legitimate but perhaps ill- 2008. But the principles of secularism - popular democracy advised - intervention as an official representative of a foreign (loktantra), social justice and universal human rights, and a power drew a critical response from certain media outlets and combination of the rule of the majority together with safeguard political commentators; but it was his apparent emphasis on to protect and enhance the rights of minorities of all kinds - ‘the right to change religion’ that aroused the greatest reaction, appear to be under threat as I write this in February 2015. This particularly among those sections of the press and political is not to mention issues around federalism, form of government spectrum defensive of the special place of Hinduism in Nepal. and system of representation - all of which also remain matters of contention and strong disagreement. The struggle over the In this chapter, I explore the challenges to the idea of a secular new Constitution that has now extended over nearly a decade, society and state, particularly from those who wish to return to looks set to continue and even intensify. a Hindu state, if not a Hindu monarchy, in Nepal. I adopt a longer historical perspective to provide the context for those Although Nepal was declared a secular state for the first time more recent challenges that have arisen in recent years in some eight years ago, the last few months of 2014 - perhaps not response to the formal establishment of a secular state in Nepal surprisingly in view of the lack of progress towards a consensus in 2006-2008, and express my own concern that the real 3 | Nepal: Maintaining Secularism- an up-hill struggle Nepal: Maintaining Secularism- an up-hill struggle | 4 opportunities that secularism provides for the development of a tolerant progressive society and political culture, and thus for popular democracy and human rights, may be abandoned in the 2. India: an example for Nepal? context of a rising demand for more radical change on the one hand and a grim defence of the status quo ante on the other. Hinduism I consider the issues involved from a broadly secular, humanist The majority of Indians are Hindus. Hinduism has been called position, pointing out, among other things, that ‘secular’ does the oldest religion in the world. Some refer to it as Sanātana not necessarily mean ‘atheistic’ – as some people in Nepal Dharma, ‘the eternal law’ or the ‘eternal way’ – something believe and as some Marxists (and Maoists) assert - but does above and beyond human culture and society, but for which it imply a state and society that allows and indeed encourages prescribes ‘eternal’ duties such as honesty, mercy, purity, self- attitudes and behaviour that are broadly permissive and ‘non- restraint, among others. Throughout its extensive history, there partisan’ as regards religious beliefs and practices, is ‘agnostic’ have been many key Hindu figures, teaching different on more specific issues as federalism, devolution and the precise philosophies and writing diverse holy books. For these reasons, form or combination of forms of government and representation writers often refer to Hinduism as 'a way of life' or 'a family of of the people, but is strongly supportive of popular democracy, religions', rather than a single religion. Western scholars tend to social justice and the rule of law, and universal human rights. regard Hinduism as a fusion or ‘synthesis’ of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots, no single scripture, I also remind readers that India - a federal republic and multi- no single founder and no commonly agreed set of teaching. lingual, multi-ethnic and multi-faith society, which has This ‘Hindu synthesis’ seems to have emerged around the experienced its own conflicts between different faith beginning of the Common Era and to have co-existed for several communities, its own Marxist armed struggles and Maoist- centuries with Buddhism, finally gaining pre-eminence over the Naxalite insurgencies, as well as movements to ensure positive latter during the 8th century, after which the ‘Hindu synthesis’ discrimination for dalits, scheduled castes