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Ii. Ausgangslage 1. Die Royal Air Force Am Ende Des Ersten Weltkriegs

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Ii. Ausgangslage 1. Die Royal Air Force Am Ende Des Ersten Weltkriegs II. AUSGANGSLAGE 1. DIE ROYAL AIR FORCE AM ENDE DES ERSTEN WELTKRIEGS 1.1 DER ERSTE WELTKRIEG Die Entwicklung des militärischen Flugwesens Im Verlauf der voranschreitenden Entwicklungen in der zivilen Luftfahrt wur- de die seit dem Jahr 1888 bestehende School of Ballooning am 1. April 1911 in ein Air Battalion als Teil der Royal Engineers reorganisiert. Diese Einheit, bestehend aus etwa 150 Mann, verwendete erstmals motorgetriebene Flugma- schinen für militärische Zwecke. Ihr erster Kommandeur war Major Sir Alex- ander Bannerman, dem ein Jahr darauf Major Frederick Sykes nachfolgte. Sykes war ein Befürworter des Einsatzes von Flugzeugen zu Aufklärungszwe- cken. Im gleichen Jahr wurde er vom Committee of Imperial Defence1 (CID) mit einer Untersuchung des Nutzens von Flugzeugen im Krieg betraut.2 Das War Office schickte den damaligen Captain nach Frankreich, wo er als Manö- verbeobachter den Wert von Flugzeugen bei militärischen Operationen beur- teilen sollte. Er war davon überzeugt, dass Flugzeuge künftig eine entschei- dende Rolle in der Kriegführung spielen würden und bereitete sich auch privat darauf vor. Sykes erlernte das Fliegen und belegte einen Kurs über Aerodyna- mik an der London University. Entsprechend positiv fiel sein Bericht nach den französischen Manövern aus. Er resümierte, dass ein Flugzeug Aufklärungs- ergebnisse in vier Stunden liefern konnte, wo eine Patrouille zu Pferd vier Tage benötigen würde: „There can no longer be any doubt as to the value of aero- planes in locating an enemy on land and obtaining information.“3 Der Bericht veranlasste die Entscheidungsträger zur Formierung eines Naval Wing, eines Military Wing, einer Central Flying School und einer Aircraft Factory.4 Zu- 1 Vom Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs agierte dieses ständige Komitee als Beratungs- und Planungsstelle für den Premierminister. Besetzt mit poli- tischen und militärischen Spitzenvertretern befasste sich das CID mit der militärischen Strategie im gesamten Empire. 2 Zu den theoretischen Überlegungen von Sykes vgl. S. 63ff. 3 Zit. bei Budiansky, Air Power, S. 47. Der Sykes–Bericht befindet sich im RAF Museum Hendon, RAFM Hendon, Sykes Papers, MFC 77/13/8, Notes on Aviation in France, Dezember 1911. 4 Einen maßgeblichen Einfluss hatte auch die Beobachtung des italienisch–osmanischen Konflikts in Nordafrika. Dort setzten im Dezember 1911 die Italiener bei Tripolis erstmals erfolgreich Flugzeuge zur Bodenbekämpfung ein. Zum Hintergrund vgl. Childs, Timothy W., Italo–Tur- kish diplomacy and the war over Libya 1911–1912, Leiden et al. 1990. Empfehlenswert ist auch der digitalisierte und online zugängliche Nachdruck eines amerikanischen Marineattaches, der bereits im Jahr 1913 aufgrundlage zugänglicher Dokumente eine Geschichte des Konflikts verfasste. Vgl. Beehler, W.H., The History of the Italian–Turkish War, Annapolis 1913. Down- 32 II. Ausgangslage Abbildung 3: Frederick Hugh Sykes sammen bildeten diese Einrichtungen das am 13. April 1912 gegründete Royal Flying Corps (RFC). Das ursprüngliche Air Batta- lion hieß nun Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps und bestand aus wenigen Squadrons.5 Frederick Sykes, nunmehr Li- eutenant–Colonel, führte diese Einheit in den Ersten Weltkrieg. Nach wenigen Tagen wurde er jedoch zum Chief of Staff des RFC ernannt und blieb bis Mitte des Jahres 1915 auf diesem Posten.6 In der Folgezeit über- nahm er verschiedene Verwendungen bei der Royal Navy und der Army. Mit dem Wirken von Frederick Sykes ist der Name Hugh Trenchard eng verbunden. Als Sykes Chief of Staff wurde, kommandierte Trenchard den Military Wing, der noch 1914 in First Wing umbenannt wurde. Als die Expan- sion des RFC voranschritt und es notwendig wurde, größere Flugzeugverbän- de zu führen, entstand ein Second Wing. Mit der Rückkehr des RFC Kom- mandeurs General David Henderson nach London, der dort den Posten als Director–General of Military Aeronautics übernahm, bekam Trenchard als Brigadier–General im Sommer 1915 das Kommando über das RFC an der loadbar unter http://archive.org/stream/historyitaliant00beehgoog#page/n6/mode/2up (letzter Zugriff: 28.05.2013). 5 . Das RFC hatte ursprünglich einen Military Wing und einen Naval Wing. Während der Mili- tary Wing im Rahmen des RFC in der späteren Royal Air Force aufging, separierte die Royal Navy den Naval Wing bereits 1914 und bildete einen ihr unterstellten Royal Naval Air Service. Der Begriff des Squadrons ist nicht eindeutig definierbar. Er dient als Sammelbegriff zur Iden- tifikation einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher fliegender Einheiten. Die Bezeichnungen „Squad- ron“, „Wing“ oder „Flight“ finden sich auch bei bodengebundenen Einheiten, wie RAF Regi- mentern oder bei administrativen und technischen Einrichtungen einer RAF Basis. Eine wichtige Eigenschaft des Squadron–Begriffs bei fliegenden Einheiten ist die theoretische eigen- ständige Operationsfähigkeit eines Squadrons, nicht die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Verband oder einer Heimatbasis. Der Bezugspunkt für alle Mitglieder eines Squadrons ist allein die Nummer desselben. „A squadron may have many men or few; may ‚own‘ large numbers of aircraft or none at all; may be established as a self–contained unit or otherwise; may have operational, cadre or number plate status; and may be a combat or support unit. A squadron is a unit which has been allocated a number from within the series of numbers which has been reserved for the designation of having squadron status. […] A squadron is a squadron because the Ministry […] says it. is.“, Jefford, C. G., RAF Squadrons, A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912, Shrewsbury 2001, S. 9. Für die nachfolgenden Ausführungen wird bis zur Gründung des Bomber Command im Jahr 1936 eine durchschnittliche Squadrongröße von drei Flights á vier Flugzeugen, also von 12 Flugzeu- gen pro Squadron zu Grunde gelegt. 6 Zu Beginn des Krieges war Brigadier–General David Henderson Kommandeur der eingesetzten Kräfte des RFC. Während einer einmonatigen Abwesenheit Hendersons kommandierte er Ende 1914 das RFC und wurde dann wieder Chief of Staff..
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