DOCSLIB.ORG

Interaction Between South-Eastern San and Southern Nguni/Sotho

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interaction Between South-Eastern San and Southern Nguni/Sotho STRANGERS TO BROTHERS: INTERACTION BETWEEN SOUTH-EASTERN SAN AND SOUTHERN NGUNI/SOTHO COMMUNITIES Town Cape PIETER JOLLY of University Submitted to the Faculty of Arts , University of Cape Town, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology. 1994' ·.• • •-<'.>" c:; .. )., ;-c;~.~ .-· ,:,~l._4' -_~ 1 ,;,.- • .._.,.,...,;..,.,,,.1_ . .-.,.,..,~~..,..... The lhiv~ns>t\• nf' ~"'.·.n;; f""m ! 0 r.~ !i".''''" t·:·,,,m !·, , /~1~: r,:;3'd, 1."~ ,.,.,.;, ·~. ·-~;. '. ~ ;"'; ·. ·-. ~·,; : ~; '':ii<JF3 :·.' i .. ~r in rc:~-L .:·,r:; ·~ ·.. '. · ;· .. :L. , i;: · ,;··;~L Jtf- . I , i _._... ' j The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University ABSTRACT There is presently considerable debate as to the forms of relationships established between hunter-gatherers and their non-forager neighbours and whether relationships which are documented as having been established significantly affected these hunter-gatherer societies. In southern Africa, particular attention has been paid to the effects of such contact on hunter­ gatherer communities of the south-western Cape and the Kalahari. The aim of this thesis has been to assess the nature and extent of relationships established between the south-eastern San and southern Nguni and Sotho communities and to identify the extent to which the establishment of these relationships may have brought about changes in the political, social and religious systems of south­ eastern hunter-gatherers. General patterns characterising interaction between a number of San and non-San hunter-gatherer societies and farming communities outside the study area are identified and are combined with archaeological and historiographical information to model relationships between the south-eastern San and southern Nguni and Sotho communities. The established and possible effects of these relationships on some south-eastern San groups are presented as well as some of the possible forms in which changes in San religious ideology and ritual practice resultant upon contact were expressed in the rock art. It is suggested that the ideologies of many south-eastern San communities, rather than being characterised by continuity throughout the contact period, were significantly influenced by the ideological systems of the southern Nguni and Sotho and that paintings at the caves ofMelikane and upper Mangolong, as well as comments made upon these paintings by the 19th century San informant, Qing, should be interpreted with reference to the religious ideologies and ritual practices of the southern Nguni and Sotho as well as those of the San. Other rock paintings in areas where contact between the south-eastern San and black farming communities was prolonged and symbiotic may need to be similarly interpreted - 1 - CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements 111 Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Some non-San hunter-gatherer groups and their relationships with farming communities 7 Chapter Three South-western Cape and Kalahari San and their neighbours - the "revisionist debate" 23 Chapter Four Southern N guni - San interaction 36 Chapter Five Southern Sotho - San interaction 50 Chapter Six Discussion 70 Chapter Seven The effects of symbiotic interaction expressed in the rock art 106 Chapter Eight Conclusion 128 References 131 Appendix Oral data - Sotho informants 147 - 11 - LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map showing the location of places opp. 1 mentioned in the text and the approximate location of southern N guni groups and the southern Sotho in the study area c.1850. Figure 2. Tracing of Orpen's copies of paintings 112 commented upon by Qing. I' I . i Figure 3. One of Dingaan's praisers in ceremonial 118 dress. Figure 4. Photograph of masked figures depicted in 118 painting at Tiffin's Kloof and copied by Stow. - 111 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the course of researching and writing this thesis I was assisted and advised by a number of people to all of whom I owe my thanks. Thanks are due firstly to John Parkington for his supervision. Discussions with Frans Prins concerning interaction between San and southern Nguni have helped me to model the forms of relationships that may have developed between San and southern Nguni communities. Karel Schoeman provided information relating to the establishment of London Missionary Society San missions during the 19th century. Bert Woodhouse kindly allowed me to use a photograph of a painting at Tiffin's Kloof in the Queenstown District which he recently relocated, and Francis Thackeray generously permitted me to cite from some of his unpublished manuscripts. I am indebted to David Ambrose, James Walton, Mosebe Damane and Lukas Smits for assistance in researching San-Sotho relations, as well as to Rev. Albert Brutsch and. Stephen Gill who went out of their way to help me during the time that I was conducting research at the Morija Museum and Archives. I am particularly grateful to Stephen Gill for his translation of Sesotho articles in Leselinyana La Lesotho, although he would make no claim to these translations being definitive, and Imke Seeman kindly translated relevant sections of Ellenberger's "La Fin Tragique des Bushmen". Father Bernard and Edgar Moremoholo generously allowed me to stay at the Mission House at Masitise while conducting interviews in southern Lesotho. Lehlohonolo Matsoarelle and Rasekhele Moeletsi voluntarily gave a considerable amount of their time to act as interpreters for me when I was interviewing Sotho informants. Finally, I thank the Oppenheimer Institute, Department of African Studies, U.C.T., who provided a grant to enable me to conduct research in Lesotho. - IV - CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The migration of Sotho communities from the Transvaal onto the southern Highveld and the expansion of southern Nguni communities through mixed grasslands to the edge of the sour grasslands after A.D.1000 brought these farming communities into direct contact with south-eastern San hunter-gatherers. While the immigrant farmers may have interacted indirectly with these San communities prior to this time through trade networks, they now came face to face with the original inhabitants of these areas. The nature and intensity of the relationships established between the south-eastern San and their southern Nguni and Sotho neighbours as well as some of the effects of these relationships on the social, political and cultural life of the San are explored in this thesis. A realisation of the importance of contact between hunter-gatherers and adjacent communities for understanding these societies is reflected in the number of studies dealing with this subject in recent years. Whereas hunter-gatherer political and social systems were previously viewed as adapted to and formed by their hunting and foraging economies it is now often suggested that they are shaped, to a large extent, by contact with neighbouring non-forager communities (Murphy and Steward 1956; Fox 1969; Headland and Reid 1989; Wilmsen 1989). The implications of this paradigm shift for our understanding of both historic and prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies have been considerable and have required archaeologists and anthropologists to re-assess assumptions of economic, political, social and ideological continuities in hunter-gatherer societies from the Late Stone Age (hereafter L. S .A.) to the present. A number of archaeological and historical studies have recently been undertaken which focus on San communities of the south-western Cape and the Kalahari, and the effects of interaction between these groups and Khoi, Tswana and other non-forager communities. This "revisionist" debate is directly relevant to the south-eastern San and the relationships that they established with southern Nguni and Sotho communities, but these relationships have received relatively little attention. I hope to at least partially redress this imbalance here. The areas occupied by the south-eastern San are of importance for rock art studies, in particular, since it is here that some of the finest and most complex rock paintings in southern Africa are to be found. It has been argued that most of these paintings are symbolic expressions of the experiences of San shamans while in trance, - 1 - and that rites and symbols depicted in the art are derived exclusively from San ritual practice and religious ideology. It is important, however, to ascertain whether the effects of contact were represented in the evolving symbolic order of south-eastern San communities experiencing change due to contact and how such changes may have been expressed in the rock art. The possible effects of contact on the rock art of the south­ eastern San have been discussed by Campbell (1987), but within a paradigm of rock art studies which assumes the existence of a structural continuity in the religious ideology of San groups throughout the contact period - and for millennia before this time. I argue in this thesis that such assumptions of continuity in the cognitive system of all San groups may need to be re-assessed. I have adopted a four-fold approach to my analysis of south-eastern San - southern Nguni/Sotho relations Studies of interaction between certain hunter-gatherer groups and farming communities outside the study
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dedicated To
    MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit Nkangala Mouth-Bow Tradition in Malaŵi A Comparative Study of Historiography, Performance Practices, Social Context and Tonal Systems verfasst von Zeynep Sarıkartal angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 836 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Masterstudium Musikwissenschaft Betreuer: a.o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kubik 2 Dedicated to Abdullah Cömert Ethem Sarısülük Mehmet Ayvalıtaş Ali İsmail Korkmaz Medeni Yıldırım Ahmet Atakan Hasan Ferit Gedik Berkin Elvan Ahmet Küçüktağ Burak Can Karamanoğlu who lost their lives during the police and state-assisted violence towards the protesters, which had started in the Gezi Park in Turkey in the summer of 2013 and still going on up to present day, to their families and to all people who has been in solidarity. 3 Acknowledgements This study had been realized under the supervision of my advisor a.o. Univ. -Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kubik, who inspired me with his works, experiences and methodologies on African music studies as well as with his multi-disciplined approach on ethnology. First of all I would like to thank him for all his works, which constitute the majority of my bibliography, for sharing his field experiences during his lectures and for showing patience for the questions during my long-term work process. Beside this I would like to specially thank to Mag. Dr. Moya Aliya Malamusi, Ass. -Prof. Mag. Dr. August Schmidhofer and Univ. -Prof. Mag. Dr. Regine Allgayer-Kaufmann for organizing the research trip to Malaŵi, for all the support and opportunities that they have provided during my short field work, for their encouragement on the subject; to Romeo and Dyna Malamusi and to Alik Mlendo for sharing their knowledge and for translations; to Malamusi family for their hospitality in Malaŵi, and to my nkangala teachers Ellena and Cicilia Kachepa, with all my sincerity.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Nineteenth-Century Maloti- Drakensberg Mountains1
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery The ‘Interior World’ of the Nineteenth-Century Maloti- Drakensberg Mountains1 Rachel King*1, 2, 3 and Sam Challis3 1 Centre of African Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 2 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 3 Rock Art Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Over the last four decades archaeological and historical research has the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains as a refuge for Bushmen as the nineteenth-century colonial frontier constricted their lifeways and movements. Recent research has expanded on this characterisation of mountains-as-refugia, focusing on ethnically heterogeneous raiding bands (including San) forging new cultural identities in this marginal context. Here, we propose another view of the Maloti-Drakensberg: a dynamic political theatre in which polities that engaged in illicit activities like raiding set the terms of colonial encounters. We employ the concept of landscape friction to re-cast the environmentally marginal Maloti-Drakensberg as a region that fostered the growth of heterodox cultural, subsistence, and political behaviours. We introduce historical, rock art, and ‘dirt’ archaeological evidence and synthesise earlier research to illustrate the significance of the Maloti-Drakensberg during the colonial period. We offer a revised southeast-African colonial landscape and directions for future research. Keywords Maloti-Drakensberg, Basutoland, AmaTola, BaPhuthi, creolisation, interior world 1 We thank Lara Mallen, Mark McGranaghan, Peter Mitchell, and John Wright for comments on this paper. This research was supported by grants from the South African National Research Foundation’s African Origins Platform, a Clarendon Scholarship from the University of Oxford, the Claude Leon Foundation, and the Smuts Memorial Fund at Cambridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Victoria Cross Awards Warrants Concerning The
    Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 3 Nr 2, 1973. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za VICTORIA CROSS AWARDS INTRODUCTION In the military history of both the British Empire and of the Western World, the highest British military decoration, namely the Victoria Cross, has attained con- siderable renown. The Victoria Cross was introduced in terms of the Royal Warrant of 29 January, 1856 and by 1957 a total of 1346 had been awarded, among which were 3 bars as second awards. As far as the award of the V.C. under changing conditions in warfare is concerned, the following has been extracted from an authoritative article: The conditions of warfare changed so considerably in the succeed- ing hundred years that, wehereas in 1856, the saving of a comrade's life under fire or the. capture of a standard, was sufficient to earn a Victoria Cross, during World War II, a much higher degree of self-sacrifice was required, as was shown by the number of Victoria Crosses posthumously awarded. This article largely stems from an inquiry recently addressed to the Military Historical and Archival Services. It was compiled and edited by Cmdt. Jan Ploeger, M.A., M.Ed., D.Phil., Acad. and Capt. F. J. Jacobs, B.A.(Hons.), U.E.D. of the Military Historical and Archival Services, S.A.D.F. Encyclopedia Britannica, (1968), Vol. 15, p. 63. Under the heading The V.C. and D.S.O. (Ed. Sir O'Moore Creagh, V.c., G.C.B., G.C.S.!. and E. M. Humphris), (London), Part I, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebirth of Bukalanga: a Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I
    THE REBIRTH OF BUKALANGA A Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I NDZIMU-UNAMI EMMANUEL 2 The Rebirth of Bukalanga: A Manifesto for the Liberation of a Great People with a Proud History Part I ISBN: 978 0 7974 4968 8 ©Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel, 2012 Facebook: Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel Email: [email protected] Twitter: NdzimuEmmanuel Website: http://www.ndzimuunami.blogspot.com Published by Maphungubgwe News Corporation Language Editing and Proof-reading Pathisa Nyathi Bheki J. Ncube Cover Design Greg Sibanda, Tadbagn Designs All rights reserved. Not more than one chapter of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission in writing of the author or publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. 3 About the author Born on 29 March 1982 in Bulawayo and raised by his grandparents in the District of Bulilima-Mangwe, Ndzimu-unami Emmanuel Moyo completed his primary and secondary education at Tokwana Primary and Secondary Schools. He later completed a Diploma in Personnel Management graduating with Distinction with the Institute of People Management (IPMZ). Moyo later entered the Theological College of Zimbabwe (TCZ) in Bulawayo where he majored in reading Theology and Philosophy, dropping out of the College after one-and-a-half- years. Between the time of his finishing of the GCE Ordinary Level in 1999 and publishing this book in 2012, Moyo worked for the Zimbabwe postal service, Zimbabwe Posts, and the National Oil Company of Zimbabwe (Noczim) in his home town of Plumtree.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Brief Political History of South Africa
    2 Brief Political History of South Africa Introduction This chapter discusses the various African communities in the broader southern Africa, their various interactions with one another and the interactions with non- African peoples. The chapter also describes how the various African communities such as the San, Khoi, Nguni, Sotho and Tswana managed their socio-economic and political systems. The role and interactions of non-African communities, such as the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English with African communities are also discussed. In the main, European colonialism negatively impacted the African communities. It is in this context that history is critical in order that the understanding of the post-apartheid political economy is not divorced from the totality of the historical experience that has influenced today’s political economy. The history of southern Africa can be said to be not a single narrative or story but rather a series of contested histories that have been altered and remodelled to shape non-African communities and institutions.32 That is why this chapter examines the pre-colonial African communities and the key developments which characterised their societies. The chapter also gives a brief background explanation on how South Africa’s pre-colonial history was manipulated in order to misrepresent the fact that African peoples/communities did in fact have vibrant and functional pre-colonial interactions and societies. In describing the history of southern Africa, it is important to first acknowledge the fact that the history did not begin with the Portuguese or British or Dutch (European) arrival, but is rather an interrupted narrative of socio-economic development.33 There were many African communities that co-existed in southern Africa before the arrival of Europeans – and there were various advanced kingdoms, as epitomised by civilisations pertaining to Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe for example.
    [Show full text]
  • City-Coins-Auction-67-Web-V9.Pdf
    CITY COINS POSTAL Medal AUCTION 67 POSTAL MEDAL AUCTION 67 CLOSING DATE 26TH AUGUST 2016 17.00 hrs. (S.A.) GROUND FLOOR TULBAGH CENTRE RYK TULBAGH SQUARE FORESHORE CAPE TOWN, 8001 SOUTH AFRICA P.O. BOX 156 SEA POINT, 8060 CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA TEL: +27 21 425 2639 FAX: +27 21 425 3939 [email protected] • www.citycoins.com CATALOGUE AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY ON OUR WEBSITE INDEX PAGES PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. 2 – 5 THE STORY OF THE DATED QUEEN’S SOUTH AFRICA MEDAL 7 – 14 by ROBERT MITCHELL .................................................................................................................... THE MEDALS OF THE CAPE COPPER COMPANY 43 – 47 FOR THE DEFENCE OF O’OKIEP by ROBERT MITCHELL ....................................... TOWNSEND FAMILY PHOTOGRAPHS ........................................ 48 ALPHABETICAL SURNAME INDEX .............................................................................. 87 – 88 PRICES REALISED AUCTION 66 ..................................................................................... 90 – 92 BIDDING GUIDELINES REVISED ..................................................................................... 93 CONDITIONS OF SALE REVISED ..................................................................................... 94 LOTS WORLD WAR I GALLANTRY AWARDS TO SOUTH AFRICANS ............................ 1 – 7 ORDERS AND DECORATIONS .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Zulu Culture
    ZULU CULTURE LOCATION Today there are about 3 million Zulus, who mostly live in the Natal Province of South Africa. This area is some- times called Zululand, and has a very warm climate. HISTORY The Zulu started as a clan that belonged to a larger group of people called the Nguni. The Nguni migrated south from central East Africa in the 16th century to the Natal region. As they settled the Zulu built beehive shaped grass huts to live in. The Zulu people believe that they are the direct descendents of a chief called Zulu (which means heaven in the Nguni language). After the death of Zulu, his descendants called themselves abakwaZulu (people of Zulu). The Zulu people also call themselves Abantsundu, which means "brown people". By the early 19th century the Zulu had become the strongest military force in southern Africa (under the leader- ship of the powerful but violent Shaka). They raided and killed many neighbors and took their land, goods and women. Soon after this, however (around 1830), they had to face the growing colonial presence of the British, who wanted to control the entire southern part of Africa. It was not the first time that Europeans had seized control of land in Southern Africa. The first white Europeans arrived in 1488. Many whites (English, Dutch, German and French) went to the nearby Cape of Good Hope to settle starting around 1600. There, the Europeans imported slaves to work for them and a society was created of free whites and blacks with very few rights. Many white settlers did not like British rule, however.
    [Show full text]
  • In Praise of Outlaws1 Rachel King1, 2 1 Institute of Archaeology, University College London 2 Rock Art Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand
    In praise of outlaws1 Rachel King1, 2 1 Institute of Archaeology, University College London 2 Rock Art Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract ‘Outlaw’ is not a common category of archaeological thought but it is perhaps more useful than meets the eye. ‘Outlaws’ are typically viewed as contingent on legal and capitalist systems; they are, I suggest, also material, affective phenomena that draw our attention to how transgression, dissent, and disorder are conceived through archaeological thinking. Here, I outline some ways in which ‘outlaw’ figures are ‘good to think with’, particularly for historical and colonial contexts but also for broader, more global frontier situations. Through three sketches of archetypal ‘outlaws’ in southern Africa’s recent past, I consider where these disruptive figures draw attention to how mobility, violence, rebellion, and state imagination (and the limits thereof) have been imagined through material mis- behaviours. Keywords outlaws, cattle raiders, vagrancy, rebellion, resistance, southern Africa, colonialism 1 The fieldwork for this research was funded by a Clarendon Scholarship from the University of Oxford. This paper was written during my tenure as Smuts Research Fellow in African Studies and with generous support from the Smuts Memorial Fund. I thank Mark McGranaghan for comments on earlier drafts of this paper and comments from two anonymous reviewers. Introduction ‘Outlaw’ is not a common category of archaeological thought. The term, describing someone engaging in behaviours defined against or outside of what is or was legal, is laden with judgment and historical specificity, inhibiting its use as an analytic with which to think comparatively across time and space.
    [Show full text]
  • Portable Objects from Southeast Africa the Cleveland Museum of Art April 16, 2011–February 26, 2012
    Exhibition CheckliSt The Art of Daily Life: Portable Objects from Southeast Africa the Cleveland Museum of Art April 16, 2011–February 26, 2012 Unless otherwise noted, all the works included in this publication can tentatively be dated from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. Many were taken from Africa as souvenirs or as loot by soldiers at the end of the Anglo- Zulu War of 1879 or the South African War of 1899–1901. * not in exhibition 1 hEADRESt much of the art of the region. typically compact in size Shona people, Zimbabwe and light in weight, with the walking stick serving as a Wood; h. 14 cm (5½ in.) carrying handle, such traveling headrests were invented Private collection in the 19th century by tsonga carvers in Mozambique and adjacent South Africa. 2 AntELOPE hEADRESt Possibly tsonga people, South Africa 5 DoUblE hEADRESt With ChAin linkS AnD SnUFF Wood, glass beads, wildebeest hair, animal teeth; h. 11.4 ContAinERS cm (4½ in.) tsonga people, South Africa Drs. noble and Jean Endicott Wood; h. 15.2 cm (6 in.) betsy S. Aubrey and E. Steve lichtenberg this kind of realistically carved zoomorphic tsonga headrest is quite rare. it consists of two horizontal the fact that the two headrests, links, and containers planes joined by a vertical support in the shape of what are all carved from a single piece of wood is testimony appears to be an antelope. Strings of blue beads attached to the virtuosity of the object’s maker. however, the to the support add greatly to the object’s appeal.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifty Fighting Years by A. Lerumo the Communist Party of South Africa
    Fifty Fighting Years By A. Lerumo The Communist Party of South Africa 1921-1971 Nineteen Seventy One marked the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Communist Party of South Africa. This document is based on a series of articles contributed to the Party organ, the African Communist. It traces the Party`s origins as a left-wing movement within the predominantly white labour movement into a fighting vanguard of national liberation. The introductory chapter outlines three hundred years of European penetration, conquest and domination in South Africa Contents Foreword 1. Conquest and Dispossession (SA before 1870) 2. Liberation and Labour Movements (1870-1921) 3. The Turn of the Masses (1921-1930) 4. From `Fusion` to Fascism (1930-1950) 5. Apartheid and Resistance (1950-1970) Foreword Marxist-Leninist Parties have a sound tradition of taking their own history seriously. The assessment of past achievements, as well as of errors and misjudgments, is a duty of each Party, helping in its own work and adding to the experience of the international working class movement. The fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Communist Party of South Africa was an occasion when the Party leadership had intended to carry out such a review. Unfortunately the conditions under which the Party has to work at present precluded the fulfilment of this task. Fascist terror and illegality have taken a heavy toll of casualties among our leaders and members; most of those remaining are deeply involved in the preparations of our united national liberation movement for armed revolutionary struggle. Inadequate personnel, the difficulties of research and of organising detailed collective discussion were among the serious problems which could not be overcome in time.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Cape Council of Nguni People
    WESTERN CAPE COUNCIL OF NGUNI PEOPLE PRESENTATION TO TRUP 07 July 2016 WHO ARE NGUNI PEOPLE • Nguni people live mainly below the high plateau of the interior, between the escarpment of the Drakensberg and the sea, and strench, in a long broad belt of hundreds of tribes, from Swaziland right through Natal far down into the Cape Province (Warmelo, 1974). • The Northern Nguni comprise the Swazi, Zulu, and Ndebele peoples of the highveld; and the Southern Nguni include the Xhosa, Thembu, Bomvana, Mpondo, Mpondomise, Hlubi and Bhaca. HISTORICAL CLAIM TO PINELANDS AND NDABENI • King Langalibalele was one of the first inhabitants of Pinelands after his release from Robben Island in 1875. He stayed in Pinelands till 1887. Stayed in Uitvlugt / Pinelands approximately for 12 years (Cuthbertson, 1979; www.pelteret.co.za/pdf/research). • After the Battle of Isandwana & Battle of Ulundi (Zulu War 1879), King Cetywayo became another prominent Nguni Leader to be an inhabitant of Pinelands / Oude Molen (exiled) (www.pelteret.co.za/pdf/research) Returned to Zululand in1883. • Establishment of Ndabeni started just prior 1901 as a Black migrant workers residential area (Saunders, 1979; Coetzer, 2009). Around about 1923 Blacks were forcefully removed to Langa. WHY NGUNI PEOPLE WERE REMOVED • Prejudice of Indigenous People • Colonial Policy of Segregation - Separate Development • Forced Removals • Dispossession of Black people CURRENT GUIDING PRINCIPLES • Redress of Colonial Unjust Policies • Reconciliation • Integration • Diverse, Coherent and Sustainable Communities • • Shared Vision and Destiny PROPOSED PROJECTS • Traditional Village (Traditional Houses) • Nguni Cultural Centre • Food Gardens • Herbs Gardens • Flower Gardens • Museum / Exhibition Centre • Stalls REFERENCES 1. Coetzer, N.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of South Africa, Third Edition
    A HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA [To view this image, refer to the print version of this title.] Praisefor earliereditionsof A Historyof SouthAfrica "Highlyreadable.... Fora neatlycompressed,readable,authoritative accountofSouthAfricanhistory,thisbookwilltakesomesurpassing." -Paul Maylam,JournalofAfricanHistory "In A HistoryofSouthAfricaLeonardThompson againproveshismettleas an historianbyaugmentinghisowninsightswiththe bestofthoseofhis erstwhilecritics.... Thegreateststrengthofthisworkisitspresentationof suchasweepingandcomplexhistoryin someofthe most lucidproseto be found in suchatext.It isan excellentchoiceforan introductorycourse,as wellasoneofthe bestwindowsforthe generalreaderto gainperspectiveon contemporarySouthAfrica:'-Donald Will,AfricaToday "Thismagisterialhistorythrowsafloodlighton SouthAfrica'scurrentcrisis byexaminingthe past.The absurdityoftheapartheidphilosophyof racialseparatismisunderscoredbythe author's argument (backedwith convincingresearchmaterial)that the genesofthe nation'sfirst hunter-gatherersareinextricablymixedwiththoseofmodem blacks andwhites."-PublishersWeekly "Shouldbecomethe standard generaltextfor SouthAfricanhistory.It is recommendedforcollegeclassesandanyoneinterestedin obtaininga historicalframeworkinwhichto placeeventsoccurringin SouthAfrica today:'-Roger B.Beck,History:ReviewsofNewBooks ((Amustforanyseriousstudent ofSouthAfrica:'-Senator DickClark, Directorofthe SouthernPolicyForum,TheAspenInstitute,Washington,D.C. "Thisisabook that fillsa greatneed.Asan up-to-date aridauthoritative summaryofSouthAfricanhistorybyoneof
    [Show full text]