Eurasian Pre history, 7 (2): 287–308.

SHELL OR NA MENTS FROM THE UP PER THROUGH LAY ERS OF KLISSOURA 1 BY PROSYMNA (PELOPONESE, )

Mary C. Stiner

School of An thropol ogy, P.O. Box 210030, Uni ver sity of Ar i zona, Tuc son, Ar i zona 85721-0030, USA; [email protected] i zona.edu

Ab stract More than 1500 shell orna ments were recov ered during the exca va tions of the early through Meso- lithic layers of Klissoura Cave 1. The or nament assem blages from the middle and lower Aurigna cian and the earli est Up- per Paleolithic (Uluzzian) layers asso ci ate with well preserved hearths and other intact cultural features. The older orna - ment assem blages are excep tion ally rich in mollusk , whose shells humans collected from marine shorelines, fresh- wa ter habi tats and Pliocene fossil sources. A partic u larly dense concen tra tion of orna men tal shells occurs within the area of a small structure in the lower Aurigna cian (layer IV). Taxo nomic diver sity in the orna ment assem blages declines pre- cipi tously after the for mation of layer IIIe–g (upper Aurigna cian), and this condi tion of low diver sity persists through the end of the cultural sequence. The changes in orna ment diver sity seem to reflect natu ral changes in coast line habi tat struc- tures of the region. All of the Upper Paleolithic orna ment assem blages are “high-graded” or selec tively winnowed for har- mony in color, form and qual ity. There are few if any hints of manu fac tur ing errors and debris typi cal of shell orna ment as- semblages in coastal sites. Rather, the orna ments display high frequen cies of use wear (pol ish), usually in a preferred ori - enta tion, indi cat ing that most of them ar rived on site while affixed to human bodies or organic arti facts. There are no re- mains of edible marine mol lusks in Klissoura Cave 1, consis tent with its inland loca tion. The taxo nomic compo sition of the early Upper Paleolithic shell assem blages is simi lar to those docu mented in , whereas the very limited taxo nomic compo sition of the later orna ment assem blages is most consis tent with those found at on the south ern Argolid.

Key words: Paleolithic shell orna ments, Aurigna cian, Uluzzian, taphonomy, site forma tion processes, site structure.

di nary and with out in ter est. The be hav ioral im - IN TRO DUC TION portanc e of the emergence of bead-making tradi - Compar a tively lit tle is known about Paleo- tions in the early Up per Paleolithic is un der- lithic orna m ents from Greece. The num ber of ex- scored, however, by the dearth of them in ar chae - ca vated Paleolithic sites has climbed slowly over olog i cal sites prior to this pe riod in much of the last five de cades, and only a few of these sites Eurasia (but see d’Errico et al., 1998; Bar-Yosef – Franchthi Cave and now Klissoura Cave 1 – Mayer et al., 2009) in contra st to some Afri can pro vide much in for ma tion about early dec o ra tive Middle Stone Age sites (Bouzouggar et al., 2007; tra diti ons and the context s of their use. Paleolithic Henshilwood et al., 2004). art, includ ing beads, is consid ered an im portant Orna m ents made from mollusk shell, ostri ch cri terion for the emergence of modern hum an be- eggshel l, mam mal teeth and ivory, and soft stone havior during the Late Pleisto cene (e.g., Klein, are consid ered to be a unique evolu ti onary devel - 1989; Mellars, 1989; White, 2003). opm ent on account of their visu all y striking qual i- Dec o ra tive tra di tions ex ist in vir tu ally ev ery ties, trans fer abil ity among per sons (sensu du ra ble re cent hu man cul ture, so much so that early Pale- items of trade, gifts or burial par apher na li a) (Kuhn olithic beads and other orna m ents might seem or- and Stiner, 2007), and the stylistic formalizations 288 M. C. Stiner

ap par ent from con sis ten cies in size and ap pear - of Italy (Palma di Cesnola, 1966, 1993; Benini et ance (Hahn, 1972; Bar-Yosef, 1989; White, 1989, al., 1997; Gambassini, 1997) have been found in 1993; Tabor in, 1993; Stiner, 1999, 2003; d’Errico Klissoura Cave 1 (Koumouzelis et al., 2001; et al., 2001; Kuhn et al., 2001; Bouzouggar et al., Kaczanowska et al., this is sue). Several Upper 2007). Mineral oxides , on the other hand, were Paleolithic sites in Greece con tain or na ments widely used as early as the Mid dle Paleolithic pe - made from shells (e.g., Shackle ton, 1988; Kou- riod in Eurasi a, per haps to color hides, hum an mouzelis et al., 2001). Re cent ex ca va tions at skin, or tools. While dec ora ti on is only one of Klissoura Cave 1 have yielded excep ti onall y rich sev eral pos si ble ex pla na tions for the pres ence of or na ment tra di tions in the early Up per Paleolithic pig ments in Mid dle Paleolithic toolkits, the pos si - of Klissoura Cave 1, includ ing the Uluzzian layer. bil ity of such prac tices in the Mid dle Paleolithic cannot be refute d with current evi dence . Even if ochre and other miner als were used as pigm ents in BACKGROUND TO KLISSOURA the ear lier pe ri ods, ar chae ol o gists’ ef forts to link CAVE 1 their oc cur rence in sites to pre his toric dec o ra tive More than 1500 shell orna m ents were re cov- tra di tions re mains con tro ver sial (but see Henshil- ered during the exca va ti ons of the early Upper wood et al., 2009). The infor m ati on that painted Paleolithic through Mesolithic lay ers of Klissoura body de signs may carry is transie nt and non- Cave 1. The orna m ents from the early Upper transfer ra ble (Kuhn and Stiner, 2007), in contra st Paleolithic lay ers (V–IIIc) occur within and to the dura ble proper ti es of some orna m ents. Evi - among a dense ar ray of well pre served sed im en - dence for design repe ti tion is neces sary to any ar- tary fea tures, mainly hearths. Shell or na ments are gum ent for shared sym bolic signif i canc e in pre- most abundant in the middle to lower Aurigna cia n his toric dec o ra tive ob jects (Kuhn and Stiner, lay ers, par tic u larly layer IV. 2007). It is likely that orna m ent produc ti on and Sev eral gen eral ob ser va tions about Klissoura use was great est where in ter action among so cial Cave 1 are im portant to this pre senta ti on of the groups was high, pos sibly in connec ti on with re- shell orna m ents. This shal low cave is sit uate d on gion ally high hu man pop u la tion den si ties (Kuhn the Berbatias River and comm ands a wide view of et al., 2001). The sudden appear ance of dura ble the Argos plain, roughly 12 km inland of the orna m ental object s in hum an cul tures of the Late Argolikos Gulf (Fig. 1). Most of the orna m ental Plei- stocene may even sug gest the emergence of shells none the less were collected from marine a ba sic vi sual gram mar in so cial in ter ac tions (e.g., shores. The great va ri ety of fea tures, ar tifacts and Gam ble, 1986; d’Errico et al., 2003; Kuhn and ver tebrate fau nal re mains in the Up per Paleolithic Stiner, 2007). layers in di cates that the site served mainly at a The tim ing of the first appear ance and subse - res iden tial base, par ticu larly in the early phases of quent pro lif er a tion of or na ment tra di tions var ies occu pa ti on. An area of 13–15 square meter s was across world regions. An im portant questi on for ex ca vated (Karkanas et al., 2004; Koumouzelis et this study is the chronol ogy and evolu ti on of or- al., 2001), and the units cut through the heart of nam ent tradi ti ons in southern Greece. Few paleo- sev eral oc cu pa tional layers in this small cave. anthro pol o gist s would be surprise d to learn that The cul tural stra tig ra phy in Klissoura Cave 1 or na ments ap pear sud denly in the ar chae o log i cal is more than 5 m deep and include s a long Middle record of Greece with begin ning of the Upper Paleolithic se quence (Sitlivy et al., 2007) capped Paleolithic cultur e pe riod. Most early Up per by Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic hori zons Paleolithic in dus tries in Greece are at trib uted to (Karkanas, this issue). Apart from local ly dis- the Aurigna cia n (Runnels , 1996) and have been turbed zones at the in ter face of the Mid dle and iden tified in cave sites such as Franchthi (PerlÀs, Up per Paleolithic (VII/VI), orna m ents are con- 1987), Kephalari, Klissoura 1 by Prosymna fined to the Upper Paleolithic (V, IV, III–III” & (Koumouzelis et al., 1996, 2001), Asprochaliko 6a), Epipaleolithic (II) and Mesolithic lay ers (Bailey et al., 1983), and most re cently at Lakonis (5–3a) (Ta ble 1). In the early Upper Paleolithic (Panagopoulou et al., 2002–2004). Early Upper layers, hearth fea tures occur in more than one- Paleolithic in dus tries that re semble the Uluzzian third of all exca va ti on units. The Aurigna cia n lay - Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 289

Fig. 1. (Left) Lo ca tion of Klissoura Cave 1 by Prosymna on the Argolid of Peloponnese, Greece; other sites shown are Franchthi Cave (2) and Kephalari Cave (3). (Right) Compar i son of modern shore lines to the distri bu tion of paleolakes (black fill) and shorelines at the Last Glacial Maxi mum in southern Greece (adapted from Petit-Mair e et al., 2005). White fill rep re sents ex posed land sur faces at the time of the LGM, which are now in undated ers are unique not only for their high concen tra - Vari ati on in orna m ent abundance in the Up- tions of wood ash and intac t hearths, but the fact per Paleolithic through Mesolithic lay ers is not that many were lined with clay (Karkanas et al., explai ned by differ ence s in the thickness of the 2004; Pawlikowski et al., 2000). Burning dam age ex ca vated de pos its. Fol low ing Karkanas (this is- is com mon on the bones, orna m ents, and lithics sue), the Mesolithic and proba ble Epigravettian from all of the lay ers (Koumouzelis et al., 2001; (IIa–d) hori zons are 10–20 cm in thickness, ex- Tomek and Bocheñski, 2002; Karkanas et al., cept where large pits in vade the older lay ers. The 2004; Starkovich and Stiner, this issue). Upper Paleolithic sequence (III–V) is much

Ta ble 1 Layer terms, cul tural at tri buti ons, and geolog i cal sequence s for the orna m ent sam ples from Klissoura Cave 1 Cul ture at tri bu tion Layer terms Geo log i cal se quence Or na ment NISP Mesolithic 3, 5a A 5 Epigravettian IIa, IIb, IId B 9 Dis turbed zone 6, 6a, 6/7 B 8 Medit. Backed-bladelet indus try III-III' D 38 Upper Paleolithic (non-Aurig.) III" D 28 Up per Aurig na cian IIIc D 23 Mid-Aurig na cian IIIe-g D 138 Lower Aurig na cian IV E 1218 Ear li est UP (Uluzzian) V F 32 Disturbe d, mostly MP VI (F/)G 28 Mid dle Paleolithic VII G 52 The geo log i cal se quences are layer groups or fa cies with simi lar sedimentological char acter is tics that form co her ent layer sets, sepa rat ed by discre te contact s that indi cate minor or major depositional hia tuses (follow ing Karkanas, this issue). The Medi ter ra- nean backed-bladelet indus tri es of lay ers III-III' and III'' differ from one another in some aspects but have in com mon the high fre- quency of the im plem ents. 290 M. C. Stiner

thicker – about 190–210 cm overall . A dis turbed, 32,690±110 and 33,150±120 uncali- brated radio - mixed de posit was encoun ter ed in layers 6–7 (see car bon years be fore pres ent (BP) – are not nearly Table 1) and will not be discusse d further . as old as those for many other Aurigna cia n cases In the layer III se ries, clay-lined hearths are in (e.g., Conard et al., 2003), but they are com mon only in layer III’. A large space devoid somewhat older than Aurigna cia n sites in the of hearths and large rocks was found in squares . The Uluzzian-like indus try in layer V is AA-CC1 at the depths of 75–85 cm below da tum, sealed from the layer above by a fine tephra and and a short arc of cluster ed rocks was encoun ter ed may be older than 39,000 cal ibrat ed BP. betwee n 85–105 cm. Sedi m ents contai ning a non- Aurig na cian backed-bladelet in dus try of typ i cal Med i ter ra nean type (lay ers III–III’) and an other GOALS AND METH ODS layer (III”) contai ning a non-Aurigna cia n indus - This study address es several issues surround - try occur above the Aurigna cia n lay ers (IIIb–g, ing orna m ent use and discard at Klissoura Cave 1: IV) (Kaczanowska et al., this is sue). (a) Species compo sition as it re lates to marine and The ear liest Aurig na cian layer IV var ies be - ter res trial en vi ron men tal con di tions, di ver sity in tween 25–50 cm in thickness and is excep ti onall y raw ma te rial sources, and ev i dence for se lec tiv ity rich in bones and arti facts. In addi ti on to many by hum ans; (b) dam age patter ns on the shells that clay-lined and unli ned hearths, this layer pre- may re flect raw mate rial sources, or na ment man- serves a wide as sortm ent of lenses, pits, and the u fac ture, use and discard prac tices; (c) the spa tial outli ne of what was proba bly a small man-made dis tri bu tion of or na ments and dam age phe nom ena shel ter. Rare ant ler points and signif i cant amounts in the de pos its, in clud ing as so ci a tions with hearths of what ap pears to be os se ous man u fac tur ing de- and other feature s; (d) trends in orna m ent assem - bris also oc cur in layer IV (Christidou, personal blage com posi ti on from the early Upper Paleo- com muni ca ti on, 2010; Starkovich and Stiner, this lithic through Mesolithic; and, (e) com pari sons of is sue). the Klissoura 1 orna m ent serie s to those from Layer V is a thin, undu lat ing deposit that oc- early Up per Paleolithic Ital ian sites and to the curs only in the west ern part of the exca va ti on and later or na ment as semblages from Franchthi Cave is char acter ized by many con cave hearth fea tures. on the southern Argolid (see Fig. 1). The quanti ta- A small or na ment as sem blage ac com pa nies the tive units used in the analy ses are the num ber of dis tinc tive lithic in dus try (Ta ble 1), whose arched iden ti fied spec i mens (NISP) and the min i mum backed bladelets and com para ti vely high propor - num ber of in di vid ual an i mals (MNI) rep re sented tion of microblades resemble Uluzzian indus tri es by whole and fragm entar y re mains. NISP is im - in Italy (cf. Palma di Cesnola, 1993; Benini et al., portant for many of the taphonomic analy ses, 1997; Gambassini, 1997; Kuhn and Stiner, 1998), whereas MNI better rep re sents or na ment quan ti- warrant ing a com pari son of the Greek and Italian ties from a functi onal point of view. or na ment as sem blages. To address questi ons about the context s of or- The first ra dio car bon de ter mi na tions attem- na ment use and their pos si ble sig nif i cance in pted for the Upper Paleolithic layers suggest ed daily life, this study consid ers both the general com para ti vely young ages for the Aurigna cia n at proces ses of assem blage form ati on and how the Klissoura 1 (Koumouzelis et al., 2001; com pare orna m ents were made, used and exhaust ed as Koz³owski, 1982, 1992, 1999). Pre lim inary items of tech nol ogy. Spe cies-spe cific ecol o gies of thermo-lum ines cenc e result s on burnt flint arti - the mollusks are used to infer the range of habi tat facts sug gested that layer V is sig nif icantly older. sources, and obser va ti ons about shell condi ti on New AMS radio car bon result s using the ABOX and spa tial dis tri bu tions help to de ter mine the pre treat ment method (Bird et al., 1999) on wood context s of orna m ent use on site. Recon struc tions char coal samples from the late Mid dle Paleolithic of Late Pleis to cene shore lines and other wa ter through Upper Paleolithic layers perm it some re- bod ies at the Last Gla cial Max i mum (LGM, ca. visions to the Upper Paleolithic chronol ogy 20,000 years BP; Lambeck, 1996; Peti t-Maire et (Pigati et al., 2007; Kuhn et al., this is sue). Still, al., 2005) and re cent Holo cene peri ods define two the dates for the ear liest Aurig na cian layer (IV) – ex tremes in the Pleisto cene shore line and hab itat Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 291

Ta ble 2 Indexed com pari son of spe cies richness for early Upper Paleolithic through Mesolithic shell orna m ent as semblages by in tact layer from Klissoura Cave 1

Layer group Num ber of spe cies Orna m ent MNI Species richness Mesolithic (3, 5a) 5 5 7.15 Epipaleolithic (IIa-d) 3 9 3.14 Med. Backed-bladelet Industry 6 38 3.80 (III-III') Up per Paleolithic (non-Aurig.) (III") 2 23 1.47 Up per Aurig na cian (IIIc) 4 23 2.94 Mid-Aurig na cian (IIIe-g) 18 138 8.41 Lower Aurig na cian (IV) 45 1218 14.58 Early UP/Uluzzian (V) 14 32 9.30 Un de ter mined (VI-VII) 14 53 8.12 Spe cies rich ness is cal cu lated as N-spe cies/logMNI. config u ra ti ons of southern Greece (Fig. 1). Envi - layer. Spe cies rich ness, here cal cu lated as N-spe - ronm ental condi ti ons on the Argolid during the cies/log MNI to cor rect for sample size ef fects, is early Upper Paleolithic would have fallen some- great est in layers IIIe–g and VI, es pe cially in IV where within these extre mes, though closer to where a mini m um of 44 taxa were identi fied. The LGM condi ti ons with respec t to land surface ex- or na ment as semblages from the later UP and Epi- po sure, pen in sula-is land con fig u ra tions, and the paleolithic layers are much poorer in spe cies, diver sit y of aquatic habi tat s within a 50 km radius even af ter cor rect ing for the smaller sam ple sizes, of the site. The later occu pa ti ons, parti cu lar ly dur- follow ed by a mild in crease in diver sity in the ing the Mesolithic period, would have experien- Mesolithic. Tax o nomic di ver sity is uni formly low ced condi ti ons more like those of the recent Holo - in the large Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic or na - cene. ment assem blages from Franchthi Cave on the southeas tern margin of the Argolikos Gulf (com - pare Shackleton, 1988; PerlÀs and Vanhaeren, RESULTS ON THE PALEOLITHIC 2010). OR NA MENT AS SEM BLAGES Steep rocky or het er o ge neous Med i ter ra nean All of the orna m ents from Klissoura Cave 1 coasts with high nutri ent turnover tend to support were made from aquatic mollusk shells, mainly many mollusk specie s. Nearby sites contai ning small marine gastro pod specie s along with some Up per Paleolithic shell or na ment as sem blages fresh or brackish water and fossil types. A few red also tend to be spe cies-rich (e.g., Riparo Fumane deer (Cervus elaphus) canines occur among the and Riparo Mochi in northern It aly; Leonardi, fau nal re mains (Koumouzelis et al., 2001; Star- 1935; Bartolomei et al., 1994; Fiocchi, 1996-97; kovich and Stiner, this issue) but none of these Stiner, 1999, 2003). Today Klissoura Cave 1 lies was al tered for sus pen sion. A few per fo rated teeth as close as it ever has to the Argolikos Gulf. The were noted in the early years of the excavation site would have been a few more ki lom eter s dis - project but these could not be locat ed or con- tant from shore at the time of the Aurigna cia n oc- firmed cu pa tions, but with out rad i cal al ter ations in shore- line shape or topography (Fig. 1). Mol lusk spe cies abun dance and di ver sity The centra l geographi c posi ti on of the Kli- The di versit y of mollusk specie s varies greatly ssoura Gorge to brackish lagoons, rivers, lakes among the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic layers and marine shoreli nes of the Peloponnese and in Klissoura Cave 1 (Table 2 and Appen dix 1), but main land Greece dur ing gla cial pe ri ods con trib- spe cies dis tri bu tions do not vary sig nif i cantly uted to the taxo nom ic va riety in the orna m ent as- among feature s or exca va ti on units within each sem blages in layers IIIe–g through V. Shells were 292 M. C. Stiner

Ta ble 3 Repre sen ta ti on of habi tat sources and trophic cat ego rie s in shell orna m ents from layer IV, the most diverse as semblage By hab i tat type % By trophic group % Fos sil source 4 Car ni vore 10 Marine mixed shore 35 Car ni vore-scav en ger 42 Estuarine-lagunal 52 Om ni vore 6 Fresh-brack ish 8 Her bi vore-detritivore 40

Fig. 2. Fossil taxa from Plio cene lake de posits of the gen era Corymbina (prob a bly C. rhodiensis and C. aegae) and Melanopsis (e.g. M. gorceixi), fol low ing Magrograssi (1928). Im age com piled from pho to graphs by G. Hartrman

Ta ble 4 Sum mary of rel ati ve abundance s of com mon genera (% of total MNI) in the or nam ent assem blages from Klissoura Cave 1 Layer(s): 3, 5a IIa-d 6-6/7 III-III' III" IIIc IIIe-g IV V VI-VII Taxon % of to tal MNI Dentalium spp. 20 44 0 2 0 0 1 1 29 4 Gibbula albida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Gibbula spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 3 15 spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 11 spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 3 6 Columbella rustica 0 0 0 13 30 22 25 7 9 6 Mitrella scripta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 0 0 Cyclope spp. 20 45 87 81 70 61 46 35 34 30 Hinia reticulata 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 3 11 Theodoxus spp. 0 0 13 0 0 17 6 8 4 9 Fos sil lake spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 2 Bi valve spp. 60 11 0 4 0 0 2 1 9 4 All other taxa 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 0 Sam ple size (MNI) 5** 9** 8** 38 23 23 138 1218 32 53 (**) Sam ple size is very small, mak ing percent age cal cu la tions sus pect.

collec ted from the wide range of marine and in- the shells orig inate from Late Pleisto cene brack - land hab i tats dur ing these oc cu pa tion phases (Ta- ish la goons or es tu ar ies (Cyclope), and the re- ble 3 and Appen dix 2). At least 8% of the orna - maining 35% are from the ma rine lit to ral. Other men tal shells from layer IV are fresh wa ter spe cies fac tors that may have con trib uted to species rich - (Theodoxus), and another 4% are fossil s from ness in the older or na ment as semblages were the Pliocene lake bed depos it s (Fig. 2; Magrograssi, greater in ten sity or du ra tion of oc cu pa tion and the 1928; G. Manganelli and A. C. Colonese, per - greater diversity of ac tiv ities on site (see be low). sonal com muni ca ti on, 2007). More than half of Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 293

Fig. 3. Rel a tive fre quen cies of the ma jor or na ment gen era in the Upper Paleolithic lay ers of Klissoura Cave 1

The or na ment as semblage from layer V is curs in these layers, along with few fau nal re - also specie s-rich for its size, but the prom inence mains (Starkovich and Stiner, this is sue). The spe - of Dentalium (tusk) shells sets it apart (Ta ble 4). cies con tent of the or na ment as semblage from The layer V as semblage is small, how ever, and it VI–VII best re sem bles that of layer IV (Fig. 3), should be kept in mind that one disti ncti ve bead which lies in direct con tact with layer VI hor izon - strand would be enough to alter the charac ter of tal units in the area where most of the orna m ents this small as sem blage. In ter est ingly, Dentalium were found (squares AA1-2 at 175–185 cm below shells are also com mon in the Uluzzian hori zons datum ). This and other evi dence (K. Douka, per- of Grotta del Ca val lo in It aly (Palma di Cesnola, sonal com mu ni ca tion, Feb ru ary 2010) in di cates 1966). that the few or na ments that lo cally co-oc cur in Small quanti ties of orna m ents also occur in Mid dle Paleolithic ar tifacts in layers VI and VII lay ers VI and VII of Klissoura 1. These must be originated from layer IV. con sid ered sep arately, since a mixture of Up per The struc ture of the Peloponnese landsca pe Paleolithic and (mostly) Mous terian ar tifacts oc - dur ing the Late Pleis to cene and early Ho lo cene is 294 M. C. Stiner

im por tant to un der stand ing or na ment raw ma te - bound aes thet ics may also have contri buted to the rial sources as well as the poten ti al forag ing op- narrowed range of mollusk specie s used for orna - portu ni ti es for hum ans of the period. The Gulf of ment-making in lay ers IIIc–d and after , changes Korinthos, Argolid Penin sula , and Cyclade Is - in nat u ral biotic diver sity were the pri mary con - lands have been the focus of several shoreli ne re- straint on hum an choices and form the baseli ne construc tions (van Andel and Sutton, 1987; against which variety must be interpreted. Shackleton, 1988; Lambeck, 1996; van Andel and Tzedakis, 1996). These re construc tions are in- Raw ma te rial sources and ev idence for hu man valu able for es ti mat ing the dis tance be tween site se lec tiv ity and coast at the time of occu pa ti on, the com plex- The types of orna m ental shells in Klissoura 1 ity of coastal and inland aquatic habi tat s, and the are not the most com mon specie s on Medi ter ra- het er o ge ne ity of the en vi ron ment in suc ces sively nean shores today or in the past. “Unnat u ral ” bi- larger catch ments around the site. The most re cent ases in tax o nomic com po si tion in clude com par a- re con struc tion by Lambeck (1996) in te grates tively high fre quen cies of car niv o rous spe cies, models of eustacy and glacio-hydro isos tasy with and arti ficia lly nar row shell color, shape and size top o graphic data for tec toni cally sta ble ar eas to distri buti ons. The early Upper Paleolithic oc cu- esti mate net changes in land expo sure. Ground- pants clearly preferred shells of the gen era, Gib- truthing was ac com plished in this and prior stud- bula, Clanculus, Homalopoma, Columbella, Cy- ies partly by ref er ence to dated ar chae o log i cal and clope, Hinia, and Theodoxus (Table 4). The pro- paleontological depos it s. Layers III and below in por tions of Columbella and Cyclope in crease with Klissoura Cave 1 would have formed during in - time and these two gen era ulti mately domi nate the ter medi ate gla cial con di tions, and layer II and the younger Upper Paleolithic assem blages (Fig. 3). Mesolithic layers would have formed around the Gibbula albida was im portant only during the for- time of the Pleis to cene–Ho lo cene tem po ral mati on of layer IV, and most Clanculus shells bound ary. The older or na ment as sem blages pre- also oc cur there. Dentalium shells are comm on in date the Last Gla cial Maxi m um by many thou - layer V, as noted previ ously by Koumouzelis et sands of years, but accord ing to Lambeck (1996: al. (2001), and they regain im portanc e only dur- 596), [during] “…much of the time betwee n about ing the Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic. 70,000 years b.p. and the Glacia l Maxi m um, ice Car niv o rous spe cies (pred a tors and scav en- volum es signif i cant ly exceeded those of today gers) in the or na ment as semblages are rep re sented such that the global sea-levels did not rise above well in ex cess of the ex pected en coun ter rate in 40–50 m below present level during this interval.” liv ing mol lusk com mu ni ties. Global cen suses of Landsca pes to the north and east of the Kli- mollusk com muni ti es (e.g., Sabelli, 1980) and ssoura Gorge had greater land mass expo sure dur- col lect ing ex per i ments by the au thor on east ern ing the early Up per Paleolithic, in ter spersed lo - Med i ter ra nean shores (Stiner, 1999) sug gest av er- cally with marshes and es tu ar ies and at least two age encoun ter rates for carni vores at roughly 15% large fresh wa ter lakes to the north east. The land - of all gas tro pod in di vid u als in beach-cast ma te - scape and ecology of this pe riod therefore was rial. In Aurig na cian layer IV, spe cialized car ni - more com plex than the modern one, and the ter - vores oc cur at a rate of 10% but togethe r with car- restri al ecosys tems would have been more pro- niv o rous scav en gers con sti tute 52% of shell MNI ducti ve. The centra l loca ti on of the gorge and its (Table 4). The patter n of trophic repre sen ta ti on in small to di verse hab itats was a major attrac - the or nam ents is the oppo sit e of that for nat ural tion to Pleis to cene for ag ers in the eastern Pelo- mollusk com muni ti es and must re flect strong se - ponnese. lec tiv ity on the part of Paleolithic hu mans. Shell The rapid decli ne in specie s richness in the col lec tors prob a bly were re spond ing to vi su ally shell orna m ents after layer IIIe–g but within the at trac tive properties of the shells coupled with a Aurigna cia n period may be explai ned by the sense of their ecological rarity (Stiner, 2003). growth and eventual dom inance of lagunal habi - Damage pat terns on the shells indi cate that tats on the west ern shores of the Argolid (see most or all of the speci m ens were col lected as Shackleton, 1988). While changes in cul turall y empty shells from marine and es tu ary beaches, Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 295

Fig. 4. Size dis tri bu tion (cm) of mea sured or na ments, ex empli fied by the shells from lay ers IV and V of Klis- soura Cave 1

Fig. 5. Typ i cal shell forms and perfo ra tions made by humans.The holes were made by a simple punch ing tech - nique, ex cept for tusk shells (Dentalium) which were snapped to cre ate tube beads. Shell taxa from left to right are Homalopoma sanguineus, Nucella lapillus, Cyclope neritea, Dentalium sp. Theodoxus spp (2 spec i mens, one with stripes), Monodonta sp., Columbella rustica, and Clanculus corallinus. Image com piled from pho to graphs by G. Hartman river banks and mouths, and fossil beds. Wave-in- size range is 0.6 to 5.5 cm, but nearly all of the duced abrasion is wide spread on the marine shells shells are under 2 cm in length. The consis tency in and on some of the fossil types (Table 4b). Abra- orna m ent size within this range is explai ned by sion dam age is least com mon on fresh and brack- the hu mans’ nar row pref er ence for cer tain spe - ish wa ter spe cies and prob ably re flects the lower cies. Round, oval or basket- like forms were the en ergy lev els of the aquatic hab itats where these norm in the Klissoura as sem blages (Fig. 5), along shells were obtai ned. Abra sion dam age and bore- with Dentalium tubes. Sim ilar mean sizes and holes from molluskan preda tors oc cur on some of ranges are re ported for other Upper Paleolithic the shells from Klissoura 1 (0–8% of shells), also sites in Europe (e.g., White,1989; Stiner, 2003), con sis tent with col lection from wave-cast beach includ ing orna m ents from the Périgord region of sources. There are no large, ed ible marine mol- that were la bori ously carved from ivory lusk re mains in any of the layers of Klissoura and stone (White, 1989: 382). Cave 1. Red and pink shells were sought out prefer en - Hu man se lec tiv ity is ap par ent from the nar- tially in ad di tion to those with bright opal es cent row range of shell shapes and sizes in the Klisso- hues or contra sting stripes. Ochre stained shells ura orna m ents. This pat tern holds true for all of occur throughout the Upper Paleolithic layers the shell as semblages. Small spe cies were strongly (Table 6a), but ochre appli cati on center ed on two preferre d (Fig. 4, Table 5b), with the mean length gen era: Clanculus, a group with nat ural ly pink or for all measur able (whole) shells in the Upper red shells and rough, knobby surface s; and Theo- Paleolithic layers be tween 1.3–1.4 cm, and be- doxus, a group with bright white or vividl y striped tween 1.4–1.7 cm in the younger layers. The full shells and smooth sur faces (Ta ble 6). Ochre traces 296 M. C. Stiner

Ta ble 5 Damage and shell size sta tistics for the larger as semblages of Up per Paleolithic or na ments by layer from Klissoura Cave 1

a. burning dam age, perfo ra ti on rates, breaks through perfo ra ti on point, cord wear and the inci dence of ochre traces Burned Per fo rated Hole broken With cord-wear With ochre Layer group % % % % % Non-Aurig. UP in dus tries (III-III") 51 97 14 69 3 Up per Aurig na cian (IIIc) 58 92 8 50 8 Mid-Aurig na cian (IIIe-g) 55 92 26 38 3 Lower Aurig na cian (VI) 18 90 21 18 6 Early UP/Uluzzian (V) 48 96 17 7 0 Un de ter mined (VI-VII) 4 99 32 47 4

b. complete ness, size sta tistics, and non-cul tural types of damage With nat u ral color Mean length Sd Wave-worn Pre dated Layer group Com plete-ness % (cm) (cm) % % Non-Aurig. UP In dus tries (III-III") 0.97 11 1.43 0.26 23 6 Up per Aurig na cian (IIIc) 1 17 1.47 0.3 17 8 Mid-Aurig na cian (IIIe-g) 0.91 8 1.45 0.6 52 2 Lower Aurig na cian (VI) 0.94 10 1.28 0.44 35 4 Early UP/Uluzzian (V) 0.93 3 1.28 0.55 31 3 Un de ter mined (VI-VII) 0.94 13 1.27 0.29 49 0 Notes: Only the larger sam ples from the III se ries are be low are con sid ered. Perfo ration re fers to holes made by hu mans; hole bro - ken re fers to speci m ens that were broken through the per fo ration point on the shell, either during manu fac ture or (more com - monly) from long-term use; cord wear refers to polish on some or all edges of the per fo ration but may also include pol ish on the outer surface near the perfo ration. Shell com plete ness is cal cu lated as MNI/NISP. Length measure ments are only for those shells whose natu ral dim ension could be deter mined. Pre dated shells have holes drilled in them by a mollusk pred ator. Natu ral color re- fers to the reten tion of nat ural pigm ent within the shell.

occur most often on Clanculus shells, at about 3 at much lower frequen cie s. Though a rough sur- times the rate ob served for Theodoxus. Ochre face might gen er ally increase the chances of traces were found on several other shell types but ochre traces be ing preserved , ochre is also fre - quently pre served on smooth shells in the Klisso- Ta ble 6 ura 1 as sem blages, so the bias is not from differ - Distri buti on of ochre traces by mollusk ge nus en tial pres er va tion of ap plied pig ment. Red dish in all of the Up per Paleolithic lay ers combin ed hues were val ued, and people went to some effort to make naturally reddish (but faded) shells Ge nus % with red ochre redder. Clanculus 29 Columbella 1 Con texts of or na ment use and discard Shell fragm enta ti on is measured in this study Cyclope 5 by an index of “com pleteness. " The index is cal - Gibbula 2 cu lated by di vid ing the num ber of in di vid u als by Homalopoma 4 the total num ber of identi fied fragm ents in each Hinia 7 taxo nom ic group and layer (MNI/NISP, Table Theodoxus 11 5b). Nearly all of the gastro pod shells from Kli- All other genera 3 ssoura 1 are com plete or nearly complete (89– Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 297

100%, depend ing on the spe cies), except for frac - tures at the perfo ra ti on point. Dentalium shells were usu ally sectioned to make tube beads. Rare bi valves (Pecten and Chlamys) were nearly al- ways broken, proba bly becaus e they are large, fragil e and prone to tram pling. A sig nif i cant num ber of the or na men tal shells are burned (Table 5a). Most or all of this dam age ap pears to have been ac ciden tal. There is much evi dence of hearth rebuil ding, re newal, and su- perpo si ti on in the Upper Paleolithic layers (Kou- mouzelis et al., 2001; Karkanas et al., 2004), caus ing older debris to be dam aged by the heat Fig. 6. Ex ample of cord wear in hu man-made hole from super im posed hearths (see Stiner et al., and outer sur face of Theodoxus shell. Photo by G. 1995). Burning dam age is least com mon on the Hartman or nam ent shells from layer IV, VI and VII (Ta ble 5a). Most of the orna m ents in layer IV were found within the perim eter of the man-made structure and immediately below it. The great major ity of the shells in each as - sem blage have holes in their flanges or whorls (90–95%, Ta ble 5a), and there is littl e if any waste mate ria l on site. The holes in gastro pod shells usuall y were made by hum ans using a punching technique that produced small round openings with rough edges. Some of the marine shells have Fig. 7. Compar i son of holes made by humans (1), holes caused by wave acti on or drilling by mollus- and an other by molluskan pred a tors (2) of the Naticidae or Muricidae fam ilies kan preda tors. Hum ans someti mes took advan - tage of these “nat u ral” holes if lo cated in the shell flange or dorsal ly (oppo sit e) to the flange. Wave- shell orna m ents from Klissoura 1 overall lies at worn and preda tor-dri lled holes tend to be distri b - one extre me in the conti nuum of vari ati on ob - uted more random ly on shell surface s, and those served among Up per Paleolithic cases that con - drilled by molluskan preda tors are al most per- tain or na mental shells. At coastal sites, such as fectly round and bevele d in contra st to man-made Riparo Mochi (, It aly; Stiner, 1999) and holes (Figs 7 and 8). Holes caused by wave ac tion ÜçaÈÏzlÏ I Cave (Hatay, ; Stiner, 2003; are as abraded and thinned along with the rest of Kuhn et al., 2009), perfo ra ti on rates are lower and the shell, in con trast to lo cal ized pol ishes re sult - man u fac tur ing er rors more ap par ent in shell or na- ing from wear against organic fibers or hide. ment assem blages, along with evi dence for Gibbula albida shells were treated dif fer ently stock-pil ing or raw ma te rial and ac cu mu la tion of from other types of shells in that fewer than half re jected pieces. of the spec im ens were per fo rated. This is a com- Cord wear was identi fied on the shell spec i- par a tively large top shell with an el e gant py rami - mens from Klissoura 1 with the aid of a hand lens, dal form and pronounced concen tri c ridges. G. and thus the per cent ages in Ta ble 5a rep re sent albida shells are com mon only in layer IV (MNI = min i mum es ti mates of oc cur rence. Cord-wear in - 71). They concen tra ted be tween the depths of side the perfo ra ti ons tends to be asym metri cal , 150–170 cm below da tum, mainly in squares suggest ing that the shells were fastene d or strung AA1-AA2 (a few also occur in BB1-BB2) and in one posi ti on for long pe riods. Surface polish on therefore coin cide with the inte rior of the man- the outer sur face near the per fo ra tions ac compa - made shelter (see below). nies the evi dence of cord-wear on some of the The gener all y high perfo ra ti on rate for the shells (Figs 6, 7). The inci dence of cord wear at 298 M. C. Stiner

Klissoura is high in com pari son to the coastal site Layer V is com para ti vely thin, uneven and of Riparo Mochi in Italy . riddled with hearth depres sions . About 42% of About one fifth of the spec im ens from Klisso- the layer V orna m ents occur within hearths, and ura 1 Cave were broken through the perfo ra ti on many of these orna m ents are burned (Table 5a). point (Table 5a, hole broken 8–32%). The fre- The fre quent pres ence of orig i nal (bi o log i cal) quencie s of breaks at the perfo ra ti on is pos iti vely pigm ent in the shells is notewor thy (nat u ral color corre lat ed with the inci dence of cord pol ish vari able in Ta ble 5b) and suggest s a fa vorable (.05>>p>>.02), proba bly becaus e both of these pres er va tion en vi ron ment. Ver ti cally, the fre- phe nom ena re late to or na ments be com ing worn quency of this phenom enon is highest at 85–115 out from extende d use. The preva lenc e of cord and 140–160 cm below da tum. The re tenti on of wear, the high perfo ra ti on rates, and the near ab- natu ral color ati on in shells is strongly and posi - sence of man u fac tur ing waste ar gue against the or - tively cor re lated to the pres ence of cord wear nam ents having been manu fac ture d on site. There throughout the cul tural layers (p = 0.0001). It is, as well, an appre cia ble winnow ing or “high seems that the lon ger an or na ment re mained grad ing” ef fect ap par ent in the or na ment as sem- strung or attac hed to another object , the better the blages. All told, the or na ments are gen er ally com - chance that its more tran sient nat u ral prop er ties plete, at trac tive spec im ens with a nar row size dis - would also be preserve d. This rela ti on suggest s tri bu tion and con sid er able ev i dence long-term use. the exis tenc e of one or more stable microenviron- ments within the depos it s that enhance d shell Spa tial dis tri bu tions of the or na ments pres er va tion. Nei ther nat u ral color re ten tion nor Orna m ents are abundant in layer IV and espe - cord wear is con cen trated in any par ticu lar square, cially within the dom ain of the hy pothe siz ed but the large hori zon tal (1 × 1 m) units of the ex- man-made struc ture. This fea ture spans squares cava ti on do not allow us to distinguish random AA1-2 of the exca va ti on (Table 7), where sim pli - from finely structured distributions in the sedi- fied site plan drawings (Fig. 8) re veal the mutu - ments. ally ex clu sive dis tri bu tions of large lime stone Fi nally, or na ments are rare items in Klissoura rocks and hearths at 150–175 cm below da tum. Cave 1 if consid ered against the total num ber of The struc ture is de fined by the circu lar jum ble of chipped stone ar tifacts in each layer (Ta ble 8). Or - large rocks, mini m ally 2 m in di am eter, and a com- na ments are for mal ar tifacts, how ever, and thus it plete ab sence of hearths. Doz ens of hearth features seems appro pri ate to conside r their num bers in re- en cir cle this area. The rocks may orig inally have lati on to chipped stone tools in particular. Orna - weighted the edges an organic cover ing, and rolled ments are com par atively few even in re lation to in wardly upon re moval or de com po si tion of the the num bers of tools, but their propor ti ons are no - cover. Dark stained sed im ents were ob served at ticeably greater in layers III’ and be low, and es pe - 155–165 cm below da tum and may be the rem - cially in layer IV. These and other obser va ti ons nants of a floor cover ing . Given that the or nam ents suggest that the oc cupa ti ons were more intense clus ter within the shel ter area to a large de gree, during the . and many display cord wear from prolonged use, it is pos sible that they were once at tached to an or - ganic ob ject such as a large hide or matt. The con - CON CLU SIONS centra tion of orna m ents within the structure also Pre his toric shell or na ments were mere par ti- explai ns the lower inci dence of burned speci m ens cles in larger dec o ra tive for mu lae, and in Paleo- in layer IV in com pari son to the orna m ent from lithic sites they usu ally are found mixed with the other layers (Table 5a). The only other shell other cul tural de bris. Lost to ar chae ol o gists in assem blage that display s a low burning rate is most insta nces are the rules of com bina ti on of from lay ers VII–VI, im medi ate ly below the shel - these object s on strings, surface s or in de liber ate ly ter fea ture, and where layer V does not ex tend as sembled caches. The degree to which or na - horizontally. Small num bers of orna m ents extend ments were recruited for com plex symbolic rep re - downward into layers VII–VI at one edge of the senta ti ons is uncle ar and no doubt varied greatly. shel ter fea ture area of layer IV (Ta ble 7). Their basic functi on for convey ing sim ple vi sual Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 299

Ta ble 7 Num ber of shell orna m ents by square at 5-199 cm below da tum in Klissoura Cave 1 Spit A1 A2 A3 AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 CC1 CC2 CC3 Layer(s) 5-20 - - - - - 1 ------1 25 - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - - 30 ------2 - - 1 - - - - 35 ------3 - - - - 40 - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 45 ------3 - - 1 - - 4 1 III' 50 - - - - 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 1 III' 55 - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - 2 - III' 60 - - - - - 1 3 - - - 1 - - - III' 65 - - - - - 1 1 - - - 2 3 - - III' 70 - - - 2 - - - - 2 - 1 - 1 - III" 75 - - - - 1 1 2 2 - 1 - - 1 - III" 80 - - - - - 1 1 ------III"/IIIc 85 - - - - - 3 - - - 1 - - 4 2 III"/IIIc 90 - - - 3 2 3 2 - 1 - 1 3 - 2 IIIe-g 95 - - - 3 4 2 2 - 2 - - 1 - 1 IIIe-g 100 - - - 3 3 - 7 - 1 - - 1 1 - IIIe-g 105 - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 2 - - IIIe-g 110 - - - - 2 - - - 11 2 2 2 4 - IIIe-g 115 1 - - 1 2 - 7 - - - 4 - 14 - IIIe-g 120 3 - - 3 1 - 4 ------IIIe-g 125 1 1 - - 3 - 1 ------IIIe-g 130 - - - 1 - - 1 ------IIIe-g 135 - 2 7 2 6 7 4 2 7 5 - 3 2 3 IIIe-g 140 1 4 1 8 6 8 7 8 12 7 1 6 7 5 IIIe-g/IV 145 - 4 2 9 29 - 8 11 6 1 6 5 3 11 IIIe-g/IV 150 4 4 4 10 36 25 19 24 23 14 4 5 21 25 IV 155 7 6 - 21 17 14 16 21 12 15 7 10 36 22 IV 160 3 10 1 20 38 6 3 17 23 14 14 - 15 13 IV 165 4 - 6 55 62 17 5 12 16 16 1 - 12 5 IV 170 12 6 1 53 33 2 1 21 36 3 - 24 22 3 IV 175 - 2 - 27 37 3 3 32 21 1 - 21 9 7 IV/V 180 - - - 7 15 - 1 6 4 - - - 3 2 IV/VI 185 ------2 - 1 - 1 - - - VI 190 ------2 ------VI/VII 195 ------2 ------VII Value in first colum n refers to the top of each ~5 cm spit. Gray shad ing indi cate s the presence of one or more hearth feature s. Layer desig na tions are gen eral ized, since some are dis con tin u ous (e.g. Layer V) or are not neces sar ily lie per fectly hor i zon tal across units. Because the se quence of exca va tion squares in the ta ble can not cor respond to the origi nal grid lay out, squares are listed alphanumerically. message s about personal state (Kuhn and Stiner, most widesprea d and com mon art form of the 2007) or affil ia ti on (Vanhaeren and d’Errico, later Paleolithic in Eurasia and Africa. 2006) may have been nearly uni versal , however, Even in a dis as sembled or scattered state, and likely explai ns why small orna m ents are the Paleolithic or na ments can pro vide in for ma tion 300 M. C. Stiner

Fig. 8. The dis tri bu tions of lime stone rocks (white) and hearth fea tures (black and dark gray) in 5 cm cuts at 145 through 180 cm be low da tum. The in ferred shel ter fea ture is ap par ent in cuts 150–175, in the area where rocks are com mon but hearths con sis tently ab sent. Light gray back ground rep re sents sed i men tary ma trix Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 301

Ta ble 8 Densit y of orna m ents in re lati on to all chipped stone arti facts and to chipped stone tools by layer or layer group

Per cent N chipped stone N chipped stone Or na ments/ Or na ments/ Layer(s) groundstone MNI or na ments ar ti facts tools all lithics tools of all lithics 5a 3955 134 0.1 5 0.0014 0.037 IIa-d 6281 251 3 9 0.0014 0.036 III-III' 5096 158 3 38 0.0075 0.24 III" 2935 97 4 23 0.0078 0.24 IIIa-g 31631 822 0.01 161 0.0051 0.20 IV 63922 2237 0.06 1218 0.0190 0.54 V 4153 137 0.07 32 0.0077 0.23 Percent groundstone ar ti facts is cal cu lated based on all lithic arti facts in layer. Lithic data pro vided by Kaczanowska et al. (this is - sue). about the con texts of dec o ra tive be hav ior, pat- tive win nowing of the orna m ental shells from terns of hu man se lec tiv ity and ge og ra phy of these Klissoura 1 for harm ony in color, form and qual - prefer ence s, and how the nati ve biota were woven ity. One finds few if any hints of child’s play from into lo cal or gen er al ized ex pres sions of hu man the raw mate ri als used, or the miscel la neou s junk iden tity (Stiner, 2003). Lo cal bi otic com mu ni ties so typ ical of coastal assem blages. In stead, nicely exert ed power ful background effect s on the com - fin ished ob jects were the rule. The prev alence of po si tion of or na ments made from an i mal skel e tal cord-wear suggest s that many of the orna m ents ma te ri als. Hu mans fil tered through this nat u ral ar rived al ready at tached to or ganic ma te ri als or background with their own strong prefer ence s for hum an bodies . What breakage oc curred to the or - shell shape, color, size, and nat u ral rar ity. These na men tal shells re flects damage from long-term pat terns of se lec tiv ity are sur pris ingly con sis tent use rather than errors in manufacture. through the Upper Paleolithic across Medi ter ra- The or na ment as sem blage from the ear li est nean and inland regions of Eurasi a, while specie s Aurig na cian (layer IV) is the rich est and the most or types of raw mate ri als used for bead-making instruc tive about site functi on of the period. This frequently were substituted (White, 1989; Tabo- assem blage is quite large, and the diver sit y of its rin, 1993; Stiner, 2003). content s is excep ti onall y high, even after correc - The early Up per Paleolithic or na ment as sem- tions for sample size dif fer ences among lay ers. blages from Klissoura Cave 1 are most simi lar to Most of the orna m ents in layer IV occur within those from Adriatic sites with re spect to fa vored what ap pears to have been a man-made shel ter. mol lusk spe cies. The nar row size dis tri bu tion of This hearth-free fea ture is de fined by a jumbled the Klissoura 1 shells repre sent s another point of ring of large stones around a thin organic stain, sim i lar ity to or na ment as sem blages from coastal and is surrounded by many hearths. The orna - Italy but also to Levantine Turkey, and to carved ments from in side the shelter fea ture may have non-shell orna m ents from the inte rior of France been attac hed to one or more leather or texti le ob- and . jects that once lined the floor of the structure. The shell orna m ents from Klissoura 1 are dis- As is gen er ally true of Up per Paleolithic or - tinguishe d by their refine d content s if com pared nam ents in Europe (Koz³owski and Otte, 2000), to as sem blages from coastal sites. Though never those from Klissoura Cave 1 are well devel oped far from the sea, Klissoura 1 was al ways an in land in charac ter and appear suddenly in the strati- site. Ma rine shells suitable for or na ment mak ing graphic se ries. Dis tinct, well-strat i fied Mous - were not readily at hand, and few if any of the or- terian in dus tries oc cur in all lay ers be low VI. na ments were man u fac tured on site. There is also There are no orna m ents in the Middle Paleolithic con sid er able ev i dence of “high-grad ing” or se lec- layers ex cept in VI an VII imm edi ately below the 302 M. C. Stiner

shel ter fea ture of layer IV. Layer V has an in ter - blages reflects a mosaic of hab itats that was more mit tent distri buti on and does not extend under the com plex than exist s in the Peloponnese today. area in layer IV that con tains the shel ter fea ture. Longer occu pa ti ons, as is suggest ed for the lower In stead, layer IV meets VI in this area of the ex ca - Aurig na cian oc cu pa tion, might tend to am plify vati on. The spati al distri buti on of the shell orna - tax o nomic di ver sity quasi-in de pend ently of en vi- ments in layers VI–VII and young dates on some ronm ental change, but this is not suffi cie nt to ac- of the shell spec im ens are al most certainly the count for the differ ence s in specie s richness. The result of localized intrusions and mixing from early Up per Paleolithic or na ments from Klisso- above. ura 1 greatly excee d the taxo nom ic di versit y of The ear liest Up per Paleolithic in dus try in the orna m ental shells both from the younger layers of Klissoura 1 strati graphic se ries co mes from layer this site and those from all of the late Paleolithic V and as so ci ates with an un am big u ous shell or na- and Mesolithic layers in Franchthi Cave (Shackle- ment as semblage. Dated to greater than ca. 39,000 ton, 1988). The reduc ti on in taxo nom ic di versit y years BP, the lithic in dus try is dis tin guished by a af ter the LGM was al most cer tainly linked to the high inci dence of lunates, resem bling Uluzzian global rise in sea level, which drowned the inland industries in Italy, and it is clearly an Up per Pale- lakes, raised water tables and swamped many olithic tech nol ogy. The or na ment as sem blages shorelines. from all of the early Up per Paleolithic lay ers of Klissoura 1 show gen eral tax o nomic af fin i ties Ac knowl edg ments with those from some older and coeval Auri- I am very grate ful to André Carlo Colonese (Uni- gnacian sites in It aly. The small or na ment as sem- versit´ degli Studi di Firenze) and Giuseppe Manga- blage from layer V re sembles that from Grotta del nelli (Università di Sienna) for their assis tance in clari - Caval lo in Italy , due sim ply to the high inci dence fy ing the paleontological con text of the Plio cene fos sil shells from Klissoura Cave 1. I also thank the mem bers of Dentalium shells. of the Klissoura 1 ex cava tion team for access of geo- Vari ati on in the taxo nom ic content of the logi cal data, site maps, and artifactual data, and the vol- shell orna m ent assem blages from Klissoura Cave un teers from the com munity of Berbati for their gen er - 1 also speaks to cli mate-driven changes in envi - os ity and lo gis ti cal as sis tance dur ing the study. Gid eon ron ment het er o ge ne ity in south ern Greece dur ing Hartman (Har vard Uni ver sity) generously made many the Late Pleis to cene. The great num ber of spe cies of the pho to graphs used in this manu script. rep re sented in the early Up per Paleolithic assem -

Ap pen dix 1: Specie s abundance (NISP and MNI) in the intac t Upper Paleolithic through Mesolithic lay ers of Klissoura Cave 1, and for the inter face betwee n MP and UP depos it s (VII-VI) a. Layers 3-5 to IIIc 3-5a 3, 5a IIa-d IIa-d III-III' III-III' III'' III'' IIIc IIIc Taxon NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI Dentalium, ridged types 1 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dentalium, smooth types 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Columbella rustica 0 0 0 0 5 5 7 7 5 5 Cylope neritea 1 1 4 4 25 25 14 14 12 12 Cylope pelucida 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 Cylope sp. 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 2 0 0 Theodoxus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 Glycymeris spp. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pecten maximus 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Acanthocardia tuberc. 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 TO TAL 6 5 9 9 38 38 23 23 23 23 Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 303

b. Layers IIIe-g to VII IIIe-g IIIe-g IV IV V V VI-VII VI-VII Taxon NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI Scaphopoda Dentalium, indet. Type 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 0 Dentalium, smooth types 1 1 9 7 9 7 2 2 Dentalium, ridged types 0 0 4 3 2 2 0 0 Haliotis lamellose 0 0 5 2 1 1 0 0 Calliostoma sp. 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Gibbula adansoni 8 8 123 118 0 0 8 7 Gibbula albida 0 0 61 53 0 0 0 0 Gibbula richardi 3 3 19 19 1 1 0 0 Gibbula cf. umbi li cus 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 Gibbula spp. (other) 0 0 16 16 0 0 2 1 Clanculus corallinus 0 0 73 70 0 0 6 6 Clanculus cruciatus (?) 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Monodonta ar tic u late 1 1 6 6 0 0 1 1 Monodonta mutabilis 1 1 10 10 0 0 0 0 Monodonta turbinate 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 Homalopoma sanguineum 4 4 111 110 1 1 3 3 Littorina neritoides 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Turritella communis 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Vermetus sp. 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Cerithium vulgaris 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Cerithium sp. 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 Naticarius sp. 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 Neverita/Naticarius sp. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Phalium sp. 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 Columbella rustica 42 34 88 85 3 3 3 3 Mitrella/Pyrene scripta 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Pisania maculosa 1 1 6 6 0 0 0 0 Cancellaria cancellata 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 Cyclope neritea 56 54 410 395 7 7 16 15 Cyclope pelucida 7 7 34 34 3 3 1 1 Cyclope spp. 6 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 Hexaplex trunculus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Thais haemastoma 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Hinia re tic u late 3 3 94 90 1 1 6 6 Sphaeronassa mutabilis 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Colus jeffreysianus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Co nus mediterraneus 1 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 Indet. ma rine gas tro pod 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 Theodoxus spp. 8 8 97 95 1 1 5 5 "A"* 1 1 8 8 0 0 0 0 "B1" Corymbina rhodiensis* 0 0 15 15 1 1 1 1 "B2"* 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 "D,G" Melanopsis gorceixi* 0 0 12 12 0 0 0 0 304 M. C. Stiner

b. Layers IIIe-g to VII IIIe-g IIIe-g IV IV V V VI-VII VI-VII Taxon NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI Bivalvia Glycymeris sp. 0 0 5 3 1 1 0 0 Pecten maximus 1 1 17 1 0 0 1 1 Chlamys varia 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 Acanthocardia tuberculatum 2 2 14 3 1 1 1 1 Cerastoderma edule 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 TO TAL 148 138 1300 1218 34 32 56 53 (*) fossil spe cies of Pliocene age, origi nat ing from lake bed or lakeshore depos its, source local ity un deter mined

Ap pen dix 2: Eco log ical summ ary of Late Pleis to cene molluskan taxa used as or na ments at Klissoura Cave 1, Greece Substrate Fam ily Ge nus spe cies Name source Com mon name Diet Adult size (mm) SCAPHOPODA (Class) Dentaliidae Dentalium dentale L. tusk C s 35-50 Dentalium vulgare DaCosta tusk C m,s 35-50 GASTROPODA (Class) ARCHAEOGASTROPODA (Or der) Haliotidae Haliotis lamellosa Lamarck ab a lone, ormer HA r 60-75 Gibbula adansoni Payr. top HD r,s,w 8-15 Gibbula albida Gmelin top HD – 10-24 Gibbula richardi Payr. top HD r,s,w 8-15 Clanculus cruciatus L. top shell HD r,g 10-13 Clanculus corallinus Gmelin top shell HD r,g 9-15 Monodonta =Gibbula articulata Lamarck top shell HD r 10-25 Monodonta =Gibbula mutabilis Philippe top shell HD r 10-15 Monodonta turbinata Born check ered top HD r 20-35 Turbinidae Homalopoma sanguineum L. red turban HA r,w 3-7 MESOGASTROPODA (Order) Littorinidae Littorina neritoides L. per i win kle H r 5-7 Turritellidae Turritella communis Lamarck turrit shell HD g,m,s 20-45 Cerithium rupestre Risso horn shell HD m,w,s 20-35 Cerithiidae Cerithium vulgatum Brug. horn shell HD m,w,s 20-65 Naticarius= Neverita josephina Risso moon snail C s,g,m 25-40 Naticidae Naticarius millepunctata + oth ers Lamarck moon snail C s 30-45 Cassididae Phalium = Cassis undulatum Born hel met shell Curch s 60-70 NEOGASTROPODA (Order) Pyrenidae = Columbella rustica L. dove shell O s,r,w 15-20 Columbellidae Pyrene = Mitrella scripta L. dove shell O r,s,c 15-18 Buccinidae Pisania maculosa = striata Lamarck spot ted pisania C,SC r 15-32 Muricidae Hexaplex = Murex trunculus – – C – – Cyclope neritea1 L. mud snail C-SC s,m 8-17 Nassariidae Nassarius = Hinia costulata Renieri mud snail C-SC r,s 8-15 Sphaeronassa mutabilis L. bas ket whelk O s,m 18-28 Conidae Co nus mediterraneus Brug. cone shell C r,w 60-65 Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 305

Ap pen dix 2 continued Substrate Fam ily Ge nus spe cies Name source Com mon name Diet Adult size (mm) MESOGASTROPODA (Order) Littorinidae Littorina neritoides L. per i win kle H r 5-7 Turritellidae Turritella communis Lamarck turrit shell HD g,m,s 20-45 Cerithium rupestre Risso horn shell HD m,w,s 20-35 Cerithiidae Cerithium vulgatum Brug. horn shell HD m,w,s 20-65 Naticarius= Neverita josephina Risso moon snail C s,g,m 25-40 Naticidae Naticarius millepunctata + oth ers Lamarck moon snail C s 30-45 Cassididae Phalium = Cassis undulatum Born hel met shell Curch s 60-70 NEOGASTROPODA (Order) Pyrenidae = Columbella rustica L. dove shell O s,r,w 15-20 Columbellidae Pyrene = Mitrella scripta L. dove shell O r,s,c 15-18 Buccinidae Pisania maculosa = striata Lamarck spot ted pisania C,SC r 15-32 Muricidae Hexaplex = Murex trunculus – – C – – Cyclope neritea1 L. mud snail C-SC s,m 8-17 Nassariidae Nassarius = Hinia costulata Renieri mud snail C-SC r,s 8-15 Sphaeronassa mutabilis L. bas ket whelk O s,m 18-28 Conidae Co nus mediterraneus Brug. cone shell C r,w 60-65 FRESH- AND BRACK ISH WATER MOLLUSKS (lakes, ponds, slow mov ing rivers) GASTROPODA (Class) Theodoxus cf. jordani Sowerby river nerite C s,m 7-9 Neritidae Theodoxus cf. fluviatalis – river nerite C s,m 7-10 BIVALVIA or PELECYPODA (Class) FILIBRANCHIA (Or der) Glycymeridae Glycymeris = Pectunculus sp. – bit ter sweet F s,m,g 35-65 Pectinidae Pecten maximus L. gi ant scal lop F r,s 100-150 EULAMELIBRANCHIA (Order) Acanthocardia tuberculatum L. cockle shell F s,m,g 25-90 Cardiidae Cerastoderma edule 1 L. ed ible cockle F s,m,g 30-50 Notes: Plio cene fos sil taxa are not in cluded in this ta ble. (¹) tol erates or pre fers brack ish wa ter. Sub strate codes: (r) rock and other firm sur faces, (m) mud, (f) float ing mat ter and bub bles, (s) sand, (v) var ied, (w) weeds, (c) cor als, (g) gravel or coarse sand, (sp) sponges, (r/s) adhere s to hard surfaces as juve nile but free swim ming as adult. Nom encla ture : (L.) Linnaeus; (Blainv.) Blainville; (Monter.) Monterosato; (Payr.) Payraudeau; (Brug.) BruguiÀre. Molluskan diet codes: (H) her bivore, (O) om nivore, (D) detriti- vore, (SC) scav en ger, (F) fil ter or sus pen sion feeder, (C) car ni vore.

Ap pen dix 3: Rel ati ve frequen cie s of nat ural and hum an-caused dam age to a sam ple of mollusk shells found within well-define d hearths in Layer IV with cord with Ge nus NISP MNI Shell com - wave-worn pre-dated burned per fo rated holebroken wear ochre (if > 5 MNI) ex am ined ex am ined pleteness % % % % % % % Homalopoma 15 14 0.93 93 20 40 100 0 0 0 Cyclope 40 37 0.92 27 2 32 100 27 13 0 Theodoxus 10 10 1 0 0 20 100 30 20 10 Other gen era 59 30 0.93 37 0 25 100 34 0 4 All taxa 124 116 0.93 38 3 29 100 28 6 3 List ings are by gen era for com mon types, except G. albida, which is signif i cantl y larger than all other species of Gibbula in the or - na ment as sem blages 306 M. C. Stiner

REF ER ENCES and its in ter pre ta tion. Cur rent An thro pol ogy 39, S1–S44. BAILEY G.N., CARTER P.L., GAM BLE C.S., D’ERRICO F., HENSHILWOOD C., NILSSEN P. HIGGS H.P. 1983. Asprochaliko and Kastritsa: Fur- 2001. En graved bone frag ment from c. 70,000- ther in ves ti ga tions of Palaeo lithic set tle and econ- year-old Mid dle Stone Age lev els at , omy in Epirus (North west Greece). Pro ceed ings of : Im pli ca tions for the or i gin of symbol - the Pre his toric So ci ety 49, 15–42. ism and lan guage. An tiq uity 75, 309–318. BARTOLOMEI G., BROGLIO A., CASSOLI P.F., D’ERRICO F., HENSHILWOOD C., LAW SON G., CASTELLETTI L., CATTAMO L., CREMASCHI VANHAEREN M., TILLIER A.-M., SORESSI M., M., GIACOBINI G., MALERBA G., MASPERO BRESSON F., MAUREILLE B., NOWELL A., A., PRESANI M., SARTORELLI A., TAGLIA- LAKARRA J., BACKWELL L., JULIEN M. 2003. COZZO A. 1994. La Grotte de Fumane: un site auri- Ar chae o log i cal ev i dence for the emer gence of lan- gnacien au pied des Alpes. Preistoria Alpina 28, guage, sym bol ism and mu sic. An al ter na tive multi- 131–179. dis ci plin ary per spec tive. Jour nal of World Pre his- BAR-YOSEF D.E. 1989. Late Paleolithic and Neo - tory 17(1), 1–70. lithic marine shells in the southern Levant as cul- FIOCCHI C. 1996–1997. Le conchiglie ma rine prove- tural mark ers. In: O. Bar-Yosef, F.R. Valla (eds) nienti dalla Grotta di Fumane (Monti Lessini-Ve ro- Proceed ings of the 1986 Shell Bead Con fer ence: Se - na). Atti dell’Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed lected Papers . Re search Re cords no. 20, Roch es ter Arti CLV, 1–22. Museum and Sci ence Center, Roches ter, New York, GAMBASSINI P. 1997. Le industrie paleolitiche di 169–174. Castelcivita. In : P. Gambassini (ed.) Il Paleolitico BAR-YOSEF MAYER D.E., VANDERMEERSCH di Castelcivita: Cul ture e ambiente. Electa Napoli, B., BAR-YOSEF O. 2009. Shells and ochre in Mid - Napoli, 92–145. dle Paleolithic , Is rael: Indi ca tions for GAMBLE C. 1986. The Palaeolithic Settle ment of Eu - mod ern be hav ior. Jour nal of Hu man Evo lu tion rope. Cam bridge Uni ver sity Press, Cambridge. 56(3), 307–314. HAHN J. 1972. Aurigna cian signs, pen dants, and art BENINI A., BOSCATO P., GAMBASSINI P. 1997. objects in Cen tral and East ern Eu rope. World Ar- Grotta della Cala (Salerno): indu stria litiche e fauna chae ol ogy 3, 252–266. uluzziane e aurignaziane. Rivista di Scienze Pre- HENSHILWOOD C., D’ERRICO F., VANHAEREN istoriche 48, 37–94. M., VAN NIEKERK K., JACOBS Z. 2004. Mid dle BIRD M., AYLIFFE L., FIFIELD L., TURNEY C., Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Sci ence CRESSWELL R., BAR ROWS T., DAVID D. 1999. 304, 404. Ra dio car bon dat ing of “old” char coal us ing a wet- HENSHILWOOD C. S., D’ERRICO F., WATTS I. ox i da tion stepped-com bus tion pro ce dure. Ra dio car - 2009. En graved ochres from the Middle Stone Age bon 41, 127–141. lev els at Blombos Cave, South Af rica. Jour nal of BOUZOUGGAR A., BARTON R.N.E., VANHAE- Hu man Evo lu tion 57(1), 27–47. REN M., D’ERRICO F., COLLCUTT S., HIGHAM KARKANAS P., KOUMOUZELIS M., KOZ£OWSKI T., HODGE E., PARFITT S., RHODES E., J. K., SITLIVY V., SOBCZYK K., BERNA F., SCHWENNINGER J.-L., STRINGER C., TUR- WEINER S. 2004. The ear li est ev i dence for clay NER E., WARD S., MOUTMIR A., STAMBOULI hearths: Aurig na cian fea tures in Klissoura Cave 1, A. 2007. 82,000-year-old shell beads from North south ern Greece. An tiq uity 78(301), 513–525. Africa and impli ca tions for the or i gins of modern KLEIN R.G. 1989. The Human Career: Human Bi o - hu man be hav ior. Pro ceed ings of the Na tional Acad - log i cal and Cul tural Or i gins. Uni ver sity of Chi cago emy of Sci ences 104(24), 9964–9969. Press, Chi cago. CONARD N., DIPPON G., GOLDBERG P. 2003. KOUMOUZELIS M., GINTER B., KOZ£OWSKI Chronostratigraphy and ar chae o log i cal con text of J.K., PAWLIKOWSKI M., BAR-YOSEF O., AL - the Aurigna cian depos its at Geißenklösterle. In: Zil- BERT R.M., LITYÑSKA-ZAJ¥C M., STWO- hao J., d’Errico F. (eds) The Chronol ogy of the Auri- RZEWICZ E., WOJTAL P., LIPECKI G., TOMEK gnacian and of the Transi tional Technocomplexes. T., BOCHEÑSKI Z., PAZDUR A. 2001. The early Dat ing, Stratigraphies, Cul tural Im pli ca tions. Tra- upper Palaeo lithic in Greece: The exca va tions in balhos de Arqueologia 33. Instituto Portugues de Klissoura Cave. Jour nal of Ar chae o log i cal Sci ence Arqueologia, Lisbon, 165–178. 28, 515–539. D’ERRICO F., ZILHÁO J., JULIEN M., BAFFIER D., KOUMOUZELIS M., KOZ£OWSKI J.K., NOWAK PELEGRIN J. 1998. Neanderthal ac cul tur a tion in M., SOBCZYK K., KACZANOWSKA M., Western Europe? A criti cal review of the evi dence PAWLIKOWSKI M., PAZDUR A. 1996. Pre his - Shell or na ments from the Upper Paleolithic 307

toric settle ment in the Klisoura Gorge, Argolid, riore in Italia. Garlatti e Razzai, Firenze. Greece (ex ca va tions 1993, 1994). Préhistoire Euro- PANAGOPOULOU E., KARKANAS P., TSAR- péenne 8, 143–173. TSIDOU G., KOTJABOPOULOU E., HARVATI KOZ£OWSKI J.K. (ed.) 1982. Ex ca va tion in the K., NTINOU M. 2002–2004. Late Pleis to cene ar - (Bul garia). Fi nal Re port. Pañst- chae o log i cal and fos sil hu man ev i dence from Lako- wowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa. nis Cave, south ern Greece. Jour nal of Field Archae - KOZ£OWSKI J.K. 1992. The Bal kans in the Mid dle ol ogy 29, 323–349. and Up per Palaeo lithic: The gate to Eu rope or a PAWLIKOWSKI M., KOUMOUZELIS M., GINTER cul-de-sac? Pro ceed ings of the Pre his toric So ci ety B., KOZ£OWSKI J.K. 2000. Emerg ing ce ramic 58, 1–20. tech nol ogy in struc tured Aurig na cian hearths at Kli- KOZ£OWSKI J.K. 1999. The Evo lu tion of the Bal kan soura Cave 1 in Greece. Ar chae ol ogy, Eth nol ogy Aurig na cian. In: S. Davies, R. Charles (eds) Dor o - and An thro pol ogy of Eur asia 4, 19–29. thy Garrod and the Prog ress of the Palaeolithic . PERLêS C. 1987. Les indus tries lithiques taillées de Oxbow Books, Oxford, 97–117. Franchthi (Argolide, GrÀce). Tome I: Présentation KOZ£OWSKI J.K., OTTE M. 2000. The for mation of générale et in dustries paléolithiques, Ex ca va tions at the Aurig na cian in Eu rope. Jour nal of An thro po log - Franchthi Cave, fasc. 3. In di ana Uni ver sity Press, i cal Re search 56, 513–534. Bloomington, IN. KUHN S.L., STINER M.C. 1998. The ear li est Aurig - PERLêS C., VANHAEREN M. 2010. Black Cyclope na cian of Riparo Mochi (Liguria). Cur rent An thro - neritea marine shell orna ments in the Upper Palaeo - pol ogy 39, S175–S189. lithic and Mesolithic of Franchthi (Argolid, KUHN S.L., STINER M.C. 2007. Body or na menta tion Greece): Argu ments for an in tentional heat treat- as in for ma tion tech nol ogy: to wards and un der stand - ment. Jour nal of Field Ar chae ol ogy 35(3), 314–325. ing of the sig nif i cance of early beads. In: P. Mellars, PE TIT-MAIRE N., VRIELINCK B., BRACCO J.-P., K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (eds) Re think- BRUGAL J.Ph., BUROLLET P.-F., COUDE- ing the Hu man Rev o lu tion: New Be hav ioural and GAUSSEN G., JALUT G., LERICOLAIS G., VAN Bi o log i cal Per spec tives on the Or i gin and Dis persal VLIET-LANOË B. 2005. The Med i ter ra nean Ba - of Mod ern Humans . Mc Don ald In sti tute Mono- sin: The Last Two Clima tic Ex tremes: Ex plan a tory graphs, Mc Don ald In sti tute for Ar chae o log i cal Re - Notes of the Maps. Maison Méditerranéenne des search, Cam bridge Uni ver sity, Cam bridge, 45–54. Sciences de l’Homme and Agence Nationale pour le KUHN S.L., STINER M.C., REESE D.S., GÜLEÇ E. Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs Parc de la Croix 2001. Or na ments in the ear li est Up per Paleolithic: Blanche, Groupe Hori zon, Gémenos. New results from the Levant. Pro ceed ings of the PIGATI J., QUADE J., WIL SON J., JULL A.J.T., National Acad emy of Sci ences 98(13), 7641–7646. LIFTON N.A. 2007. De vel opment of low-back - KUHN S.L., STINER M.C., GÜLEÇ E., ÖZER I., ground vac uum extrac tion and graphitization sys- YILMAZ H., BAYKARA I., AÇIKKOL A., tems for 14C dat ing of old (40–60 ka) sam ples. GOLDBERG P., MARTÍNEZ MOLINA K., ÜNAY Quarternary In ter na tional 166, 4–14. E., SUATA-ALPASLAN F. 2009. The Early Up per RUNNELS C. 1996. The Palaeo lithic and Mesolithic Paleolithic oc cu pa tions at ÜçaÈÏzlÏ Cave (Hatay, re mains. In: B. Wells, C. Runnels (eds) The Berbati- Tur key). Jour nal of Hu man Evo lu tion 56, 87–113. Limnes Ar chae o log i cal Sur vey 1988–1990. Swed ish LAMBECK K. 1996. Sea-level change and shore-line In sti tute in Ath ens, Stock holm, 23–25. evolu tion in Aegean Greece since Upper Paleolithic SABELLI B. 1980. Si mon & Schusters Guide to Shells. time. An tiq uity 70, 588–611. Simon and Schuster, New York. LEONARDI P. 1935. I : le faune, 1. I mollu- SHACKLE TON J.C. 1988. Ma rine Mol lus can Re - schi pleistocenici della Barma Grande. Istituto Ita- mains from Franchthi Cave, Ex ca va tions at Fran- liano di Paleontologia Umana Anno XIII, Firenze. chthi Cave, fasc. 4. In di ana Uni ver sity Press, Bloo- MAGROGRASSI A. 1928. La fauna Levantina di Coo mington, IN. e di Rodi. Atti della Societ´ Italiana di Scienze SITLIVY V., SOBCZYK K., KARKANAS P., KOU- Naturali (Milano) 67, 249–264. MOUZELIS M. 2007. Middle Paleolithic lithic as - MELLARS P. 1989. Ma jor is sues in the or i gin of mod- semblages of the Klissoura Cave, Peloponnesus, ern hu mans. Cur rent An thro pol ogy 30, 349–385. Greece: A com par a tive anal y sis. Ar chae ol ogy, Eth - PALMA DI CESNOLA A. 1966. Il Paleolitico supe- nol ogy & An thro pol ogy of Eur asia 3(31), 2–15. riore arcaico (facies uluzziana) della Grotta del Ca - STINER M.C. 1999. Trends in Paleolithic mollusk ex - vallo, Lecce (continuazione). Rivista di Scienze ploi ta tion at Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, It aly): Food Preistoriche 21, 3–59. and or na ments from the Aurigna cian through Epi- PALMA DI CESNOLA A. 1993. Il Paleolitico supe- gra vet tian. An tiq uity 73, 735–754. 308 M. C. Stiner

STINER M.C. 2003. “Stan dard iza tion” in Up per lithic land scape of Eu rope and en vi rons, 150,000– Paleolithic Or naments at the Coastal Sites of Riparo 25,000 years ago: an over view. Qua ter nary Re - Mochi and Üçagizli Cave. In: J. Zilhao, F. d’Errico search Review 15, 481–500. (eds) The Chronol ogy of the Aurigna cian and of the VANHAEREN M., D’ERRICO F. 2006. Aurigna cian Tran si tional Technocomplexes: Dat ing, Stratigra- eth no-lin guis tic ge og ra phy of Eu rope re vealed by phies, Cul tural Im pli ca tions, Trabalhos de Arqueo- per sonal or na ments. Jour nal of Ar chae o log i cal Sci - logia, no. 33. Istituto Protugues de Arqueologia, ence 33, 1105–1128. Lis bon, 49–59. WHITE R. 1989. Pro duc tion com plex ity and stan dard - STINER M.C., WEINER S., BAR-YOSEF O., KUHN iza tion of early Aurig na cian bead and pen dent man - S.L. 1995. Dif fer en tial burn ing, frag men ta tion and u fac ture: evo lu tion ary im pli ca tions. In: P. Mellars, pres er va tion of ar chae o log i cal bone. Jour nal of Ar - C. Stringer, (eds) The Hu man Rev o lu tion: Be hav - chae o log i cal Sci ence 22, 223–237. ioural and Bi o log i cal Per spec tives on the Or i gins of TAB OR IN Y. 1993. La Parure en Coquillage au Mod ern Hu mans. Prince ton Uni ver sity Press, Paléolithique. XXIXe supplément ´ Gallia Préhisto- Prince ton, NJ, 366–390. ire. C.N.R.S. Éditions, Paris. WHITE R. 1993. Tech no log i cal and so cial di men sions TOMEK T., BOCHEÑSKI Z.M. 2002. Bird scraps of “Aurigna cian-age” body or na ments across Eu - from a Greek table: the case of Klissoura Cave. Acta rope. In: H. Knecht, A. Pike-Tay and R. White (eds) Zoologica Cracoviensia 45, 133–138. Before : The complex record of the early VAN ANDEL T.H., SUTTON S.B. 1987. Land scape Up per Paleolithic. CRC Press, Boca Raton, LA, and Peo ple of the Franchthi Re gion (with con tri bu - 277–300. tions by J. M. Hansen, C. J. Vitaliano). In di ana Uni - WHITE R. 2003. Prehis toric Art: The Sym bolic Jour- ver sity Press, Bloomington, IN. ney of Hu mankind . Harry N. Abrams, New York. VAN ANDEL T.H., TZEDAKIS P.C. 1996. Palaeo -