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From to icon: an analysis of the gurines in archaeological literature and contemporary culture

Lander, Louise Muriel

How to cite: Lander, Louise Muriel (2005) From artifact to icon: an analysis of the Venus gurines in archaeological literature and contemporary culture, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3027/

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2 FROM ARTIFACT TO ICON: An Analysis of the Venus in Archaeological Literature and Contemporary Culture

Volume 5 of5

Louise Muriel Lander

A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

University of Durham

Department of

2004 A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged.

~ 3 JUN 2005 CONTENTS

VOLUMES APPENDIX C: TABLES 465

BIBLIOGRAPHY 521

DIRECTORY OF WEBSITES/PATHS 546 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE I VENUS FEMME AU TROU LE BUSTE BRNO LA POIRE L'EBAUCHE LE MANCHE LA IMPVDIQUE RENNE MAGRITE DU FEMME DE POIGNARD FILLETTE

ILLUSTRATION I ~; • ~ ~~t :~ rf.,'1 w··. ~ ~ ~1(~ '47.1\ ~ I ~ ~ ( DATE OF Unknown, 1860's 1867 1888 1891 1892 1892 1894 1894 DISCOVERY around 1864 FIRST Breuil 1907 Piette 1895 Dupont 1872 Piette 1888 Makowsky 1892 Piette 1893 Piette 1893 Piette 1895 Piette 1895 PUBLICATION FINDSPOT Laugerie-Basse; Laugerie-Basse; Trou Magrite; Le Mas d' Azil; Francouzska Grotte du Grotte du Grotte du Pape, Grotte du discovered by the found by !'Abbe third ossified Piette only states Street, Brno; in Pape, Pape, ; Pape, Marquis de Vibraye. Landesque layer that it was found male grave Brassempouy; Brassempouy; left part of the Brassempouy; Nothing further is during the right side of right part of avenue left side of known of the course of , near the cave avenue circumstances of excavations wall discovery CONTEXT I Nothing known of Unknown Layer attributed Unspecified Burial; male Layer£, Layer£, Layer£, Layer£, the stratigraphic to Upper skeleton, grave accompanied accompanied accompanied by accompanied position of the Palaeolithic, goods, by Upper by Upper Upper by Upper figure containing decorative Perigordian/ Perigordian/ Perigordian/ Perigordian/ and objects and a Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian types marnmoth industry industry industry shoulder AGE/ Site considered Site considered Possibly Site considered Pavlovian or Considered Considered Considered Considered ATTRIBUTION Magdalenian Gravettian Magdalenian IV Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian PRESENT First known Considered Gravettian Considered Now considered Considered Considered Considered Considered STANDING Palaeolithic Magdalenian; attribution not Magdalenian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; statuette. not included in certain; not not included in possibly male; Brassempouy Brassempouy Brassempouy Brassempouy Considered later discussions included in later later discussions figure excluded figures figures figures included figures Magdalen ian; not of Venus discussions of of Venus from Gamble included in all included in all in all included in all included in later figuri nes Venus figurines figurines (1982) and discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of McDermott Venus Venus Venus figurines Venus Venu s figurines ( !996) analyses figurines figurines figurines

465 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE I A FIGURINE A TETE A LA EBAUCHE DE LE TORSE PREDMOSTI PREDMOSTI PREDMOSTI PREDMOSTI LA CEINTURE LA PELERINE CAPUCHE POUPEE STATUETTE STATUETTE STATUETTE STATUETTE

ILLUSTRATION I & ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Th DATE OF 1894 1894 Unknown 1896 c. l894 c. l894 c. l894 c. 1894 DISCOVERY FIRST Piette 1895 Piette 1895 Piette 1895 Piette 1907 Piette and de I Breuil 1924 I Breuil 1924 I Breuil 1924 I Breuil 1924 PUBLICATION Laporterie 1897 FINDSPOT Grotte du Pape, Grotte du Pape, Grotte du Pape, Grotte du Pape, Grotte du Pape, I Predmosti; I Predmosti; I Predmosti; I Predmosti; Brassempouy; Brassempouy; Brassempouy; Brassempouy. Brassempouy; unspecified Unspecified Unspecified unspecified right side, near next to the left side of 20 metres from entrance figurine a la avenue entrance I ceinture

CONTEXT I Layer£, Layer£, Layer£, Unspecified by Layer£, I Unspecified I Unspecified I Unspecified I Unspecified accompanied by accompanied by accompanied by Piette accompanied by Upper Upper Upper Upper Perigordian/ Perigordian/ Perigordianl Perigordian/ Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian industry industry industry industry AGE/ Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; ATTRIBUTION Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian 26-27000 BP 26-27000 BP 26-27000 BP 26-27000 BP PRESENT Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered STANDING Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; not Gravettian; not Gravettian; Gravettian; Brassempouy Brassempouy Brassempouy Brassempouy Brassempouy included in included in later not included not included figures included figures included figures included figures included figures included later discussions of in later in later in all in all in all in all in all discussions of Venus figurines discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of Venus Venus Venus Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines figurines figurines figurines

466 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE STATUETTE FEMME AU THE JANUS THE BUST TETE L'HERMAP- LA LE STATUETTE EN STEATITE GOITRE NEGROIDE HRODITE POL!CHINELLE LOSANGE NON DECRITE JAUNE ,., ILLUSTRATION ~~ i... ~ t I I I i ! DATE OF '1883 '1883 1883-4; Uncertain; Uncertain; Uncertain; Uncertain; Uncertainf ; Uncertain; DISCOVERY retained by Jul1ien 1883-95 1883-95 1883-95 1883-95 1883-95 possibly 1892-4 FIRST Reinach 1898 Piette 1902 Breuil 1928 Breuil 1928 Piette 1902 Piette 1902 Piette 1902 Piette 1902 Piette' 1907 PUBLICATION FINDSPOT Grimaldi; Grimaldi; Grimaldi; Grimaldi; Grimaldi: Grimaldi: Grimaldi: Possibly Grimaldi: Grimaldi; Possibly Barma Possibly Barma Possibly Barma Grotte du Prince Possibly Grotte Possibly Grotte Grotte du Prince Possibly Possibly Grotte Grande cave, Grande cave, Grande, depth or Barma du Prince du Prince Grotte du du Prince depth 4.2-4.7m depth 3.0-4.2m 6m Grande Prince

CONTEXT Accompanied Layer Layer specified Sediment may Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown by Gravette containing small only as indicate Sarma points; absence backed points "Archaeological" Grande, but ofNoailles and scrapers by Jullien context burins unknown AGE/ Epi-Gravettian Epi-Gravettian Gravettian Traditionally Traditionally Traditionally Traditionally Traditionally Traditionally ATTRIBUTION c.l7,200 years 16- 14,000 considered considered considered considered considered considered old years old Gravett ian Gravett ian Gravett ian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian PRESENT Original Original Considered Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi Grimaldi figures STANDING Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian; are usually are usually are usually are usually figures are are usually attribution attribution Grimaldi figures considered considered considered considered usually considered recently revised; recently revised; are included in all Gravettian and Gravettian and Gravettian and Gravettian and are considered Gravettian: Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures discussions of are included in are included in are included in included in all Gravettian; included in all are included in are included in Venus figurines recent analyses all discussions all discussions discussions of included in all discussions of all discussions all discussions as such of Venus of Venus Venus figurines discussions of Venus figurines of Venus of Venus figurines figurines Venus ____ figurines figurines fi~urines - . ... ------

467 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE BROWN IVORY FLATIENED RED TWO-HEADED DOUBLE THE PREDMOSTI SIREUIL WILLENDORF FIGURINE FIGURINE FIGURINE FIGURINE FIGURINE STYLISED I 1 fLLUSTRATION , e , 3 '~0~ .·~· ,~ t DATE OF 1883-95: Lost 1883-95: Lost 1883-95:1 Lost 1883-95: Lost 1883-95: Lost 1883-95: Lost until 1895 1900 1908 DISCOVERY until 1994 until 1994 until 1994 until 1994 until 1994 1994 FIRST Bisson & Bolduc Bisson & Bolduc Bisson & Bisson & Bisson & Bisson & Bolduc Kfizl896 Breuil & Szombathy 1909 PUBLICATION 1994 1994 Bolduc 1994 Bolduc 1994 Bolduc 1994 1994 Peyrony 1930 FINDSPOT Grimaldi; Grimaldi; Grimaldi; Grimaldi; Grimaldi; Grimaldi; possibly Predmosti Sireuil; Willendorf; in possibly Grotte possibly Grotte possibly Grotte possibly Grotte possibly Grotte Grotte du Prince chance find 25 em du Prince du Prince du Prince du Prince du Prince on a path below charcoal stratum () CONTEXT Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Gravettian layer None Layer 9; containing Accompanied and by Gravettian structures industry AGE/ Included with Included with Included with Included with Included with Included with Site dated to the Gravettian Gravettian; ATTRIBUTION Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures in Gravettian; attribution on Layer 9 in the Gravettian, in the Gravettian, in the in the in the the Gravettian, 26-27000 BP the basis of c.24000 BP although other although other Gravettian, Gravettian, Gravettian, although other stylistic Grimaldi fig ures Grimaldi figures although other although other although other Grimaldi figures similarity, now thought now thought Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures now thought particularly to earlier earlier now thought now thought now thought earlier Tursac figure earlier earlier earlier PRESENT Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Grimaldi figures Considered Considered Considered STANDING are usually are usually are usually are usually are usually are usually Gravettian; has Gravettian; Gravettian; considered considered considered considered considered considered been compared included in all included in all Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; to Venus discussions of discussions of included in recent included in recent included in included in included in included in recent figurines despite Venus Venus figurines analyses as such analyses as such recent analyses recent analyses recent analyses analyses as such different figurines as such as such as such medium L______IL__ ___ ------______IL__ __ ------

468 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE MEZINE PECHIALET DOUBLE FEMME A LA VENUS DE TETE THE ARCHER TERME LESPUGUE STA~TUETTES ~<:· ~~~.·URE ~; ~E;~ Q~~ii' ~ ;~~~R~ ,.~, 1 r.~,t - '!.~~· ..."-\~ , 111 t.i?.-.JI r.;!'f;~.\ .~: .._.. ...:'f' .a.:· ILLUSTRATION t ~.~~ · au,.~ 'k ~ "\;;.. ~l~ f ... '. ~~-~~ 'ft' I

~ · r.~: · ~~ r.?

469 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE I KOSTENKI I MAINZ- MArNZ- SA VIGNANO DOLNI DOLNI I WILLENDORF 2 I GAGARINO I STATUETTE 1 LINSENBERG LINSENBERG VESTONICE I VESTONICE FRAGMENT A FRAGMENT 8 II i ~ ~ ~. I , 9 ~ ~ ILLUSTRATION I ' \J/1 ~ ~ ~ ~ v 9 DATE OF 1923 1922-4 1922-4 1924 (although 1925 1923-6 1926 1927 DISCOVERY some say 1925) FffiST Reinach 1924 Neeb 1924 Neeb I 924 1924 (published in I Absolon I 929 I Luquet 1934 I Bayer I 926 I Golomshtok I 933 PUBLICATION I 926) FINDS POT Kostenki I -1, Square Mainz-Linsenberg Mainz-Linsenberg Savignano; Chance Dolni Dolni Willendorf; Gagarino; near the D-6, habitation find by workmen Vestonice: Vestonice: Layer 9 wall of a small round structure no. I, digging the Upper zone of 'Found' subterranean storage pit no.l2 foundations of a site; discovered during the dwelling fa rmhouse; found in the ashes of a digging of a I m below ground hearth. near the site CONTEXT I Found in pit Possibly Gravettian Possibly Gravettian No associated Hearth in None Layer 9; Settlement site; associated with open air settlement; open air settlement; industry circular Gravettian accompanied by settlement; although contains although contains identified as kiln industry Gravettian flint Gravettian industry distinct types distinct types on the basis of industry the numbers of fired AGE/ I Gravettian; I Possibly Gravettian I Possibly Gravettian I Gravettian Gravettian; None Gravettian Gravettian; dates ATTRIBUTION 22.300 ± 230- attribution on the upper zone c.24000 BP provided include 24, I 00 ± 500 BP grounds of stylistic dated to 25 950 20,150 ± 300, similarity + 630 -580 BP 21,800 ± 300 BP PRESENT I Considered Uncertain attribution Uncertain attribution Considered Considered Recognised as Considered Considered STANDING Gravettian; included as Gravettian, but as Gravettian but Gravettian; always Gravettian; fraudulent Gravettian; Gravettian; included in all discussion of included in most included in most included in included in all included only in in all discussions of Venus figurines discussions of Venus discussions of Venus discussions of discussion of some discussions Venus figurines figurines figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines of Venus figurines

470 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE GAGARINO GAGARINO Ill PEKARNA BEDEILHAC SOUPONEVO MAL'TA I MAL'TA 2 MAL'TA 3 II

.t I ILLUSTRATION ~ ' ··~, t ~ 'v e 1927 1927 \r1927 c.l927 1920's 1928 1929 I1929 DATE OF DISCOVERY FIRST Golomshtok Golomshtok Absolon 1931 Begouen 1929 Shovkoplias Gerasimov' 193 I Gerasimov' 1931 Gerasimov 1931 PUBLICATION 1933 1933 1952 FINDS POT Gagarino; Gagarino; on Pekarna cave; Bedailhac; few Souponevo; Mal ' ta; in dwelling Mal'ta; in dwelling Mal'ta; on floor of inside the floor alongside unspecified indications of unspecified dwelling, with Mal'ta dwelling pit circumstances of statuette 2 discovery, possibly found in the middle of the cave, in a niche in the wall C01'111EXT Settlement; Settlement; Stratigraphy not Unknown Open air site; Associated with Associated with Associated with accompanied accompanied by precise, industry lithic industry settlement with rich settlement with rich settlement with rich by Gravettian Gravettian flint from site similar to that of artistic inventory artistic inventory artistic inventory f1 int industry industry indicates Eliseevichi Magdalen ian AGE/ Gravettian; Gravettian; Magdalen ian Magdalenian IV Gravettian Two dates provided - Two dates provided - Two dates provided - ATTRIBUTION dates provided dates provided 14,750 BP and 14,750 BP and 23,000 14,750 BP and 23 ,000 include include 20, I 50 23,000 BP BP BP 20,150 ± 300 ± 300 and and 21 ,800 ± 21,800±300 300 BP BP PRESENT Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures STANDING Gravettian; Gravettian; Magdalenian; not Magdalenian: not Gravettian by excluded from excluded from excluded from Gamble included in all included in all included in later included in later Gamble ( 1982); Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, 1982, McDermott discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of Venus included only in McDermott 1996; McDermott 1996; 1996; included in Venus Venus figurines Venus figurines figurines his analysis included in Delporte included in Delporte Delporte 1993b, Mussi figurines 1993b,Mussi 2000 1993b, Mussi 2000 2000

471 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

MAL'TA4 MAL'TA 5 MAL'TA 6 MAL'TA 7 MAL'TA 8 MAL'TA 9 MAL'TA 10 MAL'TA II FIGURE --. I ' ILLUSTRATION ~ri ' i! < t ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ 1929 1929 i 1929 1929~ 1929 1929 1929 1930 DATE OF DISCOVERY FIRST Gerasimov 1931 Gerasimov 193 I Gerasimov 1931 Gerasimov 193 I Gerasimov 1931 Gerasimov 1931 Gerasimov 1931 Gerasimov 193 I PUBLICATION FINDS POT Mal'ta; inside Mal'ta; in dwelling Mal'ta; in Mal'ta; in Mal'ta; M al'ta; In north Mal'ta; Mal'ta; in Square dwelling, not far 60cm from a dwelling with dwelling with unspecified western corner unspecified Xl-3 from a hearth hearth, in small statuettes 5 and statuettes 5 and of the dwelling depression, Found 7 6 alongside statuettes 6 and 7 CONTEXT Associated with Associated with Associated with Associated with Associated with Associated with Associated with Associated with settlement with rich settlement with settlement with settlement with settlement with settlement with settlement with settlement with artistic inventory rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic inventory inventory inventory inventory inventory inventory inventory AGE/ Two dates provided Two dates Two dates Two dates Two dates Two dates Two dates Two dates ATTRIBUTION - 14,750 BP and provided- 14,750 provided - provided- provided- provided- provided - provided - 14,750 23 ,000 BP BP and 23,000 BP 14,750 BP and 14,750 BP and 14,750 BP and 14,750 BP and 14,750 BP and BP and 23 ,000 BP 23,000 BP 23,000 BP 23 ,000 BP 23,000 BP 23 ,000 BP PRESENT Mal 'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal 'ta figures Mal 'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal 'ta figures STANDING excluded from excluded from excluded from excluded from excluded from excluded from excluded from excluded from Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, McDermott 1996; McDermott 1996; McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott McDermott 1996; included in Delporte included in 1996; included 1996; included 1996; included 1996; included 1996; included included in 1993b, Mussi 2000 Delporte 1993b, in Delporte in Delporte in Delporte in Delporte in Delporte Delporte 1993b, Mussi 2000 1993b, Mussi 1993b, Mussi 1993b, Mussi 1993b, Mussi 1993b, Mussi Mussi 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

472 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE MAL'TA 12 MAL'TA 13 MAL'TA 14 MAL'TA 15 MAL'TA 16 PETERFELS PETERSFELS DOLNI VESTONICE V

._, ~~- . - ~ I , . ILLUSTRATION s~ '- ~'"' ~1 ; ,. . < ,·. . ' . ' DATEOF 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 1927-30 1927-30 1931 DISCOVERY FIRST Gerasimov 1935 Gerasimov 1935 Gerasimov 1935 Gerasimov 1935 Gerasimov 1935 Peters 1930 Peters 1930 Absolon K. PUBLICATION 1939 FINDSPOT Mal'ta; in Square Mal'ta; Mal 'ta; in Square Mal 'ta; in Square Mal 'ta; unspecified Petersfels; Petersfels; Dolni XII-8 unspecified XII:! Xl-3 unspecified unspecified Vestonice; not specified CONTEXT Associated with Associated with Associated with Associated with Associated with Cave site; layer Cave site; layer Site associated settlement with settlement with settlement with settlement with settlement with rich with with with the firing rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic artistic inventory Magdalen ian Magdalen ian of ceramics inventory inventory inventory inventory types types AGE/ Two dates Two dates Two dates Two dates Two dates provided- Magdalen ian Magdalen ian Dates for Dolni ATTRIBUTION provided- 14,750 provided - provided- 14,750 provided - 14,750 14,750 BP and Vestonice range BP and 23,000 14,750 BP and BP and 23,000 BP BP and 23,000 BP 23,000 BP from 25 820 BP BP 23,000 BP for the upper zone of the site, to 29 300 BP for the lower zone PRESENT Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Considered Considered Dolni Vestonice STANDING excluded from excluded from excluded from excluded from excluded from Magdalenian; Magdalenian; figures Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, not included in not included in considered McDermott 1996; McDermott McDermott 1996; McDermott 1996; McDermott 1996; later discussions later discussions Gravettian: included in 1996; included included in included in included in Del porte of Venus of Venus included in all Delporte 1993b, in Del porte Delporte 1993b, Delporte 1993b, 1993b, Mussi 2000 figurines figurines discussions of Mussi 2000 1993b, Mussi Mussi 2000 Mussi 2000 Venus figurines 2000

473 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE KOSTENKI KOSTENKI MAL'TA 19 EL PENDO DOLNI DOLNI DOLNI DOLNI STATUETTE2 STATUETTE 5 VESTON!CE VI VESTONlCE VESTON!CE VESTON!CE IX VII VI!

.· ..:1 • Iii':.O ~ •. . ··~~\ ~ .~"! l . . . ~ . ' ; ·.·: ' 'ILLUSTRATION : I ,. ~I ·~ , ' br.'" ~7'..!· .: y·~ ; I• ·. ' I i DATE OF I 1931 I1931 1932 I1932 1934 1934 1934 1934 DISCOVERY FIRST Efimenko 1938 Efimenko 1938 Gerasimov 1935 Obermaier 1932 Absolon 1949 Klima 1981 Klima 1981 Absolon 1949 PUBLICATION FIND SPOT Kostenki 1-1 ; at Kostenki I-I; at Mal'ta; El Pcndo cave Central zone of Central zone of Central zone of Dolni Vestonice; bottom of cache pit bottom of cache pit unspecified site, outside ashy site, outside site, on edge of central zone of Square N-8 Square N-8 deposits ashy deposits ashy deposits site, just outside ashy deposits CONTEXT Cache pit associated Cache pit Associated with Unspecified Settlement site Settlement site Settlement site Settlement site with dwelling. associated with settlement with associated with the associated with associated with associated with the Found with Statuette dwelling. Found rich artistic firing of ceramics the firing of the firing of firing of ceramics 5 and ivory headed with Statuette 2 inventory ceramics ceramics spatula and ivory headed spatula AGE/ Gravettian; Gravettian; Two dates Magdalen ian Central zone dated Central zone Central zone Central zone dated ATTRIBUTION 22.300 ± 230- 22.300 ± 230- provided- 14,750 to 25 820 ± 170 BP dated to 25 820 dated to 25 820 to 25 820 ± 170 BP 24,100 ± 500 BP 24,100 ± 500 BP BP and 23,000 BP ± 170 BP ± 170 BP PRESENT Considered Considered Mal 'ta figures Figure only Dolni Vestonice Dolnf Vestonice Dolni Vestonice Dolnf Vestonice STANDING Gravettian; included Gravettian; excluded from included in figures considered figures figures figures considered in all discussion of included in all Gamble 1982, Giedion 1962 Gravettian: considered considered Gravettian: Venus figurines discussion of McDermott 1996; and Guthrie included in all Gravettian: Gravettian: included in all Venus figurines included in 1979 discussions of included in all included in all discussions of Delporte l993b, Venus figurines discussions of discussions of Venus figurines Mussi 2000 Venus figurines Venus figurines

474 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE DOLNI DOLNI TRASIMENO ELISEEVITCHI KOSTENKI KOSTENKI BOURET' I DOLNI VESTONICE X VESTONICE XIII STATUETTE 3 STATUETTE 6 VESTONICE XII ; k~ ' ' ' ILLUSTRATION \~ ~ ~~ff/:1 ,Aii'} I.. ' t. ~' ~i & DATE OF 1934 1935 Unknown; 1935 1936 1936 1936 1937 DISCOVERY discovered in collection 1935 FIRST Klima 1981 Absolon 1949 Graziosi 1939 Polikarpovich Efimenko 1958 Efimenko 1958 Okladnikov 1941 Absolon 1949 PUBLICATION 1940

FINDS POT Dolni V~stonice; Dolni V~stonice; Unknown Eliseevitchi; in pit Kostenki I-I; in Kostenki l-1; in Bouret'; in dwelling no.l Dolni V~stonice ; central zone of site, central zone of dug in hut D-27, at bottom molehill, unspecified on edge of ashy site, on edge of constructed of of cache pit Excavation III deposits ashy deposits CONTEXT Settlement site Settlement site Unknown Settlement site; Settlement Cultural layer of Associated with Settlement site associated with the associated with the industry has few complex; settlement settlement with rich associated with the firing of ceramics firing of ceramics similarities to that Gravettian complex; artistic inventory firing of ceramics of Kostenki industry Gravettian culture industry AGE/ Central zone dated Central zone dated Gravettian Gamble cites C 14 Gravettian; Gravettian; Del porte ( l993b) Dates for Dolni ATTRIBUTION to 25 820 ± 170 BP to 25 820 ± I 70 BP date of 33 000; 22.300 ± 230- 22.300 ± 230- provides date of V~stonice range cultural layer now 24, I 00 ± 500 BP 24, I 00 ± 500 BP 2 I I 90 BP. from 25 820 BP dated to 14,470 ± for the upper zone 100 BP of the site, to 29 300 BP for the lower zone PRESENT Dolni V~stonice Dolni V~stonice Considered Usually Considered Considered As with the site of Dolni V~stonice STANDING figures considered figures considered Gravettian on the considered Gravettian; Gravettian; Mal 'ta, Bouret' figures figures considered Gravettian: included Gravettian: basis of style; Gravettian; included in all included in all excluded from Gamble Gravettian: in all discussions of included in all included in some included in most discussion of discussion of 1982, McDermott 1996; included in all Venus figurines discussions of discussions of discussions of Venus figurines Venus figurines included in Delporte discussions of Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines l993b Venus figurines

475 Table 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE I DOLNl DOLNI MORA v ANY BOURET' 2 BOURET' 3 BOURET' 4 BOURET' 5 I CHIOZZA VESTONICE XIV VESTONICE XV I~ .~~" ~ I I I ~ 9 ILLUSTRATION • t , lfl ~ , , m ~ DATE OF I 1937 1937 1938 1939 1940 1940 1940 1940 DISCOVERY FIRST Absolon 1949 I Absolon 1949 I Barta 1970 I Okladnikov 1941 I Okladnikov 1941 I Okladnikov 1941 I Okladnikov 1941 I Graziosi 1943 PUBLICATION FINDSPOT Dolni Vestonice; I Dolni Vestonice; I Moravany; IBouret; in dwelling I Bouret'; in I Bouret'; in I Bouret'; in I Chiozza; in a pile unspecified unspecified circumstances of no.4 dwelling no.2 dwelling no.2 dwelling no.2 of stones removed discovery from a brick-pit unspecified CONTEXT I Settlement site Settlement site Unspecified I Associated with I Associated with Associated with Associated with None. However, associated with the associated with the settlement with rich settlement with settlement with settlement with when pit firing of ceramics fi ring of ceramics artistic inventory rich artistic rich artistic rich artistic excavated, late inventory inventory inventory traces were found AGE/ I Dates for Dolni Dates for Dolni Site attributed to Del porte ( 1993b) Del porte (I 993b) Del porte (1993b) Del porte ( 1993b) Attributed to th e ATTRIBUTION Vestonice range from Vestonice range the Gravettian provides date of 21 provides date of provides date of 21 provides date of 21 Gravettian 25 820 BP for the from 25 820 BP 190 BP. 21 190 BP. 190 BP. 190 BP. upper zone of the for the upper zone site, to 29 300 BP for of the site, to 29 the lower zone 300 BP for the lower zone PRESENT Dolni Vestonice Dolnf Vestonice Considered As with the site of As with the site of As with the site of As with the site of Considered STANDING figures considered figures considered Gravettian; Mal'ta, Bouret' Mal'ta, Bouret' Mal'ta, Bouret' Mal'ta, Bouret' Gravettian on Gravettian: included Gravettian: included in all figures excluded figures excluded figures excluded figures excluded grounds of stylistic in all discussions of included in all discussions of from Gamble 1982, from Gamble from Gamble from Gamble similarity; Venus figurines discussions of Venus figurines McDermott 1996; 1982, McDermott 1982, McDermott 1982, McDermott included in all Venus figurines mcluded in 1996; included in 1996; included in 1996; included in discussions of Delporte 1993b Delporte l993b Delporte 1993b Delporte 1993b Venus figurines

476 'Ialbne 1 FIGURINES REFERRED 1'0 IN DISCUSSIONS OJF VENUS JFIG1UruNES IN 'IJHLE ARCJHIAEOJLOGICAL JLI'IlERA'I1URJE

FIGURE II LE GA8ILLOU MINEVSKII IAR MAUERN MOLODOV A A VDEEVO 2 A VDEEVO 3 ~ A VDEEVO 4 A VDEEVO I ., ~·;,,,,:}·: •. 'f . '·~, -~ ~ I f F:.~-- I ILLUSTRATION N . . •• Not'""""'"' ~"';l . · ~ . • \·~.;:..1 -- -~ I DATE OF 1940 Unspecified 1948 1948-56 1948 1948 1948 1949 ])liSCO VERY

FIRST Gaussen 1964 Noted in Delporte Zotz 1951 Tchemich 1956 1:1 Gvozdover 1953 II Gvozdover 1953 II Gvozdover 1953 II Gvozdover 1953 PUBLICATION 1979 I II FINDSPOT Le Gabillou Minevskii lar; Mauem; in area Molodova; Avdeevo; in pit in ~ Avdeevo; with Avdeevo; 4m Avdeevo; inside cave; Panel 12 unspecified rich in ochre : Horizon 3 section X 1-D/8 ~ statuette 2, in pit from pit dwelling, in pit in section X 1- containing no.27 Iii I D/8 statuettes 2 and II , 3 CONTEXT 11 Engraving on Unspecified Gravettian Associated with Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement cave wall 1 industry settlement; complex, complex, complex, complex, found with Gravettian industry Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian sculptured industry industry industry u • ~~ AGE/ Jl Magdalenian ~ Attributed to the Gravettian; date Horizon 3 dated II Gravettian; 22 400 Ill Gravettian; 22 11 Gravettian; 22 II Gravettian; 22 ATTRIBUTION I II Gravettian(witha of291408P to13370±540 II ±5008P I! 400±5008? II 400±5008? II 400±500BP question mark) in provided by 8P Gamble 1982 Gamble ( 1982) PRESENT II Included only in Figure now lost as Discussed in Mentioned by Considered Considered Considered Considered Sl'ANDING the analysis by disappeared during some works; Taylor as a Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Rice ( 1981) WWII; only included in ; Avdeevo figurines Avdeevo Avdeevo Avdeevo 1 included in the Gamble's not included in included in all figurines figurines figurines

analysis by analysis of other analyses 1 discussions of included in all included in all included in all Gamble ( 1982) Venus figurines Venus figurines discussions of discussions of discussions of 1 Venus figurines 1 Venus figurines Venus figurines

477 Talble 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATUJRE

HGURE II KOSTENK! [ I ANGLES-SUR- LA LA I PETRKOVICE I MAL'TA 23 ~I MAL'TA 24 I MAL'TA 25 STATUETTE4 L'ANGLIN 3 MAGDELEINE MAGDELEINE FIGURES LEFT FIGURE RIGHT FIGURE

r:. A . -lc[ir ~- . _, .. .~"-..-.Li-1~r.·<.·':··.:c-/;~, ~~ ,,..,_ ..:l·. -·~. ~·-~~_;. ' - . ·' I ( : ..; .."/r. ~,;;.~~. ~-,~/J~.q.;1·.\} ' - ; -'"G' f ' ILLUSTRATION I fa ~~ "[ti ~;~ ',~~,;;1 , ~~. · : ~ 1\/"'·r- ( ra ~ DATE OF I 1951 1950 1952; had not 1952; had not 1952-3 1956 1956 1956 DISCOVERY been noticed for been noticed for some years some years JFIRST Rogachev 1957 Saint-Mathurin Betirac 1954 Betirac 1954 I Klima 1955 II Gerasimov 1958 II Gerasimov 1958 ~ Gerasimov 1958 PUBLICATION and Garrod 1951 F:n:NDSPOT Kostenki 1-1; Angles-sur- La Magdeleine; at La Magdeleine; at Petfkovice; in Mal'ta; in large II Mal'ta; inside ~ Mal'ta; inside Square G-2, 2nd I' Anglin cave entrance to cave entrance to cave oval hut, at side oblong shaped II dwelling II dwelling complex ofhearth dwelling CONTEXT I Cultural layer of Engraving on Engraving on Engraving on Settlement site; Associated with Associated with Associated with settlement cave wall cave wall cave wall Gravettian settlement with rich settlement with settlement with complex; industry artistic inventory rich artistic rich artistic Gravettian inventory inventory industry AGE/ I Gravettian; Magdalenian Magdalenian Magdalenian 20,790 ± 270 BP Two dates provided I Two dates Two dates ATTRIBUTION 22.300 ± 230- -23,370 ± 160 - 14,750 BP and provided- 14,750 provided- 14,750 24, I 00 ± 500 BP BP 23,000 BP BP and 23,000 BP BP and 23,000 BP PRESENT I Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures STANDING Gravettian; Magdalenian; Magdalenian; Magdalenian; Gravettian; excluded from excluded from excluded from included in all considered considered considered included in all Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, discussion of alongside the alongside the alongside the discussion of McDermott 1996; McDermott 1996; McDermott 1996; Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines included in included in included in in some works on in some works on in some works on Delporte 1993b, Del porte 1993b, Delporte 1993b stylistic grounds stylistic grounds stylistic grounds Mussi 2000 Mussi 2000 Mussi 2000

478 Ta!One 1 F!GUruNJES RlEFlERRED TO [N DISCUSSIONS OJF VlENTUS JF[G[JRJ[NES [N THJE ARCHAlEOlLOG!CAlL lLITIEJRA TTURE

FIGURE MAL'TA 28 MAL'TA 29 TURSAC GAGARINO 4 MODRANY PARABITA 1 PARAB!TA 2

IIn ~ ,.\J ~~•~,~ -)-. ~ :':-.-,-,-, ~,' \" . ~I . , ' {- - : t,. t,.....·. ILLUSTRATION II . . w·: ~J/;/ _ (·<· ~ ~ - ; ~ '' ~ l! t[J !;l ' i . . ~- '0 • DATE OF 1957 1957 1958 1959 ' 1962 1963 1966 1966

DISCOVERY ! I FIRST Gerasimov 1958 Gerasimov 1958 Movius and Delporte 1959 Tarassov 1963 Noted in II Radmilli 1966 II Radmilli 1966 PUBJLICA TION Yallois 1959 Del porte 1979 FINDS POT Mal 'ta; in the Mal'ta; in a Abri Pataud; block L' Abri du Gagarino; in niche Allegedly found Parabita: in Upper Parabita: in middle of the sterile level collected from Facteur, Tursac; or shallow in sand quarry Palaeolithic layer Upper passageway to the lying over the Square F, trench 2 near to cave disrupted by Palaeolithic 1 1 4 h dwelling 5 h dwelling wall burial layer disrupted by Bronze Age ~ buri~ CONTEXT Ill Associated with Associated with Bas-relief on Edge of Settlement; None Del porte (1993a) Del porte (1993a) settlement with settlement with block; Layer habitation zone, accompanied by suggests figure suggests figure Ill rich artistic rich artistic containing accompanied by Gravettian flint could come from could come from inventory inventory Gravette points two bones industry either layer either layer and burins AGE/ ~ Two dates Two dates Gravettian; 24 500 Gravettian Gravettian; dates Favourably II Radmilli suggests II Radmilli ATTJRIBUTION ~ provided- 14,750 provided- ± 600-23 180 ± 23,180 BP provided include compared to the Epi-Gravettian suggests Epi- BP and 23,000 BP 14,750 BP and 670 BP 20,150 ± 300 and Petfkovice Gravettian 23,000 BP 21,800 ± 300 BP statuette

PRESENT I Mal'ta figures Mal'ta figures Considered I Considered Considered Declared fraud Accepted in recent Accepted in STANDING ~ excluded from excluded from Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; analyses of Venus recent analyses Gamble 1982, Gamble 1982, included in all included in all , included in all figurines of Venus McDermott 1996; McDermott analyses of Venus 1 analyses of ' discussions of figurines included in 1996; included figurines , Venus figurines Venus figurines

Delporte 1993b, in Delporte ! Mussi 2000 1993b, Mussi 2000

479 llalbne n lF[GliJRJINES RlEFERRIED TO [N D[SCUSSIONS OlF VENUS FKGlURINES KN THE ARCHAEOLOGKCAJL JL[llERAllliJRlE

I FIGURE GAGARINO 5 GAGARINO 6 KHOTYLEVO MONPAZIER HOHLENSTEIN- KHOTYLEVO PAVLOV PAVLOV BRILLENHOHLE I. 1 STADEL 2 1

I I·7l··...... ~ .1 b , I J-~ @.i f'~7. ~ I ·;p ' '· ', !!;'~· ILLUSTRATION ~ ' ~ ~~ ~7 1J ~ .. . Not illu"""d • ~., ·~ ' 1 n , DATE OF 1967 1968 1969 1970 Site excavated 1971 1971-2 1971-2 Unspecified I DISCOVERY 1939- figure not 1 I j recognised as · human until 1970 FIRST Tarassov I 972 Tarassov 1971 Zaverniaev Clottes & Cerou Hahn I 971 Zaverniaev I 978 Klima 1989 Klima 1989 Rick I 973 PUBLICATION 1978 1970 (referencegivenin

1 1 Gamble I 982) FINDSPOT Gagarino; in , Gagarino; Khotylevo; Surface find in Hohlenstein-Stadel Khotylevo; Pavlov I; Pavlov I; Brillenhohle niche or shallow ' resting against floor of ploughed field cave; unspecified floor of unspecified unspecified dugout ' side of pit in cultural level cultural level I mammoth

1 dwelling '

CONTEXT Settlement; I Settlement site; Settlement site; None Fragments Settlement site; Gravettian Gravettian Unspecified I accompanied by Gravettian Gravettian recovered from Gravettian industry, industry, I Gravettian flint industry industry Aurignacian layer industry I associated with associated with industry firing of firing of ceramics ceramics ATTRIBUTION Gravettian; two Gravettian; Gravettian; Attributed to the Site dated to 29 Gravettian; Gravettian, Gravettian, Gamble states dates provided- dates provided dates provided Gravettian on 800 BC dates of 23 660 dated between dated between Gravettian with 28000 BC and include 20,150 include 20,150 stylistic grounds ± 270 BP and 24 26 620 ± 230 26 620 ± 230 date> 25 000 BP 20000 BC ± 300 21 800 ± 300 21 800 ' 960 ± 400 BP and 25 020 ± and 25 020 ± ± 300 BP ± 300 BP !50 BP 150 BP PRESENT Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Noted only in S'f AND liNG Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Aurignacian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gamble list of sites included in all included in all included in all included in all Reconstruction as ' included in all included in all included in all (I 982). No other ' discussions of discussions of discussions of ' discussions of human disputed by 1 discussions of discussions of discussions of work mentions this I, Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines McDermott Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines example

480 Talblle 1 HGUIDNES REFERRED TO IN ][)JISCUSSJIONS OF VJENlJS FliGURJINJES liN THE ARCHAJEOLOGJICAL LliTJERATURJE

FIGURE KOSTENKI KHOTYLEV03 KOSTENKI 13 AVDEEVO 75 AVDEEVO 76 A VDEEVO 77-1 A VDEEVO 77-2 AVDEEVO 78 STATUETTE 7 STATUETTE

'.1· ~-·- 'J• ,,- ~ "' ' 'i \ !¥ - ) ILLUSTRATION Ill {I ._·' '~ ·:~; ~~ ' f~~~1 l ,:, ' ! •' ·~f'''f ~ , ,A :•. ~'\f. I DATE OF 1972 1973 1975 1975 1976~ 1977 1977 1978 DISCOVERY '

FIRST 111 Praslov 1979 ~ Zaverniaev 1978 ~ Rogachev and II Gvozdover 1977 II Gvozdover 1977 1!1 Gvozdover 1977 Gvozdever 1977 Gvozdover 1983 PlffiLICATION I I II Beliaeva 1982 FKNDSPOT W Kostenki 1-1; I Khotylevo; in ~ Kostenki 13; A vdeevo; Bottom of Avdeevo; Avdeevo; Bottom A vdeevo; Bottom A vdeevo: floor of unspecified bottom of cache 11 unspecified cache pit Bottom of cache of cache pit with 76 of cache pit with cultural layer pit pit with 77-1 and 77-2 76 and 77-1 and 77-2 CONTEXT Settlement Settlement site; Settlement Settlement complex, Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement complex; Gravettian industry complex, Gravettian industry complex, complex, complex, complex, Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian Gravettian industry Gravettian Gravettian industry industry industry industry industry AGE/ Gravettian; Gravettian; dates Gravett ian Gravettian; 22 400 ± Gravettian; 22 Gravettian; 22 400 Gravettian; 22 400 l Gravettian; 22 400 ATTRIBUTION 22.300 ± 230- of 23 660 ± 270 500 BP 400± 500 BP ± 500 BP ± 500 BP lII ± 500 BP 24,100 ± 500 bp BP and 24 960 ± 400 BP PRESENT Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered Considered STANDING Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; included Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Gravettian; Kostenki figures included in all included in all in all discussions of included in all included in all included in all included in all included in all discussions of discussions of Venus figurines discussions of discussions of discussions of discussions of discussion of Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines Venus figurines, although this figure more rarely cited

481 Talble 1 FIGURINES REFERRED TO IN DISCUSSIONS OF VENUS FIGURINES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE

FIGURE DOLNI A VDEEVO 81 KOSTENKI 83-1 KOSTENKI 83-2 KOSTENKI 87 DOLNl GALGENBERG LA MOUTHE VESTONICE VESTONlCE FRAGMENT HEAD ~;l:k-_J ~ ~. ~~t

482 Table 4.1 EXAMPLE§ OF CHARACTERJ[§ATION§ PROVIDED IN THE TEXT§

PIETTE Piette characterises the "adipose race" on the basis of features noted on four (1895: 146-147) statuettes: " ... a human race remarkable for the development of adiposity on the lower body and on the thighs of women ... The breasts are long, cylindrical and pendent. The stomach is voluminous, prominent and pendent ... There are fatty folds on the sides and fatty deposits more or less developed on the hips ... The thighs are thick, adipose ... The Mont de Venus is large, triangular, a little protruding. The labias extend into a vulviform appendage. The legs are skinny. The hair is very developed. The stomach and chest are covered with hair ananged in small strips". MACALISTER "These all represent human figures- exclusively, in this stage, figures of women. (1921: 443) They are invariably undraped, and the details of the body associated with the functions of motherhood are almost always exaggerated. The figures are usually represented as though pregnant, or at least corpulent, but to this rule there are exceptions. The breasts are prominent, and generally pendent; the external organs of sex are strongly marked, and the hips are also prominent". LAGUNA "The Aurignacian type is characterised by the bowed head without features, the long (1932: 494) pendent breasts, the spindling am1s, folded above the breasts, which hang so low that the aims are usually at the level of the waist, the prominent belly, the fleshy hips, and the feetless legs which taper below the knees. The figures are quite naked, except for the Lespugue "Venus", who wears a little apron or fringed skirt below the buttocks. The hair, or a headdress, is often shown". LEVY The "little statuettes' represent 'an upright woman with small featureless bent head (1948: 56) and feeble arms usually laid upon her huge breasts, with very wide or deep hips, Joins and abdomen, and legs dwindling to small or non-existent feet". ABSOLON " ... a lack of modelling of facial traits ... negligent treatment of arms, with their (1949: 214) frequent appearance touching the body ... and a 'universal' neglect of legs, with the stumps schematised into a conical shape". MARINGER "As a rule, they depict the female form, sometimes with traces of ornament. (1956: 109) Almost without exception, they portray the fully mature woman. All individual and personal traits have been deliberately suppressed. On the other hand, the sexual characters of the female body are strongly emphasized, if not exaggerated. Among the eastern finds, clothed or draped figures are quite common". JAMES "The breasts are large and pendulous, the hips broad, the buttocks rotund, and (1957: 145) excessive corpulence is suggestive of ". GRAZIOSI "' .. the statuettes- almost invariably nude- generally have voluminous breasts, an (1960: 46) adipose stomach and thighs, with hips and buttocks cushioned in fat. A proper "polysarcia" localised in specific parts of the body or. .. affecting it all, together with an accentuation of the pubic region, is the dominant note of these ... All the known statuettes are lacking feet; the legs are almost invariably fused together, ending in a point a little below the knees. Arms are often missing, and where they do exist they are undersized, bent inwards and resting on the enormous breasts. The head does not always take the same shape ... The features are hardly ever fanned ... whereas the hair is sometimes treated with great attention to detail. .. ". CLARK "Clearly what interested their makers were the sexual characteristics of the women, (1967: 57-58) full breasts, prominent buttocks and signs of pregnancy; heads were usually shown as mere knobs, though the hair might be represented in conventional fashion and very rarely some features indicated; thighs were shown as plump, but legs were tapered and the feet merely indicated; arms were puny; and clothing, in the rare instances in which the figures were not entirely naked, was as a rule confined to a girdle or fringe". (Continues over page)

483 LEROI- "The leading convention that characterises these statuettes is the way breast, GOURHAN abdomen, and pelvic region are grouped approximately within a circle. The rest of (1968: 90) the body- toward the head and feet- tapers gradually, even dwindles away along the vertical poles of the circle. As a result most of the figurines can be inscribed within a lozenge, the top of which is barely broken by a head that is usually reduced to a featureless button".

LEROI- "The most complete figures have the same treatment of the head, the same small GOURHAN am1s folded over the breasts or pointing toward the belly, the same low breasts (1968: 96) drooping like sacks to far below the waist, and the same legs ending in miniscule or nonexistent feet". SIEVE KING The "Venus cult" is "represented, typically, by very small ivory, stone or bone (1979: 78) models of naked, often very obese, women. Certain of their sexual characteristics are carefully depicted, such as breasts, hips and the pubic triangle, while their facial features and hands are omitted or indicated sketchily". GAMBLE Cites Leroi-Gourhan (1968: 90 and 96). (1982: 93-94) FARIS "the most conspicuous features are specifically anatomical characteristics and (1983: 104) exaggerated breasts and buttocks (Fig 7. 17) to the exclusion of any modelling of heads, arms, hands, or feet".

FARIS " ... there is a deliberate avoidance of individuation of heads or faces (Figs 7.18, 7.19). (1983: 106) Emphasis and elaboration is evident in ponderous breasts and in mid-body (or pregnancy?) (Figs. 7.17, 7 .18)".

FARIS " ... The female figures are presented in 'the nomenclature of storage and (1983: 107) reproduction - in the steatopygic buttocks and bulbous breasts, or they are represented in sexual or reproductive postures (Figs. 7 .19, 7.20)". GOWLETT " ... the female figurines were carved ... in a variety of proportions, but usually with (1984: 129) exaggerated breasts and buttocks". CHAMPION et "a series of distinctive female figurines ... all of them show the same exaggerated a/1985: 81 proportions of the body, and schematic treatment of the head". GRIGOR'EV "All Gravettian female figurines a specific stmcturing of the body; an (1993: 57) immovable body that is not grounded but is suspended in space. From the west (Lespugue) to the east (Kostenki), the figurines usually have characteristically down turned and forward thnrsting heads, a contTasting constmction of the modelled torso with an almost graphic depiction of the hands, a downward displacement of the breasts, and the proportion and positioning of the legs". MCDERMOTT " ... these mostly palm-sized statuettes appear to depict nude, obese women with (1996: 228) faceless and usually downtumed heads, thin arms ... abnormally thin upper torso carrying voluminous and pendulous breasts, exaggeratedly large or elevated buttocks ... a prominent, presumably pregnant or adipose abdomen ... oddly bent, unnaturally short tapering legs which terminate in a rounded point or disproportionately small feet". FAGAN "'Venus' figurines ... sculptures and bas-reliefs of females, sometimes with pendulous (1998: 137) breasts, sometimes pregnant, and with exaggerated sexual characteristics".

Table 4.1 (continued from previous page) EXAMPLES OF CHARACTERISATIONS PROVIDED IN THE TEXTS

484 Table 4.2 GVOZDOVER'S (1989) DIVISION OF RUSSIAN FIGURINE TYPES

TYPE NAME FIGURINES TYPE CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDED I. Kostenki Nos. Posture: Standing. Type-specific position of the calfbehind the KOSTENKI 1, 2, 3, 4 central axis, with a distinct flexing of the knee Head: small, round, tilted slightly forward. Most figures have no clearly delimited face. Of the 6 figures with undamaged heads, 4 feature coiffures, including and a 'cap' wedge-shaped notching decoration Neck: shmt Shoulders: Narrow, sloping, with the cleft of the spine visible. Breasts: Begin at a low point. Long, teardrop-shaped and 'sagging', with the tips near each other Abdomen: keel-shaped or rounded. The keel shaped abdomen has longer breasts. The arms are '3-D' to the elbow and pressed against the body, extending beneath the breasts. Hands hold the lower abdomen. The rounded abdomen has fewer fat deposits in the hip region, and the breasts do not descend below the upper Avdeevo 76 waist. The forearms emerge from beneath the breasts and lie on the upper abdomen Buttocks: Small, lowly placed, bounded at the top by a transverse line or triangular recess Hips: Fatty pads on the flanks, differing degrees of fat deposits Pubic triangle: Short, relatively flat Genitalia: None shown Legs: Thighs closed, legs pressed together at the rounded knee. The calves are spread apart and foreshortened Feet: Greatly foreshortened. Toes often together, with heels apart. In some the foot is flat, in others arched Decoration: unifonn in design and placement. Wedge shaped Avdeevo 77-1 notching bindings on the front and back of breast, belts on the waist and bracelets on the wrists of both arms

KOSTENKI A vdeevo No.1 Posture: Different position of the legs below the knee. More Sub-Type Gagarino No.3 elongated figure than main type Head: minimal size Shoulders: narrower than main type Legs: Longer than main type, spread apart above the knee. Thighs/calves are somewhat flattened Feet: Short and rendered separately Arms: Only upper am1 indicated, slightly pressed against the body Adornment: None Gagarino This sub-type itself has two variants, relating to the shape of the No.3 abdomen and the length of the breasts II This type has fewer figures and less homogeneity than the AVDEEVO Kostenki group Posture: Axis of the legs situated on the central axis. No accentuation Breasts: not indicated Arms: normal proportions Knee: Indicated but not flexed Thighs, calves and feet form a single mass Avdeevo Sexual characteristics: None No.2 Continues over page

485 Avdeevo 2 (Female) Avdeevo 75 (Male)

Posture: Stooped Posture: Stands erect Occiput: Flat, head tilted Occiput: Convex, face slightly forward raised, head erect Shoulders: drooping Shoulders: Squared Arms: Symmetrical, Am1s: Asymmetrical, one bent pressed against the body, at the elbow and on the chest, slightly bent at elbow, the other along the body supporting the abdomen. Abdomen: protrudes at centre Abdomen: greatest Pubis: Long, nanow, protruding Avdeevo 75 protrusion at the bottom. Legs: Brought together, no fat Pubis: short, flat, and broad. deposits, well developed Legs: Stout line, interpreted musculature as on chest and As feminine back, interpreted as male

III Kostenki:l3 Gvozdover admits that criteria based on posture and position of GENERALISED Avdeevo 3 legs are not entirely applicable in distinguishing the third type, Avdeevo 81 as legs are not depicted and the body tapers into a cone Kostenki 6 Posture: Only basic body depicted, some figures sitting Head: relatively large head with an angular projecting facial region Neck: Short Aims: Bulky, slightly bent at elbow, undifferentiated from abdomen Kostenki 6 Breast and abdomen: Undifferentiated and jutting out

IV The Gagarino figures have a number of different characteristics GAGARINO­ to the Kostenki type, and are distinguished by having legs bent KHOTYLEVO at the knee and advanced in front of the central axis

Posture: Compressed rather than standing, described as semi­ sitting or suggestive of motion Gagarino Head: The top of the head is flattened No.1 Neck: Prominently curved Breasts: Shape broader and shorter than Kostenki type, with tips further apart. The breasts lie on the abdomen rather than hang Back: No detail Arms: Shown only at the top Abdomen protruding, largest projection at the centre Buttocks: Broad, bulging, and separated in the form of two hemispheres Calves and feet: Often rendered separately, although there is Khotylevo 2 another type with the legs pressed together at the calves

6 figures at Khotylevo form two types differing in the placement of the axis of the legs. While Nos. 1 and 3 confirm to the Gagarino type, No. 2 is a special type. The Khotylevo figures are stylistically different to Kostenki and Gagarino, with more pronounced body deformations. Both types possess breasts beginning very low down, and an abdomen hanging Khotylevo 3 down to the middle thigh

Table 4.2 (continued from previous page) GVOZDOVER'S (1989) DIVISION OF RUSSIAN FIGURINE TYPES

486 Table 7.1 VENUS SEARCHES (06/03/02) (Venus list drawn from those sites stated in Absolon 1949, Gamble 1982 and McDennott 1996)

General Search Advanced Search "Venus figurines" 4,530 801 "Palaeolithic Venus figurines" 216 9 "Palaeolithic Venuses" 48 6 "Venuses" 1,960 1,960

"' 4,020 2,620 "" 254 105 "Venus of Dolni Vestonice" 197 33 "Venus of Savignano" 94 16 "Venus of Sireuil" 62 6 "Venus of Tursac" 38 0 "Venus of Kostenki" 45 16 "Venus of Avdeevo" 19 0 "Venus of Gagarino" 22 0 "Venus of Grimaldi" 1,550 0 "Venus of Menton" 3,500 3 "Venuses of Grimaldi" 21 "Venuses ofMenton" 8 "Venus of Brassempouy" 176 23 "" 412 175 "Venus ofChiozza" 22 0 "Venus of Trasimeno" 134 2 "Venus of Petrkovice" 13 0 "Venus of Eliseevitchi" 0 "Venus of Galgenberg" 141 3 "Venus of Monpazier" 36 "Venus of Pechialet" 0 0 "Venus of Brillenhohle" 0 0 "Venus ofTrou Magrite" 4 0 "Venus of Laugerie Basse" 48 "Venus Impudique" 407 10 "Venus of Mas d 'Azil" 68 0 "Venus of " 8,390 38

(continues over page)

487 ''Venus of Malta, " 208 0 "Venus of Bouret" 171 0 "Venus of Predmost" 10 0 "Venus of Predmosti" 19 8 "Venus of Mezine" 9 0 "Venus ofBmo" 1,840 0 "Venus of Mainz-Linsenberg" 4 0 "Venus of Petersfels" 8 0 "Venus of Bedeilhac" 7 0 "Venus ofPekama" 24 0 "Venus of Pavlov" 1,380 0 "Venus of Moravany" 48 18 "Venus of Khotylevo" 2 0 "Venus of Molodova" 11 0 "Venus of Souponevo" 0 0 "Venus of Minevskii Iar" 0 0 "Venus of Weinberg" 2,730 0 "Venus ofMauem" 1,280 0 "Venus of Abri Pataud" 54 2 "Venus of La Mouthe" 120 "Venus ofTerme Pialat" 24 0 "Venus of Parabita" 10 0

"Venus of La Magdeleine" 368 0 "Venuses of La Magdeleine" 3 0 "Venus of Angles sur I' Anglin" 40 0 "Venuses of Angles sur I' Anglin" 3 0

Table 7.1 (continued from previous page) VENUS FIGURINE SEARCHES (06/03/02)

488 Table 7.2 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (ALL CATEGORIES): "VENUS OF WILLENDORF"

"VENUS OF WILLENDORF"

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %OF TOTAL I I02 25.4 RV 63 I5.7 RO 5 1.2 NWA 2I 5.2 0 I3 3.2 FM 6 1.5 ART 50 I 2.4 MS 32 7.9 R 25 6.2 D 68 I6.9 N/A I7 4.2 402 IOO

Table 7.3 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (WITH NON-OCCURRING TYPES AND TYPES D, RAND N/ A REMOVED): "VENUS OF WILLENDORF"

"VENUS OF WILLENDORF"

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %OF TOTAL I I02 34.9 RV 63 21.6 RO 5 1.7 NWA 2I 7.2 0 I3 4.5 FM 6 2.I ART 50 I 7.I MS 32 I0.9 292 IOO

489 Table 7.4 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (ALL CATEGORIES): "VENUS OF LAUSSEL"

"VENUS OF LAUSSEL"

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %0FTOTAL I 13 13.7 RV 8 19.5 RO 0 0 NWA 3 7.3 0 2 4.9 FM 0 0 ART 2 4.9 MS 4 9.8 R I 2.4 D 4 9.8 N/A 4 9.8 41 100

Table 7.5 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (WITH NON-OCCURRING TYPES AND TYPES D, RAND N/ A REMOVED): "VENUS OF LAUSSEL"

"VENUS OF LAUSSEL"

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %OF TOTAL I 13 40.6 RV 8 25 MS 4 12.5 0 2 6.25 ART 2 6.25 NWA 3 9.4 32 100

490 Table 7.6 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (ALL CATEGORIES): "VENUS OF LESPUGUE"

"VENUS OF LESPUGUE"

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %OF TOTAL I 8 32 RV 6 24 RO 0 0 NWA 0 0 0 I 4 FM 0 0 ART 0 0 MS 0 0 D 6 24 R 3 12 N/A I 4 25 100

Table 7. 7 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (WITH NON-OCCURRING TYPES AND TYPES D, RAND N/ A REMOVED): "VENUS OF LESPUGUE"

"VENUS OF LESPUGUE"

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %OF TOTAL I 8 53.3 RV 6 40 ART 6.7 15 100

491 Table 7.8 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (ALL CATEGORIES): "VENUS OF DOLNI VESTONICE"

"VENUS OF DOLNI VESTONICE"

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %OF TOTAL 12 60 RV I 5 RO 0 0 NWA 5 0 5 FM 0 0 ART 0 0 MS 0 0 R I 5 D 4 20 N/A 0 0 20 100

Table 7.9 TYPES OF SITE OCCURRING FOR EACH FIGURE (WITH NON-OCCURRING TYPES AND TYPES D, RAND N/ A REMOVED): "VENUS OF DOLNI VESTONICE"

VENUS OF DOLNI VESTONICE

TYPE OF SITE NUMBER OF SITES %OF TOTAL I 12 80 RV 6.66 NWA 6.66 0 6.66 15 100

492 Table 7.10 "VENUS OF WILLENDORF" SITES

No. SITE ADDRESS SITE REFERENCE TYPE 1. witcombe. sbc.edu/wi llendorf/wi llendorfdis As 2. D covery.html 2. witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfgo C. Witcombe: Discusses in detai I I ddess.html Sweet Briar College, aspects of the Virginia. Willendorf figure, 'Women in ': from discovery to 'The Venus of naming and mother Willendorf. associations. 3. www.arthistory.sbc.edu/imageswomen/wil As 2. D lendorfgoddess. html 4. www.arthistory.sbc.edu/imageswomen/wil As 2. D Iendorfd iscovery. html 5. www.aeiou.at/aciou.encyclop. v/v 136200.h Encyclopaedia of - Photo/brief I tm Osterrcich-Lexikon description of Willendorf. 6. campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/ North Park University, Page 'Woman of I Prehistory/Willendorf.html Chicago Willendorf containing photograph/ discussion. 7. www.humanities- Texas Humanities Willendorf is one of I interactive.org/ancient/iceage/ex03 8 _ 06b.h Resource Center: three in heading tml Exhibition by American 'Venus Figures'- Museum of Natural along with Dolni History: 'Ice Age Art: An Vestonice and exhibition of lee Age Art Lespugue. Photo/brief and Symbol'. details. 8. www.dean.sbc.edu/witcombe.html As 2. D 9. www.nhm- Dept of Prehistory, Photo/brief I wien.ac.at/NHM/Prehist/Collection/Objekt Museum of Natural description. e PA 01 E.html History, . 10. www.theatlantic.com/unbound/poetry/anth The Atlantic journal Poem entitled 'Venus ART olog/komunyak/venus.htm online. of Willendorf by Yusef Komunyakaa 11. www.hominids.com/donsmaps/venus.html Don's Maps. Series of pictures of I Resources for the study of Willendorfwith brief the Palaeolithic. notes. Other pages 'Venus figures from the show other 'Venus '. figures'. 12. www.hominids.com/donsmaps/willendorf. As 11. D html 13. www.aeiou.at/aeiou.film.o/o 106a- 11 k Aeiou Video Album Quicklime movie clip I showing the Willendorf figure from all sides. 14. www.hei- Heidelberg Editions 8" reproduction of RV art.com/vaults/goddess/1 willen.html International. Willendorf on Marble base. 15. members.aol.com/ARTOY A/Goddess.htm Grove of the Spiral W i llendorf noted as NWA 1 Goddess. the best known of the Spiral Goddess Page. early representations if Q&A's about 'the the great Mother goddess'. Goddess. 16. www.noel.gv.at/service/k/k2/venus.htm Das Land Niederosterreich Photo, description, I Education: Regional interpretation linked studies page. with fertility. 'Venus ofWillendorf Willendorf as a 'National Symbol'. 17. womenshistory.about.com/cs/venuswillend Search Page: Links to sites R orf/ The About Network. concerned with Women's History Page. Willendorf (including Witcombe [2]).

493 18. www.rainbowcrystal.com/atext/statue.html Beyond the Rainbow. Willendorf on RV Goddess . marble base. 19. www.ancientcircles.com/jewelry/Deities/v Ancient Circles Willendorfbronze or RV enus willendorf.html silver necklace. 20. movie- Berardinelli's Film Review of the film ART reviews.colossus.net/movies/v/venus.html Reviews. The Venus of James Berardinelli W illendorf (La Venere di Willendort).

21. arth istory .about. com/! ibrary/b !slide_ venus About Network. Photo/brief details R wi llendorf. htm Homework Help. listed. Art History page, Art History Slide. 22. www.mostra.org/21/english/films/venus- Mostra lntemacional de Plot outline and credits ART i. htm cinema: for 'The Venus of San Paolo International Willendorf by film festival 1997 Elisabetta Lodoli. 23. www. swale-commun ity. org/venus. h tm Swale Community Photo and description/ MS Business and Leisure discussion of World. Willendorf. Noted as Art Gallery Pages. Mother Goddess 24. www.mujereslegendarias.org.ve/lavenus.ht Women of the Third Photo and salutary FM m Millenium. discussion of Fascinating Histories Page. Willendorf- other featured women include, Cleopatra, Hilary Rodham Clinton, Margaret Thatcher, Mother Theresa, Pocahontas, Virginia Woolf and Nadia Comaneci. 25. www .users.on. net/rfarrow/g_earth. html The Goddess House 9cm terracotta 'Earth RV Goddess' statuette based on Willendorf. 26. www. terraeantiqvae.com/venus. htm Terrae antiquae. Photo /details. I Introduction to . 27. www.erotictraveler.com/cabinetlobject02. Erotic Traveller Bookstore Replica statue of MS html and Gallery. Secret Willendorf. Notes Cabinet- page. Willendorf as Mother Examples of erotic art in Goddess and fertility museums. figure. 28. labyrinthwork.com/Goddess_Venus_ wille Labyrinth Work W i llendorf pendants. RV ndorf.htm Also shows original Willendorf and gives brief details. 29. 20Willendorfjpg.htm The Marquette University, Photo/details of I Willendorf. Art History Slides 30. www.demetria.com/soap.asp Goddess Garden. Variously scented RV Herbal soaps. herbal soaps in the shape of the Willendorf figure. 31. heaven] yalchemy. theshoppe.com/venus_of N/A willendorf goddess kit.html 32. www.encolombia.com/adipovol4no l_salo Colombian Association of Picture/details of 0 n4.htm Obesity and Metabolism. Willendorf along with Examination of obesity other female figures through history. representing obesity in different periods. 33. members.es. tripod.de/h istoria_ antigua/wi II Prehistory page. Photo/brief detai Is I endorf_gal.htm under Fertility link. Willendorf image appears as background

494 for the page. 34. emuseu m .mnsu. ed u/arc haeo logy/artifacts/ Minnesota State Photo/description. I vcnusfigurines.html University. Willendorfthc 'most EMuseum famous'. Venus Figurines page. 35. www.mandarava.com/metainfo/goddess/V Mandarava Incense burners, RV enusWillen.htm meditation kits and sculptures based on Willendorf. 36 www.humanities- As 7. D interacti ve.org/ancient/iccagc/ex03 8 _ 06. ht ml 37. www.kyzart.com/scan03.htm Kyzart: Work by Kya entitled ART Gallery 4 'Venus de Willendorf Teapot II'. 38. www. vienna.cc/english/nhmuseum2. Vienna CC. Photo/details of I Tourist information. Willendorf.

39. cc2. h ku. n 1/marti n/reservo i r/1 ichaam- Utrect School of the Arts: Picture/brief reference I lust/venwil.html HKU Online to Willendorf in the 'Lichaam & Lust' by development of Martin Lacet perspectives on Nudity and Lust in the Arts. 40. www.aztriad.com/materS.html The Metro'on. Picture of Willendorf, NWA The Museion of Ancient described as Goddess Art page. image 41. www.nhm- As 9. D wien.ac.at/NHM/Prehist/Collection/Objekt e 42. www.roemer-shop.de/p 13 7.html Roman Shop. Statue ofWillendorf RV on base. Described as fertility goddess. 43. www.ocaiw.com/galenug71.htm Orazio Centaro's Art Picture ofWillendorf I Images on the Web. with date. '514 Masterpieces of Nudes by the Greatest Artists of Art History'. 44. e Ifwood.l ysator.l i u. se/1 oth/p/alpau laf/dabo Elfwood fantasy/sci-fi art 'Venus ofWillendorf ART mb.jpg.html by Paula Fletcher 45. www.fib.se/venus.html Folket i Bild/ Photo/ brief I Kulturfront 3/97 description as believed fertility symbol. 46. www .geocities.com/W ellesley/83 77I Venus Envy. Willendorfnamed as FM These pages contain Venus and Goddess. empowering thoughts on womens power, the goddess, and fat women. The site's author calls herself 'Willendorf. 47. www. geoci ties. com/1-1 eartl and/6 72 7 /venus Chris Chapman's Venus of Willendorfas symbol NWA .html Willendorf page of the Great Mother. Detailed description and a number of photos. Also photos of Grimaldi, Dolni Vestonice and Lausscl 48. www.artncxus.co.nz/ejan ll.htm NewARTnexus: Replica Statuette of ART Art Online. Willendorf, inspiration for the work of Jan Glover. 49. www.cyclefun.com/antler/gallery/feminine Antlercarver.com Fertility design named ART /fossi Ii vorygoddess. html Todd Runfeldt 'Venus ofWillendorf 50. www.artistexpo.com/venus.html ArtistExpo.com. Series of five ART Studios Art brocades entitled The Gallery. Venus ofWillendorf by Barbara F Postel.

495 51. www.rainbowcrystal.com/atext/altar5.html As No. 18. D 52. gfi s. data way. ch/art/h ahn/ven us/venus. en. ht Series of art works by Images of the original ART ml Hildegard Hahn. Willendorf figure transposed/ incorporated in different settings/montages. 53. gfis.dataway.ch/art/hahn/vcnus/venus.es.ht As No. 51 D ml 54. www.scxysculpture.com/designs!VENUS- Sexy Sculpture Replica Willendorf RV PMX.html pendants in cast stone. 55: www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/linkssh.htm Middlesex University Link to Witcombe (2). R Social Science History and Social History Links page 56. www.culture.privateweb.at/gotsmy/venus. Heide Gotsmy Willendorf soap. RV html 57. www.mayhemltd.com/tools-gaiaNile2.htm Medieval Mayhem Online Ceramic replicas of RV Willendorf. 58. members.es. tripod.de/h istoria _ antigualwill As No. 33 D endorf cast.htm 59. hesitant.blogspot.com/ As 84. D 60. www.dean.sbc.edu/witcombebiblio.html As 2. D 61. uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/art20 I 0/glossary/im University of Wyoming: Venus ofWillendorfis I g-htm/venus.htm Art 20 I 0 Art History the supplied image for Survey I. Mother Goddess and Venus Figure in Glossary of terms 62. www.mysticalpassage.com/files!Venus_W Mystical Passage. Venus ofWillendorf RV illendorf.html Metaphysical- Goddess Goddess Mediation Kits Kit with link to Goddess Info. 63. www.katecartwright.com/venus.htm Kate Cartwright's Home Rubber Venus of RV Page. Goddess Art W i llendorf Goddess Stamp 64. www .arteh istoria.com/historia/obras/7753. Artehistoria.com Picture I few details. I htm Links to Grimaldi and Lespugue. 65. www. fi lmfestivals.com/rotter/rfi lm9 .htm Festival Films Abstract for the film ART 'The Venus of Willendorf. 66. www. vienna.cc/deutsch/nhmuseum2.htm As 38. D 67. www. catpress. cornlp lanet/terralecwi II en. ht Blue Planet On Line. Willendorf discussed I m Environmental as dedicated to the Webmagazine. Goddess/ picture. Article 'The Mother Goddess: The Venus of Willendorf and other images worshipped by our ancestors' by Fiammetta Magnanensi 68. www.sra.at/bands/l 05/1 0857.htm SR Track listing of album ART Austrian popular music 'The 3'd Man': archive. 'Feather, Fur and Bones' by a band named the Venus of Willendorf. 69. www.offcenter.org/-demeter/deities/venus Offcenter.org. Poem 'The Venus of ART ofwillendorf.html Willendorf by Rita Dove 70. www .j ackre iII y. com/film/masterpiece/ Jack Reilly Computer animated ART 'Masterpiece Action film. The Venus of Theatre' with Willendorf, Willendorf speaks out the Three Graces and on the subject of being Michelangelo's 'David'. a woman in today's society. 71. hawkdancing.com/Homepage/ Art info/god Hawkdancing Studio. Goddess pendants and RV

496 desswords.shtml Arachne. images based on Willendorf. 72. www.jtwinik.com/availwork24.html J.T. Winik Up Close (Venus of ART Willendorf Series) 22" x 22" Oil on Canvas. 73. www.hobsgreen.com/temple/ Hob's Green. Discussion of NWA Willendorf as the Mother Goddess by Raven fox. 74. occultshop.safeshopper.com/93/899. htm? I The Occult Shop Replica Willendorf RV 60~ MOVED to charm and statue with http://occultshop. tripod.com base. 75. www.gliscovisions.com/godss.html Glisco Visions/ Connie Willendorf inspired RV Hicks. Gifts for the pendant. Goddess page. 76. www.arttech.ab.ca/pbrown/museum/body/ ArtTech Design Willendorf picture/ MS willendorNenus.html Paul Brown's web design brief details with other projects. female images. Museum at the End of the World. Observing the Body. Female Body section. 77. www.likeacat.com/item376.htm Like A Cat & Replica Willendorf RV Crafts. pendant. Two sizes in sterling silver. 78. www.likeacat.com/item381.htm As 77. D 79. www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/map/75.htm Needs password N/A I 80. www.quantum.univie.ac.at/research/crypto lnstitut filr A picture of I /sample.html Ex peri mental physik Willendorf was Universitat Wien. transmitted. Experiments in Quantum Cryptography. 81. www.artnews.de/themen/prehistoric.htm Artnews: The International Links for Venus R Art data-base. statuettes, Willendorf, Lespugue, Dolnf Vestonice. 82. www. h bco II ege. com/arts/gardner/ student/c Thomson Learning/ Brief description of I hO 1/paleoartchO l.htm Wadsworth Publishing. Willendorf. Links to Gardner's Art through the sites. Ages, II th Edn. Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya, Richard G. Tansey. 83. westcoastsoaps.com/venus/index.xml West Coast Designer Willendorf soap in red RV Soaps. or pink, or 2 soap set. 84. hesitant.blogspot.com/200 I~ 12_02_hesita Discussion in Archives. Comments posted by MS nt archive.html contributor re: the Venus of Willendorf as a 'kitsch'and 'camp' kcychain. 85. www.holonet.khm.de/jross/collection/casd Jonathon Ross' Hologram Holographic image ART in.html Collection. entitled 'Venus of Harriet Casdin-Silver. Willendorf 1991 '.

86. www.annabellaandcompany.com/RabbitM Rabbit Moon Handmade Willendorf soap. RV oon/varieties.html Soap. 87. www.naafa.org/hall_of_fame/ National Association to Willendorf appears in 0 Advance Fat Acceptance. the NAAF A Hall of Fame, captioned as Late Palaeolithic fertility goddess. 88. www.mothcrgodcless.com/willendorf.html MotherGoddess.com 'Venus ofWillendorr NWA photo and listed as

497 Great Goddess of the Old Stone Age and Palaeolithic Fertile Mother. 89. www.ariadne.org/studio/michelli/browser2 Mitchelli's Art History Links to figurine sites. R -l.hunl browser. 90. www. volkskulturnoe.at/museen/0628. htm Volkskultur Details of museum at I Niederosterreich. Willendorf site. 91. web. tiscal i. it/1 iguriapaleoart/pagina23 .html Art Article 'Clothing in I Magazine. Dec 2000. the "Venuses" of Liguria, Austria and ' by Pietro Gaietto 92. www .netk in. com/portrai ts/h istory/h istory I Netkin Bereavement Willendorf mentioned MS .php3 Community. with photo. Netkin Portrait Center- History of Portraiture. 93. home.cua.edu/isadore/view.exhibit/81 Catholic University of Willendorfphoto in I America, Washington the CUA Digital Museum/ Library. 94. home.cua.edu/isadore/view.exhibit/80 As 93. D 95. www.egmining.com/retail.html Site not found. N/A 96. www.arttech.ab.ca/pbrown/museum/body/ As 76. D willendorfVenuslnfo.html 97. www.kunstwereld.nl/9 _preh_l.html Kunstwereld Links to Willendorf R sites. 98. members. tripod. com/~M arewindrider/W iII Moonbeams and Pixie Venus ofWillendorf NWA endorf Dolls.htm Dust dolls. Part of the Marewindrider Goddess 2000 Project to promote various images of the goddess. 99. www. slow art. com/arti c Ies/ obese. htm Direct Art Magazine Willendorf used to I Article 'Buldging Through illustrate early art History' by Dawn Debeli works.

100. www.fatso.com/goodies.html FAT! SO? T-shirt featuring 0 Retail pages. Willendorfwith leather jacket. Willendorfpaper doll book. I 01. www.acornsoapncandlesupply.com/pics/m Acorn Soap N Candle Venus of Willendorf RV wmolds/vw.htm Supply. soap mold.

102. www. tkbtrading.com/pics/vw. htm TKB Trading Venus ofWillendorf RV soap mold. 103. www. spj c. edu/c lw /h umfalh um/rodriguez/v St. Petersburg College, St. Photo and brief I enusof.htm Petersburg description of Humanities-FineArts Willendorf. Rodriguez Home Page. Palaeolithic. 104. www.wholesalesuppliesplus.com/showPro Wholesale Supplies Plus Willendorf soap mold. RV duct.asp'JProductl D= 360 105. www.lunamyst.com/venofwil.html Luna Myst. Venus ofWillendorf RV beeswax candles. 106. arth istory. about. com/ Ii brary/week Iy/aatpm About Network.com As 21. R others.htm Homework Help. Art History page. Mothers in Art History 107. www.sexysculpture.com/gifts.html As 54. D 108. www. capac cess. org/ane/fi Im festdc/ff9 8/ve FilmFest DC'97: Annual Review of film 'The ART nus.html Washington DC Venus of Willendorf international Film Festival. (La venere di Willendorf) by £/isabella Lodoli (, 1997,86

498 minutes, color)

109. www.hatii.arts.gla.ac.uk/MultimediaStude The Humanities Advanced Picture/ details of I ntProjects/99-00/ 608559r/project/htmll and Willendorf in Myths/ Willendorf.html Information Institute. Fertility Goddess University of Glasgow. Page. Student Multimedia Projects: Gender Archaeology in Palaeolithic Art by Rocio Ruez-Nieto. 110. www.angelfire.com/or2/bygoddess/pagcve By Goddess Products linked with RV nus.html empowerment for women: Willendorf presented as symbol of fat activism. II I. www.catpress.com/eplanet5.htm As 67. D I 12. www. mandarava.com/Retai liven us_ sculpt As 35. D ures.htm 113. cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/sto Prentice Hall Academic Options to search on R kstad2/chapterl/netsearch I I deluxe- Catalogue. Willendorf, Woman of content.html Willendorf, Venus of Willendorf. 'Willendorf brings up 3,900 hits. 114. www.dendlon.de/Museum.html Homepage of author Jorg Picture and brief I Dendi. description of The virtual museum of the Willendorf. mysteries. 115. www.hei-art.com/vaults/goddess/ Wacky Jac Clothing and Venus of Willendorf RV Accessories marmalade soap. 116. www.hei-art.com/vaults/goddess/ As 14 D 117. www. rundnaund.ch/wi llensdorfvenus. htm Rund, na und Online Front and back photos MS Forum supporting men and and description of women of size. Willendorf. 118. www. beautywalk.com/lamas/view_beauty Beauty Walk. Picture of Willendorf MS walk2.htm and discussion as ideal of beauty. 119. artak. art. is/! ost2000/eroti sk. html Artak.art Picture and discussion I Akureyri Ali Museum, of Willendorf in article Iceland 'Erotisk Nattura art. is Central Art Network Myndlistar sogulegt Losti 2000 Exhibition h!gflug' by Auour 6tafsd6ttir. 120. www.law-nerd.org/art/fat. html Law Nerd Homepage Venus of Fat MS (M. Anne Vespry) Activism. Text superimposed over frontal image of Willendorf. 121. www .sjgames.comlill! I 996/ill-aug96. html Steve Jackson Games Willendorf used as MS Daily Illuminator. illustration. Links to 2 Reference to artwork for other Venus sites. GURPS (Generic Universal Roleplaying System) Dinosaurs by Steven Dedman. 122. www.post- Post -gazette.com Article 'Clothing of I gazette.com/healthsciencc/19990621 vvenu (Pittsburgh Post -Gazette) figurines may be a s2.asp record of Ice Age tribes' skills' by Byron Spice. 123. www. mdx.ac. uk/www/study/SSHTim. htm Middlesex University Picture and discussion I Science and Society Home of Willendorf. Sec also Page 55. 124. www.artsworld.com/tv/programme- Artsworld.com Picture/detai Is of I highlights/020 I 05-weck-2/ nude-classical- TV channel website Willendorfnoted in

499 I Ojan2.html review of programme 'The Nude' presented by Tim Marlow. 125. www.terra.es/arte/articulo/articulo.cfm?ID Terra. Picture and details of I =ARTI511 Art Section: Lessons. Willendorf. Prehistoric Art. Sculpture: Human Figures page. 126. www.urtonart.com/history/ancient/prehisto UrtonArt.com Picture/discussion of I ric.htm (Robert Urton) Willendorf and Laussel in Prehistoric Art section. 127. www.msingh.com/art_vwillendorf.html Mahendra Singh: Erotic Interpretation of ART Illustration Willendorf9" x 12" 128. www-user.uni- Internet Art. Willendorfpicture cut MS bremen.de/~manzel/interkunst/venus.html Various pages of pictures into three and re- and comments about the arranged. Picture/ nature of art on the description of Internet. Willendorf used Willendorf provided. on several pages as example. 129. www. wachausch i ff.at/de/desti nations/wi lie Wachauschiff.at Picture/details of I ndorf.shtml Willendorfwith tourist information. 130. www.goddess-art.com/mare.html Marewindrider's Marewindrider's dolls. ART Goddess Art Gallery See also 98. 131. centros5 .pntic.mec.eslies.juana.de.casti II a/ Centro Nacional de Picture/ discussion of I will.htm Informacion y Willendorf. Comunicacion Educativa. Ministry of Education. Prehistoric Art page. 132. www.hgb-leipzig.de/-vgrass/semi- Academy of Visual Arts, Picture/discussion of I med iengesch/0 I_ intro.html Leipzig. Willendorf as early Page discussing Media symbol. Theory. 133. www.missgien.net/misc/mothergoddess.ht missgien.net Discussion/picture of NWA ml Willendorf in Mother Goddesses page. 134. www.uni- University of Essen Picture/details of I essen .de/sesam/ gesch ichte/vorgesch ichte/v Myths and Cults page. Willendorfwith other enusl.html prehistoric examples. 135. www.erozunagalerie.de/geschichten/die_ v Erozuna galerie.de An erotic/pomography ART enus von willendorf.htm Gallery of Erotic Art fictional story entitled Erotic stories section. 'The Venus of Willendorfby Harry Moor. 136. www.wachauschiff.at/en/destinations/wille As 129. D ndorf.shtml 137. wvvw.mtmercy.edu/classes/ar212/Chuck's Mount Mercy College, Picture of Willendorf. I ArtHistory/V cnus.htm Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Prehistoric Art page. 138. www.marymount.k 12.ny.us/marynet/Stude Marymount School, New Picture/ details of I ntwebworkOO/arthistory/ York. Willendorf. idealizedwomen/html/pic-venus.htm Student Webwork. Women portrayed in Art. 139. www.marymount.k 12.ny.us/marynet/Stude As 138. D ntwebworkOO/arthistory/ idealizedwomen/html/venusF.htm 140. www.southbend.tech.purdue.edu/arthistory Purdue University, South Picture of Willendorf. I /prehistoric.html Bend Art Appreciation A I 00. Prehistoric Page. 141. www.egmining.com/wholesale.html Elk Grove Mining Venus of Willendorf RV candlestick. 142. www.eco200 l.at/Seite03.html Conference Website: Willendorf is the 0 I I th European Congress on conference mascot, Obesity held in Vienna depicted with a tape

500 May30-June2, 200 I. measure around her. European Association for the Study of Obesity. 143. www.hobsgrccn.com/temple/venuscom.ht As 73. D ml 144. www.gymnasium-neusiedl.at/venus.htm Gymnasium-neusiedl. Willendorf picture/ MS BG I BRG Neusiedl brief details as School Projects: example of 'a Dance and Personality: Art sculpture'. Also given as a way of are 'a song' and 'a Communication. painting'. 145. www.artnews.com/currentarticlc.cfm?mod Artncws Online Article 'Irving Penn's ART e=current&art id= I 071 Modem Venus' by Maria Morris Hambourg. 146. www.dragonflyblue.com/Gallery/gallery2. Dragonfly Blue Willendorf soaps. RV html 147. www.arsmundi- Arsmundi-online Replica Venus of RV

online.de/asmui/38/venus- von willendorf. Willendorf with base. htm 148. www.originalmagick.com/statue l.html Original Magick Designs Willendorf statuette on RV base. 149. web.mit.edu/deansgallery/Harman/harman. Massachusetts Institute of The work of Mary A. ART html Technology. Harman. Willendorf The Dean's Gallery. discussed as 'Breaking the Mold' by inspiration. Mary A. Harman. 150. www.cappelen.no/fp- Cappelcn's Reference to I cuv/historie I /nettvO I OS.htm Historieverk for den Willendorf in 'H istorie Videregaende Skolen 1'. 151. occu Itshop. safeshopper. com/9 3/cat9 3. htm As 74. D ?160 152. \VWw.artnexus.co.nz/Jan.htm As 48. D 153. www .ero ls.com/guerig/v I /health.html Armenian Diasporan Reference to I Archives. Willendorf. 'Excessive Obesity in the Modern World' by Sam Twining 154. www.terraeantiqvae.com/rupcstre.htm As 26. Introduction to D Prehistoric Art page. 155. www.richmond.edu/-sjones2/Willendorf.h University of Richmond, Picture/ discussion of MS tml Virginia. Willendorf. Willcndorf Stella Jones pages. appears as picture link on home page, also as background to other pages. 156. cmsu2.cmsu.edu/-ldm4683/c elkins. htm Central Missouri State Leroy McDermott I University. article 'Self- CMSU2: Central's Student Representation in Internet Server Upper Palaeolithic female figurines'. James Elkins Comments. 157. www.jolique.com/general_interest/history Jolique: Exploring Dress Article 'History MS _repeats_itself.htm and Culture Repeats Itself: Beauty from the Palaeolithic age to the Iron Age'. 158. vm.kemsu.ru!en/palaeolith/plastic/willend Virtual Museum Picture/details of I orf.html Prehistoric art page Willendorf. 159. users. pandora. be/worldh i story/pages/venus Milestones in World Scientific Timeline of I

- willcndorf.htm History. , World History Timeline Culture and Chart Photo Gallery. Knowledge. Picture of Willendorf. 160. www.jeldcr.com/mythology/mother.html Jelder.com Willendorf NWA John Elder's personal picture/discussion in

501 trance/formation page. article 'The Great Archetypes and Mother'. Mythology Page 161. www.stumptuous.com/thoughts.html Stumptuous.com Picture/reference to FM Krista's Weights Pages. Willendorf. Some Philosophical Weightlifting linked thoughts on strong women with female empowerment. 162. frenchsmith.com/Venus.htm French Smith Painting entitled the ART 'Venus ofWillendorf. 163. gallery. pass ion4art. com/members/ametist i/ Passion4Art community Abstract watercolour ART venus.html site. Ametisti's Art collage 'Venus of Gallery. Spiritual Art by Willendorf /200 I. KRGilman. 164. www.dragonflyblue.com/giftsets.html As 146. 0 165. www.oakhaus.com/soap.html Oak Haus Designs Glycerine goddess RV Willendorf soap. 166. www .deutsch lands-dicke- Deutsch lands-d icke-sei ten Picture/details of MS seiten.de/galerie.htm [German Fat Pages]. Willendorf in Gallery Gallery : images of large and also 'Fatness in men and women. History' Page. 167. www.stonemaven.com/neck.html Maven and Kathy's African Rhyolite and RV Necklaces Moonstone necklace with bone Venus of Willendorf Center. 168. www. kreations.net/fine _ art_goddess2.html Kristine's Fine Art Watercolours 'Venus ART of Willendorr. 169. www.kreations.net/fine aJ1 goddess l.html As 168. 0 170. www. cybergrrl. com/vi ews/h cal thgrr II art63 Cybergrrl. The love yourself diet FM 611 Healthgrrl page. by Kirsten Andeberg. 171. www.ocaiw.com/nunknown.htm As 43. 0 172. www.broomcloset.com/mall/statuary.asp The Broom Closet Willendorf statues on RV base and sat on rock. 173. www.theblessedbee.com/goddess2.html The Blessed Bee Willendorf pendant. RV 174. www.rt66.com/amulets/goddess.html Amulets by MarBeth Venus of Willendorf RV amulet. 175. www.zaftig- Sandie's Boutique Willendorf and RV 2000.com/sandie/jewelery.html Laussel pendants 176. hem. passagen. se/ab Ii ndsko/Fri seur- Sociologiska lnstitutionen, Article on I web.htm Goteborg. throughout history. Picture/ reference to Willendorf. 177. www.ea. pvt.k 12.pa.us/htm/units/upper/hist No access. N/A ory/bryant%5Cprehistart.htm 178. www.cyberschool.k 12.or.us/-wallace/artli Cyberschool: artline. Picture/details. I ne/mainbegtext.htm Prehistoric Art pages. 179. www.mothergoddess.com/Gprehistoric.ht Mothergoddess.com Willcndorf NWA ml Names of the Goddess picture/reference. page. 180. www.dimensional.com/-randl/paglia.htm BomDigital.com. An overview of I Books Excerpts Section. Camille Paglia's Other sections look at 'Sexual Personae'. political and religious Willendorf picture and issues, magic and art. mention in text. 181. pygmalionproject.tripod.com/prehistory.ht Pygmalion Project: Willendorf, Laussel, MS ml The truth about women Dolnf Vestonice and and the way they can Kostenki photos become true captioned pregnant Comprehending Human women. Nature. 182. www.arth.upcnn.edu/spr0211 01601/10 !lee No access. N/A ture2.html 183. www.arth.upcnn.edu/l 0 l/lecture/lecturc03 No access . N/A . html 184. www.obesity-online.com/ Obesity Online. Article on the Venus 0 Forum for research and of Willendorf, the

502 treatment of massive symbol and mascot of obesity. Obesity-Online, by George S.M Cowan. 185. www.unl.edu/rhames/212/venus/venus str University of Nebraska- Article taken from the I ing.html Lincoln New York Times. Course pages. 'Furs for the evening' article by Natalie Angier.

186. www.ethnociel.qc.ca/statuaire.html Ethnociel Picture and details of I Anthropology and Willendorf. Development. Prehistoric statuary page. 187. www.asu.edu/cfalwwwcourses/art/SOACo School of Art, Arizona Picture/ details of I re/Wi llendorf_portfolio. htm State University. Venus ofWillendorf. ArtCORE units. Also article by Witcombe. 188. www.care.cc/ Fertility Care Clinic Willendorfpictured in MS titles with reference as the oldest symbol of fertility. 189. www. bramb leberry.com/mo lds2.html Bramble Berry Soap Milky Way Molds- RV Making Supplies. Venus ofWillendorf. 190. directory.google.com/Top/ Arts/ Art_H istor Google Directory Links listed. R y/Movements/Preh istoric _Art/ Palaeolithic/ 191. sur-net.com/moon/index2.htm Goddess Studios Altar Art Reproductions of ART Willendorf. 192. www.nanlets.com/ Nancy's Nanlets Crochet figure entitled ART Venus ofWillendorfs cousin. 193. www.tigtail.org/S_ View/TVM/E/PreHisto Authorisation N/A ry//europe.html required. 194. www.aldeaeducativa.com/Efemerides/Efe A Idea educative.com Willendorf picture and I meridesN.asp?which I =Austria Austria Pages. discussion. 195. r703 a. chem. nth u. ed u. tw /-arf/opus/thesis/b No access. N/A eowulfandeaters.html 196. W\VW. goddess-gallery. com/frame Ii st. html The Goddess gallery Willendorf statue on RV base. 197. www.mega.itlreview/tel/didiete.htm Megareview Article 'Spring I Summer Time to go on a diet?' by Anna Rita Mazzoli. 198. www .users. b igpond. com/ sarcasmo/doub Ie Thinkbomb. Willendorf referred to MS standard.html Page 'Feminism: in the context of doublestandard beauty. incorporated' 199. surreally.com/ Surreally Willendorf discussed MS Article 'On Playing With as a 'doll'. Dolls' posted by Miguel 200. www.noel.gv.at/Bildung/Landeskunde.htm As 16. D 201. www. belladonna. de/start/prod uk te/top _rep Belladonna Replica Willendorf. RV lika.html 202. www.salon.com/mwt/feature/200 I /04/18/b Salon.com Article page 'The saga MS ra ball/index l.hunl of the Bra Ball'. Willendorf mentioned as common body type. 203. www.angelfire.com/rcalm/bridgets/goddes As 110. D s.htm 204. movie- As 20. D

reviews. colossus. net/arch ivcs/v - archives.h tml 205. www.cwhn.ca/network-reseau/2-2/fat.html Canadian Women's Health Willendorf gifts 0 Network mentioned in review of Fat! So? 206. www. fortunecity .es/imaginapoder/artes/ 15 lmatges Art Cou Picture of Willendorf. I

503 4/escantic.html Prehistoric Art pages. 207. abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNe ABC News Article 'Venus Wear' I ws/hats000509.html by Jennifer Viegas 208. dmoz.org/ Arts/ Art_ H istory/Movemcnts/Pr Open Directory: Links list R ehistoric Art/Palaeolithic/ 209. www.mostra.org/21 /english/selection- As 22 D fi lmmaker.htm 210. www.citypaper.com/2000-0 1- Baltimore City Paper. Venus ofWillendorf ART 26/gallery.html Article on exhibition used in photographs Culture Clash. by A. Clarke Bedford. 211. www.ucanbuyart.com/art_quizl.html UcanBuy Art. com Willendorf mentioned RO Quiz Page. in question. 212. campus.northpark.edu/h istory/W ebChron/ As 6. D WestEurope/Ancient.html 213. www .note!rae. com/w h uu ps .d ir/magick.d ir/ WHUUPS: Web Home for Page entitled 'Fertility NWA fertility_ tips.html Unitarian Universalists Tips' and Pagans. 214. www.austria.org/history.htm Austria Press and Willendorf noted in I Information Service. history of area. 215. www .I unamyst.com/godgoddess.html As 105. D 216. www.sculpture.org/documents/curriculm/d International Sculpture Willendorf mentioned 0 usen/dusen l.htm Center: in 'Stone portals to the A Focus on Contemporary Past, Present and Sculpture Future'.

217. www.goddessandgreenman.co.uk/sculptur The Goddess and the Venus ofWillendorf RV es_goddess.shtml Green Man statue. Also Dolni Vestonice. 218. www.womenandreligion.org/WS2002/Log Woman Spirit Conference Willendorf used in 0 o.htm 2002. conference logo. 219. skolenettet.no/kunstweb/kunstweb3d/men Norwegian School Net: Picture/ mention of I nesker_i_ skulptur.html Art Web. 3D Sculpture page. 220. www.mythicimages.com/printwillendorf.h Mythic images. Replica Willendorf on RV tm Pagan. Goddess and New rock. Age Statuary Also Library Information. 221. www. mox ie..calbiz/buzz5 .html Moxie Willendorf soap MS Biz Buzz page. mentioned in article on Kerith Henderson's Marmalade Soap. 222. www.fww.at/english/gcschichte/geschicht Freie Weingartner Willendorf picture and RO e.htm Timcchart of area. noted at 28,000 be in 223. www.medienberatung.tu- Medienberatung.tu. W i llendorf mentioned I berl in.de/cls/real ity-check -vorwort.html Dr Clemens Schwender. as means of Coursebook New Media communication and 2000: A Reality Check. symbol. 224. www.pepe- Pepe Rodriguez Willendorf included in I rodriguez.com/Dios_ mujer/Dios_ mu jer_ ca Homepage. goddess images from talogo _imag.htm the book Dios naci6 mujer by Pepe Rodriguez. 225. www.sra.at/records/94/4190.htm As 68. D 226. linz.orf.at/gast/adv/monat_Olll.htm Observatory Willendorf mentioned I Kremsmuenster. as most famous of the Object of the month page: statuettes. the Galgenberg figure. 227. www.hiares.es/l 0 I 0 II O.html Hieras.es W illendorf mentioned I Palaeolithic art pages. in page on Lespugue. 228. www. terra mater. tmfweb. n 1/bcschrvz. htm Terramater Willendorf, Lespugue, NWA and Laussel listed. 229. www. h untfor. com/arth istory /preh i stori c/pa Huntfor.com Links. R lcolithic.htm 230. cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/ben Prentice-Hall. The first human I

504 ton/chapter I /custom! I dcluxc-contcnt.html Online study Guide to creations page: accompany Arts and Willendorf referred to Culture: An Introduction as 'the Aphrodite of to the Humanities by Willendorf. Jenatta Rebold Benton and Robert DiYanni. 231. www.eco200l.at/ As 142 D 232. www.nonesuchgifts.com/mother.htm Nonesuch Gifts Love letter to the RV Venus ofWillendorf, and Willcndorfkey chain. 233. www.mayhemltd.com/tools-gaiaNile.htm As 57. D 234. www.aztriad.com/creatrix.html As40. D 235. www.cabq.gov/museum/sculpture/vcnus.h City of Albuquerque Web A 'Venus' figure by ART tml site. Luis Jimenez. W i llendorf mentioned as previous fertility figure. 236. www.wisscn-unsercr- Cannot access N/A zeit.de/kulturlkunst/kunstepochcn/altstcinz eitlich.htm 237. www. cc. cc. ca. us/ studenthelp/1 inks/ art. htm Cerro Coso Online: Link to Witcombe. R Art Links Page 238. www.theatlantic.com/issues/98scp/contrib. As 10. D htm 239. www.elderhostel.org/catalog/int/SPB/itil8 Travel org. Willendorf mentioned I OV03000.html Elderhostel.org in the Wachau Valley section. 240. www.ancientcircles.com/jewelry/ As 19. D 241. www. paced. cc. ca. us/i nstadmn/socsci /lj are Pasadena City College Picture/ details of I nson/archacology l.html Intro to Archaeology Page. Willendorf. 242. www.womynsware.com/stggallerygiftware Womyn's Ware Inc. Small Chimera Studios RV .htm bowl featuring the Venus ofWillendorf. 243. www.holonet.khm.de/Holographers/Casdi Holonet. Pages on the artist ART n-Silver Harriet/text/ Casdin- Harriet Casdin-Silver Silverstat.html and her Willendorf work. 244. cl io.rediris.es/fichas/pre_ mobi Iiar. htm Clio Picture of Willendorf. I Palaeolithic mobiliary art page 245. www.celestialtimes.com.au/planets/venus. Not responding N/A htm 246. academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/art/kos Iow /I i Brooklyn College Links to Willendorf R nks/paleo.htm Internet sites. Resources Page 247. www.historykits.com/3worldreligions.htm Personalising the Past: Willendorf figure part RV I Artifact History Kits of kit. 248. www.publishing.uwa.edu.au/uwanews/200 Timed Out N/A l/uwanews20011022.pdf 249. www.zeit.de/2002/04/Wissen/200204_pala Die Zeit Brief reference to I eokultur.html Article by Ulrich Bahnsen Willendorf. on new finds in , Africa. 250. www.bbwcity.com/cheersjeers.html BBWCity Comments posted MS Cheers & Jeers page. mention Venus of Willendorf as goddess. 251. www. netzst i Ius. at/med i aln etz. htm Netzstilus Article discussing I information culture and networks refers to Willendorf, particu Jar! y the . 252. www.failbetter.com/SummerFall200 I I And Jame Anderson 'Venus- Makeup on ART crsonVcnus.htm Failbctter.com canvas: lipstick, foundation, eye liner,

505 eye shadows, nail enamel'. 253. www.allfincart.com/Museum- Allfinemt.com Replica 8" Willendorf RV Reproductions.html Museum Reproduction on marble base. Statues and artifacts. 254. www .I unaea. com/goddess/creativity/ancie Lunaea Weathcrstone. Links to Willendorf R ntlinks.html Ancient Goddesses Links sites. and Resources page. 255. www.obesity-online.com/cafe/cafe.htm D 256. www.artistexpo.com/otherwork.html As 50. D 257. www. raventreepewter. com/3/cat3. htm Raventree Pewter. Willendorf pendant. RV Goddess and Womens. 258. www.spoilheap.co.uk/arclinks.htm Spoilheap Archaeology: Link to Witcombe. R Links Page. 259. www.offcenter.org/-demeter/dcitics/ As 69. D 260 . el fwood.l ysator.l iu.se/loth/g/a!gail!dorf.jpg Elfwood fantasy/sci-fi art 'The Rodent of ART . html Willendorf by TC Gail 261. www. in form. umd.edu/EdRes/Collcges/ AR Authorisation required N/A HU/Depts/ A rtH istory/ arthfac/mvenit/ ARTH200/monuments.htm 262. www.goddess2000.org/SiteMap.html Goddess 2000 Project Graphics utilising NWA Goddess and Pagan Venus ofWillendorf Graphics page. image, including animated picture of Willendorf. 263. www.goddess2000.org/G2000Graphics.ht As 262. D ml 264. www.crotictraveler.com/sitemap.html As 27. D 265. www.sacredsource.com/all/page.plryitem= Sacred Source Willendorf statues. RV MW 266. www .j cj c. cc .ms. uslfacul ty/fi nearts/bdenn is Ms Beverley Dennis Brief details of MS /jcartanc.html Art Appreciation Page. Willendorf. Link to Witcombe. 267. www.sohogallery.nl/Pages%20new/Schiff Soho Gallery: Five images based on ART macher/schiffmacher-willendorf.html Henk Schiffmacher Willendorf. 268. www .annabell aandcompan y. com/ As 86. D 269. www. salon.com/sex/gallery/2002/02/0 I /pe Salon.com Article on 'Irving ART nn/print.html Penn's Nudes'- mentions Willendorf. 270. members.aol.comlnonverbal2/hat.htm David B.Givens/ Centre Page discussing MS for Non Verbal Studies. definitions of 'hat'. Refers to Willendorf in Soffer's argument re: Venus headgear. 271. www.cronechronicles.com/A07- Crone Chronicles Account 'We walked NWA 08 01 i.htm with the Goddess' by Ann-Rosemary Conway recording the first Summer Solstice Arts Festival and Goddess Walk in Victoria, B.C. 272. www.clayton-le-moors- Clayton-le-Moors Harriers Notes trip to Wachau MS harriers.co.uk/views.htm Homepage Valley and Willendorf -mention the Venus of Willendorf. 273. www. paganculture.com/Time/timel in e. ht The Pagan Culture Center Religion Timeline: NWA 111 Willendorf placed between 30-25,000 b.c. 274. www.crosscurrents.org/Madsen2.htm Cross Currents Web Page Article on the artist ART for people of faith and Judith Anderson. intelligence. 275. www. amazon. comlcxec/obiclosl AS I N/002 amazon. com Willcndorf mentioned RO 8639456/ in comments/reviews

506 of 'Complete Idiot's Guide to Wicca and Witchcraft'. 276. www.astroconsulting.com/F AQs/the _retur Astrological Consulting. Link to Witcombe. NWA n of the goddcss.htm The Return of the Goddess 277. members. tri pod.com/-Clayt/H uman ities/ Leftover Magic. Willendorf noted as I Willendorf.html Humanities Page: fertility figure. Ancient World 278. www.maryheebner.com/theworklpaintings Mary Heebner paintings Eros and Dark Venus ART I Antiq/faces/dkvenus/ dkvenus.html work inspired by Willendorf and Lespugue. 279. www. tiscover.com/1 Root/Kontinent/6/Sta Market Mentions the site and I at/7/Bundcsland/21/ discovery at Ort/12901 7/Homcpage/homepagc ... l.html Willendorf. 280. labyrinthwork.com/Goddess menu.htm As 28. D 281. www. belladonna.de/start/produkte/sym_go Belladonna Magickal Arts Willendorf pendant. RV ett.html 282. www.yoni.com/loverf/dreams.shtml yOni.com- 'Dreams of being FM Gateway to the feminine. lucid' by Karol Ann Barnett. Refers to Willendorf. Also some retail: Willendorf pendants and statues. 283. www.wbenjamin.org/nc/aug3l.html Walter Benjamin.org Willendorf mentioned I Course Syllabus: From in first lecture. myth to Mind. 284. www.waldviertel.at/knowable/wwisges.ht Das Waldviertel History of the area I m mentions Willendorf. 285. voiww.c011ectib1es.com/auctions/antiquerep Collectibles.com N/A o 2.html 286. users.hol.gr/-dikaz!Ellada/Links l.htm Links Page Link to Witcombe R 287. www. yrec.org/imagination. html Yoga Research and Venus of Willendorf MS Education Center mentioned in page 'The power of imagination' by Georg Feuerstein 288. www.ethnociel.qc.ca/artpreh.html As 186. D

289. aradia.netfirms.com/goddess.htm Goddess Artifacts by W i llendorf wall RV Teresa Carey. sculpture, pendants, pins. 290. www .saxakal i .com/suzar/black. htm Saxakali People of Colour Willendorf interpreted MS Portal. as a woman of colour. Black Messiahs page. 291. www. inform. umd.edu!EdRes/FacRes/Teac University of Maryland Authorisation N/A hTech/. Caprina/classes/ required. ARTH200spring93.htm 292. www.uwyo.edu/Rea!Learning/ University of Wyoming. Quick Time Media I Making Learning Real 360 degree view of page. movable Willendorf.

293. www.arterupestre.net/links/ARTE_Y _PRE Arte rupestra.net Link to Witcombe R HISTORIA/MANIFESTACIONES/ ESCULTURA/ 294. vrc- San Jose State Univeristy: Link to Witcombe R collections. sjsu.edu/vr_I ibrary/ancient.htm Ancient Art Links Page I 295. www.allenhermes.com/ends/willen.html Allen Hermes Oil on canvas 'Venus ART of Willendorf 24 X 35 296. www. frontstreetbooks.com/apage/main _ b _ Frontstrectbooks.com 'Myrtle of Willendorf ART myrtle.htm by Rebecca O'Connell 297. www-user.uni- As 128. D bremen. de/-manze IIi n terkunst/vie r. html 298. megan. scatterbrain. org/notmartha/ Not Martha Reference to MS

507 mam1alade soap shaped like the Venus of Willendorf. 299. cen tros5. pnti c. mec. es!i es.j uana.de. casti II a! As 131. D preh.htm 300. an th ro. palomar. edu/homo2/crcd its. htm Palomar College, San Credits page for I Marcos, Califomia Evolution of Modem course. 301. cc2. h ku. n 1/marti n/reservoi r/1 ichaam- As 39. D lust/essay.html 302. www.abaxion.com/stwf.htm Abaxion Willendorf statue on RV base. 303. www. fib. se/tjockada. html Folket i Bild/ Article: 'Den I Kulturfront 3/97 invandrade tjocke damen' by Claude Kayat. Photo of Willendorf. 304. www.bmuk.gv.at/download/kultur/khnm.p Timed out. N/A df 305. www.lotl.eom/dec/feature 6.htm LOTL: Lesbians on the My Goddess by Anna NWA Loose. Rothwell. December 2000 306. www.bioetica.org/el.htm Bioetica.org Article 'EI regreso de 0 Pro-Diversitas. Ia Diosas' (The Return Defence and development of the Goddesses) by of biological, cultural and Sandra Roman. Brief social diversity. mention of Willendorf, Creeds and religions page. Lespugue and Menton. 307. www.ecuita.com/page3.htm Laboratorio Naturalistico Reproductions of RV Friulano. Willendorf, Ecuita CIA LTDA Lespugue,a nd Dolni Vcstonice without bases. 308. www .artareas.com/ ArtAreas/home.nsf/lte ArtAreas.com 'Frau Willendorr by ART m/NT00005AD2 C.S.Poppenga. 309. skolenettet.nolkunstweb/kunstweb3d/om s As 219. D kulptur.html 310. www.cwhitehom.com/Women/Lynn l.htm C. Whitehorn Sculpture by C ART I Whitehorn- 'Lynn Willendorr. 311. www.artfulnm.org/hudson.htm The Art Center at Fuller Pots made by Marc ART Lodge. Hudson, inspired by Marc Hudson: Potter. the Venus of Willendorf. 312. dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_ Economy/Sh Directory: Yahoo. Link to Goddess of R opping_and _Services/ Willendorf. com. Religion_ and_Spirituality/Gifts_ and_ Colle ctibles/ 313. www.e-archetypes.com/Euro2.html Archetypes. com Willendorf statues. RV European Images Page. 314. frenchsmith.com/Gallery.htm As 162. D 315. www.mukaboo.com/itm00066.htm Mukaboo and the Little Willendorf statuette on RV Museum base. 316. www.raventreepewter.com/3/294.htm?493 As 257. D 317. www.gypsysi lver.com/ Anklets. html Gypsy Silver. com Willendorfpendant on RV anklet. 318. courses.educ.ksu.edu/EDETC886/Graphic Kansas State University: Article tracing the I Design/modules/mod? I venus_ Ch l.html Graphic Design Pages. history of 'Venus: From fertility Goddess to Sales promoter' by Teun Velders. 319. www. wtamu.edu/-jcraven/hcads.htm West Texas A & M Fiction 'The Garden of ART University: the Heads' by Jerry Prof. Jerry Craven's Craven Homcpage. List of Publications.

508 320. www.alliancefornature.at/unten whc wac Alliance for Nature The Wachau valley as 0 hau.html a 'World lnheritence site'. Mentions the Willendorf find. 321. ex n. ca/S tories/2000/02/03 I 53 .asp Exn. Central Axis Article: Stone Age I Discovery Channel clothing more 's web site advanced than thought, by Gloria Chang. 322. www.newmoon.uk.com/catalogue/blesskit. New Moon Occult Shop Goddess Ritual Kits RV htm 323. goddess-of-wi llendorf. com/ Goddess of Goddess of W i llendorf RV Willendorf.com Figurines. Earth Mother, Artistic Goddess and Radiant Venus style. 324. www.clfengefunkel.de/galerie/fotos/thumb Hanae's Elfengefunkcl Amended photograph NWA s.htm of tree entitled Venus of Willendorf. 325. www.dimensionsmagazinc.com/dimtext/g Dimensions Online- Fiction by Gordon C ART oddess.html Dimensions Magazine for Fisher entitled BBW and FA's. 'Goddess'. 326. www.ha- GetAttached.com Fertility love charm RV halden.no/vis_ sak.asp?refnum=646 pendants featuring the Venus ofWillendorf. 327. www. vocabula.com/poctry!VRFEBO I Wol The Vocabula Review Poem by Elena Wolff ART ff.htm (fights to combat the 'Venus'- mentions degredation of our the Venus of language) Willendorf. 328. musicats.com/mandarava/goddess_kits. ht Musicats.com Mandarava' Venus of RV m Metaphysicalmeanderings Willendorf Goddess Kit. 329. www .co loradocollege.edu/Dept/ AH/cours Colorado College Link to Witcombe. R es/ AH I 12/syllabus.htm Introduction to Art History course. 330. www .coloradocollege.edu/Dept/ A H/cours As 329. D es/ AH 112/LINKS.htm 331. www.xtec.es/~aguiu 1/socials/hist04.htm El web de les Cienccs Links page. R Socials: Prehistoria I arqueologia page 332. www.jsd.com/goddess.html James Stanley Daugherty. James Stanley ART Daugherty pictures of 'Voluptuous Goddess'. Article 'Searching for the Goddess' mentions Willendorf. 333. www.tiscovcr.com/1 Root/Kontinent/6/Sta As 279. D at/7 /Bundesland/21 I rt/1290 17/lndividuelleLinks/individuell.l3 6055 .. l.html 334. www. andaman. org/book/chapter5/tex t5. ht The Andaman Association. Willendorf statuette 0 Ill 'Lonely Islands: The used in chapter 5 'A Andanamese' by George physical examination' Weber of the Andaman people. 335. www. freaks.net/eek/ebead. html Erika's Web Page Description of bead MS necklace with Willendorf pendant 336. www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/map/add.ht Authorisation required N/A ml 337. department.monm.edu/classics/Courses/IS Monmouth College, Links to Witcombe R SI402/ISSI402%20Course%20Handouts% Illinois and Rita Dove's poem. 20and%20Weblinks.htm Classical Religion and Mythology Links Page 338. www.amiatamedia.com/eng/series/nm/pag Amiata Media Music originally ART

509 es/arll99.htm Amiata Records composed for the film Savio Riccardi La Venere di Willendorf. 339. www.beautyworlds.com/anorexia.htm BeautyWorlds.com Article 'Disordered MS (The Culture of Beauty) Beauty: Anorexia' discusses Willendorf as feminine ideal in prehistory. 340. www.scu lpteurs. org/snsp/fr/forum/note _ya Syndicat National des Mentions Willendorf 0 nnliebard.html Sculpteurs et Plasticiens and early works. 341. earthspirits.org/candle l.htm Earth Spirit Emporium Venus ofWillendorf RV beeswax candles 342. www.uoregon.edu/-jhurwit/monument.ht University of Oregon Picture ofWillendorf I ml Art History Monuments page. 343. www.cwru.edu/61200/artsci/womn/pinup/ Case Western Reserve Picture of Willendorf. I willendorf/willendorf full/ University The first picture in the willendorf full.html Arts & Sciences Page. tour, later followed by A graphic History of Pin Playboy images. Ups page by Michelle May. 344. www.dana.edu/dwarman/antcmf.htm Dana College: Willendorf interpreted I Blair, Nebraska as an attempt to Religion: A Universal influence fertility. Tradition 345. www.gypsysilver.com/Bracelets.html As 317. D 346. www.courses. psu.edu/art/artOO I_dxh 156/c Pennsylvania State Willendorf mentioned. I lass/class04.html University The Visual Arts and the Studio; An introduction. 347. webed. vw.cc. va.us/vwbaile/pages_art I 02/ Virginia Western Picture of Willendorf. I I 02distance/Siide%201ists/ I 02dsli.html Community College. History and Appreciation of Art 102. 348. www.capaccess.org/ane/filmfestdc/ff98/sc As 108. D hedule.html 349. icarito. tercera.cl/icarito/200 I /82 7/pag2. ht lcarito Encicolpedia Mention of Willendorf I m Escolar. The First Sculpture page. 350. community-2.webtv.net/ Ace- Community home pages Willendorf listed with I Detective/Venus/ Venus: The Goddess of link to Witcombe. Love and Sex 351. www.aip.org/mgr/png/cat 12.html American Institute of Details of the I Physics: Physics News. experiment Quantum Mechanics page transferring the Willendorf picture. 352. www.uni- Universitat Tubingen Exhibition analysing I tuebingen.de/uni/qvo/at/attempto9/text9/at Greek Plastic art by t9-33.html Donald of Franconia mountain. Willendorf mentioned. 353. www.arnsdorf.at/magazin/006/03.php Arnsdorf Online Magazine The History of the I Wachau: Picture and Willendorf discussed in Gravettian section. 354. www.cnice.mecd.es/pagtem/arte/x- The Work of Art in The Steatopygic I prehis/pal-ven3.htm History. Venuses. Prehistoric Art page. Willendorf picture/details. 355. cmsu2.cmsu.edu/-ldm4683/c marshack.ht As 156. D m 356. www.gate-travel.org/gginfo.html GATE- Global Program- Womens NWA Awareness through Spiritual Quest Experience sponsored by (Goddess Gate) the Franciscan Sisters of Venus ofWillendorf

510 La Crosse, . listed in Goddess Gate Eastern Europe. 357. www.mythinglinks.org/euro~wcst~prehist Mythlng Links Link to Witcombe R oric.html 358. www.kiki.ch/kids/kinso/voneuch/niederoc Kinder & Kirche project Christina Angelhard MS sterreich.html describes Lower Austria where she comes from. Willendorf figure described and picture. 359. www.arsmundi- As 147. D online.de/sitemap_I 017 _ 20 _I_6149 _12.ht ml 360. www.kathyjones.co.uk/locallh- Kathy Jones Willendorf mentioned NWA pages/kathyj/ ap-goddcss. html in chapter one of Jones' 'The Goddess in Glastonbury'. 361. www. ci vi Iizati on. cal arc heo/pal eo fig/pal 00 Mothers of Time: Willendorf pears in list I eng.html Exhibition of the Balzi of related links. Rossi figures in Canada. 362. www.artlex.com/ ArtLex/s/stoneage. html Artlex Art Dictionary. Willendorf pictured I and noted as fertility figure. 363. www. world-sex-records.com/sex-14 7.htm World Sex Records Willendorf mentioned I in earliest nude female sculpture. 364. www.brianmahieu.com/lilywood/preregist Lilywood Farms 200 I Seedlings- ART rations.shtml Flower named 'Venus ofWillendorf. 365. www.prensamujer.com/OI 0718/cultura l.ht Prensamujer.com Willendorf briefly FM m- 16k (for all interested in mentioned in page on women and their social the Oldest Goddess. situation and equality) 366. www .cornm. uqam.cai~G RAM/ A/oeuv/arti Group de recherche en Harriet Casdin- ART stes/037.html artes mediatiques (Group Silver's hologram for Research in media arts) 'Venus ofWillendorf 1991. 367. ebiz.netopia.com/havensoap/molds/ Havensoap. Venus of Willendorf RV soap mold. 368. ebiz.netopia.com/havensoap/molds/view.n As 367. D html?profile=molds&UID=47 369. www.aquinas.edu/art/prehistoric_art. htm Aquinas College Willendorf is one of I Art department the Library slides. 370. www.robotwisdom.com/solace/02seeking. Solace. Venus of Willendorf MS html Collection of quotes about linked with 'fertility the stages of romantic and fat' 'Seeking', love. with reference to physical types. 371. www .craigslist.org/best/239904 7 .html craiglist.org Reference to lesbians MS San Francisco Bay area thinking the Venus of online community Willendorfis more Women seeking Women beautiful than Barbie. postings. 372. hawkdancing.com/Homepage/Artinfo/who As 71. D lsale.shtml 373. www.blueturtlebotanicals.com/soap.html Blue Turtle Botanicals Willendorf soap in D variety of scents and colours. 374. www.ambrosevideo.com/displayitem.cfm'l Ambrose Video. Series of Videos 'The RO vid=762 Nude' presented by Tim Marlow. 'The Classical' refers to the Venus of Willendorf. 375. www.jlc.net/~brian/art/prehistoric.html Numbat Incorporated Prehistoric Art page MS Research and by Brian Clardy. Development Art History Mentions Willendorf

511 Page. as the first piece of prehistoric art. 376. www.contenidos.com/efemerides/agosto/1 Con ten idos. com Details of discovery I .html Distance Learning and description of Venus de Willendorf. 377. www.deutschlands-dicke- As 166. D seiten.de/geschichte.htm 378. www.sciam.com/2000/ll OOissue/11 OOprof Scientific American Article 'The I ile.html Caveman's New Clothes' by Kate Wong. Profile of Olga Soffer. Discusses Willendorfs 'hat'. 379. www.absolutearts.com/portfolio/for_sale/ absolute arts.com Lisbet Olin-Ranstam ART 111- Fiber-7. h tml Artwork for Sale 'Venus' depicts the Artists Work Willendorf figure. Lisbet Olin-Ranstam Rochelle Nicholas' Rochelle Nicholas 'Four Breasted Vessel' compared to Willendorf. 380. womenshistory.about.com/cs/goddesses/ The About Network. Links to sites. R Women's History. 381. www.culturejunkie.com/shop/cgi/quikstor Culture Junkie. com Willendorf soap. RV e.cgi?category=Soap 382. www. i is g. n 1/~womhist/vlwhchro.html World Wide Web Virtual Links to Willendorf R Library: sites. Women's History 383. www.alhansen.net/bio.htm AI Hansen artist Biography of Hansen. ART Works refer to Venus of Willendorf collages and as inspiration. 384. www.atelier3a.at/cromagn.htm Atelier.com "Cromagnon" address ART "Herbert Langmueller" by Dr Guenther exhibition. Berger. Langmueller's work recreates the Willendorf figure being excavated. 385. www.spiritspath.com/statues/goddesses/pa Spirit's Path Willendorf statue with RV ge7.html legs parted and no base. 386. www.astroconsulting.com/F AQs/goddesse As 276. D s.htm 387. www.spiritualitea.com/books/books3.shtm Spiritualitea. com Review of the NWA I Complete Idiot's Guide to Witchcraft and Wicca by Denise Zimmerman and Katherine Gleason. Mention of Venus de Milo photo incorrectly labelled as Willendorf. 388. www.uiowa.edu/-classics/huskey/terminu University of Iowa. Quiz. I s/willendorf.html Samuel Huskey Page. Picture of Willendorf. 389. www. ifrance.com/preh isto/venus.htm ifrance.com Venus page lists the I L 'homme prehistorique figures from Art mobier page. and Europe including Willendorf. 390. www.katecartwright.com/guided tour.htm As 63. D 391. www.stormfront.org/whitehistory/gwr2.ht Stormfront.org Photo and brief 0 111 White Pride World Wide mention of Willendorf March of the Titanium: A as the earliest art. history of the White Race. The Palaeolithic age. 392. ww4.choice.net/-edmundo/venus.html Ancient Art Creations Willendorf statue on RV base.

512 393. www.media- Media Awareness Willendorf picture and I awareness. caleng/med/ class/teamed ia!bod Network: text with reference to y/look5 .htm Module: The Way we the Palaeolithic ideal. Look. In Ancient Times Page. 394. W\VW. ven ustreasures.com/history.html Venus Treasures.com History section. RO Art Shopping. Mention of Willendorf as example of Palaeolithic art. 395. we bed. vw. vccs.edu/vwbaile/pages_art I 02/ As 347. D I 02/ I 02sll . html 396. \VWW.aip.org/enews/physnews/2000/split/p American Institute of Experiment I nu480-l.htm Physics transmitting News Update. Willendorf image. 397. museums. nc I. ac. uklfl in t/ archart. htm I Museum of Antiquities Picture of Willendorf. I University of Newcastle Upon Tyne. Prehistoric art page 398. www3.sympatico.ca!rondes/produa.htm Beautiful Roundness: Statuette of Venus of RV Products and Services Willendorf $10 with Page. poem to help for self- esteem. 399. www. terra. com. ve/arte/articulo/articulo.cf Terra. com Brief mention of I m?!D=ART1486 Art and Culture. Willendorf. Sculpture: Human figures section. 400. www.agnosticwitch.catcara.com/Timeline The Agnostic Witch. History Timeline notes NWA BC.html Willendorf. 401. mypage.uniserve.caJ-billaJfineartlprehrom Art History. Prehistoric to Roman I e.htm Sisters Creek Productions Art page mentions Willendorf as 'earth mother' image. 402. www.harmfulmatter.com/gallery.html Harmful Matter (Jeff Picture of Jeffs MS Subhumyn). Willendorftattoos in the Gallery in 'eyeball candy' section'.

513 Table 7.11 "VENUS OF LAUSSEL" SITES

No. SITE ADDRESS SITE REFERENCE TYPE I. www.arthistory.sbc.edu/imageswomen/laus Chris Witcombe 'Women in I sel.html Sweet Briar College, Prehistory'. Laussel Virginia picture/discussion. 2. www.arthistory.sbc.edu/imageswomen/preh As 1. D istlinks.html 3. \Vww.hei- Heidelberg Editions Replica statue of RV art.com/vau Its/ goddess/71 auss I. html International. Laussel. 4. www.hei-art.com/vaults/goddess/ As 3. D 5. labyrinthwork.com/Goddess_ CA T.htm Labyrinth Work 'The Cat Goddess' RV Page. Laussel not mentioned. 6. centros5. pnti c .me c. es/i es.j uana.dc. cast i Ilalla Centro Nacional de Laussel description. I ussel.htm Informacion y Comunicacion Educativa. Ministry of Education. Prehistoric Art page. 7. www. talariaenterprises.com/products_lg/tal Talaria Enterprises Wall hanging RV 035.html Laussel. 8. www.talariaenterprises.com/product_lists/g D oddess.html 9. www.donaldmiller.com/venus of laussel.ht Donald Miller Laussel picture and MS l1l Homcpage. description as fertility figure. 10. www.uf.uni- Universitat Erlangen- Article by Christian I er 1angen .de/cha u vet/ ch au vetvcn us. h tm Ni.irnberg. Zuckner discussing lnstitut fur Ur- und the 'Pont d'Arc Fruhgeschichte Venus' at Chauvct and comparing to Laussel, Willendorf and others. 11. www. hbcollege.com/arts/gardner/student/ch Thomson Learning/ Brief description of I 01 /paleoartchO I .htm Wadsworth Publishing. Laussel. Links to Gardner's Art through other sites. the Ages, I I th Edn. Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya, Richard G. Tansey. 12. www.historicimpressions.com/Ancient.htm Historic Impressions Replica of Laussel. RV Products 13. web. tiscal i. it/1 iguriapaleoart/pagina 16.html No response N/A 14. www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2000- ClarinX Laussel linked I 06-04/i-0 I I 0 I e.htm Review of Joseph strongly with Campbell'S WORK menstrual and lunar cycle. 15. www.chinarockart.net/images/XSHQY7.ht ChinaRock Art.Net Links to 10. R m 16. www.mairie-bordeaux.fr/musees/musee- Bordeaux: Musee d' Aquitaine I aquitaine/museeaquitaine l.htm Museums of Bordeaux. Page. Photo I description of Laussel. 17. www.goddess-gallery.com/framelist.html The Goddess Gallery Replica statue of RV Laussel. Also W i llendorf and Lespugue. 18. www.urtonart.com/history/ancicnt/prehistor UrtonArt (Robert Picture I mention of I ic.htm Urton) Willendorf and Prehistoric Art. Laussel. 19. www.culture.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/pg Ministere de Ia culture Article discussing N/A -actu I. htm et de Ia communication restoration of .

514 Unable to locate Laussel reference. 20. www. fortunccity.es/imaginapoder/artes/154 lmatges art cou. Laussel, Willendorf I /escantic.html and Lespugue shown in Prehistoric civilisations sections. 21. www. tab ira. net/eshumanidadesarte/reposito Site not found N/A rio/msg003 7 3. html 22. visualmusic.org/text/women.html Vibeke Sorenson. Interpretation of MS Transcript of talk by Laussel figure in Vibeke Sorensen 'A terms of nature and feminine perspective' lunar cycles by Joseph Campbell cited as personal inspiration. 23. www.encolombia.com/adipovol4no !_salon Colombian Association Picture and brief 0 4. htm of Obesity and details of Laussel and Metabolism. Willendorf along Examination of obesity with other female through history. figures representing obesity in different periods. 24. www.anne-madden.com/LeBPages/ Artists Online Laussel Venus, 1996 ART paintinghuman I O.html Louis le Brocquy pages. Oil on canvas, I 16 x 89 em (no.708) Louis le Brocquy 25. www.pepe- Pepe Rodriguez Laussel included in I rodrigucz.com/Dios_ mujer/Dios_mujer_cat Homepage. goddess images from alogo_imag.htm his book Dios naci6 mujer. 26. www.mayhemltd.com/jewl-pagGdds.htm Medieval Mayhem Pendant with RV Laussel, the Palaeolithic moon goddess, keeper of all life forces. 27. www.spiralgoddess.com/Altar. html Spiral Goddess Grove Venus of Laussel NWA listed as one of the names of the Goddess. 28. www.dhushara.com/book/hieros/hieros.htm The Genesis of Eden Laussel pictured NWA Wisdom Encyclopedia. along with Dolni Vestonice, Willendorf, Lespugue, and noted as linked with the moon and the menstrual cycle. 29. www.calacademy.org/calwild/sum99/watch Wild Article 'Light by I er.htm magazine. Dawn' by Robert California Academy of Adler. Discusses Sciences. Laussel with picture. 30. www. flybynews.com/bartjordan/overlay. ht Flyby News Laussel discussed in I ml article 'Lucy Lippards Overlay'. 31. perso. wanadoo. fr/gravany/frescocs/low%20 Reliefs by Gravany Reproduction of ART reliefs/venus%20of%20laussel.htm Laussel. 32. www.cOIIectibles.com/auctions/antiquerepo Collectibles.com Page not responding N/A 2.html 33. www.zaftig-2000.com/sandie/jewelery.html Sandie's Boutique Pendants of RV W i llendorf and Laussel. 34. centros5. pnti c. mec. eslies.j uana.de. castill alpr As 6. D eh.htm 35. anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/credits.htm Palomar College, San Venus of Laussel and I Marcos, Califomia. W i llendorf photos/ Evolution of Modem discussion.

515 Humans pages. Upper Palaeolithic art. 36. www.mukaboo.com/itm00067.htm Mukaboo & the Little Reproduction of RV Museum Laussel. 37. www. themysti ca. com/mysti ca/arti c les/ g/go The Mystica Venus of Laussel NWA ddess _l_intro_and _history.html Encyclopedia. mentioned in 'History of the Goddess'. 38. www .lanes. a c. uk/postgrad/j ohnsto b/i mages Bruce Johnstone-Lowe. Laussel photo in MS pages/indexofimagespage.html 'Echoes in the 'Favourite images' Landscape'. page. 39. www. scul pteurs.org/snsp/fr/forum/note_yan Syndical National des Laussel mentioned as 0 nliebard.html Sculpteurs et early work in Plasticiens: discussion of Discussion Forum contemporary sculpture. 40. www. ifrance.com/preh i sto/venus.htm ifrance.com Venus page lists I L'homme prehistorique figures including Art mobilier page. Laussel. 41. www. world-sex -records. com/sex -14 7. htm World Sex Records Laussel noted I amongst the world's earliest female nude sculpture.

516 Table 7.12 "VENUS OF LESPUGUE" SITES

No. SITE ADDRESS SITE REFERENCE TYPE I. www.humanities- Texas Humanities Lespugue is one of I i nteractive.org/ancicnt!iceage/ex03 8 _ 06a.ht Resource Center. Page three in heading ml prepared for 'Ice Age Art: 'Venus Figures'- An exhibition of Ice Age along with Dolni Art and Symbol'. Vestonice and Willendorf. Photo- few details. 2. www.humanities-interactive.org/ancient/ As I. D iceage/ex038 06.html 3. www.arthistory.sbc.edu/imageswomen/lesp Chris Witcombe. Women in Prehistory: I ugue.html Sweet Briar College, Lespugue page. Virginia Photos/discussion. 4. www.mnh.si.edu/museum/VirtuaiTour/Tou Museum of Natural Photo of cast/ brief I r/F irst/H uman!h uman 2. h tml History. Smithsonian details of Lespugue. Institute. Virtual Tour- Human Evolution page. 5. www.mnh.si.edu/museum/Vi11uaiTour/Tou As4. D r/First/Human/ 6. www. talari a enterprises. com/products_I g/tal Tataria Enterprises Statue of Lespugue. RV 032.html 7. www .artehistoria.com/historia/obras/77 3 7. Artehistoria.com Picture/details of I htm Lespugue. 8. www.ralph- Ralph Abraham Claims that linear I abraham.org/articles/MS%2382.Venus/v- homepage. measurements taken 6.html Article:'The Canon of from the Venus of Lespugue' by Ralph H. Lespugue closely Abraham and William match the Dorian lnvin Thompson mode of the ancient Greeks. 9. www.ralph- As 8. D abraham.org/artic les/MS%23 82. Venus/ 10. www.mairie-saint- Ville de Saint-Gaudens, Picture of Lespugue. I gaudens.fr/fr/decouvr/dvisite/visite I O.htm France II. www. arth istory. sbc. ed u/i mageswomen/pre As 3. D historicindex.html 12. www. talariaen terpri ses. com/product_! ists/ g As 6. D oddess.html 13. www.artnews.de/themen/prehistoric.htm Artnews: The Lists links. R International Art data- base. 14. snakeandsnake.com/figurines.htm Snake and Snake Lespugue pendant and RV Productions earing. 15. www.goddess-gallery.com/framelist.html The Goddess Gallery Statue of Lespugue. RV 16. www .alianwebserver.com/jeux _loisirs/art/d Alain and Estelle Barbel: Aurignacian Venuses I ocs/venus_lespugue. htm History of Art pages including Lespugue referred to as symbol of fecundity. 17. members.es. tripod.de/pbarcob/Links/ ART El Cologio lnternacional Links to Lespugue R E-PREHISTORIA.htm Europa: sites. Arte Prehistoria links page 18. www2.schuenemann- Fine art Publishing Statue of Lespugue on RV vcrlag.de/kunstverlag/alpha.php37 seite=V base. 19. www.subtlcmoon.com/paleo/ Subtlemoon Design Photo of Lespugue. I Palaeolithic Art page. 20. morgan. i ia.unam. mx/usr/ Actualidades/24/t Site not responding NA extos24/Textiles.html 21. www.xtec.es/-aguiu 1/socials/imatgeSI.ht El Web de les Ciencies Link to Witcombe R m Socials. Prehistoric Links Page. 22. www. arteh istoria. com/hi storia/obras/7 7 3 8. As 7. D

517 htm 23. www.andaman.org/book/chapter5/text5.ht The Andaman Lespugue statuette 0 m Association. 'Lonely used in chapter 5 'A Islands: The physical examination' Andanamese' by George of the Andaman Weber people. 24. www. pebooks. com/statuary 3. htm Psychic Eye Book Shops Statuettes of Lespugue RV and Willendorf. 25. modelspecimens.com/ Model Specimens. com Replicas of Willendorf RV and Lespugue, described as copies of the originals.

518 Table 7.13 "VENUS OF DOILNI VESTONICE" §][']['ES

No. SITE ADDRESS SITE REFERENCE TYPE 1. www.humanities- Texas Humanities Dolni Vestonice is I interactive.org/ancientliceage/ex03 8_ 06c.ht Resource Center. Page one of three in ml prepared for 'Ice Age Art: heading 'Venus An exhibition of Ice Age Figures' -along with Art and Symbol'. Willendorf and Lespugue. Photo - few details. 2. www.humanities- As I. D interactive.org/ancient/iceage/ex03 8_ 06. htm I 3. www.calacademy.org/calwild/sum99/symbo California Wild Article 'The Symbol I l.htm magazine. and the ' by California Academy of Blake Edgar. Sciences. Discusses Dolni Vestonice at length, with photo. 4. www.hominids.com/donsmaps/dolnivenus.h Don Hitchcock. Dolni Vestonice page I tml Resources for the study of with five illustrations. the Palaeolithic. Similar pages for other 'Venus' figures. 5. www.hominids.com/donsmaps/venus.html As 4. D 6. www.uh.edu/engines/epi359.htm Engines of our ingenuity Discussion ofDolni I (Radio Programme) Vestonice Venus and No. 359: The Dolni other ceramics by Vestonice ceramics. John H. Lienhard. 7. www.celtic-arts.co.uk/prehist/simant6.htm Celtic Arts. Co Venus of Dolni RV Vestonice by Simant Bostock. 8. www.celtic-arts.co.uk!prehist/simant6or.htm As 7. D 9. www.artehistoria.com/historialobras/7754.ht Artehistoria.com Picture/details of I m Lespugue. 10. www.spiritproject.com/oracle/magic/travel/d Spirit Project.com Description of a visit NWA olni.htm to Dolni Vestonice 11. www.spiritproject.de/orakel/magie/reisen/do As 10. D lni.htm 12. witcombe.sbc.edu/ ARTHpreh istoric.html Art History Resources on Links to Lespugue R the Web sites 13. www.pepe- Pepe Rodriguez Dolni Vestonice is I rodriguez.com/Dios_ mujer/Dios_mujer _ cata Homepage. one of the goddess logo_imag.htm images from his book Dios naci6 mzljer. 14. www.ethnociel.qc.ca/artpreh.html Ethnociei-Anthropology Photo of Dolni I and developpement: Vestonice, and also Prehistoric Art page. Lespugue, Grimaldi yellow steatite, Savignano, Willendorf. IS. art. sdsu. edu/ceramicsweb/artic Ies!iceagecera The Ceramics Web Discusses the firing of I mics.html Article 'Ice Age the Dolni Vestonice Ceramics' by Dr Jayne ceramics. Shatz. 16. www .zeit.de/2002/04/W i ssen/200204_palae De Zeit. Dolni Vestonice I okultur.html Article discussing new Venus mentioned as finds in Africa. example of Palaeolithic art. 17. wiem.onet.pl/wiem/0 152af.html Wielka Intemetowa Discussion of Dolni I Encyklopedia Vestonice site and M ultimedialna Venus. Archaeology pages. 18. news. bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_7 BBC homepage: Sci and Report on Soffer's I 25000/725803.stm Tech 25 April, 2000. research re: Venus

519 Article 'The world's clothing and textiles oldest hat'. at Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov. 19. www. andaman.orglbook/chaptcr5/tex t5 .htm The Andaman Dolni Vestonice 0 Association. 'Lonely statuette used in Islands: The chapter 5 'A physical Andanamese' by George examination' of the Weber Andaman people. 20. intarch.ac.uk/antiquity/adovasio l.html Antiquity. Article 'Upper I Palaeolithic fibre technology: interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, , c. 26,000 years' James M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer, Bohuslav Klima.

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553 www. infonn. umd.edu/EdRes/Co lleges/ARHU/Depts/ ArtHistory/ arthfac/mvenit/AR TH200/monuments.html www. infonn. urn d. edu/EdRes/F acRes/TeachTech/. Caprina/ classes/ ARTH200spring93. html www. insticeagestudi es. com www.intarch.ac. uk/antiquity/adovasio l.html www.jelder.com/mythology/mother.html www .jolique.com/general_interest/history _repeats _itself.html www .j sd. com/goddess. html www.jtwinik.com/availwork24.html www.jackreilly.com/film/masterpiece/ www.jcjc.cc.ms.us/faculty/finearts/bdennis/jcartanc.html www.jlc.net/~brian/art/prehistoric.html www.katecartwright.com/guided_tour.html www.katecartwright.com/venus.html www. kathyj ones. co. uk/1 ocallh-pages/kathyj/ap-goddess. html www. kiki. ch/kids/kinso/voneuch/niederoesteneich.html www.kreations.net/tine_ art_goddess l.html www.kreations.net/fine_ art_goddess2.html www.kunstwereld.nl/9_preh_l.html www.kyzart.com/scan03.html www.labyrinthwork.com/Goddess_ CAT.htm www .labyrinthwork.com/Goddess_ menu.html www.labyrinthwork.com/Goddess_Venus_ willendorf.html www.lancs.ac.uk/postgrad/johnstob/imagespages/indexofimagespage.html www.law-nerd.org/art/fat.html www.likeacat.com/item376.html www.likeacat.com/item381.html www.linz.orf.at/gast/adv/monat_0 lll.html www.lotl.com/dec/feature 6.html www.lunaea.com/goddess/creativity/ancientlinks.html

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555 www .morgan. iia. unam.mx/usr/ Actualidades/24/textos24/Textiles.html www. mostra. org/21 I english/selection- filmmaker.htm www .mostra.org/21 I engl ishlfilms/venus-i. html www. mothergoddess. com/Gprehistoric. html www. mothergoddess. com/willendorf. html www.movie-reviews.colossus.net/archives/v archives.html www.movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/v/venus.html www .moxie.canoe.ca/bizlbuzz5 .html www.msingh.com/art_vwillendorf.html www. mtmercy .edu/classes/ ar212/Chuck'sArtHistory/Venus.html www.mujereslegendarias.org.ve/lavenus.html www.mukaboo.com/itm00066.html www .mukaboo.com/itm00067 .html www.musicats.com/mandarava/goddess_kits.htm www.museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/archart.html www.mypage.uniserve.ca/~billa/fineart/preluome.html www.mysticalpassage.com/files/Venus_Willendorf.html www.mythicimages.com/printwillendorf.html www. mythingl inks. org/ euro~west ~prehistoric .html www.naafa.org/hall_of_fame/ www.nanlets.com/ www. netkin.com/portraits/historylhistory 1. php3 www. netzstil us. at/media/netz. html wv..rw.newmoon.uk.com/catalogue/blesskit.html www.news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/techlnewsid_725000/725803.stm www.nhm-wien.ac.at/NHM/Prehist/Collection/Objekte www.nhm-wien.ac.at/NHM/Prehist/Collection/Objekte_PA _ 0 l_E.html www.noel.gv.at/Bildung/Landeskunde.html www.noel.gv.at/service/k/k2/venus.html www.nonesuchgifts.com/mother.htm www.notelrac.com/whuups.dir/magick.dir/fertility_tips.html

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