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ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA

1999

ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 31

ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA

PUBLICATION OF THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN

HUNTERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE

THE MID UPPER PALAEOLITHIC OF EURASIA 30,000 - 20,000 BP

EDITED BY WIL ROEBROEKS, MARGHERITA MUSSI, JIRI SVODOBA AND KELLY FENNEMA

UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN 1999 This volume is dedicated to the memory of Joachim Hahn

Published in cooperation with the European Science Foundation

Editorial supervision of this volume: W. Roebroeks

ISSN 0169-7447

ISBN 90-73368-16-2

Copyright 2000 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden

Subscriptions to the series Analecta Praehistorica Leidcnsia and single volumes can be ordered exclusively at:

Faculty of Archaeology P.O. Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands contents

1 Margherita Mussi, Wil Roebroeks and Jiri Svoboda: Hunters of the Golden Age: an introduction /

2 Dale Guthrie and Thijs van Kolfschoten: Neither warm and moist, nor cold and arid: the ecology of the Mid Upper Palaeolithic 13

3 Paul Pettitt: Chronology of the Mid Upper Palaeolithic: the radiocarbon evidence 21

4 Steven Churchill, Vincenzo Formicola, Trenton Holliday, Brigitte Holt and Betsy Schumann: The Upper Palaeolithic population of in an evolutionary perspective 31

5 Olga Soffer: in social contexts 59

6 Wil Roebroeks and Raymond Corbey: Periodisations and double standards in the study of the Palaeolithic 77

7 Jean Clottes: Art between 30,000 and 20,000 bp 87

8 Margherita Mussi, Jacques Cinq-Mars and Pierre Bolduc: Echoes from the mammoth steppe: the case of the 705

9 Ludmila Iakovleva: The gravettian art of Eastern Europe as exemplified in the figurative art of Kostenki 1 125

10 Yvette Taborin: Gravettian body ornaments in Western and Central Europe 135

11 Martin Oliva: The Brno II Upper Palaeolithic burial 143

12 Lars Larsson: Plenty of mammoths but no humans? Scandinavia during the Middle Weichselian 155

13 Pavel Pavlov and Svein Indrelid: Human occupation in Northeastern Europe during the period 35,000 - 18,000 bp 165

14 Sergey Vasil'ev: The Siberian mosaic: Upper Palaeolithic adaptations and change before the Last Glacial Maximum 173

15 Jiri Svoboda, Bohuslav Klfma, Lenka Jarosova and Petr Skrdla: The Gravettian in Moravia: climate, behaviour and technological complexity 197

16 Martin Oliva: Some thoughts on pavlovian adaptations and their alternatives 219 17 Viola Dobosi: Interior parts of the Carpathian Basin between 30,000 and 20,000 bp 231

18 Anta Montet-White: A scarcity of MUP sites in the Sava Valley, stratigraphic hiatus and/or depopulation 241

19 Joachim Hahn: The Gravettian in Southwest - environment and economy 249

20 Anne Scheer: The Gravettian in Southwest Germany: stylistic features, raw material resources and settlement patterns 257

21 Gerhard Bosinski: The period 30,000 - 20,000 bp in the Rhineland 271

22 Martin Street and Thomas Terberger: The German Upper Palaeolithic 35,000 - 15,000 bp. New dates and insights with emphasis on the Rhineland 281

23 Wil Roebroeks: A marginal matter: the human occupation of northwestern Europe - 30,000 to 20,000 bp 299

24 Francois Djindjian: The Mid Upper Palaeolithic (30,000 to 20,000 bp) in 313

25 Jean-Philippe Rigaud: Human adaptation to the climatic deterioration of the last Pleniglacial in southwestern France (30,000 - 20,000 bp) 325

26 Joäo Zilhäo: Nature and culture in from 30,000 to 20,000 bp 337

27 Margherita Mussi: Heading south: the gravettian colonisation of 355

28 Catherine Pedes: , 30,000 - 20,000 bp 375

General index 399

Site index 405 Yvette Taborin 10 Gravettian body ornaments in Western and Central Europe

In the , the redundancy in the choice of forms, The answer in each case depends on the distribution and sea shells, animal teeth or formed ornaments in ivory, antler quantity of new kinds of ornaments. But our knowledge is or hone, is a -known aspect. The reduced limited and an absence of certain objects does not necessarily their choice and showed considerable variability between constitute proof of their true absence. One of the difficulties local groups. In the western part of France, Atlantic shells inherent in the study of personal ornaments is that there is a were used, while in the oriental part and also in Germany large base of chosen forms and objects common to the entire sonic mediterranean forms exist. The species are Upper Palaeolithic and hence without precise cultural value. present far from the sea. Fox canines and formed ornaments Moreover, increases in the overall quantity and in the in ivory or soft stone are more frequent in Central Europe diversity of forms of Upper Palaeolithic personal adornment than in Western Europe. Except for the production of beads are very uneven and their status as cultural markers can only in scries, the gravettian people always kept the aurignacian be evaluated in relation to the lithic assemblages with which symbolic ornaments but they diversified their fashioned they are associated. It is indeed worth noting that ornaments in each region. transformations in lithic industries and art/ornamental repertoires have different tempos and rhythms. 1. Introduction The only sound research approach is one which establishes The formal diversity and technical underpinnings of differences through time with respect to a traditional 'fund' aurignacian personal ornaments are now well known. of ornaments, the basic source of which is the Aurignacian. According to current knowledge, the were the When in turn these differences stabilise over several first humans to develop a need for personal adornment, generations, they express a sufficiently stable and original testifying to a cohesive society and an elaborate system of corpus that can serve as a partial basis for defining a new values subscribed to by all members of that society. The culture. The approach then is to demonstrate a suite of redundancy in the choice of forms, whether it be sea shells, consistent differences with respect to the preceding culture, animal teeth or formed ornaments in ivory, antler or bone, is even if the tradition emanating from this preceding culture is astonishing. This highly selective appropriation of forms is still alive and well. evident from the beginning of the Aurignacian, with no Fortunately, new objects and forms of personal period of incipiency or transition, and is a characteristic of ornamentation render it possible to identify ensembles that human personal adornment up to the present. are more fine-grained than the overall cultural division. But generations replaced each other and societies changed Often their production is heavily concentrated in a given slowly. The power attributed to the first personal ornaments region (territory) where a group has distanced itself from its would not be forgotten, but ornaments came to express new cultural predecessors. Essentially, personal ornaments, the and regionally diversifying values, and these new needs led final purpose of which is the expression of values, inform us to modifications in the choice and composition of personal directly about the field of ideas within a group, with the ornaments. same sensitivity as art but with fewer means of expression. This recognition allows us to ask questions of personal 1.1 CULTURAL VALUES OR TRIBAL FASHION? ornaments that relate more to the identification of groups Choice, composition and manufacturing techniques are not than of cultures. the random result of individual taste. Rather, they are a The long period falling roughly between 30,000 and fundamental means of communicating meaning to others. 20,000 bp saw the transition from the last Aurignacians to The key problem for researchers is to understand the the first Gravettians, and then a long-lasting gravettian period importance of a change in species choice or qualities of that was relatively homogeneous in its style of lithic formed ornaments. Is it the product of a profound production, but highly diversified geographically. In its final evolutionary change or merely a change in local fashion? phases, this Gravettian saw the emergence of distinct, 136 HUNTERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE

the most cold-sensitive Mediterranean species, such as Homalopoma sanguineus and Cypraea sp., migrated to more southerly zones, which explains their rarity in the ornaments of that period. The choice of certain species in which to invest meaning originates in aurignacian groups in the Mediterranean zone. From the most archaic Aurignacian, we find the same perforated species at Ksar-'Aqil in the Near East, at La Cala and Fumane in Italy, at Tournal in France, and at Romani in : Homalopoma sanguineus L., Trivia europea Mtg., Columbella rustica L., and Cypraea sp. are often associated with Cyclope neritea L. in aurignacian ornamental assemblages. These species maintain their symbolic importance until the end of the Upper Palaeolithic and some, like Trivia, Cypraea and Columbella rustica, were still 1 cm sought after by post-glacial peoples (Taborin 1993a, 1997). The best example of a relationship between Upper Palaeolithic men and the sea comes from the Ligurian culture in Italy, for instance in certain levels of the Grimaldi Fig. 1. Mediterranean seashells: Cyclope neritea L. (Mussi 1995). It is the only example demonstrating a development in shell ornaments in coastal populations. It is of course possible that many archaeological sites located on other coastal lines have existed, especially on the Atlantic quasi-contemporaneous groups evolving in different plateau. With the rise of the sea level, those sites disappeared directions. and thus became inaccessible. Two questions are obvious: first, how were ornamental As well as keeping ancestral traditions of shell ornaments, traditions maintained, and second, what is the role of the palaeolithic Ligurian groups gave a special and important creativity? These two domains must be approached by the role to a classic species of shell: the little Cyclope neritea, category of personal ornaments because their production is which the Aurignacians had already imbued with a symbolic subject to different material parameters (availability of raw sense, becomes dominant in corporal ornaments. Caps, materials; technical difficulty) according to the type of necklaces and bracelets were composed of hundreds of object. Cyclope neritea which were sewn or threaded. Consequently, one can wonder if the abundance and the 2. Shell ornaments: 30,000 to 20,000 bp easy access to the sources of one shell species is a factor of Of all personal ornaments, those of shell are most dependent modification of symbolic sense. A similar case is known on local availability, the presence of contemporary marine from Central Europe where gravettian people, located near a shorelines or fossil outcrops. In my opinion, in rare cases these fossil shell level, gathered and used many of these for long-distance movements attest to inter-tribal relations founded corporal ornaments. And in Sungir', where there was no on needs other than for shells. The continued existence of the access to shells, ivory beads were used and arranged in the aurignacian tradition in shell ornaments and of the role of manner of Western Eurpean shell ornaments. innovation can only be appreciated region by region. Following Roland Barthes' ideas (1967), the meaning of an object (in French: 'le signifiant') is less important than 2.1 REGIONS CLOSE TO MARINE SHORELINES the symbolic sense (in French: 'le signifié'). It is therefore What is it that changes over the course of millennia? Firstly, legitimate to think that the same symbolic sense can apply to the surface temperature of the ocean, which cools later than different types of ornaments. However, in the case of that of the continents, and the oceans' salinity which Ligurian ornaments, the proliferation of one shell species can increases with the expansion of the continental ice sheets. lead one to think that it may express a variety of symbolic The marine shorelines retreat, slightly in the Mediterranean senses. and greatly on the Atlantic coast. There is no indication of However, Cyclope neritea is not the only species exploited significant modifications in the composition of the by the Ligurian people. A few Cypraea, the elongated malacofauna. The traditional species selected by the first Buccinum corniculum, Hinia incrassata, as well as red deer Aurignacians are still present. However, around 20,000 bp vestigial canines and fish vertebrae are discretely present 137 > Mi II TAI« IRIN (IRAVH'ITIAN BODY ORNAMENTS along the impressive accumulation of Cyclope neriteae. occasions collected fossil species of similar form to the Some ivory beads are interesting because their claviform living species that they recovered on the beach. shape is inspired by red deer vestigial canines or Cypraea. Is it possible to identify distinct characteristics of the The most beautiful examples come from the Perigordian with respect to their aurignacian predecessors young man (Giacobini and Malerba 1995). He was wearing living in the same regions and exploiting the same shell four claviform pendants, one near his head, one on his left sources? The aurignacian choice of shell species for wrist, and the others near both his knees. Two of the most ornamentation is much more open-ended. The five dominant accomplished beads are very close in shape and decoration to species are, in order of frequency: Littorina obtusata, the niagdalenian ivory beads of . This is the best Littorina littorea, Dentalium, Nucella lapillus and Hinia example of continuity and universality of symbolic thought. reticulata. But there are also significant quantities of Natica, Despite the rarity of this type of small pendant in the Turritella, Trivia europea, and Littorina saxatilis Olivi. The European Upper Palaeolithic, one can see that they were Mediterranean component is more abundant and varied: always appreciated. Sphaeronassa mutabilis, Arcularia gibbosula L., Semicassis Thus one can see small changes in the symbolic sense of saburon, Homalopoma sanguineus, Cyclope neritea, Ligurian ornaments when compared to the traditional Columbella rustica, and Cypraea. The same tendency exists aurignacian one. None of the ornamental objects is new, not in the shells collected from Miocene beds, of which there are even the small ivory or bone pendants. What defines and many examples. identifies the Ligurian group for the author is the intensive The Perigordians in the Atlantic zone retained the same use of Cyclope neritea. This original choice is certainly a choice of species as the Aurignacians of this region with good way to define a unity of thought in a local palaeolithic respect to both Atlantic and Mediterranean species, but they group (Mussi 1992). reduced this choice to a very few species, precisely those The Gravettians-lnitial Epigravettians of the rest of Italy that were the most numerous in the Aurignacian. The number do not seem to have had the same commitment to Cyclope of shells actually collected is comparable but the choice was neritea, nor in fact, to shell ornaments in general (except the more restricted, and Dentalium becomes more frequent. This woman from Ostuni 1; Coppola and Vacca 1995). We thus tendency, already noted for the Gravettian of the note in Barma Grande and Arene Candide a type of orna- Mediterranean zone, may well be a cultural characteristic mentation in the ancestral tradition, but with modifications (Onoratini and Combier 1995). that can be interpreted as local fashion, rather than any kind of cultural evolution. 2.2 REGIONS FAR FROM MARINE SHORELINES In the French Atlantic zone, perigordian groups had access Regions far from marine shorelines reveal the powerful to shells from both ocean shorelines and fossil outcrops in interest of local groups in sea shells. In Burgundy, Germany, the Aquitaine basin. It is possible that the distance of 200- and in Central Europe, the Gravettians and related 300 km for the Périgord-Lot cluster made provisioning more groups sought to obtain shells because they were part of their difficult. This is however not the case for Isturitz, where the culture. Two procurement possibilities exist: the exploitation Atlantic shoreline component is abundant. The species of fossil outcrops and long expeditions to marine shores. If chosen for ornamentation are predominantly gastropods and neither of these was feasible, facsimiles were manufactured dentalia living on the contemporary Atlantic coast. Diversity in other materials: bird bones for Dentalium, and small beads is very restrained. From most to least abundant: Littorina and pendants more or less round in form. obtusata L., Dentalium sp., Nucella lapillus L., Hinia The sites of Trilobite and Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure prove that reticulata L. and Littorina littorea L. These five forms the Perigordians scoured Eocene fossil outcrops, probably those constitute the base but there are other infrequent species, of the Basin, for shell species resembling traditional, some from the Mediterranean such as Cyclope neritea, classic forms. For example, Ampullina resembles Cyclope Sphaeronassa mutabilis L., Cypraea sp.. Semicassis saburon neritea, and Bayania lactea is elongated like Nucella lapillus. Bru., and others just as infrequent that come from the In Germany, the Gravettians had access to local Miocene outcrops of the Aquitaine basin, such as Turritella (Mainz-Linsenberg, Geissenklösterle, Brillenhöhle) but terebralis Link., Mitraria salomensis Mayer, Tympanotonos occasionally were able to obtain Mediterranean species such margaritaceus Brocchi (Taborin 1993b). as found at Mainz-Linsenberg and Sprendlingen. The Perigordians of the Atlantic region thus maintained In Austria, fossil species from the Vienna Basin were relations with the Mediterranean in an episodic way, but they collected by the Epigravettians at Grubgraben, where they primarily exploited the Atlantic coast where they selected a apparently also found a way to obtain exotic dentalium small number of species. To get to and from the contempo- shells. This is also the case at Aggsbach and Willendorf II rary beaches, they crossed the Miocene outcrops, and on (Gravettian), where dentalium shells were found in all levels. 138 HUNTERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE

The Aurignacians of this same region focused on the species mentioned earlier. Canines and incisors of bear, wolf, fabrication of beads in ivory. We know little about their shell and are present but infrequent in all groups. Horse collection practices. Fossil species from the Vienna region incisors are even rarer (except on the body of a woman from have been found in aurignacian levels at Krems-Hundssteig Ostuni 1; Coppola and Vacca 1995). Some species are found and dentalium shells were present at Willendorf (Hahn 1972). in exceptionally low numbers, such as for example incisors The dense gravettian/pavlovian occupation in Moravia has of ibex and reindeer. all the characteristics of a local group that developed its own In comparing some forty French aurignacian sites with particular values, while maintaining its traditional taste for perforated or circumincised teeth, we see that fox canines shells in spite of its great distance from marine shores. This make up more than one third of the total, followed by bovine logistical factor may explain the great creativity in incisors and wolf canines. Red deer vestigial canines are ornamental forms fashioned in ivory, in river pebbles, in soft relatively less numerous. There is then a slight modification stone and in fired loess (One 1981). in the Perigordian, with bovine incisors and red deer Species recovered are often dentalia, sometimes in great vestigials taking on greater importance. However, when all numbers, such as in the Francouzskä Street burial in Brno. French regions are combined, no original contribution to the But there are also Tertiary species such as Melanopsis from traditional repertoire on the part of the Perigordians is the Miocene and numerous and varied Miocene shell species discernible. in Dolni Vestonice I and II, Pavlov I and II, and Predmosti Elsewhere in Europe, the most frequently cited teeth are and Milovice (Klima 1963; Hladilova 1997). A fine-grained fox canines, with wolf and bear canines trailing far behind. comparison with the perigordian exploitation of the Tertiary There are some exceptional cases, such as the horse teeth outcrops of the Aquitaine Basin is possible. The species from the Francouzskä Street burial in Brno and from chosen from the Miocene levels of the Vienna Basin, located Willendorf II, the red deer vestigials from Geissenklösterle less than 20 km from Milovice, are more numerous but and , and the wolf teeth from the Dolni Vestonice largely the same as those chosen by the Perigordians in the triple burial. It seems that a general scarcity of red deer Aquitaine Basin. vestigials resulted in the fabrication of imitations in ivory It is equally interesting to compare closely the two and stone. perigordian/gravettian contexts with respect to the species The Aurignacians in these same regions seem to have chosen by the Aurignacians in extreme Western Europe. The exercised a wider choice: fox, bear, horse and wolf canines, similarity is striking and is reinforced by the presence of a and horse, beaver and reindeer incisors. Mediterranean species at Moravany-Podkovica. Further east, shell traditions were difficult to maintain due 4. Formed ornaments between 30,000 and to an absence of fossil outcrops. Nevertheless, sites such as 20,000 bp Moravany-Lopata, Zakovska and Certova pec in the Vah This category of ornaments allows considerable creativity in valley and Oblazowa in the Bialka valley, show long raw material choice (ivory, soft stone, bone, antler) and distance procurement. object form. It also allows for the possibility of decorative Pavlovian/Gravettian groups living near Miocene outcrops engraving. As a consequence, fashioned ornaments are showed great interest in shells from these fossil sources, while exceptionally good group markers. Availability of raw their Western European counterparts only collected from fossil material seems to have played a minor part. Ivory, for outcrops when it was convenient, preferring species (the same example, was certainly easier to find in Central and Eastern species collected by their aurignacian predecessors) collected Europe than in the West, but it was never absent (Taborin from the contemporary Atlantic or Mediterranean littoral. 1992; White 1992).

3. Animal teeth ornaments between 30,000 and 4.1 BEADS AND PENDANTS 20,000 bp These two subcategories are distinguishable only by their In contrast to shells, the availability of animal teeth for relative dimensions. Beads, often non-spherical, are merely ornaments was more or less the same across Europe. small pendants. In France, perigordian beads are rare and For the French Perigordian, a review of the perforated or executed in various materials: jet, bone, , , river circumincised teeth allows an appreciation of the choices pebbles. Ivory ornaments are rare. made. Fox canines and bovine incisors are the most frequent The most widespread form is the imitation red deer teeth among all groups, with fox teeth being slightly more vestigial, with its teardrop shape. These are usually executed abundant in the Pyrenees and bovine teeth slightly more in antler or ivory. Elongated pendants are abundant at Isturitz abundant in the Périgord. Red deer vestigial canines are but rare elsewhere. Soft stone, jet and antler are the most homogeneously distributed but less frequent than the two frequently employed raw materials. Although ivory was 139 YVETTE TABORIN - GRAVETTIAN BODY ORNAMENTS widely used in the French Perigordian, it is not particularly abundant among ornaments. Some pieces are noteworthy, 1 cm such as the serpent pendant from Brassempouy and the i 1 imitation cowrie from Pair-non-Pair (Fig. 2). Apparently in ornamental contexts, ivory was used for extraordinary objects. Decoration is nonexistent or limited to a few parallel striatums. There are, however, some exceptions, such as the pendant with two engraved vipers from Lespugue-Rideaux or the 'bupreste' in limestone from Masnaigre (Taborin 1987). The Aurignacians produced thousands of beads, most of them in ivory and from a few sites in the Périgord. Generally, there are few elongated pendants. Ivory was used widely, and also for exceptional pendants, such as those from Tuto de Camalhot and Abri Blanchard (White 1993). Thousands of ivory beads and some ivory and schist pendants from the Sungir' burials (White 1995) confirm the aurignacian European tendency: the best to make beads in series and the need for rich individual ornament. Fig. 2. Cowrie in ivory from Pair-non-Pair. But this example falls outside the geographic references of Western and Central Europe that are the subject of this article. The altitude of the Perigordians seems to have been a are the majority of perforated zoomorphic figures, which are continuation of that of the Aurignacians except for the not necessarily personal ornaments. production of beads in series. This superb ornament production bears little relationship In and Germany, where the use of ivory is to the Aurignacian in the same region. widespread in the Aurignacian, the Gravettians continued this tradition in the production of beads and pendants. Scheer 5. General aspects of adornment between 30,000 (1992) has shown the importance and the distribution of and 20,000 bp ivory pendants that imitate red deer vestigials. This form Viewed globally, European ornaments from this 10,000 year goes back to the Aurignacian, and the best examples come in period show considerable variability. The Ligurian admirers the Gravettian (Arene Candide) and the (La of Cyclope neritea and the pavlovian creators of new forms Marehe). It is possible that these objects are part of a wider in ivory and in fired loess were worlds apart! Either they family linked by their globular and asymmetrical form: red were non-contemporaries or they were just wonderfully deer vestigials, Cyclope ncritca, Arcularia gibbosula, ignorant of each other... Their territories are far apart and Cyprea, Trivia europea, female silhouettes from Gönnersdorf separated by the Alps. Their cultural origins may even have and Roche de Lalinde, and claviform signs. This is one of been different. the strongest indications of the eternal, transcultural values What indications are there that these two groups were that pervade the European Upper Palaeolithic. culturally related? The answer lies in the use of shells. Far Certain groups adapted this traditional asymmetric form to from the sea, the Pavlovians exploited Miocene fossil their own particular contexts: the famous bilobate pendants outcrops in their region. They could not find Cyclope from Dolnf Vèstonice I and the bilobate and plano-convex ncritca, which originated more recently than the Miocene. So beads from Barma Grande. It is also worth remembering that instead they collected fossil species of a similar form, in the the ( ypraea from the male burial at Laugerie-Basse were same way as the Cyclope neritea deprived Perigordians to attached in back-to-back pairs. the west. The connection is tenuous; it is not personal Apart from this group with a rather feminine valence, adornment that demonstrates membership of different groups other forms of pendants were created, abundant in Moravia (over 10,000 years) in the same culture. It merely shows the (Klima 1963), but with isolated examples elsewhere: adherence of distinctly local groups to a set of trans-cultural diadems, hair bands, rings, discs, tubes. Most are in ivory, as values. 140 HUNTERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE

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Yvette Taborin Université de Paris I 3, rue Michelet 75006 Paris France