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(Aves) En La Región Mediterránea Occidental Al Final Del Pleistoceno

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(Aves) En La Región Mediterránea Occidental Al Final Del Pleistoceno Sánchez Marco, A. 2018. Distribución de los Galliformes (Aves) en la Región Mediterránea Occidental al Final del Pleistoceno. Boletim do Centro Português de Geo-História e Pré-História 1 (1) 2018 : 33-45 www.cpgp.pt / boletim.php ISSN (print): 2184-4518 ISSN (online): 1645-9806 ISSN (CD-ROM): 2184-4194 Distribución de los Galliformes (Aves) en la Región Mediterránea Occidental al Final del Pleistoceno Antonio Sánchez Marco Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont. Barcelona. Spain. [email protected]. Recebido: 2 Novembro 2017 / Aceite: 2 Setembro 2018 / Disponível online: 25 Abril 2019 Abstract The northern Mediterranean region have been subject of paleontological research for a long time. The avian record from this region, despite of its incompleteness, is accurate enough to support certain inquiries into the paleoenvironmental changes that occurred during the Pleistocene. We account on a fair number of works on climate and environmental changes in the past of this region, based on geological, palynological and faunal records. Avian communities have been widely used for such a purpose as a reliable proxy of climatic and biotic conditions. However, not all birds are equally confident in this regard. The past geographic distributions of galliforms is meaningful in this respect as such a group of birds is composed in most cases of non-migratory species. This fact avoids the animal to have been recorded over migration, or to discriminate between wintering and breeding climatic or environmental conditions. The present study have been carried out with galliform records from layers bearing precise datings. The work focusses on the northwestern margin of the Mediterranean basin due to the fact that the data are more abundant in this area. Key words: Mediterranean region, Pleistocene, Holocene, geographic distribution, paleoclimatic conditions, paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Resumo A região norte do Mediterrâneo foi objecto de pesquisa paleontológica durante um longo período de tempo. O registo aviário da região, apesar de sua incompletude, é precisa o suficiente para apoiar determinadas informações sobre as alterações paleoambientais que ocorreram durante o Plistocénico. Tivemos em conta um bom número de trabalhos de investigação sobre o clima e as mudanças ambientais do passado, na região, feitos com base em registos geológicos, palinológicos e de estudos faunísticos. As associações das comunidades de aves fósseis têm sido amplamente utilizadas para tal finalidade como uma aproximação confiável das condições climáticas e bióticas. No entanto, nem todas as aves são igualmente fiáveis a este respeito. A distribuição geográfica de galliformes é significativa a este respeito, como grupo de aves que é composto na maioria dos casos de espécies não migratórias. Este facto evita que estes animais sejam marcados para a obtenção de dados sobre migração, ou discriminados entre a invernada e a criação de condições climáticas ou ambientais. O presente estudo foi realizado com o registo de Galliformes das camadas com datações precisas. O trabalho concentra-se na margem noroeste da bacia do Mediterrâneo, devido ao facto de os dados serem mais abundantes nesta área. Palavras-chave: região do Mediterrâneo, distribuição geográfica, Plistocénico e Holocénico, condições paleoclimáticas, reconstruções paleoambientais. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN mediterránea. Perdix también habita en terrenos abiertos, pero en cotas más elevadas que Alectoris así camo en la región La identificación de los restos óseos de aves hallados eurosiberiana. Tetrao y Bonasa ocupan hábitats forestales. en yacimientos paleontológicos y arqueológicos se utiliza En latitudes bajas, las dos especies de Lagopus viven en comúnmente para conocer las características climáticas y montañas, por encima de la línea de bosque. En latitudes ambientales del momento en el que se forma el depósito. altas, son propias de la tundra. Ninguna de estas especies es Son especialmente útiles aquellos taxones que están ligados migratoria, por lo que su presencia en un yacimiento indica las a paisajes y condiciones climáticas estrictas. Entre las condiciones del entorno local (del Hoyo et al., 1994; Huntley galliformes, las especies de los géneros Alectoris, Perdix, et al., 2007). Por otra parte, estos taxones son frecuentes en Bonasa, Tetrao y Lagopus son estenoicas respecto de algunas el registro fósil porque son de alto valor nutritivo y han sido características fundamentales del paisaje y, en consecuencia, cazados frecuentemente por los humanos (Sánchez & Cacho, son buenas indicadoras de regiones bioclimáticas. Alectoris 2010; Finlayson et al., 2011). tiene una distribución circunmediterránea y vive en zonas Los vertebrados terrestres que habitaron Europa durante abiertas. En Europa, es propia de la región bioclimática el Cuaternario se han estudiado extensivamente, al tiempo Sánchez Marco, A. Boletim do Centro Português de Geo-História e Pré-História 1 (1) 2018 33-45 que la datación absoluta de los niveles arqueológicos o (Daura et al., 2017), Grotte Coléoptère (Tyrberg, 1998), paloentológicos se ha convertido en una práctica habitual. Se Églises (Delpeche & Le Gall, 1983; Clot & Mourer-Chauviré, ha acumulado, por tanto, una considerable masa de datos sobre 1986), Ekain (Eastham, 1984), Erralla (Altuna et al., 1985; las faunas que existieron en el sur de Europa, sobre todo durante Eastham, 1985), Estebanvela (Cacho et al., 2003; Sánchez, las últimas fases del Pleistoceno superior y del Holoceno, con 2007), Felsställe (Tyrberg, 1998), Ferrassie (Mourer-Chauviré, referencias cronológicas precisas (Rasines, 2005; Wood et al., 1984; Delibrias & Fontugne, 1990), Figueira Brava (Antunes, 2013), lo que facilita seguir a lo largo del tiempo la distribución 1990; Mourer-Chauviré & Antunes, 2000), Font Juvénal de los taxones más frecuentes en el registro fósil. (Vilette, 1983), Fontbrégoua (Vilette, 1983), Fontéchevade (Berlioz & Bouchud in Alimen et al., 1958; Mourer-Chauviré, Esencialmente, hay dos vías para concebir las condiciones 1975; Chase et al., 2007), Fumane (Bartolomei et al., 1994; climáticas y ambientales del pasado a partir de los taxones Cassoli & Tagliacozzo, 1994), Gorham (Eastham, 1968; del registro fósil. El procedimiento más comúnmente seguido Pettit & Bailey, 2000; Finlayson et al., 2006; Sánchez, datos consiste en considerar los hábitats y rangos de temperaturas nuevos), Grosse Badlhöhle (Tyrberg, 1998), Jarama VI (Jordá, donde viven en la actualidad los taxones hallados y, 2001; Sánchez, 2004), Grotte Jean-Pierre 1 (Tyrberg, 1998), seguidamente, trazar un mosaico de características ambientales Laminak II (Hernández, 1994; Muñoz & Berganza, 1997), y condiciones climáticas congruentes con la lista de los taxones. Lortet (Boivin et al., 1986), Mas-d’Azil (Vilette, 1983), Este método tiene diversas variantes, si bien todas ellas buscan Nietoperzowa (Tyrberg, 1998), Nixloch (Mlíkovský, 1992), el mayor número de coincidencias en las características Oblazowa 1 and 2 (Tyrberg, 1998), Oelknitz (Tyrberg, 1998), ambientales, climáticas o de otro tipo, que implican los taxones Palidoro (Cassoli, 1977, 1989), Ossom (Tyrberg, 1998), El presentes. Si se sigue el otro procedimiento, se comparan los Parco (Hernández, 1993), La Riera (Strauss, 1986; Sánchez, conjuntos de especies. La variante que se ofrece en Elorza 2004), Romaní (Sánchez, 2004; Bischoff et al., 1994), Rond (2014) consiste en comparar estadígrafos. También se puede du Barry (Mourer-Chauviré, 1974, 1975), Saint Romans analizar la estructura de la asociación de especies fósiles y (Desbrosse & Mourer-Chauviré, 1972; Mourer-Chauviré, tratarse como una muestra de una paleocomunidad faunística. 1975), Salpêtre (Vilette et al., 1983), Salpetrière (Vilette, Se comparan carácterísticas estructurales de la asociación fósil 1983), Šandalja II (Tyrberg, 1998), Santa Catalina (Elorza, con las de comunidades actuales típicas, representativas de 2014), Santimamiñe (Gaillard in Aranzadi et al., 1931, 1935; diversos hábitats, comportamientos migratorios, distribuciones Almagro, 1970), Spitzbubenhöhle (Tyrberg, 1998), Temnata geográficas, etc. Esta variante requiere un número relativamente (Boev, 1994), Tossal de la Roca (Cacho, 1986; Cacho et al., elevado de especies en un nivel estratigráfico concreto. Se ha 1995, 2001), Tournal (Vilette, 1983), Trou des Nutons (Tyrberg, aplicado a las aves por Sánchez Marco (1999a, 1999 b). Pero en 1998), Urratxa III (Elorza, 1997; Muñoz & Berganza (1997), el presente trabajo se ha seguido un procedimiento del primer Urtao II (Armendáriz, 1989; Elorza, 1989), Urtiaga (Altuna, tipo. Especies estenoicas de hábitats y biomas de Europa se 1972; Eastham in Elorza, 1990), La Vache (Koby, 1957; Clot sitúan geográfica y cronológicamente en base al registro fósil & Mourer-Chauviré, 1986), Vindija (Tyrberg, 1998), Grotte de niveles datados. De esta forma, se presenta la distribución Walou (Tyrberg, 1998), Weinberghöhle (Tyrberg, 1998), Nerja de tales hábitats y biomas en las últimas fases del Pleistoceno. (Cortés et al., 2009) y Fosca (Sánchez, nuevos datos). Las localidades donde se registran las especies estudiadas 2. MÉTODOS se han proyectado en varias figuras con los siguentes números: Se han examinado sitios arqueológicos y paleontológicos 1- Abauntz, 2- Aitzbitarte IV, 3- Amalda, 4- Ambrosio, 5- situados en la región mediterránea occidental donde aparecen Arbreda, 6- Arene Candide, 7- Aurensan, 8- Cauna de Belvis, restos óseos de Lagopus, Tetrao, Bonasa, Perdix o Alectoris. 9- Baume de Gigny, 10- Bora Gran,
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