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Welsh Tribal Law and Custom in the Middle Ages
THOMAS PETER ELLIS WELSH TRIBAL LAW AND CUSTOM IN THE MIDDLE AGES IN 2 VOLUMES VOLUME I1 CONTENTS VOLUME I1 p.1~~V. THE LAWOF CIVILOBLIGATIONS . I. The Formalities of Bargaining . .a . 11. The Subject-matter of Agreements . 111. Responsibility for Acts of Animals . IV. Miscellaneous Provisions . V. The Game Laws \TI. Co-tillage . PARTVI. THE LAWOF CRIMESAND TORTS. I. Introductory . 11. The Law of Punishtnent . 111. ' Saraad ' or Insult . 1V. ' Galanas ' or Homicide . V. Theft and Surreption . VI. Fire or Arson . VII. The Law of Accessories . VIII. Other Offences . IX. Prevention of Crime . PARTVIl. THE COURTSAND JUDICIARY . I. Introductory . 11. The Ecclesiastical Courts . 111. The Courts of the ' Maerdref ' and the ' Cymwd ' IV. The Royal Supreme Court . V. The Raith of Country . VI. Courts in Early English Law and in Roman Law VII. The Training and Remuneration of Judges . VIII. The Challenge of Judges . IX. Advocacy . vi CONTENTS PARTVIII. PRE-CURIALSURVIVALS . 237 I. The Law of Distress in Ireland . 239 11. The Law of Distress in Wales . 245 111. The Law of Distress in the Germanic and other Codes 257 IV. The Law of Boundaries . 260 PARTIX. THE L4w OF PROCEDURE. 267 I. The Enforcement of Jurisdiction . 269 11. The Law of Proof. Raith and Evideilce . , 301 111. The Law of Pleadings 339 IV. Judgement and Execution . 407 PARTX. PART V Appendices I to XI11 . 415 Glossary of Welsh Terms . 436 THE LAW OF CIVIL OBLIGATIONS THE FORMALITIES OF BARGAINING I. Ilztroductory. 8 I. The Welsh Law of bargaining, using the word bargain- ing in a wide sense to cover all transactions of a civil nature whereby one person entered into an undertaking with another, can be considered in two aspects, the one dealing with the form in which bargains were entered into, or to use the Welsh term, the ' bond of bargain ' forming the nexus between the parties to it, the other dealing with the nature of the bargain entered int0.l $2. -
Wales at Westminster: Parliament, Principality and Pressure Groups, 1542-1601*
Parliamentary History, Vol. 22, pt. 2 (2003), pp. 107-120 Wales at Westminster: Parliament, Principality and Pressure Groups, 1542-1601* LLOYD BOWEN Cdif University This article attempts to address an inconsistency of modern historiography regarding the legacy of Wales’s union with England in the mid-sixteenth century. The discrepancy concerns the participation of Welshmen in the new parliamentary and administrative roles afforded by the union. The Henrician statutes which united Wales with England remodelled Welsh justice and administration, bringing Wales into line with English practice. Justices of the peace were introduced, Wales was divided into shires like England, and, in the most symbolically significant demon- stration of the incorporation of Wales into the English body politic, 26 (later 27) Welsh borough and county constituencies were enfranchised and allowed to send representatives to the national parliaments at Westminster.’ However, the speed of the reception and adoption of these new rights by Welshmen has not been seen as uniform. Whereas they are often portrayed as embracing their new administrative roles quickly and with enthusiasm, their participation in parliamentary business is seen as halting, uncertain and ineffective.2 This generally has led to the characteri- zation of the Welsh as lacking interest in parliament and continuing to be unsure of its mechanisms and procedures for many decades after their enfiran~hisement.~ This article examines how the ‘two-speed’ adoption of the union has become an accepted element of modern historiography, and suggests that this case has been overstated. The picture of a hesitant body of Welsh members in the Tudor Commons is attributable mainly to Professor A. -
The Height of Its Womanhood': Women and Genderin Welsh Nationalism, 1847-1945
'The height of its womanhood': Women and genderin Welsh nationalism, 1847-1945 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kreider, Jodie Alysa Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 04:59:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280621 'THE HEIGHT OF ITS WOMANHOOD': WOMEN AND GENDER IN WELSH NATIONALISM, 1847-1945 by Jodie Alysa Kreider Copyright © Jodie Alysa Kreider 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partia' Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3145085 Copyright 2004 by Kreider, Jodie Alysa All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3145085 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. -
Worcestershire Has Fluctuated in Size Over the Centuries
HUMAN GENETICS IN WORCESTERSHIRE AND THE SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY I. MORGAN WATKIN County Health Department, Abet ystwyth Received7.x.66 1.INTRODUCTION THEwestern limits of Worcestershire lie about thirty miles to the east of Offa's Dyke—the traditional boundary between England and Wales —yet Evesham in the south-eastern part of the county is described by its abbot in a petition to Thomas Cromwell in as situated within the Principality of Wales. The Star Chamber Proceedings (No. 4) in the reign of Henry VII refer to the bridge of stone at Worcester by which the king's subjects crossed from England into Wales and the demonstrations against the Act of 1430 regulating navigation along the Severn were supported by large numbers of Welshmen living on the right bank of the river in Worcestershire. The object of the investigation is to ascertain whether significant genetic differences exist in the population of Worcestershire and south-western Warwickshire and, in particular, whether the people living west of the Severn are more akin to the Welsh than to the English. The possibility of determining, on genetic grounds, whether the Anglo- Saxon penetration was strongest from the south up the rivers Severn and Avon, or across the watershed from the Trent in the north, or from the east through Oxfordshire and Warwickshire is also explored. 2. THECOUNTY Worcestershirehas fluctuated in size over the centuries and Stratford-on-Avon came for a period under its jurisdiction while Shipston-on-Stour, now a Warwickshire township, remained in one of the detached portions of Worcestershire until the turn of the present century. -
The Indexing of Welsh Personal Names
The indexing of Welsh personal names Donald Moore Welsh personal names sometimes present the indexer with problems not encountered when dealing with English names. The Welsh patronymic system of identity is the most obvious; this was normal in the Middle Ages, and traces of its usage survived into the mid-nineteenth century. Patronymics have since been revived as alternative names in literary and bardic circles, while a few individuals, inspired by the precedents of history, are today attempting to use them regularly in daily life. Other sorts of alternative names, too, have been adopted by writers, poets, artists and musicians, to such effect that they are often better known to the Welsh public than the real names. A distinctive pseudonym has a special value in Wales, where a restricted selection of both first names and surnames has been the norm for the last few centuries. Apart from the names themselves, there is in Welsh a linguistic feature which can be disconcerting to those unfamiliar with the language: the 'mutation' or changing of the initial letter of a word in certain phonetic and syntactic contexts. This can also occur in place-names, which were discussed by the present writer in The Indexer 15 (1) April 1986. Some of the observations made there about the Welsh language will be relevant here also. Indexing English names 'Fitzwarin family' under 'F' and 'Sir John de la Mare' According to English practice a person is indexed under 'D' (the last, though French, being domiciled in under his or her surname. First names, taken in England).1 alphabetical order, word by word, are then used to Indexing Welsh names determine the sequence of entries when the same English conventions of nomenclature apply today in surname recurs in the index ('first' = 'Christian' = Wales as much as in England, but there are three 'baptismal' = 'given' = 'forename'). -
WALES: RESISTANCE, CONQUEST and REBELLION C.1240-1415 THEME 1: Society, Culture and the Economy C.1240-1415
WALES: RESISTANCE, CONQUEST AND REBELLION c.1240-1415 THEME 1: Society, culture and the economy c.1240-1415 PART 1 - Chronology chart This is a suggested timeline for the theme covering society, culture and the economy c.1240-1415. The content coverage is derived from the specification. 1240-1284 1284-1360 1360-1415 Welsh laws and legal system under the native Statute of Rhuddlan1284 Changes to Welsh and Marcher Law Princes Marcher Law Poets, musicians and literature of the Welsh Edwardian castles and towns The Penal Laws 1402 Princes The rural economy and towns in Wales The treatment of the Welsh after conquest The effects of the Black Death on Wales The Church in Wales Bards, poets and story-telling in post- The rise of the gentry and the growth and conquest Wales management of estates PART 2 – a conceptual guide This provides a conceptual guide for the theme of society, culture and the economy c.1240-1415 which attempts to demonstrate how each concept underpins the period, how concepts are linked and the significance of these concepts. The aim is not to focus on the content of events but to provide appropriate guidance regarding historical concepts as appropriate. WALES: RESISTANCE, CONQUEST AND REBELLION c.1240-1415 THEME 1: Society, culture and the economy c.1240-1415 1240-1284 1284-1360 1360-1415 Cause and Consequence The Edwardian conquest of The treatment of the Welsh after The effects of the Black Death on Wales, 1282-1283 conquest Wales Society and the Glyndwr rebellion Significant individuals Llywelyn the Great Dafydd ap Gwilym -
North-East Wales Itinerary: the Riches of the North-East of Wales
North-east Wales itinerary: the riches of the north-east of Wales In north east Wales a collection of major mighty monuments are waiting to be explored, and all just a short distance from each other. Along the north coastline near Rhyl you’ll find the ingenious Rhuddlan Castle which was one of the strongest of Edward I’s castles. Just a 20 minute drive inland from here Denbigh Castle and Town Walls crown the summit of a prominent outcrop overlooking the Vale of Clwyd. Continue south and you’ll soon come across the glorious Rug Chapel and Llangar Old Parish Church, and travel a bit further east to reach the stunning Valle Crucis Abbey. Denbigh Castle and Town Walls Crowning the summit of a prominent outcrop overlooking the Vale of Clwyd, the principal feature of the spectacular Denbigh Castle and Town Walls is the triple-towered great gatehouse dating back to the thirteenth-century. Along with over half a mile of town walls, Denbigh Castle is a classic fortress of Edwardian proportions. Henry de Lacy, one of the king’s loyal commanders, was given control of the area and had the task of building the new castle. He couldn’t go far wrong with the king’s master mason, James of St George, at his side. It wasn’t all plain sailing however. A Welsh rebellion, led by Madog ap Llywelyn, captured the partly-built castle in 1294, but Edward’s dominance and the castle-building programme were soon restored. You can see for yourself the two phases of building work. -
The Power of the Edge
The power of the edge Thomas Krijger The power of the edge The influence of the lords of the Welsh Marches on the political changes in England from 1258-1330 Thomas Krijger Master thesis – MA History 2 Contents Introduction 4 Chapter one: The meaning of the March 7 - The origins of the March 7 - Marcher Lords 8 - Parliament 11 Chapter two: Parliamentary revolution 13 - The Provisions of Oxford and the second barons’ war 14 - The role of the Marcher lords 18 - The disinherited 19 Chapter three: The King’s justice 23 - Edward, Llywelyn and the March 23 - The first war in Wales 25 - The war of conquest 26 - Quo warranto? 30 - Rights of the March 32 Chapter four: The tyranny of King Edward II 35 - Piers Gaveston 35 - Scotland and Bannockburn 37 - The rise of new favourites 38 - Hugh Despenser rules 41 - Isabella and Mortimer victorious 44 Conclusion 47 Bibliography 50 Appendix 55 Map of the March of Wales in the thirteenth century 59 3 Introduction The medieval border region of England and Wales was not a clearly defined one. It was unclear were England ended and Wales began, or as historian R. R. Davies put it: ‘Instead of a boundary, there was a March.’1 The March was home to a group of semi-autonomous lordships. These lordships were theoretically held by a lord in a feudal structure, and these lords had to do homage to the King of England for these lands. But the legal structures were different, as the Statutes of the realm proclaim: ‘In the marches, where the King’s writ does not run.’2 It is also mentioned in clause 56 of Magna Carta: ‘If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or anything else in England or in Wales, without the lawful judgement of their equals, these are at once to be returned to them. -
1V, Owen Glendower and the Welsh Fight For
3~19 /1V, g66I OWEN GLENDOWER AND THE WELSH FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Phillip Eric Beims, B.A. Denton, Texas May, 1991 Rawl I Beims, Phillip Eric, OwenGlendower and the Welsh Fight for Independence. Master of Science (History), May, 1991, 133 pp., bibliography, 81 titles. Owen Glendower led the last military struggle of the Welsh against the English crown for Welsh independence and nationalism. The failure of the Glendower rebellion established the supremacy of English rule over Wales. For six hundred years the status of Wales as a principality of the crown has not been seriously challenged. This paper will show how widespread the idea of "Welshness" was in 1400 and how much support existed for Wales as an independent nation. Welshmen sought to move from the status of a medieval, tribal principality to a position of an independent nation capable and ready to stand with other national in the world. The role of leadership that Owen Glendower assumed in the final rebellion against the English king, Henry IV, lifted him from a popular Welsh prince to an historical legend. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. INTRODUCTION....--.-.-... ... II. ANCESTRY AND INHERITANCE 0 - - 20 III. EARLY YOUTH AND MANHOOD 33 IV. THE REVOLT .. --.-...-...-...-.-. 45 V. THE BATTLE OF SHREWSBURY.......-... 63 VI. THE ALLIANCE WITH THE FRENCH . 79 VII. GLENDOWER AND THE CHURCH.,....a.. 94 VIII. THE END OF GLENDOWER AND THE DREAM 109 IX. CONCLUSIONS - - - -- - - *-4- - 120 APPENDIX . -
From Footnotes to Narrative
1 INTRODUCTION LANGUISHING IN THE FOOTNOTES: WOMEN AND WELSH MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY The era known as the high Middle Ages, in particular the thirteenth century, was an epochal period for Wales. While the high Middle Ages was a period of cultural transformation in all of western Europe, in Wales it was also a time of great upheaval and complete change, which was to have a greater impact on Welsh society than was experienced by most other medieval societies. In fact, for some, the effects of this upheaval and change in Wales may be described as catastrophic. The thirteenth century has been called the ‘age of the Welsh Princes’. Under the leadership of the rulers of the house of Gwynedd, the Welsh achieved some measure of independence from their English overlords during this century. For a time the native Welsh princes were able to mitigate their characteristic unrelenting internal conflict and factionalism and unite against their Anglo-Norman oppressors.1 Fundamental changes which were to have an overwhelming effect on Wales took place in England during this period. For example, the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries saw the gradual introduction of the English common law into England, much of which is still in use to this day. The ascension to the English throne in 1272 of Edward I, who unlike his two predecessors was a strong king, was another factor in this upheaval and change which took place in Wales. 1 K. Stokes, The Myth of Wales: Constructions of Ethnicity 1100-1300 (Monash: Monash Publications in History: 27, 1999), p.15. -
Welsh English: a ‘Mystery’ for the Kingdom
WELSH ENGLISH: A ‘MYSTERY’ FOR THE KINGDOM A phonetic approach to English in Wales Maite Núñez Busto Grado en Estudios Ingleses Curso: 2015/2016 Tutora: Esther Gómez Lacabex Departamento de Filología Inglesa y Alemana Abstract Nowadays Wales is a country which is included in the United Kingdom (UK), and in which two different languages are spoken: the Welsh language and Welsh English, whose name is given partly due to the particularities it has when compared to the other dialects of the kingdom. These particularities seem to be the result of both the geographical and the linguistic isolation Wales has suffered from its origins, as well as of the strong influence Welsh language has had on Welsh English, as they are both coexistent. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the phonological characteristics of the English currently spoken in Wales, based on the data collected from a recording made by two native speakers of the dialect. While some differences between participants were observed regarding the degree of adherence to Welsh English phonological descriptors, overall, they both displayed many prototypical features of Welsh English, but also showed a tendency to standardise their speech. This finding may be acknowledging the two opposing forces in the reality of dialects in the United Kingdom these days, levelling and/or standardisation, on the one hand, and language and dialect preservation, on the other hand, as might be the case of Welsh and Welsh English in Wales. Keywords: Welsh language, Welsh English, levelling, standardisation i Index Abstract……………………………………………………………………..…..…... i 1. Introduction…………..……………………………………………………….......... 4 2. English in Wales……..…………………………………………………………........ 5 2.1. -
Medieval Religious Patronage: a Study of the Anglo-Welsh Marcher Lords and Their Connections to Religious Houses, 1066 - 1300
Student No. 580020001 Medieval Religious Patronage: A Study of the Anglo-Welsh Marcher Lords and their Connections to Religious Houses, 1066 - 1300. Submitted by Catherine Lucy Hollinghurst to the University of Exeter as a dissertation for the degree of Masters by Research in Archaeology, October 2012. This dissertation is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this dissertation which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………… 1 Student No. 580020001 Abstract In a world where religion played a far greater role in society than it does in the modern day, it is no surprise that those living in the medieval period desired a close association with the church. Nowhere is this association clearer than with the aristocracy of the time. This project looks in detail at the close relationship between Anglo-Norman castle lords and monastic institutions, considering the different ways in which they patronised religious houses and the spiritual and social gains that they could enjoy as a result of their support. By looking at the study area of the Anglo- Welsh Marches, an overview is built up of the connections between the monastery and the castle, before individual high status Anglo-Norman families and their associated religious institutions are considered to give a more complete and detailed picture. In addition to the social aspects of this association, the wider environments of monastic sites are also studied, raising notable similarities between religious and high status secular landscapes.