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Nora Jeske 40485465 Dubai als Vorbild in der Tourismusentwicklung der Golfstaaten? Eine Untersuchung von Erfolgsfaktoren der Destinationsentwicklung Dubais und die mögliche Übertragbarkeit auf andere Golfstaaten am Beispiel des Emirats Katar Nora Jeske 40485465 Eingereichte Abschlussarbeit zur Erlangung des Grades Diplomkauffrau (FH) im Studiengang Tourismusmanagement an der Karl-Scharfenberg-Fakultät der Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel Eingereicht am: 23.02.2009 Erster Prüfer: Frau Prof. Dr. Carmen Kissling Zweiter Prüfer: Herr Dipl. Betriebswirt (FH) Andreas Hauser Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abkürzungsverzeichnis IV Abbildungsverzeichnis V Tabellenverzeichnis VI 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Fragestellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Vorgehensweise 2 2 Grundlagen der Tourismusentwicklung 4 2.1 Die Destination als touristische Wettbewerbseinheit 4 2.2 Ansätze der Tourismusplanung 5 2.2.1 Destinationslebenszyklus 5 2.2.2 Tourismusplanung als ein integriertes System 8 2.2.3 Das touristische Angebot von Destinationen 10 2.2.4 Branding und Positionierung von Destinationen 10 2.2.5 Planung von nachhaltiger Tourismusentwicklung 12 2.2.6 Langfristige und strategische Planung 14 2.3 Gängige Vorgehensweise bei Tourismusplanung 15 2.4 Identifizierung von Bewertungskriterien für erfolgreiche Tourismusentwicklung 16 3 Tourismus in den Golfstaaten 18 3.1 Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgebietes 18 3.2 Tourismusentwicklung in den Golfstaaten 19 4 Tourismusdestination Dubai 22 4.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 22 4.2 Touristisches Angebot 26 4.2.1 Ursprüngliches Angebot 26 4.2.2 Abgeleitetes Angebot 27 4.2.2.1 Touristische Infrastruktur 27 4.2.2.2 Freizeitinfrastruktur 29 4.2.2.3 Spezielle touristische Angebote 30 4.2.2.4 Zukunftsweisende Mega-Projekte 30 4.3 Touristische Nachfrage 31 4.4 Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Tourismus 33 5 Das Erfolgsmodell Dubai 35 5.1 Erfüllung der einzelnen Voraussetzungen und Betrachtung der nachhaltigen Tourismusentwicklung Dubais 35 5.1.1 Grundlegende Voraussetzungen für Tourismusentwicklung 35 5.1.1.1 Touristische Produktentwicklung 35 5.1.1.2 Humanressourcen 37 5.1.1.3 Institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen 39 5.1.1.3.1 Pro-touristische Politik 39 5.1.1.3.2 Integration des Tourismus in die gesamte Entwicklungspolitik 39 5.1.1.3.3 Visionäre Führung 40 5.1.1.3.4 DTCM als Tourismusbehörde 41 Inhaltsverzeichnis II 5.1.1.3.5 Schulung und Ausbildung von Tourismuspersonal 41 5.1.1.4 Finanzkapital 42 5.1.1.5 Marketing & Vertrieb 43 5.1.1.5.1 Internationale Vermarktung 43 5.1.1.5.2 Vertriebskanäle 43 5.1.1.5.3 Sport als Marketinginstrument 44 5.1.1.5.4 Destinations-Branding und Positionierung 45 5.1.1.5.5 Unique Marketing Proposition (Alleinstellungsmerkmal) 48 5.1.1.6 Erreichbarkeit 48 5.1.2 Erfüllung von Kriterien einer nachhaltigen Tourismusentwicklung 49 5.1.2.1 Ökonomische Betrachtung 50 5.1.2.1.1 Angepasste Infrastrukturentwicklung 51 5.1.2.1.2 Strategische Partnerschaft von Regierung und Privatsektor 51 5.1.2.1.3 Innovationsbereitschaft 52 5.1.2.1.4 Qualitätsbewusstsein 53 5.1.2.2 Ökologische Betrachtung 54 5.1.2.3 Soziokulturelle Betrachtung 56 5.2 Darstellung des Erfolgsmodells 57 5.2.1 Zusammenfassung der Erkenntnisse 58 5.2.2 Erstellung des Erfolgsmodells 60 5.3 Dubais Herausforderungen für die Zukunft 61 6 Anwendbarkeit auf die Entwicklung der Destination Katar 65 6.1 Tourismusdestination Katar 65 6.1.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 65 6.1.2 Touristisches Angebot 68 6.1.2.1 Ursprüngliches Angebot 68 6.1.2.2 Abgeleitetes Angebot 68 6.1.2.2.1 Touristische Infrastruktur 68 6.1.2.2.2 Freizeitinfrastruktur 70 6.1.2.2.3 Spezielle touristische Angebote 71 6.1.2.2.4 Zukunftweisende Projekte 71 6.1.3 Touristische Nachfrage 73 6.1.4 Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Tourismus 74 6.2 Prüfung der einzelnen Erfolgsfaktoren Dubais in Katar 75 6.2.1 Eignung der Destination als Untersuchungsgegenstand 75 6.2.2 Prüfung der einzelnen grundlegenden Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Tourismusentwicklung 75 6.2.2.1 Außergewöhnliche Attraktionen 75 6.2.2.2 Verfügbarkeit von Finanzkapital 76 6.2.2.3 Verfügbarkeit von Humanressourcen 77 6.2.2.4 Pro-touristische Politik 78 6.2.2.5 Effektives Marketing 78 6.2.2.5.1 Internationale Vermarktung 79 6.2.2.5.2 Vertriebskanäle 80 6.2.2.5.3 Sport als Marketinginstrument 80 6.2.2.5.4 Destinations-Branding und Positionierung 81 6.2.2.5.5 Unique Marketing Proposition (Alleinstellungsmerkmal) 84 6.2.2.6 Angepasste Infrastrukturentwicklung 84 6.2.2.7 Erreichbarkeit 85 6.2.3 Prüfung der nachhaltigkeitsfördernden Erfolgsfaktoren 86 6.2.3.1 Visionäre Führung 87 6.2.3.2 Strategische Partnerschaft von Regierung und Privatsektor 87 6.2.3.3 Sicherheit 87 6.2.3.4 Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung 88 6.2.3.5 Qualitätsbewusstsein 89 Inhaltsverzeichnis III 6.2.3.6 Innovationsbereitschaft 89 6.2.3.7 Umweltschutzmaßnahmen 90 6.3 Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit dem Erfolgsmodell Dubai 91 6.3.1 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 91 6.3.1.1 Grundlegende Voraussetzungen für Tourismusentwicklung 91 6.3.1.2 Nachhaltigkeitsfördernde Faktoren 93 6.3.2 Grafische Darstellung der Ergebnisse 93 6.3.3 Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen 94 7 Fazit und Ausblick 97 Literatur und Quellenverzeichnis 100 Anhang 115 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 143 Abkürzungsverzeichnis IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis ATM Arabian Travel Market BIP Bruttoinlandsprodukt BTW Bundesverband der Deutschen Tourismuswirtschaft DCTPB Dubai Commerce and Tourism Promotion Board DOH Doha International Airport DRV Deutscher Reisebüro und Reiseveranstalter Verband DSF Dubai Shopping Festival DSS Dubai Summer Surprises DTCM Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing DXB Dubai International Airport EIBTM European Incentive, Business Travel & Meetings Exhibition engl. englisch GATO German Arab Tourism Organisation GCC Golfkooperationsrat (engl. Gulf Cooperation Council) GFF Global Futures and Foresight GIBTM Gulf Incentive, Business Travel & Meetings Exhibition HSV Hamburger Sportverein ILTM International Luxury Travel Market IMEX Incentive Travel, Meetings and Events Exhibition IMF Internationaler Währungsfond (engl. International Monetary Fund) ITB Internationale Tourismusbörse kw/h Kilowatt pro Stunde MICE Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Events Mio. Million(en) MITT Moscow International Travel & Tourism Exhibition Mrd. Milliarde(n) NDIA New Doha International Airport QNHC Qatar National Hotels Company QNOC Qatar National Olympics Committee QTA Qatar Tourism Authority QTEA Qatar Tourism and Exhibition Authority UNWTO World Tourism Organization VAE (UAE) Vereinigte Arabische Emirate (United Arab Emirates) WTM World Travel Market WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council Abbildungsverzeichnis V Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Dienstleistungskette im Tourismus 4 Abbildung 2: Destinationslebenszyklus 6 Abbildung 3: Positionierung der Marke im Markt 11 Abbildung 4: Zielsystem nachhaltiger Tourismusentwicklung 12 Abbildung 5: Magische Fünfeck-Pyramide einer nachhaltigen touristischen Entwicklung 13 Abbildung 6: Die fünf Hauptsäulen der Tourismusplanung 16 Abbildung 7: Die erfolgreiche Tourismusdestination 17 Abbildung 8: Anteile der Regionen an weltweiten Touristenankünften 2007 18 Abbildung 9: Geografische Lage der Golfstaaten 19 Abbildung 10: Prognosen der Touristenzahlen je Land 20 Abbildung 11: Die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate 22 Abbildung 12: Wachstumsraten des realen BIP der Golfstaaten 26 Abbildung 13: Anzahl der Hotels nach Produktqualität 27 Abbildung 14: Anzahl der verfügbaren Hotelzimmer nach Produktqualität 28 Abbildung 15: Dubais Küstenprojekte 31 Abbildung 16: Anzahl der Hotelgäste (1994–2007) 32 Abbildung 17: Beherbergungsgäste nach Herkunftsregionen (2007) 33 Abbildung 18: BIP nach Wirtschaftssektor (Vergleich 2000 und 2005) 34 Abbildung 19: Dubais Branchenportfolio angesichts des weltweiten Wachstums 34 Abbildung 20: Werbeanzeigen des DTCMs 36 Abbildung 21: Dubais Wachstumsstrategie 40 Abbildung 22: Werbeanzeigen des DTCM (1) 46 Abbildung 23: Werbeanzeigen des DTCM (2) 47 Abbildung 24: Hotel Burj Al Arab 52 Abbildung 25: Das touristische Erfolgsmodell Dubai 60 Abbildung 26: Geografische Lage Katars 65 Abbildung 27: Landkarte Katar 66 Abbildung 28: Anzahl der Hotels nach Produktqualität 69 Abbildung 29: Inselprojekt „The Pearl Qatar“ 72 Abbildung 30: Anzahl der Hotelgäste und Übernachtungen (2000–2007) 73 Abbildung 31: Hotelgäste nach Nationalität (2007) 74 Abbildung 32: Logo Katar (2004) 82 Abbildung 33: Neues Katar-Logo (2008) 83 Abbildung 34: Erfüllungsgrad des touristischen Erfolgsmodells Dubais durch Katar 94 Tabellenverzeichnis VI Tabellenverzeichnis Tabelle 1: Veranstaltungen und Events in Dubai 30 Tabelle 2: Beherbergungsstatistik Dubai 2007 32 Tabelle 3: Top 10-Platzierungen der VAE beim Country Brand Index 2008 45 Tabelle 4: Gigantische Projekte in Dubai 48 Tabelle 5: Übersicht der Erfolgsfaktoren der Tourismusdestination Dubai 58 Tabelle 6: Zukünftige Herausforderungen für die Tourismusdestination Dubai 63 Einleitung 1 1 Einleitung Die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate haben sich als eines der ersten Länder der Arabi- schen Halbinsel dem Wirtschaftszweig Tourismus geöffnet und mittlerweile ist der Tou- rismus im gesamten Nahen Osten ein immer wichtigeres Thema. Besonders das Wüsten- emirat Dubai hat sich in kürzester Zeit zu der bedeutendsten Tourismusdestination in der Golfregion gewandelt und ist eine der am schnellsten wachsenden Destinationen weltweit. Die Grundlage des Wohlstandes Dubais liegt in der Entdeckung des Erdöls in den sechzi- ger Jahren. Durch eine frühzeitige Diversifizierung der Wirtschaft war es möglich, die Marktkraft des Erdölsektors auf heute
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