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Salinity Tolerance of Muntries (Kunzea Pomifera F. Muell.)

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Salinity Tolerance of Muntries (Kunzea Pomifera F. Muell.) HORTSCIENCE 53(11):1562–1569. 2018. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13280-18 When crops are subjected to soil salinity levels exceeding their tolerance levels, plant Kunzea growth declines and crop yields decrease. For Salinity Tolerance of Muntries ( example, strawberry (sensitive) exhibits a re- pomifera duced number of leaves and leaf area at F. Muell.), a Native Food Crop 30 mM NaCl and a 20% reduction in fruit yield (Garriga et al., 2015). A significant in Australia decrease in growth of date palm (tolerant) –1 is observed at 7.3 dS·m , and fruit yield is Chi M. Do, Kate L. Delaporte, Vinay Pagay, and Carolyn J. Schultz1 reduced by 25% (Department of Agricul- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The ture and Food, 2016). Olive is an example of University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia a moderately tolerant fruit crop that shows relatively minor impacts at high salinity (7.5 Additional index words. alternative fruits, homeostasis, potassium, salinity stress, sodium dS·m–1), with 20% to 30% reduction in oil chloride, sustainable agriculture and fresh-fruit yield compared with nonsalt- stressed plants (Al-Rawi and Al-Mohemdy, Abstract . Identifying productive food crops that tolerate moderate soil salinity is critical 2001). In citrus (lime and lemon, both sensi- Kunzea pomifera for global food security. We evaluate the salinity tolerance of tive crops), moderate salinity (50 mM NaCl) (muntries), a traditional Indigenous food plant that grows naturally in coastal regions reduces leaf number, area, and thickness of southern Australia and thrives on relatively low rainfall. A range of saline irrigation by 20% (Alireza et al., 2013). treatments were tested on four genotypes: tap water, 50, 200, 300, and 400 mM NaCl In addition to changes in growth param- [Maarten’s Favorite (MF)] and up to 200 mM NaCl (MP1, SES2, and CJ1). After a 10- eters, many plants show changes in ion week saline irrigation treatment at 50 mM NaCl, SES2 appeared to have the highest salt accumulation in roots and/or leaves or shoots, tolerance of all genotypes based on no significant change in the number of secondary with contrasting trends for sodium and po- branches. At 50 mM NaCl, sodium accumulated significantly in roots but not the leaves of tassium accumulation. There is evidence that three genotypes, suggesting an active shoot exclusion mechanism. At 200 mM NaCl, plant reduced levels of K+ have a negative impact growth decreased, Na+ and ClL generally accumulated to significantly higher levels in + on stomatal function (Andres et al., 2014; leaves, compared with 50 mM NaCl, whereas potassium (K ) levels were unchanged. At Barragan et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2000) and high NaCl (300 and 400 mM), MF showed severe growth retardation with leaf symptoms many other physiological processes (Shabala K. pomifera, appearing in week 9. Our results indicate that two genotypes of SES2 and and Pottosin, 2014). CJ1, are moderately salt tolerant based on modest reductions in three growth parameters Assessing genotypic variability for salin- at 50 mM NaCl, compared with MF and MP1. Further evaluation of the natural diversity ity tolerance is a key approach to identifying of this species should reveal a range of diverse mechanisms of salinity tolerance thus the most saline tolerant lines for existing and providing a new fruit crop for moderately saline soils. Chemical names: NaCl (sodium new crops. Salt tolerant genotypes of existing chloride). crops, such as wheat (Munns et al., 2012) and strawberries (F. chiloensis f. patagonica) (Garriga et al., 2015), have been identified Approximately 800 million ha worldwide in a low production year (Al-Rawi and Al- by screening wild accessions. Other efforts to are affected by saline soils (salinity) (FAO, Mohemdy, 2001; Ben-Gal, 2011; Chartzoulakis, increase global food security include identi- 2016) caused by both natural processes over 2005; Murkute et al., 2005; Tripler et al., 2011). fying new crops that can grow productively long periods of time and more rapidly by To reduce the impacts of salinity on global food under saline conditions, such as quinoa (Che- human practices such as land clearing, chang- production, a variety of complementary research nopodium quinoa) and saltbushes (Atriplex ing cropping systems, and irrigation (Parihar efforts are underway, including understanding sp.) (Jacobsen et al., 2012). et al., 2015). In Australia, 5.7 million ha the mechanisms of salinity tolerance, introduc- One crop plant that has not yet been had high salinity levels in 2000, and it is ing new plant cultivars with increased salinity assessed for salinity tolerance is Kunzea estimated that this number will triple to 17 tolerance, and evaluating diverse plant species pomifera (muntries; Myrtaceae), one of 13 million ha by 2050, with 11 million ha of that are naturally adapted to saline conditions key Australian native food crops (Clarke, agricultural land affected (Australian Bureau (Loescher et al., 2011; Roy et al., 2014). 2013; Do et al., 2017; Sultanbawa, 2016). of Statistics, 2010). Globally, salinity is re- Food crops have varying tolerances to K. pomifera produces berries called muntries sponsible for economic losses with nominal salinity and are typically classified as either that are naturally sweet, contain high levels values of $27.3 billion (Qadir et al., 2014) and salt sensitive or salt tolerant at the two of antioxidants, and have high consumer yield losses as high as 80% for some crops extremes [U.S. Department of Agriculture acceptance in a range of products (Schultz (USDA), 2017]. Select fruit crops have been et al., 2009). K. pomifera grows naturally in categorized as salt sensitive (very low salin- coastal regions of South Australia and Vic- ity: <1.3 dS·m–1 10 mM NaCl 500 mg·L–1 toria, Australia (Ryder et al., 2008). Although Received for publication 7 June 2018. Accepted for NaCl), for example, strawberry (Fragaria the commercial production industry of mun- publication 27 Aug. 2018. ·ananassa Duch.) and grapefruit (Citrus tries is still in its infancy, several plant This work was supported by Glenn and Joan · Dennis (Mt Pleasant, South Australia) and Ray paradise); moderately sensitive (low salin- selections have been made and are currently –1 and Pat Rogers (McLaren Flat, South Australia) ity: 1.3–3.0 dS·m 10–25 mM NaCl 500– growing in orchards in South Australia. A –1 who generously provided their knowledge and time 1500 mg·L NaCl), for example, grape (Vitis recent study of plants at two orchards iden- and allowed us to conduct this research using vinifera) and plum (Prunus domestica); mod- tified 15 unique genotypes and demonstrated propagation material from their orchards. We thank erately tolerant (moderate salinity: 3.0–6.0 high DNA sequence divergence between Maarten Ryder and Michelle Wirthensohn for in- dS·m–1 25–60 mM NaCl 1500–3500 these selections (Do et al., 2018). K. pomifera sightful comments on the manuscript. Chi M. Do is mg·L–1) for example, olive (Olea europaea) is assumed to have a degree of tolerance to recipient of a joint Vietnam International Educa- andfig(Ficus carica); and tolerant (high salin- salt spray based on its ability to consistently tion Department and the University of Adelaide ity: >6.0 dS·m–1 >60 mM NaCl >3,500 produce fruit in ‘‘front-line’’ coastal environ- scholarship. · –1 1Corresponding author. E-mail: carolyn.schultz@ mg L ; extremely high salinity: 25.2–33.8 ments that occur within their natural range; –1 adelaide.edu.au. dS·m 300–400 mM, seawater), for example, however, its tolerance to saline irrigation This is an open access article distributed under the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)(Department water is unknown. Salinity assessment of CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. of Human Services—South Australia, 1999; K. pomifera plants was listed as a research org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). USDA, 2017). priority in a recent evaluation of the Australian 1562 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 53(11) NOVEMBER 2018 | BREEDING,CULTIVARS,ROOTSTOCKS, AND GERMPLASM RESOURCES native food industry (Clarke, 2012). The aims ‘‘6 mm Premium’’ (Mount Gambier, South of this study were to establish a reference point Australia) with the following composition: for salt stress in K. pomifera. We did this by fine lime (2.0 kg·m–3), dolomite (1.0 kg·m–3), investigating the tolerance of four geno- gypsum (1.0 kg·m–3), potassium nitrate (0.4 types of K. pomifera to a broad range of soil kg·m–3), copper sulphate (0.03 kg·m–3), su- salinity levels and assessing physiological perphosphate (0.5 kg·m–3), ferrous sulphate performance. The analyses provide infor- (0.5 kg·m–3), urea (0.2 kg·m–3), micromix 240 mation on potential mechanisms of salinity (0.3 kg·m–3), Osmoform 38N-400102 (ICL tolerance in K. pomifera. Specialty Fertilizers, 0.5 kg·m–3), Osmoform NXT 4003 (ICL Specialty Fertilizers, 0.75 Materials and Methods kg·m–3), 3- to 4-month Osmocote exact mini 16–3.5–9.1 + TE (ICL Specialty Fertilizers, Design of experiments. A pilot experi- 2.5 kg·m–3), Kwik-Wet 225 (1 kg·m–3), with ment was conducted to establish methods and pH 6.2 and EC 1.2 dS·m–1. Additionally, appropriate application of saline irrigation Wettasoil (Amgrow, Lidcome, Australia) was solutions; two genotypes of K. pomifera were applied 1 week before NaCl treatments. tested, Maarten’s Favorite (MF) and MP1. NaCl treatments. Irrigation solutions of Plants, in draining pots, were irrigated with tap water (control) and up to 200 mM NaCl tap water (‘‘control’’), 50, 100, and 200 mM were applied directly to the plants each time NaCl. No growth parameters were measured (2–3 times per week and 250 mL saline and only EC (1:5) of potting mix and Na+ and solution per plant) for a 10-week period Fig.
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