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Chick, Kristine Robbyn (2011) Re-Framing French Culture

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Chick, Kristine Robbyn (2011) Re-Framing French Culture Chick, Kristine Robbyn (2011) Re-framing French culture: Transformation and renewal in the films of Jean-Luc Godard, Alain Resnais, Agnès Varda and Jacques Tati (1954-1968). PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3101/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] 1! Re-Framing French Culture: Transformation and Renewal in the films of Jean-Luc Godard, Alain Resnais, Agnès Varda and Jacques Tati (1954 – 1968) !"#$%#&'()*++,&(-.#/0( ( 1232( ! September 2011 ( ! School of Modern Languages and Cultures: French Section Faculty of Arts University of Glasgow ! ! ! Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ! ! Kristine Robbyn Chick 2011 ! 2! ! ! ! Abstract In this dissertation I focus on the cultural transformations and renewal apparent in the films of Godard, Resnais, Varda and Tati in the period 1954-1968. I contend that the Algerian Revolution (1954-1962) – also known as the Algerian War of Independence – contributed to eroding the myth of Résistancialisme and engendered, especially in the generation young enough to be drafted, an initially confused but nevertheless sincere quest for a cause or a Revolution to believe in. This is depicted in the films of Godard, Resnais and Vautier chosen for study here. I also maintain that the aforementioned quest and related cultural, societal and ideological transformations contributed to the events of May 1968. While May 68 is generally considered to have been unforeseen, it was, with hindsight, clearly foreshadowed in the films I have chosen to study. During this period it was not only Algerians but also women who were engaged in a struggle for equality and civil rights, not least of all the right to corporal freedom through fair and legal access to contraception and abortion. Momentous changes in laws governing women and their social status was achieved through sustained challenges to dominant power structures and ideology: therefore, I complement the aforementioned theses by deploying sexual-linguistics and Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva’s challenges to Lacanian psychoanalysis in an analysis of Varda’s films to portray these transformations and argue that women are not excluded from the Logos, but rather can be considered to be the very point of origin of the symbolic order and language itself. Moving towards May 68, I conclude by applying Bakhtin’s theories on the role of laughter and Rabelaisian carnival to four of Jacques Tati’s films of this era, which, I argue, offer representations of a growing collective folk movement and are redolent with the symbolism of historic renewal, therefore also pointing forward to the solidarity and rebellion that typified May 68. Finally, I conclude that the films included in my dissertation, when considered together, have the distinct advantage of portraying an insight into the many momentous cultural and societal transformations taking place in a chapter of modern French history more commonly described as ‘quiet’. ! 3! ! Contents 3+$%"4/% 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 5! 6#$%(*7(899:$%"4%#*&$22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ;! 3/0&*<9'=>'?'&%$222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 @! 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