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Ølkçaö Tarøhønde Tercan Ve Yakin Çevresø

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Ølkçaö Tarøhønde Tercan Ve Yakin Çevresø T. C. STANBUL ÜNVERSTES SOSYAL BLMLER ENSTTÜSÜ TARH ANABLM DALI (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) LKÇA TARHNDE TERCAN VE YAKIN ÇEVRES Özden ÖZDEMR 2501020013 Tez Danman Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZSAT stanbul 2005 “Bu çalma stanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Aratrma Projelerince desteklenmitir. Proje No: T-656/17032005” TEZ ONAY SAYFASI Prof.Dr. Mehmet ÖZSAT danmanlnda, Özden Özdemir tarafndan hazrlanan bu çalma, 23/11/2005 tarihinde aadaki jüri tarafndan . Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dal’nda yüksek lisans / doktora tezi olarak oybirlii / oyçokluu ile kabul edilmitir. JÜR ÜYESNN JÜR ÜYESNN ADI SOYADI : ADI SOYADI : Prof.Dr. Mehmet ÖZSAT (Danman) Prof.Dr. Ouz TEKN TARH : 23.11.2005 TARH : 23.11.2005 MZA : MZA : JÜR ÜYESNN JÜR ÜYESNN ADI SOYADI : ADI SOYADI : Prof.Dr. Mustafa H.SAYAR Doç.Dr. Orhan GÜRBÜZ TARH : 23.11.2005 TARH : 23.11.2005 MZA : MZA : JÜR ÜYESNN ADI SOYADI : Doç.Dr. Alpaslan CEYLAN TARH : 23.11.2005 MZA : Balk / Title: lkça Tarihinde Tercan ve Yakn Çevresi Yazar / Author: Özden Özdemir ÖZ Erzincan li’ne bal Tercan lçesi, Dou Anadolu Bölgesinde, bölgenin Yukar Frat havzasnda, doal geçitlerin üzerinde, stratejik öneme sahip bir bölgede yer almaktadr. Tercan ilkça tarihi boyunca, corafi özelliklerinin de etkisiyle birbirine komu kavimler, devletler ve hatta kültürler arasnda bir snr bölgesi olduu gibi, ayn zamanda bu kültürler arasnda bir geçit, bir köprü olma özellii tam tr. “lkça Tarihinde Tercan ve Yakn Çevresi” konulu yüksek lisans tezinde, elde bulunan yazl kaynaklar ve arkeolojik veriler bir arada deerlendirilmi, Tercan’n Eskiça tarihi, kantlaryla birlikte belirli bir metot dâhilinde ana hatlaryla yazlmaya çallm tr. Böylelikle, hem Eskiça boyunca siyasi açdan hangi egemen güçlerin kontrolü altnda kalm olabilecei, hem de kültürel anlamda bu egemen güçlerin bölgeyi ne oranda etkileyebildikleri sorular ortaya konmutur. ABSTRACT Tercan is the township of Erzincan, located in the Eastern Anatolia Region, in the Upper Euphrates basin of the region, which has a strategic importance with its location to the natural gates. During the Ancient History, also with the effect of its geographical properties, Tercan formed a border region between the neighboring tribes, countries and even cultures. Moreover this, it formed a passage, or a bridge with its situation amongst the neighboring cultures. In this master thesis titled “lkça Tarihinde Tercan ve Yakn Çevresi”, written sources and archaeological evidences considered together and the main lines of the Ancient History of Tercan tried to composed with a certain method. Thus, we can put forward the questions of “which ruling powers controlled the region and what is the level of their cultural influence on the region during the ancient history”. ÖNSÖZ “lkça Tarihinde Tercan ve Yakn Çevresi” konulu tez çalmasnda, corafi ksm üzerinde özellikle ayrntl durulmu ve corafi yap çou boyutuyla genelden (Kuzeydou Anadolu Bölgesi) özele (Tercan ve yakn çevresi) doru bir sra izlenerek betimlenmitir. Böylece daha sonraki bölümlerde adndan çokça söz edeceimiz yer adlar ve yer ekilleri olabildiince netletirilmeye çallm tr. Bir baka deyimle mekân (olaylarn geçtii zemini) ayrntl anlatarak, zaman ve insan etkenlerini bunun üzerine oturtmak amaçlanmtr. Çalmam zda konuda bütünlüü salamak kaygsyla Tercan ve yakn çevresi dnda, Özellikle Erzurum, Erzincan, kimi zaman Kars ya da Malatya veya Van kesimleri ile ilgili birtakm bilgiler verilmitir. Ancak bu, çalmann corafi kapsamnn dna çk ld anlamna gelmemelidir. Çünkü özellikle prehistorik devirlerden söz ederken, balantlar görebilmek, bir takm kültürel etkileimleri açklayabilmek için corafi kapsamn belli ksmlarda geniletilmesi gerekmitir. Bununla birlikte lkça’da Tercan’ az ya da çok etkilemi olan veya etkilemi olmas muhtemel olaylara ve kantlara, hangi bölgede olursa olsun deinilmeye çallm tr. Böylelikle Prehistorik Çalardan, Roma Egemenliinin sonuna kadar olan zaman dilimi içerisinde Tercan’ n durumunun incelendii çalmamzn son bölümünde ise, 2005 ylnda Doç. Dr. Alparslan CEYLAN bakanlnda Tercan’da yaplan ve benim de ekip üyesi olarak katld m, yüzey aratrmasnda ele geçen bulgulara yer verilmi, sonuç ksmnda ise bunlar özet halinde deerlendirilmitir. Bu konu için beni tevik eden, kütüphanesini bana açan ve deerli yardmlarn benden esirgemeyen hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZSAT’e, arazi çalmalarnda tüm imkânlar salayarak bana yer veren ve malzemeyi deerlendirme konusunda yardmc olan hocam Doç. Dr. Alpaslan CEYLAN’a, harita ve levhalar konusunda büyük emei geçen Ara. Gör. Yasin TOPALOLU’a, ayrca manevi desteini gördüüm Arkeolog Nesrin ÖZSAT’e teekkürü borç bilmekteyim. Özden Özdemir Üsküdar 2005 ÇNDEKLER ç Kapak………………………………………………...…...………....…...…... i Tez Onay Sayfas……………………………………...…...………...…...…...... ii Öz / Abstract…………………………...…...………...…………….....………... iii Önsöz………………………………………………...…...………...…...…….... iv çindekiler…………………………………………...…...………....…...…….... v Tablolar Listesi…………………………...…...………...…………….....……... viii Haritalar Listesi…………………………...…...………...…………….....……... viii Levhalar Listesi…………………………...…...………...…………….....……... ix Ksaltmalar Listesi (Periyodikler)…………………...…...………...…...….….... xiii Ksaltmalar Listesi (Dier)…………………...…...………...…...…………….... xiv GR………………………………………………...…...………...…...……… 1 I. XIX. YÜZYIL ÖNCES TERCAN ÇEVRESNE YAPILAN ARATIRMA VE NCELEME GEZLERNE GENEL BR BAKI…………………………. 3 II. TERCAN VE ÇEVRESNN CORAFYA VE TARH CORAFYASI… 6 A.Fiziki Corafya artlar………………………………………………... 6 1.Jeolojik ve Jeomorfolojik Yap…………………………………... 8 2. klim ve Bitki Örtüsü…………………………………………..... 12 3. Hidrografik özellikler…………………………………………..... 17 a. Akarsular…………………………………………............ 17 b. Göller…………………………………………................. 20 B. Jeopolitik Durum ve Tarihi Yollar……………………………………. 22 III. TERCAN YÜZEY ARATIRMASI……………………………...………... 28 A. Tercan Körolu Kalesi………………………………………………… 28 B. Bekaya Körolu Kalesi……………………………………………….. 28 C. Yaylack Kalesi………………………………………………………... 29 D. Yaylack Kale Alt Yerlemesi………………………………………… 29 E. Kaleciktepe Kalesi……………………………………………………... 29 F. Kötür Kalesi……………………………………………………………. 30 G. Üçpnar Kalesi…………………………………………………………. 30 H. Yollarüstü Kalesi………………………………………………………. 31 I. Yollarüstü Kaya Mezar………………………………………………… 31 . Pekeriç (Çadrkaya) Kalesi……………………………………………... 31 J. Pekeriç (Çadrkaya) Kaya i2aretleri…………………………………….. 32 K. irinlikale Kalesi………………………………………………………. 32 L. irinlikale Kaya Mezarlar, Tüneller ve Kaya Çukurlar ……………… 34 M. Harabe Yerlemesi…………………………………………………….. 35 IV. YAZILI TARH ÖNCES ÇALARDA TERCAN VE ÇEVRES……….. 37 A. Paleolitik Ça’da Dou Anadolu ve Tercan………………………….. 37 B. Neolitik, Kalkolitik ve Tunç Çalar’nda Dou Anadolu ve Tercan…. 39 V. TARH ÇALARINDA TERCAN VE ÇEVRES…………………………. 46 A. M.Ö. II. Bin Ylda Tercan…………………………………………….. 46 1. Hayaa’l Kranni Döneminde Hitit – Hayaa ilikileri………….. 48 2. Mariya/ Dönemi………………………………………………… 51 3. Hukanna/ Dönemi………………………………………………. 54 4. Anniya / Dönemi………………………………………………. 55 B. M.Ö. XIII. ve XIV. Yüzyllarda Daya(e)ni / Diau(e)hi Krallklar ve Tercan ……………………………………………………………. 64 l. Ur(u)atri - Nairi Konfederasyonlar Dönemi……………………. 65 2.Urartu Egemenlii Dönemi……………………………………… 67 a. Assur ve Urartu Kaynaklarna Göre Daya(e)ni /Diau(e)hi... 67 b. Menua ve I. Argiti Devri ve Sonras Diauehi’nin. Durumu………………………………………………………. 68 C. Pers Egemenliinde Tercan…………………………………………... 70 D. Helenistik Dönemde Tercan …………………………………………. 75 E. Roma - Parth Mücadeleleri arasnda Tercan (Armenia’nn Parçalanmasna Kadar)…………………………………………….......... 77 1. Büyük Tigranes döneminde Tercan………………………... 77 2. Augustus Döneminden Diokletianus Dönemine Kadar Tercan…………………………………………………………. 82 3. Paganizmden Hristiyanla Geçi, Tercan ve Çevresindeki Kült Merkezleri……………………………………………….. 88 4. Constantinus’dan I. Theodosius’a kadar Tercan…………… 89 SONUÇ…………………………………………………………………………. 92 KAYNAKÇA…………………………………………………………………… 94 A. Antik Kaynaklar……………………………………………………………... 94 B. Modern Eserler………………………………………………………………. 97 Haritalar………………………………………………………………………… 115 Levhalar………………………………………………………………………… 124 TABLOLAR LSTES Tablo I. Tercan’daki yerlemeler ve buluntularnn devirlere göre dalm . HARTALAR LSTES Harita I. Tercan ve Çevresi Fiziki (Atlas Kartografya Servisi, stanbul, Ekim 2003) Harita II. Tercan Fiziki (Atlas Kartografya Servisi, stanbul, Aralk 2002) Harita III. Dou Anadolu Tunç Ça Kültürleri (Arkeo Atlas, Say 3, 2004) Harita IV. Hitit Devleti ve Komular (Arkeo Atlas, Say 3, 2004) Harita V. Urartu Devleti’nin Bat snrlar (Arkeo Atlas, Say 4, 2005) Harita VI. Ksenophon’un Dou Anadolu’daki Rotas (Sagona, C, 2004: 302) Harita VII. Roma 0mparatorluu MS 138 (National Geographic Society, Washington D. C., July 1997) Harita VIII. Antik Ça’da Kuzeydou Anadolu (W. M. Calder – G. E. Bean, A Classical Map of Asia Minor, London, 1958) Harita IX. Tercan Yerlemeler LEVLAR L0STES Levha I. Resim 1. Tercan Uydu Görüntüleri Resim 2. Tercan Uydu Görüntüleri Levha II. Resim 3. Tercan Baraj Göleti Resim 4. Tercan lçe Merkezi Levha III. Resim 5. Tercan Körolu Kalesi Resim 6. Tercan Körolu Kalesi Levha IV. Resim 7. Bekaya Körolu Kalesi Resim 8. Bekaya Körolu Kalesi Levha V. Resim 9. Yaylack Kalesi Resim 10. Yaylack Kalesi Levha VI. Resim 11. Yaylack Kalesi Buluntularndan örnekler Resim 12. Yaylack Kalesi Buluntularndan örnekler Levha VII. Resim 13. Yaylack Kale Alt Yerlemesi Resim 14. Yaylack Kale Alt Yerlemesi Buluntularndan Örnekler Levha VIII. Resim 15. Kaleciktepe Kalesi Resim 16. Kaleciktepe Kalesi Levha IX. Resim 17. Kaleciktepe Kalesi Resim 18. Kaleciktepe Kalesi Buluntularndan Örnekler Levha X. Resim 19. Kötür Kalesi Resim 20. Kötür
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