DOCSLIB.ORG

Antik Çağ'da Doğu-Bati Mücadelesi Kapsaminda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antik Çağ'da Doğu-Bati Mücadelesi Kapsaminda T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ BİLİM DALI ANTİK ÇAĞ’DA DOĞU-BATI MÜCADELESİ KAPSAMINDA ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Serhat Pir TOSUN BURSA 2020 T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ BİLİM DALI ANTİK ÇAĞ’DA DOĞU-BATI MÜCADELESİ KAPSAMINDA ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Serhat Pir TOSUN Danışman: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI BURSA 2020 YEMİN METNİ Yüksek Lisans / Doktora Tezi/Sanatta Yeterlik Tezi/ Çalışması olarak sunduğum “Antik Çağ’da Doğu-Batı Mücadelesi Kapsamında Roma-Part İlişkileri” başlıklı çalışmanın bilimsel araştırma, yazma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak tarafımdan yazıldığına ve tezde yapılan bütün alıntıların kaynaklarının usulüne uygun olarak gösterildiğine, tezimde intihal ürünü cümle veya paragraflar bulunmadığına şerefim üzerine yemin ederim. 30/03/2020 Adı Soyadı: Serhat Pir TOSUN Öğrenci No:701742007 Anabilim/Anasanat Dalı: Tarih Programı: Tezli Yüksek Lisans Statüsü: Yüksek Lisans Doktora : Sanatta Yeterlik ÖZET Yazarın Adı ve Soyadı : Serhat Pir TOSUN Üniversite : Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitüsü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Tarih Bilim Dalı : Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : xv+156 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. /…. / 2020 Tez Danışmanı : Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI ANTİK ÇAĞ’DA DOĞU-BATI MÜCADELESİ KAPSAMINDA ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ MÖ 92 yılında başlayan Roma-Part ilişkileri MÖ 53 yılına kadar dostane bir şekilde devam etmiş, ancak MÖ I. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Armenia problemi nedeniyle ilişkiler bozulmuştur. MÖ 53 yılında Syria’ya proconsul olarak atanan Romalı General Marcus Licinius Crassus, bir süre sonra Part seferi hazırlıklarına başlamıştır. MÖ 53 yılında sefere çıkan Crassus, Carrhae’de büyük bir hezimete uğramış, kendisi ve oğlu öldürülmüş, lejyon sancağı Part ordusu tarafından ele geçirilmiştir. Roma, bu hezimeti hiçbir zaman unutmamıştır. Roma’da MÖ 27 yılında imparatorluk idaresinin kurulmasının ardından Roma-Part ilişkileri farklı boyutlara taşınmıştır. İmparator Augustus’tan Nero’ya kadar olan dönemde Romalılarla Partlar arasında küçük çaplı savaşlar yaşansa da genellikle Euphrates (=Fırat Nehri) iki devlet arasında sınır olarak kabul edilmiştir. İmparator Nero döneminde Corbulo ile Roma, Armenia’da üstünlüğünü kabul ettirmiştir. İmparator Traianus ise Partlara karşı büyük bir sefer düzenlemiş ve Part başkentlerini ele geçirmiştir. Traianus’un bu başarılarının ardından Senatus kendisine Parthicus Maximus unvanını vermiştir. Antik kaynaklar, yazıtlar, sikkeler ve Babil arşivlerinden yararlanarak hazırladığımız bu tezde Roma-Part ilişkilerinin temelinde yatan nedenleri bulmayı amaçladık. Anahtar Kelimeler: Roma, Part, Armenia Meselesi, Parthicus v ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Serhat Pir TOSUN University : Bursa Uludağ University Institution : Social Science Institution Field : History Branch : Ancient History Degree Awarded : Master Page Number : xv+156 Degree Date : …. /…. / 2020 Supervisor : Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI ROMAN-PARTHIAN RELATIONS DURING THE EAST-WEST STRUGGLE IN ANTIQUITY Roman-Parth relations that started in 92 BC had continued amicably until 53 BC. Due to the Armenia Question these relationships have been disrupted. In 53 BC, Marcus Licinius Crassus was appointed as a proconsul to Syria. After Crassus was appointed as a proconsul to Syria he started preparations for a Parth campaign. In 53 BC, in Carrhae, Crassus suffered a great crush, Crassus and his son were killed and the legion standards was captured by the Parthian army. Rome has never forgotten this defeat in 53 BC. After the establishment of the Imperial administration in Rome in 27 BC Rome-Parth relations were moved to different extend. Although battles were fought between the Roman Empire and the Part Empire in the period between Emperor Augustus and Emperor Nero Euphrates accepted as a boundary. Roman Empire in the reign of Emperor Nero achieved superiority in Armenia. When the Roman Emperor Traianus had a great campaign to the Parthian Empire and took over the capitals of the Parthian Empire Senatus had gave him the title of Parthicus Maximus. In this study, which we prepared by using ancient sources, inscriptions, coins and Babylonian archives, we tried to find the underlying causes of the Roman- Parthian relations. Key Words: Rome, Parthia, Armenia Question, Parthicus vi ÖNSÖZ Roma İmparatorluğu uzun yıllar boyunca Doğu’da Part İmparatorluğu ile hem siyasi hem de kültürel etkileşimde bulunmuştur. Bu siyasi sürecinin temelinde birçok dinamik bulunmaktadır. Her iki devletin birbirleriyle yapmış oldukları savaşların birçoğunun yaşadığımız topraklar üzerinde yapılması, Partlara dair yapılmış olan çalışmaların azlığı ve Roma-Part ilişkilerinin önemi bu tezi oluşturmamıza vesile olmuştur. Part İmparatorluğu, Doğu’da İran coğrafyasında siyasi, kültürel ve ekonomik anlamda çok önemli bir konumda olduğu için bu devletin incelenmesi adına çalışmalara başladık. Grek ve Latin kaynaklarının kullanılmasının yanı sıra sikkeler, yazıtlar ve Doğu kaynaklarından yararlanarak yaptığımız bu çalışma, alanında bir boşluğu dolduracağına inanmaktayız. Danışmanımın alana dair fikirleri benim bu konu üzerindeki çalışma motivasyonumu arttırmıştır. Bu tez sürecinin başından itibaren bana maddi manevi desteğini esirgemeyen, fikirleriyle bana ışık tutan ve her zaman yanımda olan değerli hocam Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI’ya sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca yardımlarından dolayı Uludağ Üniversitesi’nden Arş. Gör. İlknur GÜRGEN’e teşekkür ederim. Bazı kaynaklara erişim konusunda bana sağladıkları desteklerden dolayı Rzeszów Üniversitesi’nden Marek Jan Olbrycht’e ve Utrecth Üniversitesi’nden Rolf Strootman’a ayrıca teşekkür etmek isterim. Tezin birçok aşamasında fikir alışverişinde bulunduğum değerli dostum Mustafa Talha Savaş’a, Munzur Üniversitesi’nden hocam Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Harun Danışmaz’a ve Arş. Gör. Ömer Faruk ARICAN’a ve Uludağ Üniversitesi’nden sınıf arkadaşım Arş. Gör. Adil Can GÜRSES’e teşekkür etmek isterim. Ayrıca eğitim hayatımda her zaman yanımda olan aileme ve beni hiçbir zaman yalnız bırakmayarak yanımda olan nişanlım Elif KAYA’ya sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Serhat Pir TOSUN Bursa-2020 vii İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ................................................................................................... ii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... vi ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vii İÇİNDEKİLER……………………………………………………………………….viii TABLOLAR ................................................................................................................... xi HARİTALAR ................................................................................................................ xii SİKKELER ................................................................................................................... xiii ESER KISALTMALARI ............................................................................................ xiv DİĞER KISALTMALAR ............................................................................................ xv GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM PARTLARIN KÖKENİ VE TARİH SAHNESİNE ÇIKIŞLARI 1. PARNİLERİN YAKIN DOĞU’DAKİ YERİ ........................................................... 6 2. PART İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN KURULUŞU ................................................... 13 3. PART İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN YÜKSELİŞİ ................................................... 18 4. PART KÜLTÜRÜ ..................................................................................................... 28 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ARMENIA MESELESİ 1. ARMENIA SORUNU’NUN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI ..................................................... 32 2. MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS VE CARRHAE SAVAŞI ................................. 49 3. CARRHAE SAVAŞI SONRASINDA ARMENIA VE SYRA’DAKİ MÜCADELELER ......................................................................................................... 55 viii ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM MEZOPOTAMYA’DA HÂKİMİYET MÜCADELESİ 1. IULIUS - CLAUDIUS HANEDANI DÖNEMİNDE ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ .................................................................................................................. 62 1.1. İmparator Augustus Döneminde (MÖ 27–MS 14) Roma-Part İlişkileri ........ 62 1.2. İmparator Tiberius Döneminde (MS 14-37) Roma-Part İlişkileri .................. 69 1.3. İmparator Caligula (MS 37-41) ve Claudius (MS 41-54) Dönemlerinde Roma-Part İlişkileri ............................................................................................... 71 1.4. İmparator Nero Döneminde (MS 54–68) Roma-Part İlişkileri ...................... 74 2. İMPARATOR VESPASIANUS DÖNEMİNDE (MS 69-79) ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ .................................................................................................................. 80 3. MS 98-161 YILLARI ARASINDA ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ ......................... 82 3.1. İmparator Traianus Döneminde (MS 98-117) Roma-Part İlişkileri ............... 82 3.2. İmparator Hadrianus Döneminde (MS 117-138) Roma-Part İlişkileri ........... 88 3.3. İmparator Antoninus Pius (MS 138-161)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ANJ 1991V 17 Images
    Series I Volume XVII, No. 3 September 1991 ^118 ARMENIAN 'EP8lf8‘H’S8iili^ NUMISMATIC ^mtU JOURNAL ARMENIAN NUMISMATIC JOURNAL Series I Vol. XVII. No. 3 September 1991 LETTERS ...My exhibit of bank notes of Armenia, both at the St. Louis and Memphis shows, was very successful and I received a plaque at each show. I am sending you the enclosed pictures from the frames. 5 . Armen Yousseflfi Lenexa, KS I read your article [on Tigranes I] with great Interest. It Is well written and researched and introduces a very interesting new coin. However, I don't agree with Bedouklan's attribution to Tigranes I on the basis of the inscription. The use of C instead of Z In the BACIAEcoC is a late innovation—and the title "PhilheUene" points to a later date. I think it probably is from an obscure mint for Tigranes III [20-8 B.C.]. I don't claim to be an expert on such things and would like to hear from others. The earliest use of C for sigma Z that I can find is on the coins of Phraates III who ruled according to BMC from B.C. 70-57. Somewhat later (38 B.C.) C is used exclusively in Parthian coin inscriptions. I find it strange that Tigranes I and III though separated by almost a century should use the same letters and titles. The use of the title philhellene is not conclusive in dating this coin to 123-90 B.C. Nick Jamgochlan Glendale, CA Author's response: I am not an expert on the epigraphy of ancient Greek coins but here is the result of my research conducted in S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Parthian Coinage in Media
    The Politics of Parthian Coinage in Media Author(s): Farhang Khademi Nadooshan, Seyed Sadrudin Moosavi, Frouzandeh Jafarzadeh Pour Reviewed work(s): Source: Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 68, No. 3, Archaeology in Iran (Sep., 2005), pp. 123-127 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25067611 . Accessed: 06/11/2011 07:31 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American Schools of Oriental Research is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Near Eastern Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org The Parthians (174 BCE-224CE) suc- , The coins discussed here are primarily from ceeded in the the Lorestan Museum, which houses the establishing longest jyj^' in the ancient coins of southern Media.1 However, lasting empire J0^%^ 1 Near East.At its Parthian JF the coins of northern Media are also height, ^S^ considered thanks to the collection ruleextended Anatolia to M from ^^^/;. housed in the Azerbaijan Museum theIndus and the Valley from Ef-'?S&f?'''' in the city of Tabriz. Most of the Sea to the Persian m Caspian ^^^/// coins of the Azerbaijan Museum Farhang Khademi Gulf Consummate horsemen el /?/ have been donated by local ^^ i Nadooshan, Seyed indigenoustoCentral Asia, the ? people and have been reported ?| ?????J SadrudinMoosavi, Parthians achieved fame for Is u1 and documented in their names.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Royal Ancestry
    GRANHOLM GENEALOGY PERSIAN ROYAL ANCESTRY Achaemenid Dynasty from Greek mythical Perses, (705-550 BC) یشنماخه یهاشنهاش (Achaemenid Empire, (550-329 BC نايناساس (Sassanid Empire (224-c. 670 INTRODUCTION Persia, of which a large part was called Iran since 1935, has a well recorded history of our early royal ancestry. Two eras covered are here in two parts; the Achaemenid and Sassanian Empires, the first and last of the Pre-Islamic Persian dynasties. This ancestry begins with a connection of the Persian kings to the Greek mythology according to Plato. I have included these kind of connections between myth and history, the reader may decide if and where such a connection really takes place. Plato 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. King or Shah Cyrus the Great established the first dynasty of Persia about 550 BC. A special list, “Byzantine Emperors” is inserted (at page 27) after the first part showing the lineage from early Egyptian rulers to Cyrus the Great and to the last king of that dynasty, Artaxerxes II, whose daughter Rodogune became a Queen of Armenia. Their descendants tie into our lineage listed in my books about our lineage from our Byzantine, Russia and Poland. The second begins with King Ardashir I, the 59th great grandfather, reigned during 226-241 and ens with the last one, King Yazdagird III, the 43rd great grandfather, reigned during 632 – 651. He married Maria, a Byzantine Princess, which ties into our Byzantine Ancestry.
    [Show full text]
  • Basil the Great: Faith, Mission and Diplomacy in the Shaping of Christian Doctrine
    Basil the Great: Faith, Mission and Diplomacy in the Shaping of Christian Doctrine Regarded as one of the three hierarchs or pillars of orthodoxy along with Gregory of Nazianzus and John Chrysostom, Basil is a key figure in the formative process of Christianity in the fourth century. While his role in establishing Trinitarian termi- nology, as well as his function in shaping monasticism, his social thought and even his contribution to the evolution of liturgical forms have been the focus of research for many years, there are few studies which centre on his political thought. Basil played a major role in the political and religious life between Cappadocia and Armenia and was a key figure in the tumultuous relationship between Church and State in Late Antiquity. He was a great religious leader and a gifted diplomat, and developed a ‘special relationship’ with Emperor Valens and other high imperial officials. Nicu Dumitraşcu is currently professor of Patristics, Mission and Ecumenism at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology ‘Episcop Dr. Vasile Coman’, University of Oradea, Romania. He is widely published in several journals worldwide. His most recent books include Christian Family and Contemporary Society (2014), and The Ecumenical Legacy of the Cappadocians (Collected Essays) (2015). Basil the Great: Faith, Mission and Diplomacy in the Shaping of Christian Doctrine Nicu Dumitrașcu First published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Nicu Dumitrașcu The right of Nicu Dumitrașcu to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • The Site of Tigranokerta: Status Quaestionis
    Acta Ant. Hung. 56, 2016, 293–314 DOI: 10.1556/068.2016.56.3.2 MICHAŁ MARCIAK THE SITE OF TIGRANOKERTA: STATUS QUAESTIONIS Summary: This paper gives an overview of all major identifications of the site of Tigranokerta, the fa- mous foundation of the Armenian king, Tigranes II (the Great, ca. 95‒55 BCE). Firstly, the paper pre- sents ancient literary evidence; secondly, it discusses all major locations of Tigranokerta suggested to date (Siirt, Silvan, Arzan, Diyarbakιr, Tell Abad, and Kιzιltepe); and finally it reaches its own conclu- sions. It appears that in the current state of research, it is Arzan which is the most likely candidate for the site of Tigranes II’s new capital. The paper also engages with the latest archaeological excavations in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and takes issue with the identification of the site near Shahbulagh as the foundation of Tigranes the Great. Key words: Tigranokerta, Armenia, Parthia, Tigranes the Great, Mesopotamia, Arzan, Strabo, Tacitus INTRODUCTION As late as 1903, the eminent British historian Bernard W. Henderson called the iden- tification of Tigranokerta “the time-worn controversy”.1 However, since Henderson used those words, much has been written about the location of Tigranokerta, the famous foundation of perhaps the greatest Armenian king ever, Tigranes II (ca. 95–55 BCE), also known as Tigranes the Great.2 Many scholars have concluded that without proper This paper is part of my research project financed by the National Science Centre in Poland (UMO-2011/03/N/HS3/01159). The project (devoted to three regna minora of Northern Mesopotamia – So- phene, Gordyene and Adiabene) is being conducted at the University of Rzeszów under the supervision of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East
    REVOLUTIONIZING REVOLUTIONIZING Mark Altaweel and Andrea Squitieri and Andrea Mark Altaweel From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern- day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/ seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at population movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument Mark Altaweel is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains WORLD A many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from Andrea Squitieri the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other infl uences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
    Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • HUK+Adult+FW1920+Catalogue+-+
    Saving You By (author) Charlotte Nash Sep 17, 2019 | Paperback $24.99 | Three escaped pensioners. One single mother. A road trip to rescue her son. The new emotionally compelling page-turner by Australia's Charlotte Nash In their tiny pale green cottage under the trees, Mallory Cook and her five-year- old son, Harry, are a little family unit who weather the storms of life together. Money is tight after Harry's father, Duncan, abandoned them to expand his business in New York. So when Duncan fails to return Harry after a visit, Mallory boards a plane to bring her son home any way she can. During the journey, a chance encounter with three retirees on the run from their care home leads Mallory on an unlikely group road trip across the United States. 9780733636479 Zadie, Ernie and Jock each have their own reasons for making the journey and English along the way the four of them will learn the lengths they will travel to save each other - and themselves. 384 pages Saving You is the beautiful, emotionally compelling page-turner by Charlotte Nash, bestselling Australian author of The Horseman and The Paris Wedding. Subject If you love the stories of Jojo Moyes and Fiona McCallum you will devour this FICTION / Family Life / General book. 'I was enthralled... Nash's skilled storytelling will keep you turning pages until Distributor the very end.' FLEUR McDONALD Hachette Book Group Contributor Bio Charlotte Nash is the bestselling author of six novels, including four set in country Australia, and The Paris Wedding, which has been sold in eight countries and translated into multiple languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Alberto M. Simonetta
    ELECTRUM * Vol. 15 Kraków 2009 Alberto M. Simonetta THE COINAGE OF THE SO-CALLED PARTHIAN “DARK AGE” REVISITED The problem of the attribution of the different coin series to the Parthian kings whose names are recorded either by classical sources or by documents contemporary with the coins issued during the years that David Sellwood has aptly named “the Parthian Dark Age” is still an unsettled one. Since I published my last paper on the subject (Simonetta 2001), at least two important papers have been published (Assar 2006b; Vardanyan 2006) and, as these provide some signifi cant new evidence and as I am not convinced by their proposals, a fresh discussion of the whole problem may be useful; moreover the new evi- dence makes it necessary also to make some changes in my own previous conclusions. As I think that a correct method in the approach to any problem is essential and that this has been all too often at fault in many authors’ discussions where pre-conceived attributions have been taken for granted or more or less debatable assumptions by previ- ous authors have been taken as solid groundwork on which to build further hypotheses, I shall fi rst outline the methodological approach that I shall follow, then I shall examine the available evidence without any reference to previous opinions, including my own, and fi nally try to reach some conclusions. On matters of method and principles I shall fi rst stress that, when tackling a controversial issue, the correct method is fi rst to analyse the evidence without any reference to previous hypotheses by any author, however, well qualifi ed as he can be.
    [Show full text]
  • VISIBLE LANGUAGE the Journal for Research on the Visual Media of Language Expression Volume VII, Number R, Winter I973
    VISIBLE LANGUAGE The Journal for Research on the Visual Media of Language Expression Volume VII, Number r, Winter I973 5-18 Have We Bitten Off More Than We Can Chew? A Reappraisal of Visible Language for Its 25th Issue 19-40 Greek Letterforms on the Parthian Drachms Richard A. Olson 41 -50 The Language of Capitalization in Shakespeare's First Folio Carleton S. Tritt 5 1- 61 Visible Language: An Experimental Course Sharon H. Poggenpohl 63- 72 The Discrimination of Three Types of Graphic Stimuli Henry G. Timko 73-91 Book Review: Edward M. Catich's The Origin of the Serif J ost Hochuli 93-95 Abstracts of Articles in French, German, and Spanish 96 The Authors Cover: A Parthian d rachm (reverse: Volagases IV, A.D. 147- 192, class I), one of the coins discussed (see especially p. 36, Figure 8f) by Richard A. Olson in his article, "Greek Letterforms on the Parthian Drachms." Visible Language, Volume VII, Number 1, Winter 1973. Published quarterly (Winter, Spring, Summer, and Autumn) by Visible Language, cfo The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, O hio USA 44106. Copyright © 1973 by Visible Language. Dr. M erald E. Wrolstad, Editor and Publisher cfo T he Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 441 o6. ADVISORY BOA RD Dr. Roland Barthes, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris Fernand Baudin, Bonlez par Grez-Doiceau, Belgium Pieter Brattinga, Form Mediation International, Amsterdam R ev. Edward M. Catich, Saint Ambrose College John L. Debes III, Director, Center for Visual Literacy, R ochester, N .Y. Dr. I. J. Gelb, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago Ephraim Gleichenhaus, IOTA R epresentative, New York Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenians the Peoples of Europe
    The Armenians The Peoples of Europe General Editors James Campbell and Barry Cunliffe This series is about the European tribes and peoples from their origins in prehistory to the present day. Drawing upon a wide range of archaeolo­ gical and historical evidence, each volume presents a fresh and absorbing account of a group’s culture, society and usually turbulent history. Already published The Etruscans The Franks Graeme Barker and Thomas Edward James Rasmussen The Russians The Lombards Robin Milner-Gulland Neil Christie The Mongols The Basques David Morgan Roger Collins The Armenians The English A.E. Redgate Geoffrey Elton The Huns The Gypsies E. A. Thompson Angus Fraser The Early Germans The Bretons Malcolm Todd Patrick Galliou and Michael Jones The Illyrians The Goths John Wilkes Peter Heather In preparation The Sicilians The Spanish David Abulafia Roger Collins The Irish The Romans Francis John Byrne and Michael Timothy Cornell Herity The Celts The Byzantines David Dumville Averil Cameron The Scots The First English Colin Kidd Sonia Chadwick Hawkes The Ancient Greeks The Normans Brian Sparkes Marjorie Chibnall The Piets The Serbs Charles Thomas Sima Cirkovic The Armenians A. E. Redgate Copyright © Anne Elizabeth Redgate 1998,2000 The right of Anne Elizabeth Redgate to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 First published in paperback 2000 2468 10975 3 1 Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Conversion of Armenia
    THE CONVERSION OF ARMENIA TO THE CHRISTIAN FAITH HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY THE CONVERSION OF ARMENIA TO THE CHRISTIAN FAITH BY W. ST. CLAIR-TISDALL, M.A., C.M.S. AUTHOR OF 'THE RELIGION OF THE CRESCENT,' ETC. ' Te Martyrum candidatus laudat exercitns: Te per orbem terrarnm sancta confitetur Ecclesia. Tu Rex Gloriae, Christe I '-Te Deum. THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY 56 PATERNOSTER ROW AND 65 ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD [A /l n'ghts reserved J PREFACE DURING the last few years the world ha~ witnessed a terribl.e spectacle. We nave seen a Christian nation in Asia, of the same Aryan blood as ourselves, suffering the most cruel wrongs at the hands of the Turks and their confederates, the Kurds. We have seen members of this Christian nation, men and women and little children, massacred in tens qf thousands, and our illustrated papers have presented us with photographic views of some of these terrible scenes. We have read of large numbers dying a martyr's death rather than embrace Islam, and have heard of those who had less courage and faith being driven at the point of the sword to repeat the ,creed of the. Arabian Antichrist. We have beheld some­ thing more strange still - the Christian nations of Europe hampered in their endeavours to put a stop to this state of things by their mutual ·distrust and jealousy of one another. And thus, as we draw near the end of the nineteenth century, our news­ papers are quietly discussing the question whether or not Turkey will succeed in exterminating the 6 PREFACE whole Christian population of her Armenian provinces, or in forcing upon them, at the sword's point, an apostasy worse than death.
    [Show full text]