Alberto M. Simonetta
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Antik Çağ'da Doğu-Bati Mücadelesi Kapsaminda
T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ BİLİM DALI ANTİK ÇAĞ’DA DOĞU-BATI MÜCADELESİ KAPSAMINDA ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Serhat Pir TOSUN BURSA 2020 T.C. BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ BİLİM DALI ANTİK ÇAĞ’DA DOĞU-BATI MÜCADELESİ KAPSAMINDA ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Serhat Pir TOSUN Danışman: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI BURSA 2020 YEMİN METNİ Yüksek Lisans / Doktora Tezi/Sanatta Yeterlik Tezi/ Çalışması olarak sunduğum “Antik Çağ’da Doğu-Batı Mücadelesi Kapsamında Roma-Part İlişkileri” başlıklı çalışmanın bilimsel araştırma, yazma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak tarafımdan yazıldığına ve tezde yapılan bütün alıntıların kaynaklarının usulüne uygun olarak gösterildiğine, tezimde intihal ürünü cümle veya paragraflar bulunmadığına şerefim üzerine yemin ederim. 30/03/2020 Adı Soyadı: Serhat Pir TOSUN Öğrenci No:701742007 Anabilim/Anasanat Dalı: Tarih Programı: Tezli Yüksek Lisans Statüsü: Yüksek Lisans Doktora : Sanatta Yeterlik ÖZET Yazarın Adı ve Soyadı : Serhat Pir TOSUN Üniversite : Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitüsü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Anabilim Dalı : Tarih Bilim Dalı : Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : xv+156 Mezuniyet Tarihi : …. /…. / 2020 Tez Danışmanı : Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Kamil DOĞANCI ANTİK ÇAĞ’DA DOĞU-BATI MÜCADELESİ KAPSAMINDA ROMA-PART İLİŞKİLERİ MÖ 92 yılında başlayan Roma-Part ilişkileri MÖ 53 yılına kadar dostane bir şekilde devam etmiş, ancak MÖ I. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Armenia problemi nedeniyle ilişkiler bozulmuştur. MÖ 53 yılında Syria’ya proconsul olarak atanan Romalı General Marcus Licinius Crassus, bir süre sonra Part seferi hazırlıklarına başlamıştır. MÖ 53 yılında sefere çıkan Crassus, Carrhae’de büyük bir hezimete uğramış, kendisi ve oğlu öldürülmüş, lejyon sancağı Part ordusu tarafından ele geçirilmiştir. -
Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369
Mah Tir, Mah Bahman & Asfandarmad 1 Mah Asfandarmad 1369, Fravardin & l FEZAN A IN S I D E T HJ S I S S U E Federation of Zoroastrian • Summer 2000, Tabestal1 1369 YZ • Associations of North America http://www.fezana.org PRESIDENT: Framroze K. Patel 3 Editorial - Pallan R. Ichaporia 9 South Circle, Woodbridge, NJ 07095 (732) 634-8585, (732) 636-5957 (F) 4 From the President - Framroze K. Patel president@ fezana. org 5 FEZANA Update 6 On the North American Scene FEZ ANA 10 Coming Events (World Congress 2000) Jr ([]) UJIR<J~ AIL '14 Interfaith PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF ZOROASTRIAN ASSOCIATIONS OF '15 Around the World NORTH AMERICA 20 A Millennium Gift - Four New Agiaries in Mumbai CHAIRPERSON: Khorshed Jungalwala Rohinton M. Rivetna 53 Firecut Lane, Sudbury, MA 01776 Cover Story: (978) 443-6858, (978) 440-8370 (F) 22 kayj@ ziplink.net Honoring our Past: History of Iran, from Legendary Times EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Roshan Rivetna 5750 S. Jackson St. Hinsdale, IL 60521 through the Sasanian Empire (630) 325-5383, (630) 734-1579 (F) Guest Editor Pallan R. Ichaporia ri vetna@ lucent. com 23 A Place in World History MILESTONES/ ANNOUNCEMENTS Roshan Rivetna with Pallan R. Ichaporia Mahrukh Motafram 33 Legendary History of the Peshdadians - Pallan R. Ichaporia 2390 Chanticleer, Brookfield, WI 53045 (414) 821-5296, [email protected] 35 Jamshid, History or Myth? - Pen1in J. Mist1y EDITORS 37 The Kayanian Dynasty - Pallan R. Ichaporia Adel Engineer, Dolly Malva, Jamshed Udvadia 40 The Persian Empire of the Achaemenians Pallan R. Ichaporia YOUTHFULLY SPEAKING: Nenshad Bardoliwalla 47 The Parthian Empire - Rashna P. -
A Sacred Celestial Motif: an Introduction to Winged Angels Iconography in Iran
PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2454-5899 Mazloumi & Nasrollahzadeh, 2017 Volume 3 Issue 2, pp. 682 - 699 Date of Publication: 16th September, 2017 DOI-https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2017.32.682699 This paper can be cited as: Mazloumi, Y., & Nasrollahzadeh, C. (2017). A Sacred Celestial Motif: An Introduction to Winged Angels Iconography in Iran. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 682-699. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. A SACRED CELESTIAL MOTIF: AN INTRODUCTION TO WINGED ANGELS ICONOGRAPHY IN IRAN Yasaman Nabati Mazloumi M.A in Iranian Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, Street, Tehran, Iran [email protected] Cyrus Nasrollahzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Ancient Iranian Culture and Languages, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 64th Street, Kurdestan Expressway, Tehran, Iran [email protected] Abstract Through history many motifs have been created and over the centuries, some of them turned into very well-known symbols. One of these motifs is winged angel. This sacred and divine creature which appears in human-shaped, serves intermediaries between the God and people, and during history, indicates legitimating and bestows God-given glory. This article aims to present the results of exploring the historical background of the winged angels in Iran, in order to understand its precise concept; where it comes from and what it resembles. -
ANJ 1991V 17 Images
Series I Volume XVII, No. 3 September 1991 ^118 ARMENIAN 'EP8lf8‘H’S8iili^ NUMISMATIC ^mtU JOURNAL ARMENIAN NUMISMATIC JOURNAL Series I Vol. XVII. No. 3 September 1991 LETTERS ...My exhibit of bank notes of Armenia, both at the St. Louis and Memphis shows, was very successful and I received a plaque at each show. I am sending you the enclosed pictures from the frames. 5 . Armen Yousseflfi Lenexa, KS I read your article [on Tigranes I] with great Interest. It Is well written and researched and introduces a very interesting new coin. However, I don't agree with Bedouklan's attribution to Tigranes I on the basis of the inscription. The use of C instead of Z In the BACIAEcoC is a late innovation—and the title "PhilheUene" points to a later date. I think it probably is from an obscure mint for Tigranes III [20-8 B.C.]. I don't claim to be an expert on such things and would like to hear from others. The earliest use of C for sigma Z that I can find is on the coins of Phraates III who ruled according to BMC from B.C. 70-57. Somewhat later (38 B.C.) C is used exclusively in Parthian coin inscriptions. I find it strange that Tigranes I and III though separated by almost a century should use the same letters and titles. The use of the title philhellene is not conclusive in dating this coin to 123-90 B.C. Nick Jamgochlan Glendale, CA Author's response: I am not an expert on the epigraphy of ancient Greek coins but here is the result of my research conducted in S. -
Considering the Failures of the Parthians Against the Invasions of the Central Asian Tribal Confederations in the 120S Bce
NIKOLAUS OVERTOOM WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY CONSIDERING THE FAILURES OF THE PARTHIANS AGAINST THE INVASIONS OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN TRIBAL CONFEDERATIONS IN THE 120S BCE SUMMARY When the Parthians rebelled against the Seleucid Empire in the middle third century BCE, seizing a large section of northeastern Iran, they inherited the challenging responsibility of monitoring the extensive frontier between the Iranian plateau and the Central Asian steppe. Although initially able to maintain working relations with various tribal confederations in the region, with the final collapse of the Bactrian kingdom in the 130s BCE, the ever-wide- ning eastern frontier of the Parthian state became increasingly unstable, and in the 120s BCE nomadic warriors devastated the vulnerable eastern territories of the Parthian state, temporarily eliminating Parthian control of the Iranian plateau. This article is a conside- ration of the failures of the Parthians to meet and overcome the obstacles they faced along their eastern frontier in the 120s BCE and a reevaluation of the causes and consequences of the events. It concludes that western distractions and the mismanagement of eastern affairs by the Arsacids turned a minor dispute into one of the most costly and difficult struggles in Parthian history. Key-words: history; Parthians; Seleucids; Central Asia; nomads; frontiers. RÉSUMÉ Lorsque, au milieu du IIIe siècle av. J.-C., les Parthes se rebellèrent contre l’État séleucide en s’emparant d’une grande partie du nord-est de l’Iran, ils héritèrent de la tâche difficile -
The Politics of Parthian Coinage in Media
The Politics of Parthian Coinage in Media Author(s): Farhang Khademi Nadooshan, Seyed Sadrudin Moosavi, Frouzandeh Jafarzadeh Pour Reviewed work(s): Source: Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 68, No. 3, Archaeology in Iran (Sep., 2005), pp. 123-127 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25067611 . Accessed: 06/11/2011 07:31 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American Schools of Oriental Research is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Near Eastern Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org The Parthians (174 BCE-224CE) suc- , The coins discussed here are primarily from ceeded in the the Lorestan Museum, which houses the establishing longest jyj^' in the ancient coins of southern Media.1 However, lasting empire J0^%^ 1 Near East.At its Parthian JF the coins of northern Media are also height, ^S^ considered thanks to the collection ruleextended Anatolia to M from ^^^/;. housed in the Azerbaijan Museum theIndus and the Valley from Ef-'?S&f?'''' in the city of Tabriz. Most of the Sea to the Persian m Caspian ^^^/// coins of the Azerbaijan Museum Farhang Khademi Gulf Consummate horsemen el /?/ have been donated by local ^^ i Nadooshan, Seyed indigenoustoCentral Asia, the ? people and have been reported ?| ?????J SadrudinMoosavi, Parthians achieved fame for Is u1 and documented in their names. -
Persian Royal Ancestry
GRANHOLM GENEALOGY PERSIAN ROYAL ANCESTRY Achaemenid Dynasty from Greek mythical Perses, (705-550 BC) یشنماخه یهاشنهاش (Achaemenid Empire, (550-329 BC نايناساس (Sassanid Empire (224-c. 670 INTRODUCTION Persia, of which a large part was called Iran since 1935, has a well recorded history of our early royal ancestry. Two eras covered are here in two parts; the Achaemenid and Sassanian Empires, the first and last of the Pre-Islamic Persian dynasties. This ancestry begins with a connection of the Persian kings to the Greek mythology according to Plato. I have included these kind of connections between myth and history, the reader may decide if and where such a connection really takes place. Plato 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. King or Shah Cyrus the Great established the first dynasty of Persia about 550 BC. A special list, “Byzantine Emperors” is inserted (at page 27) after the first part showing the lineage from early Egyptian rulers to Cyrus the Great and to the last king of that dynasty, Artaxerxes II, whose daughter Rodogune became a Queen of Armenia. Their descendants tie into our lineage listed in my books about our lineage from our Byzantine, Russia and Poland. The second begins with King Ardashir I, the 59th great grandfather, reigned during 226-241 and ens with the last one, King Yazdagird III, the 43rd great grandfather, reigned during 632 – 651. He married Maria, a Byzantine Princess, which ties into our Byzantine Ancestry. -
Front Matter
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13627-4 — The City of Babylon Stephanie Dalley Frontmatter More Information The City of Babylon The 2,000-year story of Babylon sees it moving from a city state to the centre of a great empire of the ancient world. It remained a centre of kingship under the empires of Assyria, Nebuchadnezzar, Darius, Alexander the Great, the Seleucids and the Parthians. Its city walls were declared to be a Wonder of the World while its ziggurat won fame as the Tower of Babel. Visitors to Berlin can admire its Ishtar Gate. The supposed location of its elusive Hanging Garden is explained. Worship of its patron god Marduk spread widely while its well-trained scholars communicated legal, administrative and literary works throughout the ancient world, some of which provide a backdrop to Old Testament and Hittite texts. Its science also laid the foundations for Greek and Arab astronomy through a millennium of continuous astronomical observations. This accessible and up-to- date account is by one of the world’s leading authorities. stephanie dalley is a member of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford and an Honorary Senior Research Fellow of Somerville College. She has excavated in the Middle East and published cunei- form texts found in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan, and in museums in Baghdad, Oxford, London, and Edinburgh. She is the author of The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon (2013), which formed the basis for a successful TV documentary. Her other books include Myths from Mesopotamia (1986), The Legacy of Mesopotamia (1998), Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities (1984), and Esther’s Revenge at Susa (2007), some of which have been translated into other lan- guages. -
The Site of Tigranokerta: Status Quaestionis
Acta Ant. Hung. 56, 2016, 293–314 DOI: 10.1556/068.2016.56.3.2 MICHAŁ MARCIAK THE SITE OF TIGRANOKERTA: STATUS QUAESTIONIS Summary: This paper gives an overview of all major identifications of the site of Tigranokerta, the fa- mous foundation of the Armenian king, Tigranes II (the Great, ca. 95‒55 BCE). Firstly, the paper pre- sents ancient literary evidence; secondly, it discusses all major locations of Tigranokerta suggested to date (Siirt, Silvan, Arzan, Diyarbakιr, Tell Abad, and Kιzιltepe); and finally it reaches its own conclu- sions. It appears that in the current state of research, it is Arzan which is the most likely candidate for the site of Tigranes II’s new capital. The paper also engages with the latest archaeological excavations in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and takes issue with the identification of the site near Shahbulagh as the foundation of Tigranes the Great. Key words: Tigranokerta, Armenia, Parthia, Tigranes the Great, Mesopotamia, Arzan, Strabo, Tacitus INTRODUCTION As late as 1903, the eminent British historian Bernard W. Henderson called the iden- tification of Tigranokerta “the time-worn controversy”.1 However, since Henderson used those words, much has been written about the location of Tigranokerta, the famous foundation of perhaps the greatest Armenian king ever, Tigranes II (ca. 95–55 BCE), also known as Tigranes the Great.2 Many scholars have concluded that without proper This paper is part of my research project financed by the National Science Centre in Poland (UMO-2011/03/N/HS3/01159). The project (devoted to three regna minora of Northern Mesopotamia – So- phene, Gordyene and Adiabene) is being conducted at the University of Rzeszów under the supervision of Prof. -
After Cultures Meet
Chapter 2 After Cultures Meet Abstract No culture is isolated from other cultures. Nor is any culture changeless, invariant or static. All cultures are in a state of constant flux, driven by both internal and external forces. All of these are the inherent dynamics of the multiculturally based world per se. In this chapter, beginning with the question ‘why Mesopotamia had the oldest civilization in the world’, the spatial interaction of ancient civilizations is assessed; and four non-linear patterns of intercultural dynamics are presented. Our empirical analyses of the four major ancient civilizations (the Mesopotamian, the Egyptian, the Indus, and the Chinese) focus on intercultural influences as well as how they have shaped the spatial dynamics of the world as a whole. Keywords Ancient civilization Á Adjacency Á Intercultural dynamics Á Mesopotamia Á Spatial interaction 2.1 Focus on Mesopotamia In Chap. 1, we have discussed the natural and geographical factors contributing to the birth of ancient civilizations. Some empirical evidence has also explained to some extent why existing cultures and culture areas are conflicting and comple- mentary. Till now, many issues relating to the origin of and evolution of ancient civilizations are still puzzling both anthropologists and human geographers. They include such questions as: Why Mesopotamia has the oldest civilization in the world? Why is the Chinese civilization younger than the other three ancient civilizations (i.e., ancient Egyptian, the ancient Indus and the Mesopotamian)? Why have some ancient civilizations eventually become extinct while others not? What are the driving forces for the human civilizations to grow, to expand and to decline eventually? Before dealing with these issues, let us first look at the spatial mechanism of cultural formation in Mesopotamia. -
Look Back Through the Millennia and You'll Find Women in Power Even in Humanity's Earliest Days. Here's a Look at Seven Po
LHOSSINE/CREATIVE COMMONS NATIONAL PALACE MUSEUM / PUBLIC DOMAIN CREATIVE COMMONS GUSTAVO JERONIMO/CREATIVE COMMONS GEVORK NAZARYAN/CREATIVE COMMONS INDIA POST Look back through the millennia and you’ll find women Women in power even in humanity’s earliest days. Here’s a look at seven powerful queens and in their accomplishments. PUBLIC DOMAIN History WOMEN IN HISTORY | AFRICAN LEGEND Dihya, Berber Warrior Queen Dihya was born into the Jarawa Zenata tribe in the 7th century and eventually ruled a free Berber state in north Africa that stretched from the Aures Mountains to the oasis of Gadames. She is usually described as very tall with a lot of hair, which may mean she wore her hair long and in dread- locks. The Ancient History Encyclopedia says she was a black, African queen who dressed as royals of ancient Numidia in a loose tunic or robe, sometimes belted, with sandals. FIGHTING THE ARABS Dihya was also referred to in Arabic sources as al Kahina, meaning the soothsayer, because of her alleged ability to foresee the future. She fought off the armies of the Umayyad Dynasty, led by Hasan bin al-Nu’man, who marched from Egypt and met her near Meskiana in 698 (modern day Algeria). It’s said she beat him so badly that he fled to Libya for five years. However, Hasan eventually returned and, helped by a captured officer, defeated Dihya near Tabarka in modern Tunisia near the Algerian border. History dis- agrees on whether she died a warrior’s death in battle or took poison to prevent capture, but it likely occurred in the late 690s or early 700s. -
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation.