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The Historical Significance of Japanese Grassroots Cooperation for the Support of Korean Atomic Bomb Survivors

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The Historical Significance of Japanese Grassroots Cooperation for the Support of Korean Atomic Bomb Survivors CONFRONTING COLONIAL LEGACIES: THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF JAPANESE GRASSROOTS COOPERATION FOR THE SUPPORT OF KOREAN ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS BY ÁGOTA DURÓ DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Peace Studies in International Studies in the Graduate School of Hiroshima City University, 2017 Hiroshima City, Japan Doctoral Committee: Professor Robert A. Jacobs, Chair Associate Professor Itsuki Kurashina Associate Professor Michael Gorman TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 26 SECTION ONE: SON JIN-DOO’S LEGAL SUPPORT IN JAPAN ................ 36 CHAPTER 1: SIGNIFICANCE OF SON JIN-DOO’S LEGAL CASE AND THE EMERGENCE OF HIS SUPPORT MOVEMENT ................................... 40 Raising awareness in Japan .......................................................................................... 40 Son’s story prior to 1970 .............................................................................................. 44 Son’s undocumented entry in 1970 .............................................................................. 47 News coverage of Son’s case ....................................................................................... 49 Formation of the initial support movements................................................................. 54 Key advocates: Takashi Hiraoka in Hiroshima ............................................................ 58 Key advocates: Rui Itō in Fukuoka .............................................................................. 64 Key advocates: Tatsumi Nakajima in Tokyo ............................................................... 66 CHAPTER 2: LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SON JIN-DOO’S LAWSUIT TO 1974 .......................................................................................................................... 71 Son’s first trial and verdict ........................................................................................... 71 Extension of the support movement ............................................................................. 78 Son’s deportation order ................................................................................................ 84 New challenges for the Association of Citizens ........................................................... 87 Appeal trials ................................................................................................................ 100 Son’s first legal victory and its reverberation ............................................................. 104 Directive No. 402 ....................................................................................................... 106 i CHAPTER 3: THE CONTINUING LEGAL BATTLE: 1974 TO 1978 ..... 109 Son’s appeal to his deportation order ......................................................................... 109 The A-bomb certificate trials: 1974 to 1977 .............................................................. 114 Major support activities of the Association of Citizens after 1974 ............................ 117 1978: a breakthrough year .......................................................................................... 122 Repercussions of the 1978 Supreme Court ruling ...................................................... 124 Events from the Ministry of Welfare and Fukuoka Prefecture’s perspective ............ 128 Consequences of the 1978 Supreme Court decision .................................................. 132 SECTION TWO: INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT OF KOREAN ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS .................................................................................................................. 139 CHAPTER 4: REVEREND MASAHARU OKA’S RESEARCH ON KOREAN HIBAKUSHA IN NAGASAKI ......................................................... 143 Prewar, wartime, and postwar years ........................................................................... 145 Omura Prison .............................................................................................................. 151 The Nagasaki Association to Protect the Human Rights of Koreans in Japan and its support activities ......................................................................................................... 153 Investigations on the conditions of Korean hibakusha in Nagasaki City ................... 161 Sekai no Hito e (To the People of the World) ............................................................ 167 Reverend Oka’s influence on city politics .................................................................. 169 Reverend Oka’s legacy and foundation of the Oka Masaharu Memorial Nagasaki Peace Museum ............................................................................................................ 171 Reverend Oka’s ideals ................................................................................................ 173 CHAPTER 5: DR. TORATARŌ KAWAMURA’S MEDICAL SUPPORT OF KOREAN HIBAKUSHA .................................................................................. 181 His early life and influences ....................................................................................... 183 Medical visits to South Korea .................................................................................... 185 Inviting A-bomb survivors from South Korea to Hiroshima for medical treatment .. 193 Efforts to build up a support network ......................................................................... 197 The Hiroshima Committee to Invite Korean A-bomb Survivors to Japan for Medical Treatment .................................................................................................................... 203 ii CHAPTER 6: CASE OF THE KOREAN A-BOMB VICTIMS’ UNRETURNED ASHES: MUNETOSHI FUKAGAWA’S INVESTIGATION ..................................................................................................... 213 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Hiroshima ................................................................. 215 Fukagawa and Mitsubishi ........................................................................................... 219 Fukagawa’s Investigations into the Disappearance of 246 Koreans .......................... 221 Later developments in the Missing Koreans .............................................................. 239 Lawsuit against Mitsubishi ......................................................................................... 241 SECTION THREE: ASSOCIATION OF CITIZENS FOR THE SUPPORT OF KOREAN ATOMIC BOMB VICTIMS AND OTHER SUPPORT GROUPS .......................................................................................................................... 247 CHAPTER 7: ASSOCIATION OF CITIZENS FOR THE SUPPORT OF KOREAN ATOMIC BOMB VICTIMS ............................................................... 249 Different branches and their objectives ...................................................................... 250 Major figures .............................................................................................................. 254 Assisting A-bomb victims in South Korea and cooperating with the Korea Atomic Bomb Victims Association ......................................................................................... 266 Conducting surveys on the A-bomb survivors in South Korea .................................. 275 Advocating for the rights of Korean hibakusha in Japan ........................................... 283 Raising awareness in Japan ........................................................................................ 290 Criticism of the AOC and its pitfalls .......................................................................... 297 CHAPTER 8: ADDITIONAL SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS .................... 303 The Council for Peace and Against Nuclear Weapons (Kakkin Kaigi) ...................... 303 The Hiroshima Paper Crane Group ............................................................................ 310 The Nagasaki Testimonial Society ............................................................................. 315 The Good Neighbor Society (Zenrinkai/Zenrinkyō) .................................................. 318 The Citizens’ Council Addressing the Problems of Korean A-bomb Victims (Zaikan Hibakusha Mondai Shimin Kaigi) .............................................................................. 321 The Mugunghwa Study Group ................................................................................... 322 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 329 iii APPENDIX A: LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS ........ 367 APPENDIX B: LIST OF COURT DECISIONS AND GOVERNMENTAL MEASURES ................................................................................................................... 369 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 371 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of South Korea ......................................................................................... 337 Figure 2: Son Jin-doo and his sister, Son Gwi-dal .........................................................
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