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A STUDY of the BOSEONG RIVER VALLEY CULTURE By A STUDY OF THE BOSEONG RIVER VALLEY CULTURE by GYONGTAEK KIM A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School ofthe University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2002 11 "A Study of the Boseong River Valley Culture" a dissertation preparedby Gyongtaek Kim in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor ofPhilosophy degree in the Department Anthropof ology. The dissertation has been approved and accepted by: o;)- I :2-oo :2 Date 121 I Committee in charge: Dr. C Melvin Aikens, Chair Dr. Song Nai Rhee Dr. William Ayres Dr. Hao Wang Accepted by: Dean of the Graduate School 111 AnAbstract of the Dissertation of Gyongtaek Kim for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology to be taken December 2002 Title: A STUDY OF THE BOSEONG RIVER VALLEY CULTURE '- Approved: _ ­ Dr. C. Melvin Aikens This dissertation explores the development of sociopolitical complexity in southwest Korea's Boseong River Valley. One of the main archaeological tasks currently being pur$ued in Korea is charting the emergence of complex society there. This dissertation comprehensively reviews the issues andhistory of research on the subject, then embarks on an analysis of the trajectory towards complexity in a selected region of southwest Korea. A large scale archaeologicalproj ect in the Boseong River Valley during the 1980s rescued a huge corpus of data threatened by the construction of the Juam Dam proj ect, which has remained undigested, never sufficiently organized or analyzed. I draw on this corpus, organizing and analyzingthe data it yields on burial practices and settlement distribution, because these categories of information are particularly usefulin examining key research issues. The burial excavations were of unprecedented scope, with 381 dolmen graves identified and investigated in 23 locations. Many dolmens have been observed and L r iv investigated in Korea, but an excavation sample of this size is unique and presents a rare analytical opportunity. A quantitative analysis ofburial furnishings from these dolmens identifies five categories that reflect differing social statuses. Charting the distribution of such burials within the region allows the mapping of zones differentially occupied by persons of varying social status, and the places on the landscape where elite personages were situated. Comparing these patternswith the occurrence of large and small settlements strengthens a picture of a class-differentiated society within the region. Based on this analysis, I conclude that the dolmen period society of the Boseong River Valley had advanced to an intermediate level of sociopolitical complexity. In conclusion, the archaeological evidence is discussed with reference to historical events in the region, as these are known from ancient Chinese andKorean chronicles, to propose an interpretation of the growth of cultural development in the Boseong River Valley in relation to broader developments in southern Korea. v CURRICULUM VITA NAME OF AUTHOR: Gyongtaek Kim PLACE OF BIRTH: Seoul, Korea DATE OF BIRTH: August 29, 1964 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon Seoul National University DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor ofPhilosophy in Anthropology, 2002, University of Oregon Master of Arts in Anthropology, 1994, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts in Archaeology and History, 1990, Seoul National Art University, Seoul, Korea AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Complex Society Quantitative Analysis PUBLICATIONS: Kim, G. T. 1995 A Critical Review on Korean Archaeological and Historical Literature on Socio-political Development in Ancient Korea. Jo urnalof Korean Ancient Historical Society 18: 23-65. Choi, M. L. and G. T. Kim 1999 Theoretical Background in the Study of the Korean Dolmen Society, A In Comprehensive Study of the Korean Dolmen: Distribution, Typ e, Origin, Diffusion and Social Reconstruction, edited by M. L. Choi, C. G. Lee, Y. M. Lee, and S. J. Lee, pp. 349-370. Cultural Properties Preservation Bureau, Daejeon (in Korean). ... Vl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express sincere appreciation to the members of my doctoral committee, Dr. C. M. Aikens (chair), Dr. S. N. Rhee, Dr. W. S. Ayres, and Dr. H. Wang. In particular, I cannot find an appropriate way to express thanks to my great adviser, Dr. Aikens, who always encouraged and supported me with understanding and love. I appreciate the professors who guided and taught me at the Seoul National University in Korea, Dr. H. J. Im, Dr. H. J. Ahn, and Dr. M. L. Choi. In particular, I owe a huge debt to my mentor, Dr. Choi, which I can never repay, since I became one of his students. I also appreciate the scholarship committee members, Dr. K. D. Bae and Dr. C. G. Han. Limited space does not allow me to express my appreciation to many people who have helped me, but I will express my sincere appreciation to them in person. I cannot fo rget Dr. B. W. Kang's help and encouragement in Eugene. Mrs. Iris Moye, at the American English Institute, and Dr. J. H. Koo, an economist of the U.S. Federal Bank, are two best friends who helped me during my stay in Eugene. I would like to give many thanks to all my family andrelatives. I sincerely apologize to my wife, Jinkyung and beloved son, Wonsukto make them await me in Korea fo r such a long time, andalso appreciate my parents-in-laws to look afterthem in my absence. Finally, I sincerely appreciate my parents andgenerous uncle andaunt for supporting me such a long time with exceptional patience and love. vn This dissertation is dedicated to the greatestmother in the world, Mrs. Gyonghee Lee. l Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Research ........................................................................................ 1 Working Hypothesis .................................................................: .......................... 15 II. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF KOREAN ARCHAEOLOGY ........................................ 18 Beginning ofModem Archaeology in Korea ...................................................... 19 A Brief Sketch of Korean Prehistory ...................................................................23 Periodization of Korean Archaeology .................................................................64 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................67 III. DISCUSSIONS ON THE EMERGENCE OF COMPLEX SOCIETY IN KOREA .......................................................................................................69 Dominant Themes in the Study ofKorean Sociopolitical Complexity ...............70 Discussions of Korean Sociopolitical Complexity before the 1960s ..................74 Discussions ofKorean Sociopolitical Complexity in the 1970s .........................80 Discussions of Korean Sociopolitical Complexity since the 1980s ....................90 Conclusion: Ancient Korean Society and the Growth of Sociopolitical Complexity ................................................................................................... 110 N. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE BOSEONG RIVERVALLEY .............................................................................................. 113 New Field Investigations ................................................................................... 114 Sites of Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages ............................................................. 121 Sites ofthe Bronze Age and Iron Age I ........ ............... ... .. ................. .... ..... 130 Sites ofthe Iron Age II(Proto Three Kingdoms Period) and Later Periods ....248 Conclusion .........................................................................................................271 - IX V. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSlON ..................... ............. .. ............. ......................272 Introduction . ............................... .................................... ....... .. .......................272 Dolmens in Korea and in the Boseong River Valley ........... .......... ................... 276 Reflections of Commoner and Elite Status among Dolmen Burials .. ...............284 Summary and Conclusion. .... ........ ....... ................ .. ............................. ....... ... ... 304 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................. ........................................................309 l X LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Site Survey Results in the Boseong River Valley ..................................................9 2. Dolmens Excavated in the Juam Dam Archaeological Project ............................10 3. Residential Features Investigated in the JuamDam Submergence Area.............. 11 4. Excavated Archaeological Sites in the Submerged Area by the JuamDam ........11 5. Traditional andNew Chronologies of Korean Archaeology................................ 24 6. Panchon-riDolmens .............................................................................................92 7. The First Field Campaign of the Juam Dam Project Executed in 1986 .............116 8. The Second Field Campaign of the Juam Dam Project Executed in 1987......... 117 9. The Third Field Campaign of the Juam Dam Project Executed in 1987........... .119 10. The FourthField Campaign of the JuamDam Project Executed in 1988-89 .....120 11. Dolmens Excavated in the Juam Dam
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