DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. Geotechnical Issues and Preservation of Korean Heritage Sites Problèmes géotechniques et conservation des sites du patrimoine coréen Yeon-Soo Jang Department of Civil Engineering, Dongguk University, Korea, [email protected] ABSTRACT: From 1995 to 2016, Korea has 12 properties registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List. They include Buddhist temples, royal palaces, castles and tombs, Gyeongju and Backjae historic areas as well as Jeju natural historic site. This study would reveal beauties and spirits of heritage structures of Korea by showing various figures and telling the background stories. The design of the foundations and walls of the historic palaces and castles would be discussed. Some recent works of geotechnical scholars for preserving the historic pagodas and the restoration work of ancient demolished bridge located at Wolseong in Gyeongju historic area are explained. Jeju island, a natural geological museum, which contains 368 parasitic cones and lava tubes formed by explosive eruptions of basaltic lava is introduced. RÉSUMÉ : De 1995 à 2016, la Corée a 12 biens inscrits sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Ils comprennent des temples bouddhistes, des palais royaux, des châteaux et des tombes, les zones historiques de Gyeongju et Backjae ainsi que le site historique naturel de Jeju. Cette étude présentera les beautés et les esprits des structures patrimoniales de la Corée en montrant diverses images et en retraçant leurs histoires. La conception des fondations, des murs des palais et des châteaux historiques sera discutée. Certains travaux de chercheurs en géotechnique récents portant sur la préservation des pagodes historiques et les travaux de restauration de l'ancien pont démoli situé à Wolseong dans la zone historique de Gyeongju seront montrés. Cette étude présentera aussi l'île de Jeju, musée géologique naturel, qui contient 368 cônes volcaniques parasites et des tubes de lave formés par des éruptions explosives de lave basaltique. KEYWORDS: UNESCO world heritage, Buddhist, palace, Geyongju, Jeju, Preservation, Geotechnical issue. Mots Clés: Patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, Bouddhiste, palais, Geyongju, Jeju, Conservation, Problèmes Géotechniques. 1 INTRODUCTION. The subject of geotechncial engineering taught as a Table 1. UNESCO World heritage list and the registered year subdivision of civil engineering in the universities of Korea was No Heritage list Description Year regis started in 1960s. At that time geotechnical engineering was tered taught as soil and foundation engineering. Geotechnical 1 Seokguram Grotto The works of Buddhist art and 1995 engineering became flourished after Korean geotechnical and Bulguksa architecture in Unified Silla period Temple (AD 676 – 915). society(KGS) was launched in 1984. Eventhough such a late start 2 Jongmyo Shrine Royal Ancestral Shrine in of the geotechnical engineering in Korea, Korean ancesters Joseon Dynasty (AD 1392-1910) produced the tangible cultural artifiacts such as Korean palaces, 3 Haeinsa Depository for the Tripitaka castles, shrines and temples etc. using the technologies of Temple : Koreana Wooden blocks produced Janggyeong in Goyreo period (AD. 918-1392) geotechnics from very early times. Panjeon Traditional Korean structures which are recently registered in 4 Hwaseong Korea’s first planned city made 1997 UNESCO World Heritage List are summarized in Table 1. Fortress from 1794 to 1796. The rampart of The asset No. 1 and 3 are related to Buddhist arts, No. 2, 5 and 9 (Castle) castle runs for 5.7km. 5 Changdeokgung Renowned for architecture and are shrine, palace and tombs of Kings and Queens in Joseon Palace Complex garden design in Eastern Asia Dynasty. No 11 and 4 are the castles in the mid and later periods palace. Buildings are harmonized of Joseon dynasty. No. 7 and 12 show the group of remains in into nature and topography. 6 Dolmen Sites Archeological remains in Bronze 2000 Gyeongju and Backjae of Ancient Korea (Table 2). Besides, No. in Gochang, Age Culture. Korea has 40% of all 6 is ancient stone tombs, No. 10 is Confucian village in Joseon Hwasun and Dolmens worldwide. dynasty, and No. 8 is Jeju volcanic island located in southern sea Ganghwa of Korea. The distributions of each heritage is shown in Fig 1. 7 Gyeongju Old capital of the Silla Kingdom Historic Areas (57 B.C. – A.D. 935). Contain a Among the structures sited, the temples and palaces have total of 52 officially recognized wooden structures on the stone stylobate and compacted soils. cultural properties of Korea Most of Korean historic structures are wooden architectures 8 Jeju Volcanic Natural heritage site; Spectacular 2007 island and Lava geological museum in Korea rather than the stone ones, because the regimes of Korean Tubes famous for parasitic cones and dynasty had chosen the caring policy of the people rather than lava tube systems. the oppressing policy. Conventional architectures in Korea were 9 Royal Tombs of 40 tombs are registered as the 2009 Joseon Dynasty UNESCO national heritages. constructed complying with the surrounding nature and showing Famous for architecture of arts and the artistic beauty, which could not be found in the gigantic stone ecological preservation structures in other places of the world. 10 HistoricVillages Traditional villages which has 2010 : Hahoe and Confucian order. Queen Elizabeth In this study, the cultural meanings of the historic heritages are Yangdong II, Queen of UK visited in 1999. enlightened and the characteristics of the foundations and the 11 Namhansan- Emergency capital in Joseon 2014 walls of the heritages cited are analyzed from the geotechnical seong (Castle) dynasty. Shows the technology of th th points of view. Recent research of the heritage structures related castle construction from 7 to 19 century. to the earthquake occurred in Korea and the case of rehabilitating 12 Baekje Historic Eight places of castles, temples, 2015 an ancient bridge in Gyeongju historic area are introduced. Areas tombs, architectures and pagodas Geological significance of Jeju volcanic island, the only natural in Baekje period (18 B.C. - A.D. 660) UNESCO registered heritage in Korea up to now, is reported. - 231 - Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Seoul 2017 Figure 1. Location of UNESCO world heritages in Korea They stand out as the ingenious works of Buddhist architecture 2. Historical Order of Korean UNESCO world heritages and art with few peers in Asia. The times of construction for historic structures in Table 1 are Goryo (9l8-1392) was a devout Buddha State and ruled over shown in Table 2 by the chronological order of Korean historic nearly five centuries. The worst national crisis occur was the regimes and listed in parallel with the Roman and the invasions of the Mongol and, in 1235, the nation faced with the Renaissance periods in Europe. third invasion of Mongol. As a means of soothing public anxiety The old Korean peninsula about 2000 years ago was divided and beseeching the benevolence of Buddha, publishing of the into three countries as Goguryo, Baekje and Silla. They are Buddhist canon was done at that time. The cannon was preserved unified to Silla in AD 668 and called as Unified Silla. Bulguksa, in Haeinsa temple in very technically developed fashion even in the Buddhist temple, and Seokguram, a stone statue of Buddha, nowadays. Joseon dynasty was started in AD 1392 and continued both located in Gyeongju historic site, were built in the Unified about 500 years. Six UNESCO world heritages were produced in Silla. this period. Table 2. Chronological chart of Korean dynasty for construction of Korean UNESCO world heritages - 232 - Special Lectures / Discours Spécial In the next sections, the cultural meaning and the geotechnical issues are explained for the heritage structures which have geotechnical significance. 3. PALACE and SHRINE in JOSEON DYNASTY In Joseon Dynasty, the main palace was Gyeongbokgung, gung means palace, built in 1395. Changdeokgung was built in 1405 as a secondary palace of Joseon Dynasty by King Taejong, the third sovereign of the Dynasty. Although the Changdeok palace was originally intended to be used as a separate palace, when the king wanted to reside outside of the main palace, the palace served as the official residence of the largest number of kings of Joseon during the five hundred year rule of the Dynasty. Jongmyo was founded by King Taejo in 1392. It is the royal ancestral shrine, which houses the spirit tablets of 18 past kings Figure 3. Night view of Buyongji (pond) in Biwon, a back yard garden and queens of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). It is a place that of royal family which is fully harmonized with surrounding nature reflect about the time passed and the eternity, and was registered as UNESCO memorial heritage in 1995. Changdeok palace was listed on the UNESCO World heritage in 1997, saying that “This palace is an outstanding example of 3.1 Changdeok Palace Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design, exceptional Changdeok palace was built blending with topography, by for the way in which the buildings are integrated into and following the Pungsu (geomantic, the theory of divination based harmonized with the natural setting, adapting to the topography on topography) principle of ideal home, i.e. the mountain at the and retaining indigenous tree cover.”(CHA, 2002, 2011) back and the water in the front. It also followed the rule of palatial construction, i.e. the government offices should be placed in the 3.2 Jongmyo outer court and the private residence of the royal family in the Construction of Jongmyo had begun in 1394, when the capital inner quarters behind.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Korean Architecture Breathing with Nature Introduction 6
    KOR.EA I-<F KOREA ESSENTIALS No. 12 FOUNDATION ,,~'!""'_ 'I\' Korean Architecture Breathing with Nature Introduction 6 Chapter 1 Natural Perspective Revealed 10 Nature: the Most Fundamental Influence I Preserving the Sp irit of Wo od and Stone I Coping with the Environment I Architecture Breathing with Nature I Natural In fluences on Architecture Chapter 2 A Brief History 26 Prehistoric Era I Walled City-Sates and Early Kingdoms I Three Kingdoms Period I North So ut h States Period I Goryeo I Jo seo n I Daehan Empire I Japanese Colon ial Period I Post- Lib eration Chapter 3 Anatomy of Traditional Architecture 46 Elements of Korean Architecture I Materials I Co ntinuity Chapter 4 Korea's Most Important Historical Buildings 68 Bu lguksa Temple and Seokguram Grotto I Changdeokgung Palace I Jongmyo Shrin e I Hwaseong Fortress I Soswaewon Garden I Byeongsan Seowon I Buseoksa Temple I Do sa n Seodang and Dosan Seowon I Hae in sa Janggyeonggak I Yangdong Village Chapter 5 Korea's Early Modern Architecture 94 Early Modern Architecture? I Arc hitecture of the Dae han Empire I Arch itecture of t he Japa nese Co lon ial Era I Po st- Lib eration Architecture I Notable Modern Architectural Works Appendix Information 114 Delving Deeper • Chogajip and Giwajip 49 • Baeheullim, Gwisoseum and Anssollim 51 • Building a Hanok 61 • Geumsan: Forbidden Forests 63 • Architects 67 6 INTRODUCTION Foreign visitors to Korea today are often struck, a bove all , by the country's architectural landscape. Republic of Apartment was the title of one recent work by a French geographer attempting to make sense of the prevalence of the uniform high-rise apartment blocks she found, both in Seoul and in the Korean countryside.
    [Show full text]
  • Korea's Dynamic Role in East Asia: Interaction, Innovation
    KOREA’S DYNAMIC ROLE IN EAST ASIA: INTERACTION, INNOVATION, AND DIFFUSION GRADES: 9 - 12 AUTHORS: Jamie Paoloni, Whitney Sholler, Zoraida Velez SUBJECT: AP World History, World History TIME REQUIRED: Four to five class periods OBJECTIVES: 1. Locate important political boundaries, landforms, bodies of water, and trade routes on the maps of East Asia and Korea. 2. Identify the significance of the Koguryo, Paekche, Silla, Koryo, and Chosŏn Periods in Korean history 3. Analyze the significance of the Silk Road on Korean history and culture 4. Analyze the influence of China on Korean history and culture 5. Identify Korean innovations in religion, art, and architecture 6. Analyze the influence of Korea on Japanese history and culture STANDARDS: NCSS Standards: Standard1: Culture a. Human beings create, learn, share, and adapt to culture b. Cultures are dynamic and change over time Standard 3: People, Places and Environments Standard 9: Global Connections Common Core Standards: RH 1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information RH 2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source RH 7 Integrate an. Evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media WHST 1 Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content WHST 4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. WHST 7 Conduct short as well as more
    [Show full text]
  • Spatio-Temporal Change Monitoring of Outside Manure Piles Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images
    drones Article Spatio-Temporal Change Monitoring of Outside Manure Piles Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Images Geonung Park 1 , Kyunghun Park 2 and Bonggeun Song 3,* 1 Department of Smart Ocean Environmental Energy, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; [email protected] 2 School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; [email protected] 3 Industrial Technology Research Institute, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-10-2880-3299; Fax: +82-55-281-3011 Abstract: Water quality deterioration due to outdoor loading of livestock manure requires efficient management of outside manure piles (OMPs). This study was designed to investigate OMPs using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for efficient management of non-point source pollution in agricul- tural areas. A UAV was used to acquire image data, and the distribution and cover installation status of OMPs were identified through ortho-images; the volumes of OMP were calculated using digital surface model (DSM). UAV- and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)-derived DSMs were compared for identifying the accuracy of calculated volumes. The average volume accuracy was 92.45%. From April to October, excluding July, the monthly average volumes of OMPs in the study site ranged from 64.89 m3 to 149.69 m3. Among the 28 OMPs investigated, 18 were located near streams or agricultural waterways. Establishing priority management areas among the OMP sites distributed in a basin is possible using spatial analysis, and it is expected that the application of UAV technology will contribute to the efficient management of OMPs and other non-point source pollutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Jongmyo Shrine (Ref
    Hae Un Rii President, ICOMOS-Korea List of Contents • Footprint of Republic of Korea for the World Heritage • The Present Statement of World Heritage in Korea • Future Plan by Republic of Korea for the World Heritage The Year of Acceptance of the World Heritage Convention • Republic of Korea : September 14, 1988 • China : 1985 • Japan : 1992 • North Korea : 1998 First Inscription on the World Heritage List • First submitted on the Tentative list : 1994 • In December 1995, three cultural heritage sites were first inscribed on the World Heritage list in Berlin, Germany. • Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple (ref. 736) • Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks (ref. 737) • Jongmyo Shrine (ref. 738) Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple (i)(iv) Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks (iv)(vi) Jongmyo Shrine (iv) Number of World Heritage Inscription by Year (1995- June 2015) 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 World Heritage in Korea (June 2015) Member of the World Heritage Committee • 1997 – 2003 • 2005 – 2009 • 2013 - 2017 Activities related to the World Heritage • UNESCO Regional Workshop on Periodic Reporting Follow-up for North-East and South-East Asia Dec 12, 2005-Dec 16, 2005 • Second meeting of the Coordinating Committee on the Serial World Heritage Nomination of the Silk Roads May 3, 2011-May 6, 2011 • UNESCO Regional Meeting on the Second Cycle of Periodic Reporting for Asia Dec 6, 2011-Dec 10, 2011 • 1st Asia Regional Forum of Site Managers and Youth
    [Show full text]
  • Gyeongju, Korea
    Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium 2012. 7. 10 A Proposal for ANTS XI Presentation by Hyang-Sook Lee Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea 1 Contents 1. ANTS XI – Why Korea? 2. Venue 3. Possible Dates of Symposium 4. Travel grants 5. Committee 2 ANTS XI – Why Korea? 3 Seoul ICM 2014 - International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) 2014 - Dates : August 13-21, 2014 Venue : COEX / Seoul / Korea Estimated No. of Participants : 6,000 IMU GA: August 10-11, 2014 in Gyeongju, Korea IMU EC: August 9, 2014 in Gyeongju, Korea 4 5 VENUE OF ANTS XI, 2014 - Gyeongju - 6 Accessibility • 370 km (230 mi) southeast of Seoul 7 Gyeongju Registered as UNESCO World Cultural Heritages Sites; - Gyongju Historic Areas (2000) - Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple (1995) - Yangdong Folk Village in Gyongju (2010) ▷ Capital of Silla dynasty (BC 57~ AD 935) for 1000 years boasting its splendid national culture and history. ▷ The city itself is the ‘MUSEUM WITHOUT WALLS’ and the ‘HOME OF THE GREATEST BUDDHIST ART TREASURES’ of the world. ▷ In 1979, UNESCO listed Gyeongju as one of the 10 most important historic sites in the world 8 Gyeongju Historic Areas 9 Gyeongju Historic Areas 10 Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple 11 Yangdong Folk Village - Founded in the 14th-15th centuries, the two most representative historic clan villages in Korea. - Reflect the distinctive aristocratic Confucian culture of the early part of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). - The villages were located to provide both physical and spiritual nourishment from their surrounding landscapes. 12 Accommodation – Hotel Hyundai in Gyeongju - Scale : 12 floors and 2 Basement levels\ - number of guest rooms : 440 - estimated room rate : Twin $136 (2014) - lecture room : accommodate up to 200 people - hotel service : shuttle from Shin Gyeongju Station to Hotel wireless internet etc.
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea Circle Adventure 5D/4N
    GROUP ADVENTURES South Korea Circle Adventure 5D/4N Coach / Bus 5 Days / 1 Country South Korea Departure city: Seoul, South Korea End city: Seoul, South Korea HIGHLIGHTS Discover the highlights of South Korea as you circle the country to discover ancient • Visit the Tomb of King Muryeong history, rich culture, and stunning natural scenery. & Gongsanseong Fortress • Discover Buyeo, an ancient capital of the Baekje Dynasty MAP • See local life at South Korea's largest seafood market • Go see the beautiful nature of Mt. Seorak National Park What is included Group Adventures Group Adventures are designed to forget about all the travel logistics and let our guides take you to the best places with a group of like minded travelers Accommodation: 4 • Mix of 3-star, 4-star /5-star hotels Transport: 1 • Van/coach transfers between destinations Meals: 4 • 4 Breakfast(s), Guides: • English-speaking guide throughout trip What is not included • *Some admission fees *Personal expenses • *Airport transfers *Tips • *Optional activities *Travel insurance • *Other meals/drinks *Prices for optional activities are subject to change at any time without prior notice. Please confirm these prices before departing on your trip. Itinerary Day 1: Seoul - Jeonju, South Korea Gogju, ancient Buyeo, and UNESCO-listed Jeonju Today you’ll meet your guide at 8am at a predetermined meeting point near Gwanghwamun Intersection. Depart from Seoul to drive around 1.5 hours to Gongju, where you will visit UNESCO-listed Tomb of King Muryeong and the Gongsanseong Fortress. Next we’ll continue another 1.5 hours to Buyeo, an ancient capital of the Baekje Dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • Optional Master Spring Face-To-Face
    Subject code Subject group Credits Subject Subject certification Reg. No. certified valid until RRS5017 D 4 2011 06 01 2013 06 01 Course type (compulsory or optional) optional Course level (study cycle) Master Semester the course is delivered spring Study form (face-to-face or distant) Face-to-face Title KORĖJOS KULTŪROS ISTORIJA Title in English THE HISTORY OF KOREAN CULTURE Subject annotation in English (up to 500 symbols) The purpose of this lecture is to provide with the general view about the Korean culture on the ground of religious influences onto the traditional culture. The Korean culture was formulated under the vast influences of various religions, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism and lately the Christianity. Each religion strongly reflects the cultural character of old dynasties of Korea, which established the basic foundation for the contemporary culture in Korea. Necessary background knowledge for the study of the subject 1. The ability to read and write Korean alphabet (Hangeul) will be appreciated. 2. English skills for finding the informations from websites and understanding English texts. Study outcomes (up to 600 symbols) 1. The understanding of Korean Buddhism and the differences from other countries (Tibet, Japan, China) 2. The understanding of Korean confucianism and its influence onto the modern society. 3. The comprehension of Korean cultural heritage and the values. 4. The understanding of Korean tranditional belief. 5. The overall knowledge about the general history of Korea. Subject contents (up to 1200 symbols) 1. Korean mythology, introduction to Korean history 2. Korean shamanism. Gods in Korean mythology. Gut and Mudang. 3. The beginning and peculiarities of Korean Buddhism.
    [Show full text]
  • Algal Flora of Korea
    Algal Flora of Korea Algal Flora Algal Flora of Korea Volume 6, Number 1 Charophyta: Conjugatophyceae (Desmids I): Zygnematales: Mesotaeniaceae, Desmidiales: Gonatozygaceae, Peniaceae, Closteriaceae, Desmidiaceae Freshwater Green Algae Vol. 6, Vol. No. 1 Freshwater Green Algae Green Freshwater Flora and Fauna of Korea National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment National Institute of Biological Resources NIBR Ministry of Environment ISBN 978-89-97462-60-5 Russia CB Chungcheongbuk-do CN Chungcheongnam-do HB GB Gyeongsangbuk-do China GG Gyeonggi-do YG GN Gyeongsangnam-do GW Gangwon-do HB Hamgyeongbuk-do JG HN Hamgyeongnam-do HWB Hwanghaebuk-do HN HWN Hwanghaenam-do PB JB Jeollabuk-do JG Jagang-do JJ Jeju-do JN Jeollanam-do PN PB Pyeonganbuk-do PN Pyeongannam-do YG Yanggang-do HWB HWN GW East Sea GG GB (Ulleung-do) Yellow Sea CB CN GB JB GN JN JJ South Sea Algal Flora of Korea Volume 6, Number 1 Charophyta: Conjugatophyceae (Desmids I): Zygnematales: Mesotaeniaceae, Desmidiales: Gonatozygaceae, Peniaceae, Closteriaceae, Desmidiaceae Freshwater Green Algae 2012 National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment Algal Flora of Korea Volume 6, Number 1 Charophyta: Conjugatophyceae (Desmids I): Zygnematales: Mesotaeniaceae, Desmidiales: Gonatozygaceae, Peniaceae, Closteriaceae, Desmidiaceae Freshwater Green Algae Han Soon Kim Kyungpook National University Copyright ⓒ 2012 by the National Institute of Biological Resources Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Status and Prospect of Virtual Reality Contents in Korean Ancient History
    Current Status and Prospect of Virtual Reality Contents in Korean Ancient History Hee-Soo, Choi Department of History Content, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current state of virtual reality content in Korea and to look into future prospects. A number of virtual reality contents have been produced and contributed to some of the public's interest in historical culture. However, there are some limitations in improving the historical imagination pursued in history. In order to overcome this problem, it is necessary to create and utilize experience contents using the metaverse concept. 1. Introduction Virtual reality (VR) means a specific environment or situation, or technology itself, that is similar to the reality created by artificial technology using computers, but is not actual. At this time, the created virtual (imagined) environment or situation stimulates the user's five senses and makes the user experience a spatial and temporal experience similar to reality, thereby freely bringing the boundary between reality and imagination. Users can not only simply immerse themselves in virtual reality, but they can also interact with things implemented in virtual reality, such as manipulating or commanding them using real devices. In addition, virtual reality is distinguished from a one-sided simulation in that it can interact with users and create user experience. Virtual reality contents are contents created by utilizing this virtual reality technology. This content enhances the understanding of the object by letting people’s experience elements that are not experienced in the real world. Especially, since it can inform the past history and culture that can not be experienced by modern people through virtual reality, it is widely used in historical contents.
    [Show full text]
  • Comfort Women
    JAPAN ALTERNATIVE REPORT Written information for the examination of the State party's report (CAT/C/JPN/2), dated 15 September 2011 Issues concerning: Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery (The “comfort women” issue) Referred to in: Paragraphs 158-161 of the Government Report (CAT/C/JPN/2) Paragraph 19 of the List of Issues (CAT/C/JPN/2) Paragraph 12 (Statute of Limitations) and paragraph 24 (Compensation and Rehabilitation) of the Conclusions and Recommendations (CAT/C/JPN/CO/1) Contents 1. Introduction………….……….……….……….……….……….………p1 2. The Evaluation of the State Party's Report………….……….………p1 3. Updated Information from NGO……….………….……….……….…p1-4 3-1 Denial of Facts / Failure to Refute Denials 3-2 Education 3-3 Evaluation of the Asian Women’s Fund 4. Conclusion…………………….……….……….……….……………...p4-5 Chart 1: References to “comfort women” in History Textbooks in Japan……………p6 Picture 1: Advertisement of Denial by Politicians (Star Ledger, November 2012)…..p7 Appendix 1: Excerpts of Communications between CAT and the Government of Japan, on the “comfort women” issue……….……….……….……….………………p8 Appendix 2: Compilation of Resolutions by Foreign and Domestic Assemblies…….………..p12 Appendix 3: Compilation of the Recommendations by UN Human Rights Bodies Treaty bodies, Special Rapporteurs and UPR….……….……….….………….p26 Appendix4: ILO CEACR Observations concerning the Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)...p38 Prepared by: Women's Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM) 2-3-18, Nishi-Waseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0051 Japan t +81-(0)3-3202-4633 f +81-(0)3-3202-4634 [email protected] URL:www.wam-peace.org 1. Introduction The Women’s Active Museum on War and Peace (WAM) is a non-governmental organization as well as a museum, established in August 2005 with donations from people in Japan and abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Korea-Split in 2, but Portrayed Through UNESCO/Geography
    Korea-Split in 2, but portrayed through UNESCO/Geography By: Eric C. VonBerg, Subject: World History Grade: 10th grade Purpose: Students will acquire geographical knowledge of Korea, especially The Republic of Korea, (South) through UNESCO/World Heritage sites both cultural and natural, as well as gain an appreciation of cultural sites. Students are to create a collage of UNESCO sites throughout Korea and reflect on why these areas were chosen, Content statements/Standards: - How culture develops and changes in ways that allow human societies to address their needs and concerns. - That behaviors, values, and beliefs of different cultures can lead to cooperation or pose barriers to cross–cultural understanding. - Concepts such as: location, physical and human characteristics of national and global regions in the past and present, and the interactions of humans with the environment. - Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action. - The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source. Lesson Length: One week, with 2 days in class. After introduction of UNESCO sites and purpose, lesson will be assigned as a homework project with a limit of 2 people per group. Introduction/Background: As a follow-up to the Cold War Era and the Korean War, this lesson is meant to give students the perspective on the division in Korea that has occurred as a result of the 38th parallel. A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Perceptions of How to Organize Local Government Multi-Lateral Cross- Boundary Collaboration
    Title Page A Study of Perceptions of How to Organize Local Government Multi-Lateral Cross- Boundary Collaboration by Min Han Kim B.A. in Economics, Korea University, 2010 Master of Public Administration, Seoul National University, 2014 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2021 Committee Membership Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS This dissertation was presented by Min Han Kim It was defended on February 2, 2021 and approved by George W. Dougherty, Jr., Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs William N. Dunn, Professor, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Tobin Im, Professor, Graduate School of Public Administration, Seoul National University Dissertation Advisor: B. Guy Peters, Maurice Falk Professor of American Government, Department of Political Science ii Copyright © by Min Han Kim 2021 iii Abstract A Study of Perceptions of How to Organize Local Government Multi-Lateral Cross- Boundary Collaboration Min Han Kim University of Pittsburgh, 2021 This dissertation research is a study of subjectivity. That is, the purpose of this dissertation research is to better understand how South Korean local government officials perceive the current practice, future prospects, and potential avenues for development of multi-lateral cross-boundary collaboration among the governments that they work for. To this purpose, I first conduct literature review on cross-boundary intergovernmental organizations, both in the United States and in other countries. Then, I conduct literature review on regional intergovernmental organizations (RIGOs).
    [Show full text]