INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. Geotechnical Issues and Preservation of Korean Heritage Sites Problèmes géotechniques et conservation des sites du patrimoine coréen Yeon-Soo Jang Department of Civil Engineering, Dongguk University, Korea, [email protected] ABSTRACT: From 1995 to 2016, Korea has 12 properties registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List. They include Buddhist temples, royal palaces, castles and tombs, Gyeongju and Backjae historic areas as well as Jeju natural historic site. This study would reveal beauties and spirits of heritage structures of Korea by showing various figures and telling the background stories. The design of the foundations and walls of the historic palaces and castles would be discussed. Some recent works of geotechnical scholars for preserving the historic pagodas and the restoration work of ancient demolished bridge located at Wolseong in Gyeongju historic area are explained. Jeju island, a natural geological museum, which contains 368 parasitic cones and lava tubes formed by explosive eruptions of basaltic lava is introduced. RÉSUMÉ : De 1995 à 2016, la Corée a 12 biens inscrits sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Ils comprennent des temples bouddhistes, des palais royaux, des châteaux et des tombes, les zones historiques de Gyeongju et Backjae ainsi que le site historique naturel de Jeju. Cette étude présentera les beautés et les esprits des structures patrimoniales de la Corée en montrant diverses images et en retraçant leurs histoires. La conception des fondations, des murs des palais et des châteaux historiques sera discutée. Certains travaux de chercheurs en géotechnique récents portant sur la préservation des pagodes historiques et les travaux de restauration de l'ancien pont démoli situé à Wolseong dans la zone historique de Gyeongju seront montrés. Cette étude présentera aussi l'île de Jeju, musée géologique naturel, qui contient 368 cônes volcaniques parasites et des tubes de lave formés par des éruptions explosives de lave basaltique. KEYWORDS: UNESCO world heritage, Buddhist, palace, Geyongju, Jeju, Preservation, Geotechnical issue. Mots Clés: Patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, Bouddhiste, palais, Geyongju, Jeju, Conservation, Problèmes Géotechniques. 1 INTRODUCTION. The subject of geotechncial engineering taught as a Table 1. UNESCO World heritage list and the registered year subdivision of civil engineering in the universities of Korea was No Heritage list Description Year regis started in 1960s. At that time geotechnical engineering was tered taught as soil and foundation engineering. Geotechnical 1 Seokguram Grotto The works of Buddhist art and 1995 engineering became flourished after Korean geotechnical and Bulguksa architecture in Unified Silla period Temple (AD 676 – 915). society(KGS) was launched in 1984. Eventhough such a late start 2 Jongmyo Shrine Royal Ancestral Shrine in of the geotechnical engineering in Korea, Korean ancesters Joseon Dynasty (AD 1392-1910) produced the tangible cultural artifiacts such as Korean palaces, 3 Haeinsa Depository for the Tripitaka castles, shrines and temples etc. using the technologies of Temple : Koreana Wooden blocks produced Janggyeong in Goyreo period (AD. 918-1392) geotechnics from very early times. Panjeon Traditional Korean structures which are recently registered in 4 Hwaseong Korea’s first planned city made 1997 UNESCO World Heritage List are summarized in Table 1. Fortress from 1794 to 1796. The rampart of The asset No. 1 and 3 are related to Buddhist arts, No. 2, 5 and 9 (Castle) castle runs for 5.7km. 5 Changdeokgung Renowned for architecture and are shrine, palace and tombs of Kings and Queens in Joseon Palace Complex garden design in Eastern Asia Dynasty. No 11 and 4 are the castles in the mid and later periods palace. Buildings are harmonized of Joseon dynasty. No. 7 and 12 show the group of remains in into nature and topography. 6 Dolmen Sites Archeological remains in Bronze 2000 Gyeongju and Backjae of Ancient Korea (Table 2). Besides, No. in Gochang, Age Culture. Korea has 40% of all 6 is ancient stone tombs, No. 10 is Confucian village in Joseon Hwasun and Dolmens worldwide. dynasty, and No. 8 is Jeju volcanic island located in southern sea Ganghwa of Korea. The distributions of each heritage is shown in Fig 1. 7 Gyeongju Old capital of the Silla Kingdom Historic Areas (57 B.C. – A.D. 935). Contain a Among the structures sited, the temples and palaces have total of 52 officially recognized wooden structures on the stone stylobate and compacted soils. cultural properties of Korea Most of Korean historic structures are wooden architectures 8 Jeju Volcanic Natural heritage site; Spectacular 2007 island and Lava geological museum in Korea rather than the stone ones, because the regimes of Korean Tubes famous for parasitic cones and dynasty had chosen the caring policy of the people rather than lava tube systems. the oppressing policy. Conventional architectures in Korea were 9 Royal Tombs of 40 tombs are registered as the 2009 Joseon Dynasty UNESCO national heritages. constructed complying with the surrounding nature and showing Famous for architecture of arts and the artistic beauty, which could not be found in the gigantic stone ecological preservation structures in other places of the world. 10 HistoricVillages Traditional villages which has 2010 : Hahoe and Confucian order. Queen Elizabeth In this study, the cultural meanings of the historic heritages are Yangdong II, Queen of UK visited in 1999. enlightened and the characteristics of the foundations and the 11 Namhansan- Emergency capital in Joseon 2014 walls of the heritages cited are analyzed from the geotechnical seong (Castle) dynasty. Shows the technology of th th points of view. Recent research of the heritage structures related castle construction from 7 to 19 century. to the earthquake occurred in Korea and the case of rehabilitating 12 Baekje Historic Eight places of castles, temples, 2015 an ancient bridge in Gyeongju historic area are introduced. Areas tombs, architectures and pagodas Geological significance of Jeju volcanic island, the only natural in Baekje period (18 B.C. - A.D. 660) UNESCO registered heritage in Korea up to now, is reported. - 231 - Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Seoul 2017 Figure 1. Location of UNESCO world heritages in Korea They stand out as the ingenious works of Buddhist architecture 2. Historical Order of Korean UNESCO world heritages and art with few peers in Asia. The times of construction for historic structures in Table 1 are Goryo (9l8-1392) was a devout Buddha State and ruled over shown in Table 2 by the chronological order of Korean historic nearly five centuries. The worst national crisis occur was the regimes and listed in parallel with the Roman and the invasions of the Mongol and, in 1235, the nation faced with the Renaissance periods in Europe. third invasion of Mongol. As a means of soothing public anxiety The old Korean peninsula about 2000 years ago was divided and beseeching the benevolence of Buddha, publishing of the into three countries as Goguryo, Baekje and Silla. They are Buddhist canon was done at that time. The cannon was preserved unified to Silla in AD 668 and called as Unified Silla. Bulguksa, in Haeinsa temple in very technically developed fashion even in the Buddhist temple, and Seokguram, a stone statue of Buddha, nowadays. Joseon dynasty was started in AD 1392 and continued both located in Gyeongju historic site, were built in the Unified about 500 years. Six UNESCO world heritages were produced in Silla. this period. Table 2. Chronological chart of Korean dynasty for construction of Korean UNESCO world heritages - 232 - Special Lectures / Discours Spécial In the next sections, the cultural meaning and the geotechnical issues are explained for the heritage structures which have geotechnical significance. 3. PALACE and SHRINE in JOSEON DYNASTY In Joseon Dynasty, the main palace was Gyeongbokgung, gung means palace, built in 1395. Changdeokgung was built in 1405 as a secondary palace of Joseon Dynasty by King Taejong, the third sovereign of the Dynasty. Although the Changdeok palace was originally intended to be used as a separate palace, when the king wanted to reside outside of the main palace, the palace served as the official residence of the largest number of kings of Joseon during the five hundred year rule of the Dynasty. Jongmyo was founded by King Taejo in 1392. It is the royal ancestral shrine, which houses the spirit tablets of 18 past kings Figure 3. Night view of Buyongji (pond) in Biwon, a back yard garden and queens of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). It is a place that of royal family which is fully harmonized with surrounding nature reflect about the time passed and the eternity, and was registered as UNESCO memorial heritage in 1995. Changdeok palace was listed on the UNESCO World heritage in 1997, saying that “This palace is an outstanding example of 3.1 Changdeok Palace Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design, exceptional Changdeok palace was built blending with topography, by for the way in which the buildings are integrated into and following the Pungsu (geomantic, the theory of divination based harmonized with the natural setting, adapting to the topography on topography) principle of ideal home, i.e. the mountain at the and retaining indigenous tree cover.”(CHA, 2002, 2011) back and the water in the front. It also followed the rule of palatial construction, i.e. the government offices should be placed in the 3.2 Jongmyo outer court and the private residence of the royal family in the Construction of Jongmyo had begun in 1394, when the capital inner quarters behind.