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Factors Influencing Campus Internationalization: a Case Study of a Liberal Arts College in the Upper Midwest

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Factors Influencing Campus Internationalization: a Case Study of a Liberal Arts College in the Upper Midwest Factors Influencing Campus Internationalization: A Case Study of a Liberal Arts College in the Upper Midwest A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY William P. Mullen IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Dr. Gerald W. Fry, Dr. Deanne L. Magnusson, Co-advisors November, 2011 © William P. Mullen, 2011 i Acknowledgments An endeavor like this can never be accomplished alone. This dissertation is dedicated to everyone collectively and individually who helped me on this journey. To Henry, Esther, and Stephanie, who provided support, encouragement, time, and understanding for this project. To my advisor Dr. Gerald W. Fry, who provided invaluable help focusing and designing this study, and my advisor Dr. Deanne L. Magnusson, who provided guidance and support from the first day of the program. Thank you both for your insights and help navigating the dissertation process. To all of the great instructors in the EDDIE program, including Dr. R. Michael Paige, Dr. Richard Krueger, and Dr. Karen Seashore. Your teaching helped me discover new perspectives, which have enriched both my personal and professional life. To my cohort colleagues and friends whose input and ideas made the program come to life. To the St. Norbert College faculty and staff, whose acceptance and help made this study possible. A special thanks to Joe Tullbane for his invaluable help on this project, and important contributions to the field of international education. To Heidi Christine for her critical eye and attention to detail. And, finally, to my parents for their unwavering faith and optimism, and for providing a quiet refuge for me to work. ii Abstract The process of campus internationalization at St. Norbert College, a small liberal arts college in the Upper Midwest, is analyzed as a case study in this dissertation. St. Norbert College was selected as an institution because it received the Paul Simon Award for Campus Internationalization in 2004. Using two studies that demonstrate effective methods for implementing campus internationalization (Johnston & Edelstein, 1993; Kelleher, 1996) and a more recent study on transformational change in higher education (Eckel & Kezar, 2003), a framework of five important factors is used as a theoretical proposition in the case study. Through interviews with key faculty members, senior administrators, and staff involved in campus internationalization, and analysis of documents dating back to 1972, seven important factors are identified, including the five factors in the framework, as well as two other factors unique to St. Norbert College. Employing a systems model, an explanation is developed of how a combination of multiple factors working together influenced several campus-internationalization initiatives at St. Norbert College. There are similarities in the factors influencing campus internationalization when comparing the case institution against the theoretical framework, suggesting some commonality of factors. Also identified are important factors unique to St. Norbert College. The combination of factors working together is key in the development and sustainability of campus-internationalization initiatives. iii Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vii Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1 Background and Rationale for this Study .................................................................. 1 Definitions of Key Terms and Concepts ..................................................................... 4 Context of the Study ...................................................................................................... 6 Theoretical Frameworks ............................................................................................... 9 Statement of Study Purpose ....................................................................................... 11 Value Premises and Basic Assumptions ................................................................... 12 Study Limitations ......................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review .................................................................................... 14 Overview of campus internationalization, its goals, and measurements............. 15 Overview of the Liberal Arts College ....................................................................... 22 Internationalization Models ....................................................................................... 25 Leadership and Change Models ................................................................................ 28 General Leadership Theories ..................................................................................... 29 Change Leadership Theories ...................................................................................... 34 Organizational Change Models.................................................................................. 41 Leadership and Change in Higher Education ......................................................... 44 Leadership and Campus Internationalization......................................................... 53 Rationale for Selection of Research Models............................................................. 66 iv Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 3: Research Methods and Procedures ....................................................... 77 Study Methodology ...................................................................................................... 78 Proposed Methods and Rationale .............................................................................. 81 Data Collection Strategies ........................................................................................... 83 Data Acquisition Process............................................................................................. 87 Data Analysis Strategies .............................................................................................. 89 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 4: Results ........................................................................................................ 94 Factors Matching the Theory of Institutional Transformation and Campus Internationalization ..................................................................................................... 96 Factors Influencing Campus Internationalization Unique to St. Norbert College .......................................................................................................................... 123 Alternative Factors .................................................................................................... 142 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 148 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion ................................................................... 149 Individual Factors ...................................................................................................... 152 Initiating and Reinforcing Factors as a System .................................................... 165 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 180 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 185 Appendix A: Consent Form...................................................................................... 200 Appendix B: Solicitation E-mail or Letter ............................................................. 202 v Appendix C: Letter of Endorsement ....................................................................... 203 Appendix D: Interview Protocol for Senior Administrators............................... 204 Appendix E: Interview Protocol for Faculty Members ....................................... 206 Appendix F: Interview Protocol for Center for International Education Staff............................................................................................................................... 208 vi List of Tables Table 1: Academic Information, International Student Numbers, and Study-Abroad Data for St. Norbert College .................................................................. 8 Table 2: Important Factors of Commonality Taken From the Literature to Form the Theoretical Model of Institutional Transformation and Campus Internationalization .......................................................................................... 73 Table 3: Study-Abroad Countries and Participating Undergraduate Students at St. Norbert College ................................................................................... 174 vii List of Figures Figure 1: Knight’s
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