DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critical Analysis of the Policing of Counterfeit Goods in South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Critical Analysis of the Policing of Counterfeit Goods in South Africa A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLICING OF COUNTERFEIT GOODS IN SOUTH AFRICA by GODFREY THENGA submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the subject CRIMINAL JUSTICE at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. DT MASILOANE OCTOBER 2018 DECLARATION I declare that the thesis “A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLICING OF COUNTERFEIT GOODS IN SOUTH AFRICA” is my own work, that I have acknowledged all the sources used, and quotations included in this thesis by means of a complete reference list. I further declare that I submitted the thesis to originality checking software and that it falls within the acceptable requirements for originality. I further declare that I have not previously submitted this work, or part of it, for examination at Unisa for another qualification or at any other higher education institution. The researcher understands and adhered to the standards on research ethics as proposed by the human Sciences Research Council. Signed __________________ Date: 01 October 2018 (G Thenga) i COPYRIGHT Copyright resides in the University of South Africa (Unisa) and Godfrey Thenga. In terms of Copyright Act 98 of 1978, no part of this material may be produced and stored in any retrieval system, be transmitted in any form or be published, redistributed or screened by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from UNISA and Godfrey Thenga. However, permission to use any material in this work that is derived from other sources must be obtained from original source. For academic and research purposes, original information may be used and referred to so long as it is properly referenced and the source acknowledged as such. © UNISA 2018 ii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ARIPO : African Regional Industrial Property Organisation AU : African Union COPIS : Anti-Counterfeit and Piracy Information System DPCI : Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation DTI : Department of Trade and Industry EU : European Union FATF : Financial Action Task Team GATT : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IACP : International Association of Chiefs of Police ILO : International Labour Organisation ILP : Intelligence Led-policing INTERPOL : International Criminal Police Organisation KYC : Know Your Customer NDP : National Development Plan NCCS : National Crime Combatting Strategy NPA : National Prosecuting Authority OAU : Organisation of African Unity OEDC : Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation SADC : Southern African Development Community SAPS : South African Police Service SARS : South African Revenue Services SARPCO : Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Co-operation Organisation iii TRIPS : Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of International Property Rights UK : United Kingdom UNODC : United Nations office on Drugs and Crime USA : United States of America WHO : World Health Organisation WTO : World Trade Organisation iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Papa GOD for His abounding graces and mercies. It is befitting to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to the following persons and organisations for having played a pivotal role in the completion of this thesis: My Promoter, Prof. David Masiloane for his support and guidance. Indeed maturity, experience and dedication count and you have made this journey exciting to me. To my guide and role model in life (Sister Olga), thank you for showing and introducing me to Mudzimu- you were magnificent and I will eternally be indebted to The Light; To my wife and children – John, Esther and niece Precious – you are splendid; To my mother who has been a pillar of support throughout my education; The (SAPS) management; The members of the SAPS in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Kwa-Zulu Natal and Western Cape provinces; The Department of Trade and Industry’s management and staff; The National Prosecution Authority’s management and staff; To Intellectual Property Firms - Adams & Adams and Spoor & Fisher; To IP Protection Organisations – South African Institute of Intellectual Property Law, The Recording Industry Of South Africa, Southern African Federation Against Copyright Theft and Film and Publication Board; Special thanks to IP Attorneys - Paul Ramara, Godfrey Budeli and Charl Potgieter; To the Professional Language Editor, Jack Chokwe; Finally, I would like to thank all my colleagues at UNISA especially College of law staff. The glittering earth is unable to encompass man perpetually. Obedience is better than sacrifice – by mukomana Olga. v SUMMARY The researcher conducted a critical analysis of the policing of counterfeit crime in South Africa. A pure qualitative research design and approach was adopted. A literature review, interviews and observations were conducted to provide an overview of this problem nationally and internationally. Interview schedules were designed with pre-determined open-ended questions, which allowed participants to explain their perceptions, opinions and viewpoints on the policing of counterfeit in South Africa. Some of the designed questions were mailed to respondents. Questions were posed to members of the Specialised Commercial Crime Unit, members of the South African Police Service’s Crime Prevention Unit, members of the Department of Trade and Industry who deal with counterfeit, prosecutors who normally prosecute counterfeit cases, brand owners/holders/representatives, and attorneys who assist in the policing of counterfeit crime. The findings of this study informed the proposed recommendations for preventative and reactive response mechanisms. These proposed recommendations suggest ways of improving efficiency and effectiveness in policing counterfeit in South Africa. KEY TERMS: Policing of counterfeit and piracy, modus operandi in committing counterfeit, intellectual property crime, organised crime in counterfeit, use of intelligence led policing, private public partnership, misrepresentation to disguise the truth, money laundering to hide proceeds of crime, theories of crime and theories of punishment in counterfeiting and piracy, adjudication of counterfeiting and piracy, counterfeiting investigation process, sanctions in counterfeit and piracy. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL ORIENTATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 2 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 THE RESEARCH QUESTION ........................................................................................................ 7 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 7 1.6 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 8 1.6.1 Value for academia .................................................................................................................... 9 1.6.2 Value for the business sector ................................................................................................... 9 1.6.3 Value for role players in the criminal justice system ............................................................. 9 1.6.4 Value for the community ......................................................................................................... 10 1.7 DEMARCATION OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................ 10 1.7.1 Population demarcation .......................................................................................................... 11 1.7.1.1 Overview of the Specialised Commercial Crime units ................................................ 11 1.7.2 Time demarcation .................................................................................................................... 12 1.7.3 Paradigm demarcation ............................................................................................................ 12 1.7.4 Geographical demarcation ...................................................................................................... 13 1.8 DEFINITION OF KEY THEORETICAL CONCEPTS ................................................................. 13 1.8.1 Policing ...................................................................................................................................... 13 1.8.2 Counterfeit and piracy ............................................................................................................. 14 1.8.3 Trademark ................................................................................................................................. 14 1.8.4 Intellectual property ................................................................................................................. 14 1.8.5 Brand and brand holder/brand representative ..................................................................... 15 1.8.6 Organised crime ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.8.7 Intelligence led-policing ........................................................................................................... 15 vii 1.8.8 Crime
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mafia Carini Capaci Isola Delle Femmine E Dintorni
    Mafia Carini Capaci Isola delle Femmine e dintorni Comuni sciolti per mafia 25 09 09 Uploaded by isolapulita . - News videos from around the world. Figura 1 Cipriano Santo Inzerillo Gianni SIINO dichiara: DI MAGGIO Salvatore Emanuele Io l’ho conosciuto all’interno della fattoria di Bellolampo intorno alla fine degli anni ’70. I DI MAGGIO hanno avuto varie vicissitudini in negativo all’interno dell’organizzazione mafiosa, perché messi da parte. L’ho rivisto insieme ad un DI MAGGIO detto “u’ figghiu da za’ lena” che mi venne indicato come capo della famiglia di Torretta. I due vennero a raccomandare un imprenditore di Torretta al quale ho fatto aggiudicare, perché loro me lo avevano chiesto, la scuola media di Isola delle Femmine. (Ordinanza di Custodia cautelare Operazione Oldbridge N. 11059/06 R. mod. 21 D.D.A.) Copacabana Di Trapani Isola delle Femmine ............. 1 Copacabana Di Trapani Isola delle Femmine ............. …… Ed è un dato ormai processualmente acquisito che, fino a quando il suo capo indiscusso, Gaetano BADALAMENTI, non fu espulso da Cosa Nostra, la famiglia di Cinisi costituiva uno dei più importanti mandamenti della provincia di Palermo, ricomprendendo, oltre al circondario di Cinisi e Terrasini , anche i territori di Balestrate, Carini, Capaci e Isola delle Femmine (cfr. BUSCETTA, MARINO MANNOIA e MUTOLO, nonché DI MATTEO Mario Santo). Successivamente, il mandamento venne sciolto e la famiglia aggregata al mandamento di Partinico, mentre i territori che ne avevano fatto parte furono divisi tra lo stesso mandamento di Partinico e (dopo il 1982) il neo- mandamento di San Lorenzo , dopo la ristrutturazione seguita alla conclusione della sanguinosa guerra di mafia dei primi anni ’80.
    [Show full text]
  • Bomba All'addaura
    SVOLGIMENTO DEL PROCESSO Alle ore 07.30 del 21 giugno 1989 su una piattaforma in cemento sulla scogliera antistante la villa abitata dal giudice Giovanni Falcone in località Addaura, sul lungomare Cristoforo Colombo n.2731, gli agenti di polizia in servizio di vigilanza Lo Re, Di Maria, Lo Piccolo e Lindiri nel corso di una ricognizione rinvenivano una muta subacquea, un paio di pinne, una maschera tipo “Solana” ed una borsa sportiva contenente una cassetta metallica con numerosi candelotti di esplosivo innescato da due detonatori elettrici collegati ad un congegno elettro-meccanico comandato da una apparecchiatura radio-ricevente. Sul luogo del rinvenimento dell’esplosivo veniva chiamato ad intervenire l’artificiere dei carabinieri Francesco Tumino il quale, per impedire l’esplosione della carica radiocomandata, aveva provveduto a fare esplodere una microcarica per disarticolare il collegamento tra la sostanza esplosiva ed il meccanismo di innesco, i cui frammenti erano stati successivamente recuperati anche attraverso l’impiego di sommozzatori nello specchio di mare antistante, prima di aprire la cassetta metallica in cui era stato poi rinvenuto l’esplosivo. La particolare collocazione della carica esplosiva induceva gli inquirenti 1 immediatamente intervenuti sul luogo a ritenere che la stessa fosse diretta alla realizzazione di un attentato nei confronti del predetto magistrato, da tempo impegnato in prima linea in numerosi processi contro la criminalità organizzata e, in particolare, contro la pericolosa organizzazione mafiosa “cosa nostra”, quale esponente di punta del cd. “pool antimafia” costituito presso l’ufficio istruzione del Tribunale di Palermo dal consigliere Rocco Chinnici, ucciso pochi anni prima in un attentato realizzato con l’impiego di una auto-bomba collocata difronte all’ingresso della sua abitazione.
    [Show full text]
  • Money Laundering Experiences
    MONEY LAUNDERING EXPERIENCES Edited by CHARLES GOREDEMA ISS MONOGRAPH SERIES • NO 124, JUNE 2006 ii Tackling money laundering in East and Southern Africa CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ABOUT THE AUTHORS viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x CHAPTER 1 Challenges of combating money laundering in bureaux de change 1 CHAPTER 2 Money laundering in the South African real estate market today 21 CHAPTER 3 Challenges of establishing financial intelligence units 39 CHAPTER 4 Detecting and investigating money laundering in Kenya 55 CHAPTER 5 Legal professional privilege/intermediary confidentiality: The challenge for anti-money laundering 73 CHAPTER 6 Flogging a dead horse: The incongruity of measures against terrorist financing in Southern Africa 91 CHAPTER 7 Tracing the proceeds of crime in Southern Africa 121 iv Money laundering experiences ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CHAPTER 1: ABCZ Association of Bureaux de Change in Zambia AMLDs Anti-Money Laundering Directives AMLIU Anti-Money Laundering Investigations Unit BFSA Banking and Financial Services Act BoZ Bank of Zambia BWP Botswana Pula CED Customs and Excise Department FBCL Fastrack Bureau de Change Limited N/A Not applicable OTC Over-the-counter PoS Point of Sale PPMLA Prohibition and Prevention of Money Laundering Act STR Suspicious Transactions Report TC Traveller’s cheque ZPS Zambia Police Service CHAPTER 2: AFU Asset Forfeiture Unit ANC African National Congress FATF Financial Action Task Force FIC Financial Intelligence Centre FICA Financial Intelligence Centre Act KYC Know
    [Show full text]
  • Con Sentenza Dell'11 Dicembre 2004 Il Tribunale Di Palermo Dichiarava Marcello Dell'utri Colpevole Dei Reati A) Di Cui Agli
    LA SENTENZA DI PRIMO GRADO Con sentenza dell’11 dicembre 2004 il Tribunale di Palermo dichiarava Marcello Dell’Utri colpevole dei reati A) di cui agli artt.110 e 416 commi 1, 4 e 5 c.p. per avere concorso nelle attività della associazione di tipo mafioso denominata “Cosa Nostra”, nonché nel perseguimento degli scopi della stessa, mettendo a disposizione della medesima associazione l’influenza ed il potere derivanti dalla sua posizione di esponente del mondo finanziario ed imprenditoriale, nonché dalle relazioni intessute nel corso della sua attività, partecipando in questo modo al mantenimento, al rafforzamento ed alla espansione della associazione medesima. E così ad esempio: 1. partecipando personalmente ad incontri con esponenti anche di vertice di Cosa Nostra, nel corso dei quali venivano discusse condotte funzionali agli interessi della organizzazione; 2. intrattenendo, inoltre, rapporti continuativi con l’associazione per delinquere tramite numerosi esponenti di rilievo di detto sodalizio criminale, tra i quali Bontate Stefano, Teresi Girolamo, Pullarà Ignazio, Pullarà Giovanbattista, Mangano Vittorio, Cinà Gaetano, Di Napoli Giuseppe, Di Napoli Pietro, Ganci Raffaele, Riina Salvatore; 3. provvedendo a ricoverare latitanti appartenenti alla detta organizzazione; 4. ponendo a disposizione dei suddetti esponenti di Cosa Nostra le 1 conoscenze acquisite presso il sistema economico italiano e siciliano. Così rafforzando la potenzialità criminale dell’organizzazione in quanto, tra l’altro, determinava nei capi di Cosa Nostra ed in altri suoi aderenti la consapevolezza della responsabilità di esso Dell’Utri a porre in essere (in varie forme e modi, anche mediati) condotte volte ad influenzare – a vantaggio della associazione per delinquere – individui operanti nel mondo istituzionale, imprenditoriale e finanziario.
    [Show full text]
  • Doc. XXIII, N. 57)
    CAMERADEIDEPUTATI SENATODELLAREPUBBLICA XIIILEGISLATURA Doc.XXIII N.57 COMMISSIONEPARLAMENTARED’INCHIESTA SULFENOMENODELLAMAFIAEDELLEALTRE ASSOCIAZIONICRIMINALISIMILARI (istituitaconlegge1o ottobre1996,n.509) (compostadaideputati:Lumia,Presidente,Vendola,Mancuso,VicePre- sidenti;Acierno,Albanese,Borghezio,Bova,Brunetti,Carrara,Crucianelli, Fumagalli,Gatto,Iacobellis,Lamacchia,Maiolo,Mantovano,Martusciello, Micciche`,Molinari,Napoli,Neri,Rizzi,Scozzari,VeltrieVenetoedai senatori:DianaLorenzo,Curto,Segretari;Calvi,Centaro,Cirami,De Zulueta,D’Onofrio,Erroi,Figurelli,Florino,Greco,LombardiSatriani, Marini,Mungari,Nieddu,Novi,Papini,Pardini,Peruzzotti,Pettinato,Rigo, RussoSpena,Veraldi,VisertaCostantini,Wilde) RELAZIONECONCLUSIVA (Relatore:OnorevoleGiuseppeLUMIA) approvatadallaCommissioneindata6marzo2001 ComunicataallePresidenzeil7marzo2001 aisensidell’articolo1,legge1o ottobre1996,n.509 STABILIMENTITIPOGRAFICICARLOCOLOMBO Camera dei Deputati — 2 — Senato della Repubblica xiii legislatura — disegni di legge e relazioni — documenti Camera dei Deputati — 3 — Senato della Repubblica xiii legislatura — disegni di legge e relazioni — documenti PAGINA BIANCA Camera dei Deputati —5— Senato della Repubblica XIII LEGISLATURA — DISEGNI DI LEGGE E RELAZIONI — DOCUMENTI INDICE — PREMESSA ........................................................................................... Pag. 9 PARTE PRIMA – L’ATTIVITA` DELLA COMMISSIONE PARLA- MENTARE D’INCHIESTA SUL FENOMENO DELLA MAFIA E DELLE ALTRE ASSOCIAZIONI CRIMINALI SIMILARI NELLA XIII LEGISLATURA ......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL and INTERNATIONAL Secjm"F0-?A6 11 THREAT of NARCOTICS TRAFFICKING
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. • • NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECJm"f0-?A6 11 THREAT OF NARCOTICS TRAFFICKING HEARING u. S.<;::O 6{t5§: 'SEt-! ~n::, BEFORE THE ___ ..h-l ~ . ~~~~~~ ~,~ \ \ I INTERNATIONAL NAROOTIOS OONTROL OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDREDTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON 'HE THREAT POSED BY INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS NETWORKS AS AN INCREASING DANGER TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS ALLIES JUNE 8, 1987 New York, New York Printed for the use of the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control ~ ...... )U ~ -{l U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ~ 71H52 WASHINGTON: 1987 For sale by the Supedntendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office .5~"," ?i'., .'1f3~~4 • • t} CONTENTS ,{ OPENING STATEMENTS Page D'Amato, Hon. AlfoIlse, a U.S. Senator from the State of New york .................. 1 DeConcini, Hon. Dennis, a U.S. Senator from the State of Arizona ..................... 3 Biden, Hon. Joseph R., a U.S. Senator from the State of Delaware .................... .. 4 Gilman, Hon. Benjamin A., a U.S. Representative from the State of New York 5 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WITNESSES Koch, Hon. Edward I., Mayor, City of New york ..................................................... 8 BUrns, Hon. Arnold, Deputy Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice .... .. 11 SENATE CAUCUS ON INTERNAnONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL Ward, Benjamin, Police Commissioner, City of New york .................................... .. 18 Giuliani, Hon. Rudolph, U.S. Attorney, Southern District of New york ............. 28 [Created by Public Law 99-151] Falcone, Hon. Giovanni, Magistrate, Palermo, Italy .............................................. .. 30 Marlin, Richard, Assistant U.S. Attorney ................................................................ .. 41 JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Delaware, Chairman Sheer, Thomas L., Assistant FBI Director, New York Office ................................
    [Show full text]
  • Les Activites De Blanchiment Des Organisations Criminelles Italiennes
    DEPARTEMENT DE RECHERCHE SUR LES MENACES CRIMINELLES CONTEMPORAINES © 2002 Université de Paris Panthéon-Assas – Paris II UNIVERSITE PANTHEON ASSAS – PARIS II DEPARTEMENT DE RECHERCHE SUR LES MENACES CRIMINELLES CONTEMPORAINES LES ACTIVITES DE BLANCHIMENT DES ORGANISATIONS CRIMINELLES ITALIENNES Mémoire présenté dans le cadre du Diplôme d’Université (D.U.) de 3e Cycle Analyse des Menaces Criminelles Contemporaines par Claudio BELISARIO sous la direction de M. Xavier RAUFER 1 DEPARTEMENT DE RECHERCHE SUR LES MENACES CRIMINELLES CONTEMPORAINES © 2002 Université de Paris Panthéon-Assas – Paris II SESSION 2000-2001 LES ACTIVITES DE BLANCHIMENT DES ORGANISATIONS CRIMINELLES ITALIENNES INTRODUCTION PREMIERE PARTIE : LES ACTIVITES DE BLANCHIMENT DES MAFIAS ITALIENNES. I.1. REVENUS CRIMINELS ET PRATIQUES DE BLANCHIMENT DE COSA NOSTRA. I.1.1. LES REVENUS CRIMINELS DE COSA NOSTRA I.1.1.1. L’extorsion de fonds : la collecte du Pizzo. I.1.1.2. La collusion avec les partis politiques, les marchés publics arrangés et les détournements des subventions italiennes et européennes. I.1.1.3. Trafic international de stupéfiants et blanchiment. I.1.2. LES PRATIQUES DE BLANCHIMENT DE COSA NOSTRA. I.1.2.1. Le blanchiment au travers du contrôle des activités agricoles en Sicile. I.1.2.2. L’internationalisation des investissements de Cosa Nostra. I.1.2.3. Trois grandes figures de blanchisseurs au profit de Cosa Nostra : Sindona, Calvi et Gelli. I.1.2.4. Le cas Silvio Berlusconi : proximité ou collusion avec Cosa Nostra ? I.2. REVENUS CRIMINELS ET PRATIQUES DE BLANCHIMENT DE LA CAMORRA. I.2.1. LES REVENUS CRIMINELS DE LA CAMORRA. I.2.1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Affaire Palazzolo Application
    APPEAL COURT OF CALTANISSETTA REVIEW APPLICATION EX ARTT. 629 AND FOLLOWING OF THE ITALIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE The undersigned Attorneys Baldassare Lauria of the Court district of Trapani and Riccardo Olivo of the Court district of Rome, defence and holders of a special mandate from VITO ROBERTO PALAZZOLO, born in Terrasini on 31.07.1947, resident in Cape Town in the Republic of South Africa, on the basis of the attached mandate, and in terms of articles 629 and following of the Italian Criminal Procedure Code, herewith submit a REVIEW APPLICATION regarding the judgment handed down by the First Criminal Section of the Court of Appeal in Palermo on 11.07.2007, which became irrevocable on 13.03.2009, which partially reformulated the First Order judgment and sentenced Mr PALAZZOLO to nine years imprisonment, excluding ancillary penalties, for the crime of association to commit a Mafia type crime, provided for under article 416 bis of the Italian Criminal Code. PAR. 1: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE OF APPEAL The conviction handed down by the Court of Appeal in Palermo, in respect of which this review is being requested, held that Mr PALAZZOLO had participated in a Mafia association called “Cosa Nostra”, together with several other associates. This was in fact a reformulation of the judgment handed down in the First Instance, which on the contrary had excluded the accused’s participation in the abovementioned Mafia association with the latter sentence, while holding that the conduct being contested against the accused was suited to an integration of external complicity in terms of articles 110 and 416 bis of the Italian Criminal Code, within the case in question.
    [Show full text]
  • La Criminalità Organizzata Nell'africa Subsahariana
    CORSO DI LAUREA IN SCIENZE POLITICHE LA CRIMINALITÀ ORGANIZZATA NELL’AFRICA SUBSAHARIANA: UN’IPOTESI DI MAPPATURA Tesi di: Morgane Afnaim Relatore: Prof. Fernando dalla Chiesa Anno Accademico 2016/2017 “Bisogna partire subito dalle scuole, confrontarsi con i giovani e cercare di cambiare questa cultura di morte […] Ragazzi, godetevi la vita, innamoratevi, siate felici, ma diventate partigiani di questa nuova resistenza” Antonino Caponnetto 2 Sommario Prefazione. ........................................................................................... 4 Capitolo primo: La “Questione Africa” ........................................... 7 1.1 Contesto storico-politico di riferimento ...................................... 8 1.2 L’instabilità politica e i conflitti ................................................ 13 Secondo capitolo. Fattori criminogeni nelle vicende africane ...... 22 2.2 Serbatoio di risorse minerarie e naturali ................................... 24 2.3 Offerta di spazi e rotte ............................................................... 29 2.4 Offerta di opportunità criminali ................................................ 36 2.5 Cono d’ombra africano .............................................................. 40 Terzo capitolo. Le organizzazioni criminali in Africa Subsahariana ..................................................................................... 43 3.1 I gruppi criminali autoctoni: strategie di successo .................... 45 3.2 Le organizzazioni criminali straniere: un focus sulla presenza
    [Show full text]
  • Race Relations
    file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM RACE RELATIONS SURVEY 1988/89 CAROLE COOPER JENNIFER SCHINDLER COLLEEN McCAUL ROBIN HAMILTON MARY BEALE ALISON CLEMANS LOU-MARIÉ KRUGER ISABELLE DELVARE JOHN GARY MOONSAMY Research staff South African Institute of Race relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1989 THE COVER file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (1 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM Photograph by Mark Peters Rapid black urbanisation in South Africa in recent years has rendered the pass laws obsolete, but the national shortage of conventional housing runs to nearly two million units. So several million people, nearly all of them black, have built their own shanties or other shelters in and around the cities. They have used whatever material they have been able to lay their hands on: wood and mud, old packing cases and crates, corrugated iron, sheets of plastic, and occasionally bricks or concrete blocks. Sometimes referred to as squatters (a term not always technically accurate), these ‘informal settlers’ have been described as ‘South Africa’s new city builders’. One of them is Mr Aaron ‘Bobo’ Khumalo, who built his house at Dlamini Camp No 2, near Chiawelo in Soweto. There he lives with his wife, Yvonne, and his children, Mandla (10) and Edward (1). The family moved to Dlamini Camp at the beginning of 1988 when the Soweto authorities demolished their shack at Mochaeneng opposite the Regina Mundi church.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribunale Di Palermo
    N. 573/97 R.G. Notizie di Reato Sent. N. 2253/06 N. 1001/02 R.G. Tribunale Del 05/07/02 Irrevocabile il ___________________ Al P.M. per esecuz. il _____________ Campione Penale n° ______________ Redatta scheda il ________________ TRIBUNALE DI PALERMO SENTENZA ( artt.544 e segg., 549 c.p.p. ) REPUBBLICA ITALIANA IN NOME DEL POPOLO ITALIANO Il Tribunale di Palermo – Sez. 3° penale – composta da: Dott. Donatella PULEO - Presidente Dott. Vittorio ALCAMO - Giudice Estensore Dott. Lorenzo CHIARAMONTE - Giudice Alla pubblica udienza del 05/07/06 ha pronunziato e pubblicato mediante lettura del dispositivo la seguente S E N T E N Z A Nei confronti di: PALAZZOLO Vito Roberto, nato a Palermo il 31/07/47 conosciuto anche come Von Palace Kolbatschenko Robert, res. in Sud Africa – latitante – Libero contumace Difeso di fid. dall’avv. Roberto Tricoli I M P U T A T O Per il reato di partecipazione in associazione di tipo mafioso (articolo 416 bis cp.) per avere, in concorso con numerosi altri associati, tra i quali RIINA Salvatore, BONOMO Giovanni e GELARDI Giuseppe, fatto parte dell’associazione mafiosa denominata Cosa Nostra o per risultare, comunque, stabilmente inserito nella predetta associazione in numero superiore a cinque persone, avvalendosi della forza di intimidazione nascente dal vincolo associativo, e della condizione di assoggettamento e di omertà che ne deriva, per commettere reati contro la vita e l’incolumità individuale, contro la libertà personale, contro il patrimonio, finalizzati al traffico di sostanze stupefacenti e di T.L.E., nonché di armi e valuta e, comunque, al fine di realizzare profitti e vantaggi ingiusti; e per avere, inoltre, favorito la latitanza, anche in territorio straniero, di associati mafiosi quali BONOMO Giovanni e Gelardi Giuseppe.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Organised Crime: a Legal Comparison
    DEFINING ORGANISED CRIME: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS by SESWANTSHO GODFREY LEBEYA submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LAWS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF S LÖTTER SEPTEMBER 2012 i Student number: 6444393 DECLARATION I declare that DEFINING ORGANISED CRIME: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ................................................... 10 September 2012 SIGNATURE DATE (MR S G LEBEYA) ii SUMMARY The most challenging and spoken criminal phenomenon today is indisputably organised crime. It is a crime that both the general public, business community, commentators, researchers, scholars, journalists, writers, politicians, prosecutors, jurists and presiding officials debate with different interpretation and understanding of the concept as well as the manifestation of the phenomena. Debates on the subject have seen the dawn of rival terminologies of organised crime and crimes that are organised. While the United Nations has not assisted the nations in finding a definition of what organised crime is, the confusion has spread throughout the globe and South Africa has not been spared the pandemonium. The objective of this study is to comparatively assess the present understanding and setup in South Africa in comparison with Italy, Tanzania and the United States of America, identify the root causes of the confusion and find possible remedies to liberate the situation. The research concludes with the findings and recommendations. KEY TERMS Organised crime; transnational organised crime; organised criminal group; syndicate; racketeering; money laundering; criminal gang; organised crime offences; predicate offences; syndicated crime.
    [Show full text]