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Air & Space Power Journal Air Force Chief of Staff Gen John P. Jumper Commander, Air Education and Training Command Gen Donald G. Cook http://www.af.mil Commander, Air University Lt Gen Donald A. Lamontagne Commander, College of Aer Doctrine, Research and Education Col Bobby J. Wilkes Editor Lt Col Anthony C. Cain http://www.aetc.randolph.af.mil Senior Editor Lt Col Malcolm D. Grimes Associate Editor Maj Donald R. Ferguson Professional Staff Marvin W. Bassett, Contributing Editor Larry Carter, Contributing Editor Mary J. Moore, Editorial Assistant http://www.au.af.mil Steven C. Garst, Director of Art and Production Daniel M. Armstrong, Illustrator L. Susan Fair, Illustrator Ann Bailey, Prepress Production Manager Air and Space Power Chronicles Luetwinder T. Eaves, Managing Editor http://www.cadre.maxwell.af.mil The Air and Space Power Journal, published quarterly, is the professional flagship publication of the United States Air Force. It is designed to serve as an open forum for the presentation and stimulation of innova­ tive thinking on military doctrine, strategy, tactics, force structure, readiness, and other matters of na­ tional defense. The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be construed as carrying the official sanc­ tion of the Department of Defense, the Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. Articles in this edition may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission. If they are reproduced, the Air and Space Power Journal requests a courtesy Visit Air and Space Power Journal on-line line. at http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil or E-mail to [email protected] Spring 2003 Volume XVII, No. 1 AFRP 10-1 A Word from the Chairman: Understanding Transformation . 5 Gen Richard B. Myers, USAF Developing Space Power: Building on the Airpower Legacy . 11 Hon. Peter B. Teets Prelaunch Notes . 17 Flight Lines Air and Space Power: Asymmetric Advantage for the United States . 18 Ricochets and Replies . 19 Vortices The Air and Space Nation Is in Peril . 20 Phillip S. Meilinger Needles in the Haystack: Hunting Mobile Electronic Targets . 32 Maj Michael Pietrucha, USAF PIREP F-35: The “F” Stands for “Future” . 41 John Kent Features High Ground over the Homeland: Issues in the Use of Space Assets for Homeland Security . 47 Lt Col (sel) S. Didi Kuo, PhD, USAF The Looming Biological Warfare Storm: Misconceptions and Probable Scenarios . 57 Col (Dr.) Jim A. Davis, USAF Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack . 69 Lt Col Harry W. Conley, USAF The Emerging Biocruise Threat . 81 Col Rex R. Kiziah, USAF Complexity-Based Targeting: New Sciences Provide Effects . 95 Col Robert W. Freniere, USAF Cmdr John Q. Dickmann, USN, Retired Cmdr Jeffrey R. Cares, USNR Attack Operations: First Layer of an Integrated Missile Defense . 101 Lt Col Merrick E. Krause, USAF Command and Control Doctrine for Combat Support: Strategic- and Operational-Level Concepts for Supporting the Air and Space Expeditionary Force . 113 Maj Gen Terry L. Gabreski, USAF James A. Leftwich Col (Dr.) Robert Tripp, USAF, Retired Dr. C. Robert Roll Jr. Maj Cauley von Hoffman, USAF Mission Debrief . 125 Air and Space Power Journal Board of Reviewers Prof. Tami Davis Biddle Dr. Tom Keaney US Army War College School of Advanced International Studies Lt Col Price T. Bingham, USAF, Retired Johns Hopkins University Melbourne, Florida Prof. Theodore Kluz USAF Air War College Lt Col Matthew Caffrey, USAFR Operations Directorate Dr. Charles Krupnick Headquarters USAF US Army War College Brig Gen Phillip D. Caine, USAF, Retired Dr. Benjamin S. Lambeth Monument, Colorado RAND Dr. Don D. Chipman Lt Col David MacIsaac, USAF, Retired USAF Squadron Officer College Montgomery, Alabama Dr. Clayton K. S. Chun Dr. Karl P. Magyar US Army War College Montgomery, Alabama Dr. Mark Clodfelter Col Edward Mann, USAF, Retired National War College Colorado Springs, Colorado Dr. Jerome V. Martin Dr. James Corum Peru State College USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Col Phillip Meilinger, USAF, Retired Dr. Conrad Crane Science Applications International Corporation Strategic Studies Institute US Army War College Prof. John H. Morrow Jr. University of Georgia Dr. Dik A. Daso National Air and Space Museum Dr. Daniel Mortensen Smithsonian Institution USAF College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education Dr. Lee Dowdy Alabama State University Prof. James Mowbray USAF Air War College Col Dennis M. Drew, USAF, Retired Dr. Karl Mueller USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies RAND Brig Gen Charles Dunlap Jr., USAF Dr. Richard R. Muller Staff Judge Advocate USAF Air Command and Staff College USAF Air Combat Command Col Robert Owen, USAF, Retired Dr. Stephen Fought Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University USAF Air War College Dr. Reina J. Pennington Col David M. Glanz, USA, Retired Norwich University Journal of Slavic Military Studies Dr. James Smith Col Thomas E. Griffith Jr., USAF USAF Institute for National Security Studies USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Col James Spencer, USAF Dr. John F. Guilmartin Jr. USAF Academy The Ohio State University Col Richard Szafranski, USAF, Retired Dr. Grant T. Hammond Toffler Associates Center for Strategy and Technology Air University Dr. James Titus USAF Academy Prof. Daniel Hughes USAF Air War College Col Mark Wells, USAF Dr. Thomas Hughes USAF Academy USAF Air War College Dr. Kenneth P. Werrell Lt Col Mark P. Jelonek, USAF Christiansburg, Virginia Space Division Dr. Harold R. Winton USAF Weapons School USAF School of Advanced Air and Space Studies 3 Air War Plans Division 1 The Air Plan That Defeated Hitler ASPJ STAFF In August 1941, four men, all former instructors at the Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS) at Maxwell Field, Alabama, reported to the Air War Plans Division (AWPD) in Washington, D.C., to lay the foundation for a comprehensive, strate­ gic air war plan. Lt Col Hal George called upon Maj Laurence Kuter, Maj Ken Walker, and Maj Haywood S. Hansell Jr. to answer a request from President Franklin D. Roosevelt for a “production plan to defeat our enemies”—one that would outline spe­ cific air requirements for industrial mobilization should the United States become embroiled in a war. After nine days, the team delivered a briefing to Gen Henry Arnold and Gen George C. Marshall that specified production requirements for 13,083 bombers; 8,775 fighters; 2,043 observation and photographic aircraft; 2,560 transports; and 37,051 trainers—an astounding total of 63,512 aircraft. Although these numbers were impressive, the planners ex­ ceeded Roosevelt’s tasking by recommending a strategy for prosecuting the war against the Axis powers. That strategy assumed that airpower could achieve strategic and political objectives in a fundamentally new way. Building upon untested airpower theories (taught throughout the 1930s at ACTS) that relied upon self- power, rail and canal transportation, petroleum produc­ defending, high-altitude daylight bombers, the team first tion, and other industries formed the backbone of any in­ envisioned a strategic defensive in the Pacific theater dustrial power. The AWPD staff also recognized that the while prosecuting an all-out air war against Germany. Air German Luftwaffe would mount a strong defense. Con­ forces would concentrate for 18 months before launching sequently, the enemy air force became an “intermediate an intensive six-month air campaign against Nazi Germany. objective of overriding priority.” Allied strategists later in­ The forces that had assembled at bases in Great Britain corporated elements of AWPD-1 into AWPD-42 and the would focus on industrial target systems—the “industrial plans for the Combined Bomber Offensive that com­ web”—that supported the German war effort. Electrical manders used to prosecute the air war against Germany. To Learn More . Biddle, Tami Davis. Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. Cate, James Lea, and E. Kathleen Williams. “The Air Corps Prepares for War, 1939–41.” In The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 1, Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942. Edited by Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate. 1948. New imprint, Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1983. Faber, Lt Col Peter R. “Interwar US Army Aviation and the Air Corps Tactical School: Incubators of American Air- power.” In The Paths of Heaven: The Evolution of Airpower Theory. Edited by Col Phillip S. Meilinger. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1997. Hansell, Haywood S., Jr. The Air Plan That Defeated Hitler. Atlanta, Ga.: Higgins-McArthur/Longino & Porter, 1972. Murray, Williamson. “Strategic Bombing: The British, American, and German Experiences.” In Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. A Word from the Chairman Understanding Transformation GENERAL RICHARD B. MYERS, USAF CHAIRMAN,JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after changes occur. —Giulio Douhet HEN THE BOMBS fell on Pearl Insight from the Past Harbor in 1941, they shattered more than the silence of a The history of the US military is a history of peaceful Sunday morning; they the nation’s armed forces evolving to meet new destroyedW the illusion that the US military threats and opportunities. During the Civil forces were safe at home. During the three War, Generals Grant and Lee exploited the and a half years that followed, a world war telegraph for theaterwide information-sharing transformed the US armed forces into a first- and the railroad network to give their forces rate military. The urgency of fighting a global theaterwide mobility.
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