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Home , Bonnes Mares, Bordeaux wine, Clos des Lambrays, Clos de Tart, Oz Clarke

Food Science 470 Appreciation

Christian BUTZKE Professor of Enology Department of Food Science La & Burgundy

Champagne Bourgogne (Burgundy) Chablis Côte d’Or Côte de Nuits Côte de Beaune La France Champagne Burgundy Chablis Côte d’Or Côte de Nuits Côte de Beaune

Beaujolais 250 miles A Recent History of France & Germany

1806 France invades Germany 1809 France invades Germany 1870 France invades Germany 1914 Germany invades France 1940 Germany invades France 1954 Germany wins Soccer World Cup 1974 Germany wins Soccer World Cup 1990 Germany wins Soccer World Cup 1998 France wins Soccer World Cup 2014 Germany wins Soccer World Cup 2018 France wins Soccer World Cup 2022 Germany wins Soccer World Cup Recent History of France Topography of France Champagne

limestone-chalk plain

Champagne Champagne

Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars are UNESCO World Heritage Properties. Brief

1668 Benedictine monk Dom Pierre -1715 Pérignon “invents” Champagne

1816 Mme. Barbe Clicquot “invents” rémuage (riddling)

1919 Versailles treaty protects Champagne

2005 US-EU treaty protects Champagne Global Wine Trade

US wine to Europe: $ 518 million

EU wine to US : $2,300 million

French wine to US: $1,400 million

US wine to France: $ 48 million

www.fas.usda.gov/data/france-wine-annual-report-and- statistics Champagne Labels Champagne Bottles

My Judy Really Makes Splendid Belching Noises www.champagnemagic.com/sizes.htm

Salmanazar Nabuchadnezzar Rehoboam Methusalah

1 Bottle 2 Magnum 4 Jeroboam 6 8 12 16 Balthazar 20 Champagne Sabering

www.champagnesabering.com Champagne

83,000 acres of

28% , 38% , 34% 15,700 winegrowers; 300 Maisons “Houses” 24 Grandes Marques “Great Brands” Export volume: 10 million cases (7%) Export value: $2,100 million (32%) Export to US: $ 415 million Grandes Marques de Champagne (1882)

Ayala • Ay G.H. Mumm • Reims Billecart-Salmon • Mareuil-sur-Ay Perrier-Jouët • Epernay Bollinger • Ay Joseph Perrier • Châlons-sur-Marne Canard-Duchêne • Ludes Piper-Heidsieck • Reims Deutz & Geldermann • Ay • Epernay Heidsieck Monopole • Reims Pommery & Greno • Reims Charles Heidsieck • Reims Charles & Alfred Prieur • Vertus Henriot • Reims • Reims Krug • Reims Ruinart • Reims Lanson Père et Files • Reims A. Salon • Le Mesnil-sur-Oger Laurent-Perrier • Tours-sur-Marne Taittinger • Reims Moët & Chandon • Epernay Veuve Clicquot-Ponsardin • Reims www.umc.fr Champagne Method

Méthode Champenoise = Méthode Traditionnelle = Méthode Classique =

Second fermentation in bottle w/out transfer Méthode Champenoise

Base wine (Blanc de Blanc or Blanc de Noir) + Yeast Blending (Assemblage => Cuvée de tirage) + Sugar 2nd fermentation in bottle (Prise de mousse) Riddling (Rémuage) Disgorging (Dégorgement) Dosage (Dosage) /Wire Cage (Bouchage/Museletage) Sparkling Base

Chalk/limestone soils => high acidity Early => low sugars, high acidity No => high acidity

=> Carbonation + dosage to balance acidity Base Wine

Chardonnay => “Blanc de Blancs” ( from white grapes)

Pinot Noir/Meunier => “Blanc de Noirs” (“White” wine from black grapes) Prise de Mousse En Tirage Riddling Riddling

Yeast deposit Plastic bedule Crown cap Disgorging

Neck Freezer Disgorging @ 90 psi Dosage

Same wine Aged (oaked) wine (Cognac) Sugar Champagne Dryness

residual sugar (g/L) Extra brut < 6 Brut < 15 Extra dry 12-20 Sec 17-35 Demi-sec 33-50 Doux 50+ Cork/Cage Champagne Method vs. Other Methods

Other ways to make :

Charmat process (tank/tank fermentation)

Transfer method (tank/bottle/tank)

Méthode ancestrale (bottle, no disgorging)

Artificial carbonation (tank +CO2) Asti Spumante

Moscato Bianco

Charmat-Martinotti method

Chablis Chablis Chablis Grand vs Premier Cru

Grand Cru Premier Cru

© ’s Wine Companion Burgundy Chablis

Grand Crus:

A. Bougros B. Les Preuses C. Vaudésir D. Les Grenouilles E. Valmur F. Les G. Blanchot

© Oz Clarke’s Wine Companion Burgundy Typical aromas: • Lime • Green apple • White peach Chardonnay • Flint Burgundy

Chardonnay Chablis

Limestone soil Chablis

Guyot training system Chablis

Chateau de Maligny www.durup-chablis.com

Chablis Labels Burgundy

Côte d’Or(ient) Côte de Nuits Côte de Beaune 62,000 acres of vineyards

15 million cases (60% white, 40% red)

4,800 wine estates (domaines)

115 “Negociants” (selling 65% of all wine)

Exported: 60% of all Burgundies Côte d’Or

Dijon

22 miles

Beaune Côte de NuitsCôte de NuitsDijon

Gevrey-Chambertin Note: The word "Nuits" has Morey-St-Denis nothing to do with Chambolle-Musigny "nighttime" but Vougeot comes from Flagey-Echézeaux the Latin for walnuts, Vosne-Romanée Nutium.

Nuits-St-Georges

© Oz Clarke’s Wine Companion Burgundy Côte de Nuits

Grand Cru Premier Cru

© Oz Clarke’s Wine Companion Burgundy Côte de Beaune

Aloxe-Corton

Beaune

Meursault

Puligny-Montrachet

Chassagne-Montrachet

© Oz Clarke’s Wine Companion Burgundy Côte de Beaune: Aloxe-Corton Côte de Beaune

Grand Cru Premier Cru

© Oz Clarke’s Wine Companion Burgundy Grand Cru vs. AOC Villages Topography of 1200 ft Burgundy Woods

River Saône

600 ft

Hautes AOC 1ers & AOC Village AOC Côtes Village Grands Village Regional Crus

© Jean-Nicolas Méo, Domaine Méo Camuzet à Vosne-Romanée Grand Cru vs. Premier Cru

La Romanée CÔTE DE NUITS: CÔTE DE BEAUNE:

Gevrey-Chambertin: Aloxe-Corton: 1.! Chambertin 1.! Corton 2.! Chambertin Clos de Bèze 2.! Corton-Charlemagne 3.! Charmes-Chambertin 4.! Chapelle-Chambertin Puligny-Montrachet: 5.! Griotte-Chambertin 3.! Montrachet 6.! Latricières-Chambertin 4.! Bâtard-Montrachet 7.! Mazis-Chambertin 5.! Chevalier-Montrachet 8.! Ruchottes-Chambertin 6.! Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet

Morey-St-Denis: Chassagne-Montrachet: 9.! 7.! Montrachet 10.!Clos Saint-Denis 8.! Bâtard-Montrachet 11.! 9.! Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet 12.!Clos de la Roche 13.! Burgundy’s Chambolle-Musigny: 14.!Musigny 15.!Bonnes Mares

Grand Crus Vougeot: 16.!Clos de Vougeot

Vosne-Romanée: 17.!La Romanée 18.!La Tâche 19.!Richebourg 20.!Romanée-Conti 21.!Romanée-St-Vivant 22.!La Grande Rue

Flagey-Echézeaux: 23.!Grands-Echézeaux 24.!Echézeaux

Cote d’Or Label Typical aromas: • Cranberries • Cherries • Wild mushrooms Pinot Noir • Potpourri • Black tea Burgundy

Pinot Noir Pinot By Tituss is meant to be enjoyed by all the fabulous Kings and Kweens.

pbtbwine.com Grand Cru vs. Premier Cru

La Romanée

$2,400 per bottle!

www.wineanorak.com/drc2002.htm

Beaujolais Food Science 470 Wine Appreciation

Christian BUTZKE Professor of Enology Department of Food Science La France

Bordeaux – Region centered around the seaport city of Bordeaux, the France’s 5th largest city – Situated on the River about 20 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean, below the estuary Bordeaux

Bordeaux is the largest fine wine-making region in the world! – with about 300,000 acres of 57+ AOCs (nearly 4x Burgundy; ½ of California acreage) – 170+ million gallons of wine annually 5 Major Districts AOCs of Bordeaux d’Origine Contrôlées

20 miles Important Appellations • Médoc

•

•StEmilion

•

• Bordeaux – Le Bordelais

• Best known for blended red wines • 15% of total production is white • Well-drained gravel (graves) soils and mild climate &"

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Annual Precipitation

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!"#$% Data Source: www.weather.com “Vintage Chart“ Bordeaux Bordeaux Region • “Bottling” (molded glass bottles filled with wine and sealed with bark corks) began in the Médoc district in the early 1700’s Le

– A “chateau” in Bordeaux is a name applied to a country home, usually a grand mansion, situated upon a estate of 50 to more than several hundred acres – More than 9,000 “chateaux” in Bordeaux Chateau

Chai (Cellar)

Vineyards

Château Château Margaux Colloquium on the Effects of Temperature on Wine Quality eProvenance.com Wooden Fermentors Stainless Steel Fermentors 2nd-Year Cellar Historic Wine Shipments

!Bordeaux Extended !Port Fortified/oxidized ! Fortified/oxidized Burgundy vs. Bordeaux

• Burgundy is typified by small vineyards divided into parcels among separate owners • Bordeaux is comprised of vineyard estates (chateaux) belonging to single ownerships AOCs of Bordeaux Appellations d’Origine Contrôlées Bordeaux Region

! The entire region of Bordeaux is not classified in a single AOC ranking ! The Médoc, Sauternes and Barsac, Graves, and Saint-Emilion districts have their own official classification systems ! In 1855 the Brokers Union classified 62 of the several hundred Grand Cru estates of Medoc, Graves, and Sauternes (but not Pomerol) Classification of 1855

In 1855 the Bordeaux Wine Brokers Union further classified 62 of the several hundred Grand Cru estates of Medoc, Graves, and Sauternes only:

First growth (6 of the 62) Second growth Third growth Fourth growth Fifth growth Classification of 1855

• Reflected the market's view of the relative quality between the wines in terms of the selling price and reputation of the various châteaux. • Considering the changes over the following years, the classification has held up remarkably well. • Only undergone one significant change in the last 160 years: 1973, Château Mouton-Rothschild was promoted from a Deuxieme to a Premier Grand Cru Classé. Classification of 1855 Premier Grand Cru Classé

Château Margaux, Margaux (Médoc) Château Latour, Paulliac (Médoc) Château Lafite-Rothschild, Paulliac (Médoc) Château Mouton-Rothschild, Paulliac (Médoc) Château d’Yquem, Sauternes Château Haut-Brion, Graves (+ Château Pétrus, Pomerol)

Bordeaux’s Red Grapes

Red wine varieties permitted for AOC Médoc:

Cabernet Sauvignon (most estates ≈ 65%) (most estates ≈ 25%) also: , Carménère

Only red wines are classified – whites are permitted only an ‘AOC Bordeaux’ labeling

Sauternes Sauternes

Tiny district about 7 miles on each side, and nearly surrounded by Graves Has a famous micro-climate which is an intense morning mist and mid-day sun during the fall ripening Only white wines authorized for AOC classification Same white wine varieties permitted as in Graves: , Sémillon, de Frontignan Sauternes Grapes are purposely harvested over-ripened – natural ‘’ (Botrytis cinerea) collects upon, permeates and dehydrates berry skins . When other grapes may be ripe at 22-25 Brix, Sauternes grapes may exceed 35-40 Brix. Typical blend: 80% Sémillon 20% Sauvignon Blanc Sauternes

Only one chateau in Sauterne – and the only white wine first growth chateau: • Château d’Yquem

www.yquem.fr ! New price today is ca. $300 per 375 mL bottle ! 1811 vintage ca. $64,518 per 375 mL bottle Local Delicacies Local Delicacies

Le Canelé

! 4 egg yolks ! ¾c flour ! 2c whole milk ! 2 Tbsp butter ! 1c sugar ! vanilla, rum, salt