DNA Barcoding Indonesian Freshwater Fishes: Challenges and Prospects
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DNA Barcodes 2015; 3: 144–169 Review Open Access Nicolas Hubert*, Kadarusman, Arif Wibowo, Frédéric Busson, Domenico Caruso, Sri Sulandari, Nuna Nafiqoh, Laurent Pouyaud, Lukas Rüber, Jean-Christophe Avarre, Fabian Herder, Robert Hanner, Philippe Keith, Renny K. Hadiaty DNA Barcoding Indonesian freshwater fishes: challenges and prospects DOI 10.1515/dna-2015-0018 the last decades is posing serious threats to Indonesian Received December 12, 2014; accepted September 29, 2015 biodiversity. Indonesia, however, is one of the major sources of export for the international ornamental trade Abstract: With 1172 native species, the Indonesian and home of several species of high value in aquaculture. ichthyofauna is among the world’s most speciose. Despite The development of new tools for species identification that the inventory of the Indonesian ichthyofauna started is urgently needed to improve the sustainability of the during the eighteen century, the numerous species exploitation of the Indonesian ichthyofauna. With the descriptions during the last decades highlight that the aim to build comprehensive DNA barcode libraries, the taxonomic knowledge is still fragmentary. Meanwhile, co-authors have started a collective effort to DNA barcode the fast increase of anthropogenic perturbations during all Indonesian freshwater fishes. The aims of this review are: (1) to produce an overview of the ichthyological *Corresponding author: Nicolas Hubert, Institut de Recherche pour le researches conducted so far in Indonesia, (2) to present Développement (IRD), UMR226 ISE-M, Bât. 22 - CC065, Place Eugène an updated checklist of the freshwater fishes reported Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France, E-mail: nicolas.hubert@ to date from Indonesia’s inland waters, (3) to highlight ird.fr the challenges associated with its conservation and Domenico Caruso, Laurent Pouyaud, Jean-Christophe Avarre, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR226 ISE-M, management, (4) to present the benefits of developing Bât. 22 - CC065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, comprehensive DNA barcode reference libraries for the France conservation of the Indonesian ichthyofauna. Nicolas Hubert, Sri Sulandari, Renny K. Hadiaty, Museum Zoolo- gicum Bogoriense (MZB), Division of Zoology, Research Center for Keywords: DNA barcoding;Checklist;Southeast Asia Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Raya Bogor Km46, Cibinong 16911, Java Barat, Indonesia. Kadarusman, Akademi Perikanan Sorong (APSOR), Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Jl. Kapitan Pattimura, Tanjung Kasuari, Sorong 98401, Papua Barat, Indonesia. 1 Introduction Arif Wibowo, Research Institute of Inland Fisheries, Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research – Ministry for Marine and Fisheries Biodiversity is not evenly distributed and aggregates Affair, Jl. Beringin No. 308, Mariana, Palembang 30763, Sumatera in restricted areas, some of which are currently facing Selatan, Indonesia. massive habitat loss and as such, have been identified Frédéric Busson, Philippe Keith, Muséum National d’Histoire Natu- as biodiversity hotspots [1]. Among the 26 biodiversity relle (MNHN), UMR 7208 BOREA (MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-IRD), CP 026, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. hotspots identified worldwide by Myers and colleagues Domenico Caruso, Nuna Nafiqoh, Jean-Christophe Avarre, Research [1], four are found in Southeast Asia (SEA) including and Development Institute for Fish Health Control, Indonesian Indo-Burma (Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research and Development, Jalan Myanmar), Sundaland (Malaysia, Indonesia), Wallacea perikanan 12A, Depok, Java Barat, Indonesia (Indonesia) and Philippines hotspots. The exceptional Lukas Rüber, Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, Bern 3005, Switzerland. concentration of biodiversity hotspots in SEA ranks Fabian Herder, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig the region as one of the most diverse together with the (ZFMK), Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Adenauerallee Amazon and Congo River watersheds but threat levels 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. actually rank them as the most endangered hotspots to Robert Hanner, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and Department of date [2,3]. Among the four biodiversity hotspots identified Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada in SEA, the two Indonesian hotspots are currently the most © 2015 Nicolas Hubert et al. licensee De Gruyter Open. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/4/15 10:41 PM DNA Barcoding Indonesian freshwater fishes: challenges and prospects 145 threatened and Sundaland in particular, is the one that nearly 1200 species of freshwater fishes have been either experienced the fastest increase of threat levels during described or reported from Indonesian inland waters and the last decade [3]. Including Peninsular Malaysia and the the rate of species discovery is still high as several tenth islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Fig. 1), this hotspot of species have been described from Indonesia during the exhibits one of the highest species richness and endemism last years [10-12]. The inventory of Indonesian freshwater for vertebrates in SEA [2] and freshwater fishes are no fishes has been challenged since its earliest developments exception. For instance, among the 1200 species described by several limitations: (1) the Indonesian archipelago in Indonesia, nearly 900 species are observed in the hosts nearly 17,000 islands and most of them are remote Sundaland hotspot – c.a. 400 endemics – and constitute islands with limited access, (2) due to a complex political an important source of incomes from the international history, tracing the type specimens has been sometimes trade of ornamental fishes. The impoverishment of the challenging, particularly for the species described before ichthyodiversity in the Indonesian hotspots is of great the 1950’s [11], (3) the Indonesian ichthyofauna hosts concern, however, the taxonomic knowledge is still several large radiation of morphologically similar species incomplete and scattered in the scientific literature, what that have been subject to either multiple descriptions, arguably bridles the establishment of sounds conservation recurrent systematic revisions or overlooked diversity [11]. plans. Filling this gap is currently jeopardized by the fast Recently, the use of standardized molecular approaches degradation of the Indonesian natural habitats due to a in some remote rivers in Indonesia emphasized that the large array of perturbations including mining, logging sole use of morphology in taxonomy was limiting the activities, land burning for crop cultivation, deforestation estimation of species richness in some cases, as observed for land conversion (e.g. palm plantations) and water in Papuan rainbowfishes, for instance [13]. contamination [4, 5]. Freshwater fishes are particularly DNA barcoding is a system designed to provide at risk in Indonesia as their persistence is currently accurate, fast and automatable species identification by jeopardized by the interactions between ecological and using short and standardized gene regions as internal biotic (e.g. inland fisheries, introduction of alien species) species tags [14]. Initially proposed to circumvent the lack perturbations resulting in the modification of habitats, of taxonomists and available tools for species identification destruction of spawning grounds and the decline of [15-17], DNA barcoding has also been foreseen by several populations [6-9]. authors as a solution to speed up the pace of species The inventory of the Indonesian ichthyodiversity is discovery and open new perspectives in conservation [18- ongoing since the second half of the 18th century. So far, 20]. Given their high diversity and dramatic phenotypic Figure 1. Map of Indonesia including the 23 islands considered in the present review (Appendix) with biogeographic provinces and their boundaries. 1, Bali; 2, Bangka; 3, Batam and Bintan; 4, Belitong; 5, Buru; 6, Java; 7, Kalimantan; 8, Madura; 9 Natuna and Riau; 10, Suma- tera; 11, Bacan; 12, Celebes; 13, Ceram; 14, Flores; 15, Halmahera; 16, Indonesian Timor; 17, Lombok; 18, Sumba; 19, Sumbawa; 20, Ternate; 21, Talaud; 22, Aru; 23, Indonesia New Guinea. Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/4/15 10:41 PM 146 N. Hubert, et al. changes during ontogeny, fish identification is not an easy To date, 1218 species belonging to 84 families have task. After almost a decade, it has become evident that been reported from Indonesian freshwaters including 1172 DNA barcoding presents several advantages compared native species from 79 families among which 630 species to morphological characters for species identification are endemic of the country (Table 1, Appendix). Amongst including: (1) intraspecific phenotypic variation often the 1218 species, 28 are exotic species corresponding to: overlaps that of sister taxa in nature, which can lead to (1) introduced species (i.e. 21 species from 7 families), incorrect identifications or species delineations [21,22], among which several belong to exotic families for (2) DNA barcodes are effective whatever the life stages Indonesian waters (e.g. Cichlidae, Loricariidae, under scrutiny [23,24] or available biological materials Peociliidae, Serrasalmidae), (2) imported species that for identification [25, 26], (3) spectacular levels of cryptic have not established