O Embate Entre Cultura Pop E O Conceito De Arte Em Lady Gaga1

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O Embate Entre Cultura Pop E O Conceito De Arte Em Lady Gaga1 Intercom – Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação XXXIX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências da Comunicação – São Paulo - SP – 05 a 09/09/2016 O embate entre cultura pop e o conceito de arte em Lady Gaga1 Heloísa Dias FAHL2 José Eduardo Ribeiro de PAIVA3 Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP Resumo A cantora norte-americana Lady Gaga é frequentemente lembrada por suas performances, vídeos e roupas fora dos moldes tradicionais, muitas vezes consideradas polêmicas. Isso porque frequentemente trazem referências, simbologias e significados que desafiam padrões sociais e consequentemente, causam a sensação de estranhamento e choque no público. Entretanto, mais do que apenas chocar, a imagem de Gaga traz consigo inúmeras referências à cultura pop e à chamada “alta cultura”, colocadas lado a lado, muitas vezes dialogando entre si, levantando uma interessante e relevante reflexão acerca do que é arte. O presente artigo se propõe a apresentar momentos onde esse embate entre a cultura pop e a “alta cultura” ocorrem na existência midiática de Lady Gaga e como ela consegue com isso, propor um relevante questionamento do conceito de arte. Palavras-chave: Cultura Pop; Alta Cultura; Arte; Lady Gaga. A cultura pop estava na arte Agora a arte está na cultura pop, em mim!4 O trecho acima, parte da canção “Applause” (2013), assim como o restante dela, é um claro anúncio de uma das propostas mais recorrentes nas obras de Lady Gaga: questionar o conceito de arte. Desde referências a cantoras pop, como Madonna, até o uso de pinturas de Sandro Botticelli como estampa de seu vestuário, a cantora mistura cultura pop e a chamada “alta cultura” com naturalidade o suficiente para que esse embate entre as duas muitas vezes passe despercebido e reforce a sensação de não existir uma barreira que separe nitidamente as duas esferas. 1 Trabalho apresentado na Divisão Temática de Comunicação Audiovisual, da Intercom Júnior – XII Jornada de Iniciação Científica em Comunicação, evento componente do XXXIX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências da Comunicação 2 Recém-graduada do Curso de Comunicação Social (Midialogia) do Instituto de Artes - UNICAMP, email: [email protected] 3 Orientador do trabalho. Professor do Curso de Comunicação Social (Midialogia) do Instituto de Artes - UNICAMP, email: [email protected] 4 Original: “Pop culture was in art, now art is in pop culture, in me!” (Trecho de “Applause”, canção do álbum Artpop (2013), escrita por Julien Arias, Paul Blair, Martin Bresso, Lady Gaga, William Grigahcine, Nicolas Mercier, Nick Monson e Dino Zisis. Gravadora: Interscope / Polydor / Stramline). 1 Intercom – Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação XXXIX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências da Comunicação – São Paulo - SP – 05 a 09/09/2016 As obras de Lady Gaga, seus videoclipes, performances e inclusive aparições públicas geralmente são compostas por diversos simbolismos e referências tanto à cultura pop quanto à “alta cultura”. Entretanto, segundo Rodrigues (2012), Lady Gaga traz na verdade a ideia do novo (renovado) que já foi testado e validado antes. Ele cita Umberto Eco para mencionar que Lady Gaga utiliza-se da estratégia de inserir a novidade em doses homeopáticas e que, A referencialidade é a retomada de formas e imagens, a adaptação e reutilização de signos já conhecidos e que habitam o inconsciente coletivo (arquétipos). A referência é um componente essencial na cultura pop. Andy Warhol, seriados de TV, histórias em quadrinhos e filmes fazem uso da referência à exaustão. Trata-se de um recurso para familiarizar a audiência e para criar identificação. A referência, quando compreendida e identificada, é um dos recursos mais poderosos utilizados na cultura pop. (RODRIGUES; VELASCO, 2012, p.4) Oliveira (2010) afirma que Lady Gaga é um exemplo da ideia de pastiche dentro da cultura pop, ou seja, a apropriação de elementos já utilizados anteriormente, porém sem ser uma sátira ou plágio daquilo que é citado. Ele afirma que “a cultura pop é o reino das referências, do reconhecível, de uma estética repetitiva que parece inovar”. Segundo ele, “O pop é, e sempre foi, um reaproveitamento de culturas e formas anteriores.” (OLIVEIRA, 2010). No contexto atual da indústria fonográfica, Lady Gaga é um dos maiores exemplos de celebração do movimento artístico Pop Art, consolidado na década de 60, cujo principal nome é Andy Warhol. A maior marca da Pop Art é a apropriação de bens de consumo do cotidiano, principalmente os produzidos em massa, para conferir-lhes caráter artístico, utilizando-se frequentemente da repetição e da noção de consumo, que são elementos característicos do sistema capitalista. Ainda dentro do conceito de apropriação de objetos do cotidiano dentro da esfera artística, outro movimento de grande destaque do início do século XX é o chamado “Ready-Made”, proposto por Marcel Duchamp. Seu principal conceito era de que qualquer objeto poderia ser elevado à condição de obra de arte desde que o artista assim definisse (MOMA, 2015). Conceitos desses dois movimentos artísticos podem ser claramente notados nas obras de Lady Gaga e no diálogo que ela propõe ao apresentar referências de diversas naturezas em seu trabalho. Uma das obras mais famosas da Pop Art foi produzida em 1962 por Andy Warhol, chamada “Marilyn Diptych”, uma representação de tinta acrílica sobre tela da famosa atriz 2 Intercom – Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação XXXIX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências da Comunicação – São Paulo - SP – 05 a 09/09/2016 e modelo norte-americana Marilyn Monroe (TATE, 2016). A popularidade da obra vem para consolidar a imagem de Marilyn como um símbolo característico da cultura popular. O número de artistas que fazem referências à atriz e modelo é quase incontável. Sua música mais famosa, “Diamonds are a girl’s best friend”, é referenciada por Nicole Kidman no filme “Moulin Rouge” de 2001 e o clipe feito por Marilyn para esta canção é recriado em “Material Girl”, de 1984, da cantora Madonna (WHOSAMPLED, 2016). A cena do vestido branco de Marilyn sendo levantado pelo vento no filme “O pecado mora ao lado” (1955) é um clássico da história do cinema mundial. Pôsteres e camisetas com a imagem da atriz nessa cena podem ser vistos em todos os lugares do mundo. O estilo de cabelos loiros de Marilyn é também icônico e já foi referenciado por Madonna, Christina Aguilera, Jennifer Lopez, Scarlett Johansson e muitas outras artistas (US WEEKLY, 2012). Lady Gaga, com sua notável inspiração da Pop Art, também não deixa de referenciá-la. Entre as diversas referências a Marilyn Monroe feitas por Lady Gaga, uma das mais interessantes é a que ocorre no clipe “Telephone”, música de 2009, gravada com Beyoncé. Em uma das cenas onde Lady Gaga, que interpreta uma carcerária, vai atender a uma ligação, seus cabelos estão loiros e encaracolados como os de Marilyn. Mais do que isso, o cabelo de Gaga está enrolado com latas de Coca-Cola Diet, o que pode ser interpretado um símbolo da produção em massa do sistema capitalista assim como as latas de sopa Campbell da obra “Campbell’s Soup Cans” de Andy Warhol, de 1962. Marilyn é também referenciada no clipe de “Applause” (2013), quando Lady Gaga aparece novamente com o cabelo intensamente loiro e encaracolado dentro de uma gaiola. A figura de Gaga remete claramente à imagem da Marillyn de Warhol. Assim como Andy Warhol possuía o estúdio “The Factory”, que contava com uma equipe de produção de suas obras, Lady Gaga também possui seu estúdio e equipe chamado “Haus of Gaga”. A “Haus of Gaga” trabalha em conjunto para a criação de tudo aquilo que envolve a imagem de Lady Gaga, como videoclipes, vestimentas, turnês, etc. O nome “Haus”, além de soar como “House” (casa em inglês), referencia uma escola vanguardista alemã da década de 20, a Bauhaus, conhecida pelo apelo modernista de suas obras em campos como arquitetura e design (GAGAPEDIA, 2016). No clipe de “Applause”, Lady Gaga faz também uma clara referência ao quadro “O nascimento de Vênus”, de Sandro Boticelli (século XV), estando semi-nua, vestida apenas com roupas íntimas no formato de conchas e com longos cabelos loiros (ZAFFAR, 2013). A mesma referência foi feita na divulgação deste single durante o Video Music Awards 3 Intercom – Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação XXXIX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências da Comunicação – São Paulo - SP – 05 a 09/09/2016 (VMA) do mesmo ano. Ainda em 2013, a cantora utilizou a pintura de Boticelli como estampa para um de seus vestidos na saída de um hotel. A simbologia da Deusa Vênus e a figura da mulher são bastante recorrentes no trabalho de Lady Gaga. O clipe “Telephone” (2009), música com participação de Beyoncé, encerra-se com o símbolo de Vênus, que representa tanto o sexo feminino como a versão romana da Deusa grega Afrodite, símbolo do amor, sexo, beleza e fertilidade (ZAFFAR, 2013). O clipe trabalha intensamente com a figura da mulher, se iniciando em uma cadeia feminina e encerrando com duas fugitivas (no caso, Lady Gaga e Beyoncé) em uma caminhonete após terem envenenado o namorado da personagem de Beyoncé e outros frequentadores de uma lanchonete. Além disso, uma das canções do álbum Artpop, de 2013, é intitulada “Venus” e sua letra é uma clara menção à Deusa romana. Outra referência no clipe de “Applause” citada por Zafar (2013) é o do mito de Ícaro, filho de Dédalo. Na mitologia grega, o seu pai lhe cria asas de cera e penas, mas o avisa para ficar longe do Sol e do oceano. A ambição e curiosidade de Ícaro, porém, faz com que ele se aproxime muito do Sol e a cera derreta, de forma que ele caia no oceano e afogue-se. A referência a Ícaro aparece em diversas outras obras da cultura popular. David Bowie, por exemplo, também utilizou a imagem das asas de Ícaro em sua turnê intitulada “Glass Spider Tour”, em 1987.
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