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School of & Ancient History

AR2032 Foragers to Farmers

Academic Year: 2009-2010

Semester: 1

Time and location: Monday 13.00-14.00 BEN LT10 Tuesday 15.00-16.00 PHY LTD

Hands-on sessions: Ceramics Lab Seminars 1-3 Library Seminar Room

First meeting: 5th October 2009

Module coordinator: Huw Barton

e-mail: [email protected]

Room: 104

Office hours: To be posted (see office door)

Your individual appointments (e.g. tutorials, seminars): ……………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………… document prepared by: Huw Barton, 21st September 2007 2

Foragers to Farmers AR2032

Weighting: 20 credits Coordinator: Huw Barton Other tutors: Lynden Cooper, Nick Cooper, Terry Hopkinson. Module This module addresses key issues in the study of prehistory, including the outline: Palaeolithic, and the transition from foraging to farming. The course explores the themes of settlement and mobility providing a global coverage, and outlining the key debates in each region. The course covers a long period of archaeological time during which ways of life changed radically, but it unifies the study of prehistory through an emphasis on the ways that people solved the problems of resource acquisition, and consideration of adaptation to different climates and environments. Issues covered will include the evolution of hominids and human cognition, concepts of hunter-gatherer mobility, the impact of sedentism and with it the development of different systems of agriculture. In addition, the course will introduce students to the critical evaluation of the archaeological evidence for evaluating different life-ways in prehistory, and of the approaches and methods archaeologists have used to do this. Aims: To build on the chronological/thematic awareness gained in AR1004, by providing students with a developed understanding of the character and development of prehistoric societies. To introduce students to the key issues and theoretical debates informing the archaeological analysis of social, economic and technological change in human prehistory over time as foragers and/or farmers. To examine the range of archaeological sources for prehistoric studies and critically consider their strengths/weaknesses. To enable students to develop independent learning skills. Intended Demonstrate a broad knowledge of the archaeology and cultural learning development of the period (field trip and exam). outcomes: Demonstrate an improved understanding of the interpretative models for the period (field trip, seminar contributions, essay, exam). Show an understanding of the interplay between archaeological evidence, method and theory (essay, exam). Critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the archaeological sources for the period (essay, exam). Method(s) of Two lectures per week; small-group teaching with three large group teaching: Seminars; two ‘hands-on’ sessions to familiarise students with the material culture of the period; a one-day field trip to Cresswell Craggs to visit some sites of the East Midlands. Method of One essay of 2500 words (50%) November 2009 assessment: One two-hour examination (50%) June-July 2010

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Teaching schedule Teaching wk Week 2 Mon 5 Oct Course Introduction/Landscape mosaics (HB/TH). Tues 6 Oct : technology and space (TH). Week 3 Mon 12 Oct and the handaxe (TH). Tues 13 Oct Middle Palaeolithic subsistence and mobility (TH). Week 4 Mon 19 Oct Lower-middle Palaeolithic transition: technology and settlement (TH). Tues 20 Oct The emergence of Homo sapiens and modernity (TH). Week 5 Mon 26 Oct Seminar 1 (HB/TH) Tues 27 Oct Big game hunting in North America (HB). Week 6 Mon 2 Nov Laboratory Class: Ceramics. (NC/HB) Tues 3 Nov Defining and identifying mobility in the archaeological record (HB). Week 7 9-13 Nov [Reading week] Week 8 Mon 16 Nov Seminar 2 (HB/TH) Tues 17 Nov Ethno-archaeology (HB). Week 9 Mon 23 Nov The origins of agriculture (HB). Tues 24 Nov The spread of agriculture into Europe (MVL). Week 10 Mon 30 Dec Seminar 3 (HB/TH) Tues 1 Dec Laboratory Class: Lithics. (LC/HB) Week 11 Mon 7 Dec The roots of tropical agriculture (HB). Tues 8 Dec Revision Lecture (TH).

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Seminars

Seminar 1 (TH & HB) Why do Stone Tools Vary? A: Binford, L.R. 1973. Interassemblage variability: the and the ‚functional‛ argument. In C. Renfrew (Ed) The Explanation of Culture Change pp227-254. London, Duckworth. (Function, Middle Palaeolithic) B: Bordes, F. & de Sonneville-Bordes, D. 1970. The significance of variability in assemblages. World Archaeology 2: 61-73. (Culture, whole Palaeolithic) C: Rolland, N.C. and Dibble, H.L. 1990. A new synthesis of variability. American Antiquity 55: 480-499. (Raw material economy, Middle Palaeolithic) In this tutorial you will consider some ways in which archaeologists have understood stone artefact variability. The reading refers mainly to the Middle Palaeolithic but the arguments put forward can be applied equally to such variability in any other period of the Palaeolithic and even to later periods including the present.

Seminar 2 (TH & HB) Megafaunal Extinctions: were humans to blame? Readings to be posted on Blackboard.

Seminar 3 (TH & HB) Was agriculture inevitable? Readings to be posted on Blackboard.

Creswell Craggs field trip (hotlink to the Creswell website). There will be a one day field trip to Creswell Craggs and the surrounding landscape to directly engage with the Pleistocene archaeology of the East Midlands. Saturday 7th November 2009. Depart University at 9am.

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Assignments and deadlines All students on this course must submit one essay of up to 2500 words, which counts for 40% of the overall mark for the module. Essays should be word- processed. The essay deadline is 4.30pm on Monday 23rd November 2009. The remainder of the course will be assessed by exam worth 60% in June-July.

*You must use Tunitin*

You are also required to submit an electronic copy of your essay via the Turnitin facility of the (insert Module code and/or title here) Blackboard site – please make sure that you have read the Turnitin – Personal Data and Intellectual Property section of your Undergraduate Handbook. The electronic copy is to be submitted by the same deadline as the paper copy. Please note that this electronic submission is COMPULSORY. Late submission of either copy will result in the appropriate lateness penalties being applied to the final mark. Students failing to submit both paper and electronic copies by the designated deadline will be deemed to have FAILED the assessment (i.e. a mark of zero will be recorded)

Essay titles 1. Oldowan archaeological sites have been interpreted as evidence for hunting and food sharing in the period before 1.5 mya. What are the problems with this viewpoint and what alternatives have been proposed? General Overviews Klein, R.G. 1999. The Human Career (2nd Edition) Chapter 4, ‘The Australopithecines and Homo habilis’. London, University of Chicago Press. Schick, K. and Toth, N. 1993. Making Silent Stones Speak, chapter 6, ‘The Nature and Significance ofEarly Sites’. London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson. Toth, N. and Schick, K. 2005. African Origins, especially pp74-83. In Scarre, C. (ed) The Human Past. London, Thames and Hudson. Key Readings Binford, L.R. 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York, Academic Press. Bunn, H.T. and Kroll, E.M. 1986. Systematic butchery by Plio/Pleistocene hominids at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Current Anthropology 27, 431-452. Isaac, G.Ll. 1978. Food Sharing and Human Evolution: Archaeological Evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa. Journal of Anthropological Research 34, 311-325. Potts, R.B. 1991. Why the Oldowan? Plio-Pleistocene toolmaking and the transport of resources. Journal of Anthropological Research 47, 153-176. Stern, N. 1993. The Structure of the Lower Pleistocene Archaeological Record: a Case Study from the Koobi Fora Formation. Current Anthropology 34, 201-22. 6

Further Reading Blumenschine, R.J. 1995. Percussion marks, tooth marks and experimental determinations of the timing of hominid and carnivore access to long bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 29, 21-51. *Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. and Pickering, T.R. 2003. Early Hominid Hunting and Scavenging: a Zooarcheological Review. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 275-82. O’Connell, F. 1997. On Plio-Pleistocene Archaeological Sites and Central Places. Current Anthropology 38, 86-88. Rose, L. and Marshall, F. 1996. Meat Eating, Hominid Sociality, and Home Bases Revisited. Current Anthropology 37, 307-338. Selvaggio, M.M. 1998. The Archaeological Implications of Water-Cached Hyena Kills. Current Anthropology 39, 381-385.

2. Why do some European Lower Palaeolithic stone tool assemblages lack handaxes? Ashton, N.M. et al 1994. Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, . Antiquity 68, 585-9. Bordes, F. & de Sonneville-Bordes, D. 1970. The significance of variability in Paleolithic assemblages. World Archaeology 2: 61-73. Davidson, I. and Noble, W. 1993. Tools and language in human evolution. In K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold (Eds) Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp63-88. Dibble, H.L. 1989. The Implications of Stone Tool Types for the Presence of Language during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. In P. Mellars and C. Stringer (Eds) The Human Revolution. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp415-32. Gamble, C.S. 1998. Handaxes and Palaeolithic Individuals. In N.M. Ashton, F. Healy and P. B. Pettitt (Eds) Stone Age Archaeology: Essays in Honour of John Wymer. Oxford, Lithic Studies Society Occasional Paper No. 6. Oxbow Monograph 102, pp105-109. Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career Chapter 5 ‘The Evolution of the Genus Homo’, especially pages 328-41. Chicago, Chicago University Press. McNabb, J. 1996. More from the cutting edge: further discoveries of Clactonian bifaces. Antiquity 70, 428-36. Mithen, S. 1994: Technology and society during the Middle Pleistocene: hominid group size, social learning and industrial variability. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4, 3-32. Ohel, M.Y. 1979. The Clactonian: an independent complex or an integral part of the Acheulean. Current Anthropology 20, 685-726. White, M.J. 2000. The Clactonian Question: On the Interpretation of Core and Flake Assemblages in the British Lower Palaeolithic. Journal of World Prehistory 14, 1- 63.

3. Were late Neanderthals behaviourally ‘modern’? Davidson, I. and Noble, W. 1989: The archaeology of perception: traces of depiction and language. Current Anthropology 30, 125-56. 7

d’Errico, F. 2003. The Invisible Frontier. A Multiple Species Model for the Origin of . Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188–202. d’Errico, F. et al 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39, S1-S44. Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe chapter 6. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. *Hopkinson, T. 2004. Leaf points, landscapes and environment change in the European Late Middle Palaeolithic. In N. Conard (Ed) Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age Vol. 2, pp227-258. Tübingen, Kerns Verlag. Karavanić, I. and Smith, F.H. 1998. The Middle/ interface and the relationship of Neanderthals and early modern humans in the Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution 34, 223-248. Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career chapters 6, 7 and 8. Chicago, Chicago University Press. Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy chapter 13 ‘The Big Transition’. Princeton, Princeton University Press. Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432, 461-65. Richards, M.P et al 2000. Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97(13), 7663-7666. Zilhão, J. 2006a. Neandertals and Moderns Mixed, and It Matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15, 183–95. Zilhão, J. 2006b. Genes, Fossils, and Culture. An Overview of the Evidence for Neandertal– Modern Human Interaction and Admixture. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72, 1–20.

4. What is ‘agriculture’ and how can archaeologists identify its presence in the past? These are suggested titles to get you started – you will need to go and search out some journal articles as well to provide a well rounded answer to this question. Barker, G. 2006. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bellwood, P. 2005. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Bogaard, A. 2004. Neolithic Farming in Central Europe. London: Routledge. Denham, T. 2007. Early agriculture: recent conceptual and methodological developments. In Denham, T. and White, P. (eds) The Emergence of Agriculture: A global view, 1-25. London: Routledge. Harris, D.R (ed.). 1996. The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL Press. Harris, D.R., and Hillman, G.C. (eds). 1989. Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. London: Unwyn Hyman. Smith, B. The emergence of agriculture. New York: Scientific American Library. 8

Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

5. Discuss what you consider to be the most important factors which led to the origins of agriculture? Illustrate your answer with at least two case studies. Allaby, R. G., Fuller, D.Q. and Brown, T.A. 2008. The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105: 13982-13986. Barker, G. 2006. Approaches to the Origins of Agriculture (Chapt. 1) in The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers?, 1-41. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bellwood, P. 2005. The Origins and Dispersals of Agriculture: Some Operational Considerations (Chapt. 2) in First Farmers, 12-43. Bender, B. 1978. Gatherer-Hunter to Farmer: a social perspective. World Archaeology 10: 204-222. Denham, T. and Haberle, S. 2008. Agricultural emergence and transformation in the Upper Wahgi Valley during the Holocene: theory, method and practice. The Holocene 18: 481-496. Fuller, D. 2007. Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Annals of Botany 100: 903-924. Harris, D. R. 1989. An evolutionary continuum of people-plant interaction. In Harris, D.R., and Hillman, G.C. (eds) Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation, 11-41. London: Unwyn Hyman. Hodder, I. 1990. The domestication of Society (Chapt. 2) in The domestication of Europe, 20-43. Oxford: Blackwell. Richerson, P.J., Boyd, R., and Bettinger, R.L. 2001. Was agriculture impossible during the Pleistocene but madatory during the Holocene? A climate change hypothesis. American Antiquity 66: 387-411. Zvelebil, M. 1986. Societies and the transition to farming: problems of time, scale and organisation. In M. Zvelebil (ed.) Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of temperate Eurasia and their Transition to Farming, 167-188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. For case studies, see the general reading list.

6. Can we understand human behaviour in the past without the use of ethnography and ethno-archaeology? Archaeology has grappled with this question for decades. It is a debate that strikes right at the heart of how we create knowledge about past human behaviour. It is important to be familiar with these debates, as they are central to many interpretations of the British Mesolithic. Binford, L. 1980. Willow smoke and dog’s tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45: 4-20. 9

Conneller, C., Warren, G. 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. Great Britain: Tempus Publishing Ltd. David, N., Kramer, C. 2001. Ethnoarchaeology in action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Davidson, I. 1988. The naming of parts: ethnography and the interpretation of Australian prehistory. In Meehan, B., Jones, R. (eds) Archaeology with ethnography: an Australian perspective, 17-32. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies. ANU, Canberra. Gamble, C.S., Boismier, W.A. 1991. Ethnoarchaeological approaches to mobile campsites. Ann Arbour: International Monographs in Prehistory. Gould, R.A. 1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hayden, B. 1977. Stone tool functions in the Western Desert. In R.V.S. Wright (ed.) Stone Tools as Cultural Markers, 178-188. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Kramer, C (ed.). 1979. Ethno-archaeology: implications of Ethnography for Archaeology. New York: Columbia University Press. Lee, R.B. 1968. What Hunters Do for a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources. In Lee, R. B., and DeVore, I. With Nash-Mitchell, J. (eds) Man the Hunter, 30-48. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company. Lee, R.B., De Vore, I. (eds). 1976. Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbours. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Rowley-Conwy, P. 2001. Time, change, and the archaeology of hunter-gatherers: how original is the ‘Original Affluent Society’. In Painter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H., Rowley-Conwy, P. (eds) Hunter-Gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective, 39-72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Trigger, B. 1995. Expanding middle-range theory. Antiquity 69: 449. Tringham, R. 1978. Experimentation, Ethnoarchaeology, and the leapfrogs in archaeological methodology. In Gould, R.A. (ed). Explorations in Ethno-Archaeology, 169-199. Albuquerque: University of Mexico Press. Wylie, A. The reaction against anaology. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 8: 63-111.

Core reading list This is only a core reading list, a fuller list will be posted on blackboard as will some key articles that are available in word or pdf format. Links to useful web sites may also be listed by tutors.

Prehistory Handaxes Ashton, N.M. et al 1994. Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk. Antiquity 68, 585-9. 10

Bordes, F. & de Sonneville-Bordes, D. 1970. The significance of variability in Paleolithic assemblages. World Archaeology 2: 61-73. Davidson, I. and Noble, W. 1993. Tools and language in human evolution. In K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold (Eds) Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp63-88. Dibble, H.L. 1989. The Implications of Stone Tool Types for the Presence of Language during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. In P. Mellars and C. Stringer (Eds) The Human Revolution. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp415-32. Gamble, C.S. 1998. Handaxes and Palaeolithic Individuals. In N.M. Ashton, F. Healy and P. B. Pettitt (Eds) Stone Age Archaeology: Essays in Honour of John Wymer. Oxford, Lithic Studies Society Occasional Paper No. 6. Oxbow Monograph 102, pp105-109. Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career Chapter 5 ‘The Evolution of the Genus Homo’, especially pages 328-41. Chicago, Chicago University Press. McNabb, J. 1996. More from the cutting edge: further discoveries of Clactonian bifaces. Antiquity 70, 428-36. Mithen, S. 1994: Technology and society during the Middle Pleistocene: hominid group size, social learning and industrial variability. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4, 3-32. Ohel, M.Y. 1979. The Clactonian: an independent complex or an integral part of the Acheulean. Current Anthropology 20, 685-726. White, M.J. 2000. The Clactonian Question: On the Interpretation of Core and Flake Assemblages in the British Lower Palaeolithic. Journal of World Prehistory 14, 1-63.

Issues of modernity *Hopkinson, T. 2004. Leaf points, landscapes and environment change in the European Late Middle Palaeolithic. In N. Conard (Ed) Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age Vol. 2, pp227-258. Tübingen, Kerns Verlag. d’Errico, F. 2003. The Invisible Frontier. A Multiple Species Model for the Origin of Behavioral Modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188–202. d’Errico, F. et al 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39, S1-S44. Davidson, I. and Noble, W. 1989: The archaeology of perception: traces of depiction and language. Current Anthropology 30, 125-56. Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe chapter 6. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Karavanić, I. and Smith, F.H. 1998. The Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface and the relationship of Neanderthals and early modern humans in the Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution 34, 223-248. Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career chapters 6, 7 and 8. Chicago, Chicago University Press. Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy chapter 13 ‘The Big Transition’. Princeton, Princeton University Press. Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432, 461-65. 11

Richards, M.P et al 2000. Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97(13), 7663-7666. Zilhão, J. 2006a. Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed, and It Matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15, 183–95. Zilhão, J. 2006b. Genes, Fossils, and Culture. An Overview of the Evidence for Neandertal– Modern Human Interaction and Admixture. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72, 1–20.

Hunter-gatherers Binford, L.R. 1978. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York: Academic Press. Binford, L.R. 1980. Willow smoke and dog’s tails: hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity 45: 4-20. Gamble, C.S., Boismier, W.A. 1991. Ethnoarchaeological approaches to mobile campsites. Ann Arbour: International Monographs in Prehistory. Gould, R.A. 1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kelly, R.L. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Lee, R.B., Daley, R (eds). 1999. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lee, R.B., De Vore, I. (eds). 1976. Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and their neighbours. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Painter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H., Rowley-Conwy, P. 2001. Hunter-gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weiss, E., Kilslev, M.E., Simchoni, O., Nadel, D., Tschauner, H. 2008. Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor and Ohalo II, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2400-2414.

Europe Bailey, G. and Parkington, J. 1988. Introduction. In Bailey, G. and Parkington, J. (eds.) The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Blankholm, H.P. 1994. On The Track of a Mesolithic Economy: Maglemosian Subsistence in South Scandinavia. Århus: Århus University Press. Borić, D. 2002. The Lepenski Vir conundrum: reinterpretation of the Mesolithic and Neolithic sequences in the Danube Gorges. Antiquity. 76: 1026–1039. Mellars, P. and Dark, P. 1998. Star Carr in context: new archaeological and palaeoecological investigations at the Early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, North Mithen, S. 1994. The Mesolithic Age. In B. Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, 79-135. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Price T.D. 1991. The Mesolithic of Northern Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 20: 211-233. 12

Rowley-Conwy, P. 1983. Sedentary hunters: the Ertebølle example. In Bailey, G. (ed.) Hunter Gatherer Economy in Prehistory, 111-127. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rowley-Conwy, P. 1984. The laziness of the short distance hunter: the origins of agriculture in western Denmark. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3: 300-324.

Australia Bruno, D., Barker, B, and McNiven, I.J (eds). 2006. The Social Archaeology of Australian Indigenous Societies. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Flood, J. 1983. Archaeology of the Dreamtime. HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty Ltd. Gould, R.A. 1980. Living Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hiscock, P. 2008. Archaeology of Ancient Australia. London: Routledge. Lourandos, H. 1997. Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New perspectives in Australian Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Meehan, B., Jones, R. 1988. Archaeology with ethnography: an Australian perspective. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies. ANU, Canberra. Mulvaney, J and Kamminga, J. 1999. Prehistory of Australia. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Murray, T (ed.). 1998. Archaeology of Aboriginal Australia: a reader. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. White, J.P. and O’Connell. 1982. A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. Sydney: Academic Press.

America Speth, J.D. 1983. Bison Kills and Bone Counts. Prehsitoric Archaeology and Ecology Series. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Frison, G.C., Stanford, D.J (eds). 1982. The Agate Basin Site: A record of the Paleoindian occupation of the Northwestern High Plains. New York: Academic Press. Frison, G.C (ed.). 1974. The Casper Site: A Hell Gap Bison Kill on the High Plains. New York: Academic Press. Wheat, J. B. 1972. The Olsen-Chubbuk Site: A Paleo-Indian Bison Kill. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, Number 26. Frison, G.C. 1991. Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains (Second Edition). San Diego: Academic Press.

Neolithic Bailey, D.W. 2000. Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity. London: Routledge. Barrett, J.C. 1994. Fragments from Antiquity: an archaeology of social life in Britain 2000- 1200BC. Oxford: Blackwells. 13

Faribairn, A. 2005. A history of agricultural production at Neolithic Çatalhöyük East, Turkey. World Archaeology 37: 197-210. Frankel, D. and Webb, J.M. 2005. Neighbours: Negotiating space in a prehistoric village. Antiquity 80: 287-302.

Hodder, I. 1990. The domestication of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. Hodder, I. 2007. Çatalhöyük in the Context of the Middle Eastern Neolithic. Annual Review of Anthropology 36: 105-120. Kujit, I. 2000. People and Space in Early Agricultural Villages: Exploring Daily Lives, Community Size, and Architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19: 75-102. Larsen, C.S. 1995. Biological Changes in Human Populatioins with Agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 185-213. Milner, N., Craig, O.E. Bailey, G.N., Pedersen, K. and Andersen, S.H. 2004. Change of diet in Northern Europe’s Mesolithic – Neolithic transition: a new critique. Antiquity 78: 9-22. Savard, M., Nesbitt, M., and Jones, M.K. 2006. The role of wild grasses in subsistence and sedentism: new evidence from the northern . World Archaeology 38: 179-196. Schulting, R.J. 1998. Slighting the sea: the transition to farming in northwest Europe, Documenta Praehistorica 25: 203-218. Sommer, U. 2001. 'Hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the law of thy mother': Change and persistence in the European early Neolithic. Journal of Social Archaeology. 1: 244-270. Thomas, J. 2003. Thoughts on the ‘repacked’ Neolithic revolution. Antiquity 77: 67-74. Twiss, K.C. 2007. The Neolithic of the Southern Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology 16: 24- 35.

Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Verhoeven, M. 2004. Beyond Boundaries: Nature, Culture and a Holistic Approach to Domestication in the Levant. Journal of World Prehsitory 18: 179-280.

Agriculture and food production Barker, G. 2006. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bellwood, P. 2005. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Bogaard, A. 2004. Neolithic Farming in Central Europe. London: Routledge. Cane, S. 1989. Australian Aboriginal seed grinding and its archaeological record: a cases study from the Western Desert. In Harris, D.R (ed.) The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 99-119. London: UCL Press. College, S., Conolly, J. (eds). 2007. The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. 14

Denham, T., and White, P (eds). 2007. The Emergence of Agriculture: A Global View. London: Routledge. Fuller, D.Q. 2007. Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Annals of Botany 100: 903- 924. Fuller, D.Q., Harvey, E., Ling, Q. 2007. Presumed domestication? Evidence for wild rice cultivation and domestication in the fifth millennium BC of the Lower Yangtze region. Antiquity 81: 316-331. Harlan, J.R., De Wet, J.M.J., Stemler, A.B.L (eds). 1976. Origins of African Plant Domestication. Paris: Mouton Publishers. Harris, D.R (ed.). 1996. The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL Press. Harris, D.R., and Hillman, G.C. (eds). 1989. Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. London: Unwyn Hyman. Hladik, C.M., Hladik, A., Linares, O.F., Pagezy, H., Semple, A., Hadley, M (eds). 1993. Tropical Forests, People and Food. Paris: UNESCO/Parthenon Publishing Group. Kennett, D.J., and Winterhalder, B. 2006. Behavioural Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture. Berkley: University of California Press. Larson, et al. 2007. Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104: 15276- 15281. Milner, N., Craig, O.E. Bailey, G.N., Pedersen, K. and Andersen, S.H. 2004. Change of diet in Northern Europe’s Mesolithic – Neolithic transition: a new critique. Antiquity 78: 9-22. Piperno, D.R., and Pearsall, D. 1998. The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. San Diego: Academic Press. Price, T. 2000. Europe's First Farmers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rindos, D. 1984. The origins of agriculture: an evolutionary perspective. Florida: Academic Press. Schulting, R.J. 1998. Slighting the sea: the transition to farming in northwest Europe, Documenta Praehistorica 25: 203-218. Thomas, J. 2003. Thoughts on the ‘repacked’ Neolithic revolution. Antiquity 77: 67-74.

Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zeder, M.A. et al. (eds). 2006. Documenting Domestication: new genetic and archaeological paradigms. Berkeley: University of California Press.