The Role of Art, Abstract Thincking and Social Relations in the Human Evolution
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Art in the Stone Age Terminology
Art in the Stone Age Terminology ● Paleolithic- (Greek) ○ Paleo-Old ○ Lithos-Stone. ○ 40,000-9,000BCE ○ Characteristics, Hunter Gatherer, Caves. Migration ● Mesolithic, ○ Meso-Middle ○ Lithos- Stone Age ○ 10,000-5,000 bce ○ Characteristics, Beginnings of Cities, Dog Domestication, Transition to agricultural and animal domestication ● Neolithic, ○ Neo-New ○ Lithos-Stone ○ 8,000-2300 BCE ○ Development of Cities, Animal Husbandry Herding, Agriculture, People Began to stay in one place Mistakes in Art History The saying Goes.. “History is Written by the victors.” Niccolo Machiavelli Mercator Map Projection. https://youtu.be/KUF_Ckv8HbE http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo- way/2016/01/21/463835225/discovery-of- ancient-massacre-suggests-war-predated- settlements Radio Carbon Dating https://youtu.be/54e5Bz7m3do A process Archaeologists use among others to estimate how long ago an artifact was made. Makapansgat Face Pebble resembling a face, Makapansgat, ca. 3,000,000 bce. This pebble of one of the earliest examples of representation of the human form. Apollo 11 Cave Animal facing left, from the Apollo 11 Cave, Namibia, ca. 23,000bce. Charcoal on stone, 5”x4.25”. State Museum of Namibia, Windhoek. Scientists between 1969-1972 scientists working in the Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia found seven fragments of painted stone plaques, transportable. The approximate date of the charcoal from the archeological layer containing the Namibian plaques is 23,000bce. Hohlenstein-Stadel Human with feline (Lion?) head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel Germany, ca 40,000- 35,000BCE Appox 12” in length this artifact was carved from ivory from a mammoth tusk This object was originally thought to be of 30,000bce, was pushed back in time due to additional artifacts found later on the same excavation layer. -
The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans 1. Modern
THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS • Modern Humans • The Advent of Behavioral Modernity • Advances in Technology • Glacial Retreat • Cave Art • The Settling of Australia • Settling the Americas • The Peopling of the Pacific 1. MODERN HUMANS Anatomically modern humans (AMHs) evolved from an archaic Homo sapiens African ancestor • Eventually AMHs spread to other areas, including western Europe, where they replaced, or Interbred with, Neandertals Out of Africa II • Accumulating to support African origin for AMHs • White and Asfaw: finds near village of Herto are generally anatomically modern • Leakey: Omo Kibish remains from 195,000 B.P. appear to be earliest AMH fossils yet found • Sites in South Africa of early African AMHs 1 • Anatomically modern specimens, including skull found at Skhūl, date to 100,000 B.P. • Early AMHs in Western Europe often referred to as Cro Magnons, after earliest fossil find of an anatomically modern human in France • AMHs may have inhabited Middle East before the Neandertals GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR OUT OF AFRICA II • Researchers from Berkeley generated a computerized model of Homo evolution • Based upon the average rate of mutation in known samples of mtDNA • Only the mother contributes mtDNA • Everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed Eve) who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR OUT OF AFRICA II • In 1997, mtDNA extracted showed that the Neandertals differed significantly from modern humans • 27 differences between modern humans and Neandertal • -
A Genetic Analysis of the Gibraltar Neanderthals
A genetic analysis of the Gibraltar Neanderthals Lukas Bokelmanna,1, Mateja Hajdinjaka, Stéphane Peyrégnea, Selina Braceb, Elena Essela, Cesare de Filippoa, Isabelle Glockea, Steffi Grotea, Fabrizio Mafessonia, Sarah Nagela, Janet Kelsoa, Kay Prüfera, Benjamin Vernota, Ian Barnesb, Svante Pääboa,1,2, Matthias Meyera,2, and Chris Stringerb,1,2 aDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; and bCentre for Human Evolution Research, Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Contributed by Svante Pääbo, June 14, 2019 (sent for review March 22, 2019; reviewed by Roberto Macchiarelli and Eva-Maria Geigl) The Forbes’ Quarry and Devil’s Tower partial crania from Gibraltar geographic range from western Europe to western Asia (for an are among the first Neanderthal remains ever found. Here, we overview of all specimens, see SI Appendix, Table S1). Thus, show that small amounts of ancient DNA are preserved in the there is currently no evidence for the existence of substantial petrous bones of the 2 individuals despite unfavorable climatic genetic substructure in the Neanderthal population after ∼90 ka conditions. However, the endogenous Neanderthal DNA is present ago (4), the time at which the “Altai-like” Neanderthals in the among an overwhelming excess of recent human DNA. Using im- Altai had presumably been replaced by more “Vindija 33.19- proved DNA library construction methods that enrich for DNA like” Neanderthals (17). fragments carrying deaminated cytosine residues, we were able The Neanderthal fossils of Gibraltar are among the most to sequence 70 and 0.4 megabase pairs (Mbp) nuclear DNA of the prominent finds in the history of paleoanthropology. -
Vilniaus Universiteto Komunikacijos Fakulteto Informacijos Ir Komunikacijos Katedra
Vilniaus universiteto Komunikacijos fakulteto Informacijos ir komunikacijos katedra Ieva Šimkutė Tarptautinės komunikacijos magistro studijų programos 2 kurso studentė LIEKNUMO IDEALAI ŢINIASKLAIDOJE: TARPKULTŪRINIS ASPEKTAS Magistro baigiamasis darbas Vadovė: dr. Laima Nevinskaitė Vilnius, 2011 Pildo bakalauro / magistro baigiamojo darbo autorius Ieva Šimkutė (magistro baigiamojo darbo autoriaus vardas, pavardė) Lieknumo idealai ţiniasklaidoje: tarpkultūrinis aspektas (magistro baigiamojo darbo pavadinimas lietuvių kalba) Body Image Ideals in the Media: a Cross-cultural Dimension (magistro baigiamojo darbo pavadinimas anglų kalba) Patvirtinu, kad magistro baigiamasis darbas parašytas savarankiškai, nepaţeidţiant kitiems asmenims priklausančių autorių teisių, visas baigiamasis bakalauro/ magistro darbas ar jo dalis nebuvo panaudotas kitose aukštosiose mokyklose. (magistro baigiamojo darbo autoriaus parašas) Sutinku, kad magistro baigiamasis darbas būtų naudojamas neatlygintinai 5 metus Vilniaus universiteto Komunikacijos fakulteto studijų procese. (magistro baigiamojo darbo autoriaus parašas) Pildo bakalauro / magistro baigiamojo darbo vadovas Magistro baigiamąjį darbą ginti ____________________________________________ (įrašyti – leidţiu arba neleidţiu) _______________ _______________________________________________________ (data) (magistro baigiamojo darbo vadovo parašas) Pildo instituto/ katedros, kuruojančios studijų programą, reikalų tvarkytoja Magistro baigiamasis darbas įregistruotas _______________________________________________________________________________ -
Prehistoric Art: Their Contribution for Understanding on Prehistoric Society
Prehistoric Art: Their Contribution for Understanding on Prehistoric Society Sofwan Noerwidi Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta The pictures indicated as an art began their human invasion of the symbolic world, just started around 100.000 BP and more intensively since 30.000 years. The meaning of the relations between the men and with their world is produced by organization of representations in graphic systems by images, expression and communication in the same time. Since the first appearance of genus Homo, the development of cerebral and social evolution probably causes the ability to symbolize. Human uses the image to the modernity which is gives a symbolic way to the meaning for the beings and to the things (Vialou, 2009). This paper is a short report about development of contribution on study of symbolic behavior for interpreting of prehistoric society, from beginning period until recent times by several scholars. When late nineteenth and early twentieth century scientists have accept that Upper Paleolithic art is being genuinely of great antiquity. At that times, paleolithic art was interpreted merely as “art for art’s sake”. The first systematic study of Ice Age art was undertaken by Abbé Henri Breuil, a great French archeologist. He carefully copied images from a lot of sites and reconstructs a development chronology based on artistic style during the first half of the twentieth century. He believed that the art would grow more complicated through time (Lewin, et.al., 2004). After the beginning study by Breuil, as a summary they are several contributions on study of symbolic behavior for interpreting of prehistoric society, such as for reconstruction of prehistoric religion, social structure of their society, information exchange system between them, and also as indication of cultural and historical change in prehistoric times. -
Cave Bear Ecology and Interactions With
CAVEBEAR ECOLOGYAND INTERACTIONSWITH PLEISTOCENE HUMANS MARYC. STINER, Department of Anthropology,Building 30, Universityof Arizona,Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,email: [email protected] Abstract:Human ancestors (Homo spp.), cave bears(Ursus deningeri, U. spelaeus), andbrown bears (U. arctos) have coexisted in Eurasiafor at least one million years, andbear remains and Paleolithic artifacts frequently are found in the same caves. The prevalenceof cave bearbones in some sites is especiallystriking, as thesebears were exceptionallylarge relative to archaichumans. Do artifact-bearassociations in cave depositsindicate predation on cave bearsby earlyhuman hunters, or do they testify simply to earlyhumans' and cave bears'common interest in naturalshelters, occupied on different schedules?Answering these and other questions aboutthe circumstancesof human-cave bear associationsis made possible in partby expectations developedfrom research on modem bearecology, time-scaledfor paleontologicand archaeologic applications. Here I review availableknowledge on Paleolithichuman-bear relations with a special focus on cave bears(Middle Pleistocene U. deningeri)from YarimburgazCave, Turkey.Multiple lines of evidence show thatcave bearand human use of caves were temporallyindependent events; the apparentspatial associations between human artifacts andcave bearbones areexplained principally by slow sedimentationrates relative to the pace of biogenicaccumulation and bears' bed preparationhabits. Hibernation-linkedbehaviors and population characteristics of cave -
A CRITICAL EVALUATION of the LOWER-MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD of the CHALK UPLANDS of NORTHWEST EUROPE Lesley
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE LOWER-MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE CHALK UPLANDS OF NORTHWEST EUROPE The Chilterns, Pegsdon, Bedfordshire (photograph L. Blundell) Lesley Blundell UCL Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD September 2019 2 I, Lesley Blundell, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: 3 4 Abstract Our understanding of early human behaviour has always been and continues to be predicated on an archaeological record unevenly distributed in space and time. More than 80% of British Lower-Middle Palaeolithic findspots were discovered during the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the majority from lowland fluvial contexts. Within the British planning process and some academic research, the resultant findspot distributions are taken at face value, with insufficient consideration of possible bias resulting from variables operating on their creation. This leads to areas of landscape outside the river valleys being considered to have only limited archaeological potential. This thesis was conceived as an attempt to analyse the findspot data of the Lower-Middle Palaeolithic record of the Chalk uplands of southeast Britain and northern France within a framework complex enough to allow bias in the formation of findspot distribution patterns and artefact preservation/discovery opportunities to be identified and scrutinised more closely. Taking a dynamic, landscape = record approach, this research explores the potential influence of geomorphology, 19th/early 20th century industrialisation and antiquarian collecting on the creation of the Lower- Middle Palaeolithic record through the opportunities created for artefact preservation and release. -
Abstracts of Reports and Posters
Abstracts of Reports and Posters Amira Adaileh The Magdalenian site of Bad Kösen-Lengefeld The open air site of Bad Kösen-Lengefeld is located in Sachsen-Anhalt, Eastern Germany. It was discov- ered in the mid 1950´s in the immediate vicinity of the famous Magdalenian site of Saaleck. Since that time, archaeologists collected over 2000 lithic artifacts during systematical surveys. The technological and typological analyses of the lithic artifacts confirmed the assignment of Bad Kösen-Lengefeld to a late Magdalenian. Furthermore, the investigation of the surface collections brought forward information about the character of this camp site, the duration of its occupation and the pattern of raw material procure- ment. The fact that Bad Kösen-Lengefeld is located in a region with more than 100 Magdalenian sites fostered a comparison of the lithic inventory with other Magdalenian assemblages. Thus, allowing to spec- ify the position of the Lengefeld collection within the chorological context of the Magdalenian in Eastern Germany. Jehanne Affolter, Ludovic Mevel Raw material circulation in northern french alps and Jura during lateglacial interstadial : method, new data and paleohistoric implication Since fifteen years the study of the characterization and origin of flint resources used by Magdalenian and Azilian groups in northern French Alps and Jura have received significant research work. Diverse and well distributed spatially, some of these resources were used and disseminated throughout the late Upper Paleolithic. Which changes do we observe during the Magdalenian then for the Azilian? The results of petrographic analysis and techno-economic analysis to several archaeological sites allow us to assess dia- chronic changes in economic behavior of these people and discuss the significance of these results. -
The First Neanderthal Remains from an Open-Air Middle Palaeolithic Site In
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The first Neanderthal remains from an open-air Middle Palaeolithic site in the Levant Received: 30 January 2017 Ella Been1,2, Erella Hovers3,4, Ravid Ekshtain3, Ariel Malinski-Buller5, Nuha Agha6, Alon Accepted: 8 May 2017 Barash7, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer8,9, Stefano Benazzi10,11, Jean-Jacques Hublin11, Lihi Published: xx xx xxxx Levin2, Noam Greenbaum12, Netta Mitki3, Gregorio Oxilia13,10, Naomi Porat 14, Joel Roskin15,16, Michalle Soudack17,18, Reuven Yeshurun19, Ruth Shahack-Gross15, Nadav Nir3, Mareike C. Stahlschmidt20, Yoel Rak2 & Omry Barzilai6 The late Middle Palaeolithic (MP) settlement patterns in the Levant included the repeated use of caves and open landscape sites. The fossil record shows that two types of hominins occupied the region during this period—Neandertals and Homo sapiens. Until recently, diagnostic fossil remains were found only at cave sites. Because the two populations in this region left similar material cultural remains, it was impossible to attribute any open-air site to either species. In this study, we present newly discovered fossil remains from intact archaeological layers of the open-air site ‘Ein Qashish, in northern Israel. The hominin remains represent three individuals: EQH1, a nondiagnostic skull fragment; EQH2, an upper right third molar (RM3); and EQH3, lower limb bones of a young Neandertal male. EQH2 and EQH3 constitute the first diagnostic anatomical remains of Neandertals at an open-air site in the Levant. The optically stimulated luminescence ages suggest that Neandertals repeatedly visited ‘Ein Qashish between 70 and 60 ka. The discovery of Neandertals at open-air sites during the late MP reinforces the view that Neandertals were a resilient population in the Levant shortly before Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens populated the region. -
K = Kenyanthropus Platyops “Kenya Man” Discovered by Meave Leaky
K = Kenyanthropus platyops “Kenya Man” Discovered by Meave Leaky and her team in 1998 west of Lake Turkana, Kenya, and described as a new genus dating back to the middle Pliocene, 3.5 MYA. A = Australopithecus africanus STS-5 “Mrs. Ples” The discovery of this skull in 1947 in South Africa of this virtually complete skull gave additional credence to the establishment of early Hominids. Dated at 2.5 MYA. H = Homo habilis KNM-ER 1813 Discovered in 1973 by Kamoya Kimeu in Koobi Fora, Kenya. Even though it is very small, it is considered to be an adult and is dated at 1.9 MYA. E = Homo erectus “Peking Man” Discovered in China in the 1920’s, this is based on the reconstruction by Sawyer and Tattersall of the American Museum of Natural History. Dated at 400-500,000 YA. (2 parts) L = Australopithecus afarensis “Lucy” Discovered by Donald Johanson in 1974 in Ethiopia. Lucy, at 3.2 million years old has been considered the first human. This is now being challenged by the discovery of Kenyanthropus described by Leaky. (2 parts) TC = Australopithecus africanus “Taung child” Discovered in 1924 in Taung, South Africa by M. de Bruyn. Raymond Dart established it as a new genus and species. Dated at 2.3 MYA. (3 parts) G = Homo ergaster “Nariokotome or Turkana boy” KNM-WT 15000 Discovered in 1984 in Nariokotome, Kenya by Richard Leaky this is the first skull dated before 100,000 years that is complete enough to get accurate measurements to determine brain size. Dated at 1.6 MYA. -
Art and Symbolism: the Case Of
ON THE EMERGENCE OF ART AND SYMBOLISM: THE CASE OF NEANDERTAL ‘ART’ IN NORTHERN SPAIN by Amy Chase B.A. University of Victoria, 2011 A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Archaeology Memorial University of Newfoundland May 2017 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador ABSTRACT The idea that Neandertals possessed symbolic and artistic capabilities is highly controversial, as until recently, art creation was thought to have been exclusive to Anatomically Modern Humans. An intense academic debate surrounding Neandertal behavioural and cognitive capacities is fuelled by methodological advancements, archaeological reappraisals, and theoretical shifts. Recent re-dating of prehistoric rock art in Spain, to a time when Neandertals could have been the creators, has further fuelled this debate. This thesis aims to address the underlying causes responsible for this debate and investigate the archaeological signifiers of art and symbolism. I then examine the archaeological record of El Castillo, which contains some of the oldest known cave paintings in Europe, with the objective of establishing possible evidence for symbolic and artistic behaviour in Neandertals. The case of El Castillo is an illustrative example of some of the ideas and concepts that are currently involved in the interpretation of Neandertals’ archaeological record. As the dating of the site layer at El Castillo is problematic, and not all materials were analyzed during this study, the results of this research are rather inconclusive, although some evidence of probable symbolic behaviour in Neandertals at El Castillo is identified and discussed. -
Homo Aestheticus’
Conceptual Paper Glob J Arch & Anthropol Volume 11 Issue 3 - June 2020 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Shuchi Srivastava DOI: 10.19080/GJAA.2020.11.555815 Man and Artistic Expression: Emergence of ‘Homo Aestheticus’ Shuchi Srivastava* Department of Anthropology, National Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, India Submission: May 30, 2020; Published: June 16, 2020 *Corresponding author: Shuchi Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, National Post Graduate College, An Autonomous College of University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India Abstract Man is a member of animal kingdom like all other animals but his unique feature is culture. Cultural activities involve art and artistic expressions which are the earliest methods of emotional manifestation through sign. The present paper deals with the origin of the artistic expression of the man, i.e. the emergence of ‘Homo aestheticus’ and discussed various related aspects. It is basically a conceptual paper; history of art begins with humanity. In his artistic instincts and attainments, man expressed his vigour, his ability to establish a gainful and optimistictherefore, mainlyrelationship the secondary with his environmentsources of data to humanizehave been nature. used for Their the behaviorsstudy. Overall as artists findings was reveal one of that the man selection is artistic characteristics by nature suitableand the for the progress of the human species. Evidence from extensive analysis of cave art and home art suggests that humans have also been ‘Homo aestheticus’ since their origins. Keywords: Man; Art; Artistic expression; Homo aestheticus; Prehistoric art; Palaeolithic art; Cave art; Home art Introduction ‘Sahityasangeetkalavihinah, Sakshatpashuh Maybe it was the time when some African apelike creatures to 7 million years ago, the first human ancestors were appeared.