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The Pentecostal-Charismatic Movement in Zambia: Oral History of Its Emergence, Evolution, Development and Ethos (1940S-2010S)

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The Pentecostal-Charismatic Movement in Zambia: Oral History of Its Emergence, Evolution, Development and Ethos (1940S-2010S) The Pentecostal-Charismatic movement in Zambia: Oral history of its emergence, evolution, development and ethos (1940s-2010s) Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Makukula, Nelson Citation Makukula, N. (2018). The Pentecostal-Charismatic movement in Zambia: Oral history of its emergence, evolution, development and ethos (1940s-2010s). (Doctoral disseration). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Download date 04/10/2021 18:37:04 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/621720 J11876 THE PENTECOSTAL-CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT IN ZAMBIA: ORAL HISTORY OF ITS EMERGENCE, EVOLUTION, DEVELOPMENT AND ETHOS (1940s-2010s) By NELSON MAKUKULA A Thesis Submitted to The University of Chester For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology and Religious Studies University of Chester UK October 2018 J11876 Author Declaration I hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work, and that I have not previously in its entirety, or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. .................................................... ..................................... Signature Date i J11876 Dedication This dissertation is a dedication to my wife, Salome who has constantly and persistently encouraged my pursuit of scholarly excellence for nearly ten years. I hope that this thesis will prove to be a useful resource for people in both the church and academy who are attempting to discern the importance of Pentecostalism in Zambia in the present, and in its influence on future generations. ii J11876 Acknowledgements Involvement in Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity has been the personal inspiration that has provided me with the opportunity of studying the history of the emergence, evolution, development and ethos of Zambian Pentecostal-Charismatic churches, as presented in this PhD thesis. The completion of my research has only been made possible by the assistance, encouragement, support and co-operation of many people, far too numerous to be able to mention each individually by name. First and foremost, I am thankful to God for enabling me to complete this thesis. I am indebted to my dear wife, Salome for her support, sacrifice, encouragement and prayers. I am also deeply appreciative to the following individuals, families and churches for the support afforded to me in various ways: I thank my primary supervisor Dr. Mathew S. Clark, Academic Dean of Postgraduate Students at Regents Theological College. His knowledge of Pentecostalism and his special interest in African Pentecostalism has inspired me in venturing into a most valuable tract of enquiry. I am grateful to my personal academic tutor, Dr. Paul Middleton, Director of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Chester, for his professional guidance. My gratitude extends toTimo Payne who kindly proof read my final draft and offered various useful comments that helped to clarify some of my thoughts. I offer thanks also to Dr. Timothy B. Walsh and Jon Staddon who proof read part of the initial draft. I would also like to thank Dr. Keith Warrington, former Vice-Principal at Regents Theological College, Dr. Martin Clay, Academic Dean of Post-Graduate Studies at Regents Theological College, and Dr. Richard Allsopp Regents Theological College’s Database Administrator for their helpful input. iii J11876 I would like to express appreciation for the financial support received from Mr and Mrs Niel and Rosemary Genders, Mr and Mrs John and Nora Spencer, Mr and Mrs Gerald and Lin Sidery, Mr and Mrs Brian and Viv Dacre, Ms Sheila Daniel, and the Lindworth Community Church. I spent several months over a period of four years conducting research in Zambia. I would like to thank all the bishops, reverends, pastors, church elders, scholars, historians, theologians, as well as a number lay people there, who granted me audience whenever face-to-face oral interviews were needed. Lastly, may I give special thanks to my mother Tifwilemo Lungu Makukula, who has endured years of neglect, yet has been a continual source of encouragement to me. iv J11876 Abstract Since the late 1880s, Zambia has been engaged in a repeated series of encounters with Christian renewals. The arrival of Pentecostalism will be viewed as the palpable product of this intensely creative process. Zambian Pentecostalism emerged in continuity with the fruit of European Christian missionary enterprise, but its more contemporary version evolved in spontaneous response to the rise and ministry of influential local Zambian leaders such as Joel Chidzakazi Phiri, prophetess Alice Lenshina, evangelist Dr. Nevers Sekwila Mumba, Winston Broomes, and Jack and Winsome Muggleton. The activities of these key figures led to the formation and prominence of three main church streams across Zambia: Prophetic and Pentecostal-type Pentecostalism, Classical Pentecostalism and Neo-Pentecostalism. The brand of Pentecostalism that emerged in Zambia in the 1940s has been influenced by several theological, cultural, political and social influences. One noticeable feature of Zambian Pentecostal- Charismatic Churches has been their change in character across the decades from holiness and evangelistic traditions of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s to the faith and prosperity ministry of the 2010s. Pentecostal-Charismatic has become engaged in the public sphere by the early 1990s. A further development since the 2000s has been the prominence of the prophetic and apostolic, which is the combination of teaching mainly from the USA and various strands of previous ministries with an emphasis on miracles, deliverance, prosperity and prophecy. v J11876 List of Illustrations Photos Photo 1: Prophetess Alice Lenshina …………………………………………………………93 Photo 2: Gloria and David Broomes ………………………………………………………102 Photo 3: Dr. Nevers Sekwila Mumba ……………………………………………………....135 Tables Table A1: Base Data – Initial Sampling ……………………………………………………..46 Table A2: Base Data – Theoretical Sampling ……………………………………………….51 Table A3: Coding Categories – Conceptual, Analytic and Theoretical ……………………..53 Table A 4: Credibility – Interviewees’ Evaluation ………………………………………….57 vi J11876 TABLE OF CONTENTS Author Declaration .....................................................................................................................i Dedication .................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................v List of Illustrations ....................................................................................................................vi Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .....................................................................................xvi 1. CHAPTER ONE: ORIENTATION ……………………………………………………..1 1.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….1 1.1. The Thesis Statement …………………………………………………………………….2 1.2. Aims of this Study ………………………………………………………………………..3 1.2.1. The Pursuit of Aims …………………………………………………………………….4 1.3. The Supposition of this Study ……………………………………………………………5 1.4. Identifying the Gap in Knowledge ……………………………………………….............6 1.5. Contribution to Scholarship ……………………………………………………………...7 1.6. Definitions ………………………………………………………………………………..8 1.7. Research Period …………………………………………………………………............21 1.8. The Research Limitations ……………………………………………………………….21 vii J11876 1.9. Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………..……...22 1.10. Scope and Structure of this Study ………………………………………………..……23 2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………27 2.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..27 2.1. Review of Literature on Independent Churches in Zambia …………………………….27 2.2. Review of Literature on Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches in Zambia ………………..29 2.3. Review of Literature on Pentecostal-Charismatic Theologies ………………………….33 2.4. Chapter Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………..35 3. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………...37 3.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..37 3.1. Research Location ………………………………………………………………………38 3.2. Research Process ………………………………………………………………………..39 3.2.1. Initial Sampling ……………………………………………………………………….45 3.2.2. Theoretical Sampling …………………………………………………………………47 3.3.3. Data Analytic Methods…………………………………………………………...........52 3.4. Ethical Issues ………………………………………………………................................57 3.5. Chapter Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….58 viii J11876 PART ONE HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN ZAMBIA 4. BRIEF HISTORY OF ZAMBIAN CHURCHES ……………………………………...62 4.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..63 4.1. The Protestant and Mainstream Mission Churches (Protestantism) ……………………63 4.2. The Roman Catholic Church (Catholicism) …………………………………………….66 4.3. The Independent Zambian Churches ……………………………………………………70 4.4. Chapter Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….73 HISTORY OF PENTECOSTALISM IN ZAMBIA 5. THE EMERGENCE, GROWTH, EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PENTECOSTALISM IN ZAMBIA …………………………………………………….....76 5.0. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..76
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