Mälestuskillud Fragmente Der Erinnerung
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The University of Chicago Smuggler States: Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Contraband Trade Across the Soviet Frontier, 1919-1924
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SMUGGLER STATES: POLAND, LATVIA, ESTONIA, AND CONTRABAND TRADE ACROSS THE SOVIET FRONTIER, 1919-1924 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ANDREY ALEXANDER SHLYAKHTER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2020 Илюше Abstract Smuggler States: Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Contraband Trade Across the Soviet Frontier, 1919-1924 What happens to an imperial economy after empire? How do economics, security, power, and ideology interact at the new state frontiers? Does trade always break down ideological barriers? The eastern borders of Poland, Latvia, and Estonia comprised much of the interwar Soviet state’s western frontier – the focus of Moscow’s revolutionary aspirations and security concerns. These young nations paid for their independence with the loss of the Imperial Russian market. Łódź, the “Polish Manchester,” had fashioned its textiles for Russian and Ukrainian consumers; Riga had been the Empire’s busiest commercial port; Tallinn had been one of the busiest – and Russians drank nine-tenths of the potato vodka distilled on Estonian estates. Eager to reclaim their traditional market, but stymied by the Soviet state monopoly on foreign trade and impatient with the slow grind of trade talks, these countries’ businessmen turned to the porous Soviet frontier. The dissertation reveals how, despite considerable misgivings, their governments actively abetted this traffic. The Polish and Baltic struggles to balance the heady profits of the “border trade” against a host of security concerns shaped everyday lives and government decisions on both sides of the Soviet frontier. -
Estonia Today
80 YEARS OF JUNE DEPORTATIONS 1. 80 YEARS OF JUNE DEPORTATIONS In June 1941, within one week about 95 000 people from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Bessarabia (Moldova) were deported to the Soviet Union. This mass operation was carried out simultaneously in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – between 14 and 17 June 1941. The operation saw the arrest of all people who were still at liberty and considered a thorn in the side of the occupying forces, mainly members of the political, military and economic elite who had been instrumental in building the independence of their states. They were taken to prison camps where most of them were executed or perished within a year. Their family members, including elderly people and children, were arrested alongside them, and they were subsequently separated and deported to the “distant regions” of the Soviet Union with extremely harsh living conditions. To cover their tracks, the authorities also sent a certain number of criminals to the camps. Prologue • As a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union on 23 August 1939, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in June 1940. • Preparations for the launch of communist terror in civil society were made already before the occupation. As elsewhere, its purpose was to suppress any possible resistance of the society from the very beginning and to instil fear in people to rule out any organised resistance movement in the future. • The decision to carry out this mass operation was made at the suggestion of Soviet State Security chiefs Lavrentiy Beria and Vsevolod Merkolov in Moscow on 16 May 1941. -
Soome Presidentide Visiitide Mõju Eesti-Soome Suhetele Aastail 1918-1940
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace at Tartu University Library Tartu Ülikool Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut Uusima aja osakond Patrik Hytönen Soome presidentide visiitide mõju Eesti-Soome suhetele aastail 1918-1940 Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: prof Eero Medijainen Tartu 2016 Sisukord SISSEJUHATUS ................................................................................................................................... 3 1. 1918-1922 – AKTIIVNE KOOSTÖÖ .............................................................................................. 8 1.1 Soome-Eesti riigi suhete algus .................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Eesti ja Soome saatkonnad Helsingis ja Tallinnas ................................................................. 11 1.3 Kaarlo Juho Ståhlbergi välispoliitiline tegevus ...................................................................... 12 1.4 Riigivanem Konstantin Pätsi visiit Soome 1922 ..................................................................... 15 2. 1922-1934 – ÄRAOOTAV SUHTUMINE ..................................................................................... 18 2.1 Eesti ja Soome suhted kuni 1925. aastani ................................................................................ 18 2.2 Lauri Kristian Relanderi valimine presidendiks ning visiit Eestisse 1925 ........................... 21 2.3 Eesti ja Soome poliitilised -
The 1934 Treaty of the Baltic Entente: Perspectives for Understanding
Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2012, 1/2 (139/140), 183–200 The 1934 Treaty of the Baltic Entente: perspectives for understanding Eero Medijainen Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed the Treaty of Understanding and Cooperation in Geneva on 12 September 1934. The treaty prescribed regu- lar meetings at the level of foreign ministers. Over the course of six years (1934–40), eleven trilateral meetings of foreign ministers took place. At these, political issues of common interest were discussed and, as a rule, opinions on international negotiations and prospective treaties as well as joint positions under the League of Nations were coordinated. The conclu- sion of the treaty was a starting point for further collaboration between the official institutions of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In addition, meetings of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (those of journalists, lawyers, economists, university students, teachers, trade institutions, local govern- ments, firemen, etc.) of the three countries, as well as joint art exhibitions and sports competitions (so-called Baltic Weeks), were held on a regular basis in the 1930s. The activities of the NGOs were supported by the gov- ernments of the Baltic states. “The need for close cooperation between the Baltic states is the cornerstone of our foreign policy,” was stated in the review of the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia in 1934.1 The treaty itself and the tight collaboration in the 1930s confirmed the image of Baltic unity in the eyes of outsiders. In the cataclysmic years of 1939–40, it therefore appeared to the big countries in Europe (United King- dom, France, Germany, the Soviet Union) rather natural that the destiny of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania would be determined by some common settlement. -
The League of Nations: Legal, Political and Social Impact on Estonia
sjps.fsvucm.sk I ISSN 1335-9096 (online) © 2019 The Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34135/sjps.190204 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS: LEGAL, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ON ESTONIA David Ramiro Troitiño1 - Tanel Kerikmäe2 - Ondrej Hamuľák3 Abstract The League of Nations, predecessor of the current United Nations, was the first world organization with a real impact on its members. The organization was created after the WWI in an attempt to establish a stable peace system among its members. Estonia, a country formed after the end of the war, was in a need of international recognition and protection. Hence, the membership was welcome as an anchor to liberty and freedom. This research analyses how the organization influenced Estonia and what were the major contributions of the country in the development of the League of Nations. The aim of the paper is to analyse the concrete impact of the membership on the position and recognition of Estonia as well as the influence of Estonia on the development of key activities of the League of Nations, in particular the questions of refugee protection and return of prisoners of war; protection of minorities (including the support to protection of rights of native American tribes) and attempts to establish the uniform global legal order. A special focus is given also to personal impact represented by the authority of Ragnar Nurkse. KEY WORDS: League of Nations, Estonia, Legal International Organizations, World Peace. INTRODUCTION Estonia, located in the Baltic Sea, is a country with strong connections to the Scandinavian world and the Germanic world. -
Peatoimetaja Veerg
Peatoimetaja veerg Peateema - Euroopa Liit Aivar Jarne (RiTo 4), Riigikogu Toimetiste peatoimetaja, Riigikogu Kantselei pressitalituse juhataja Riigikogu Toimetiste selle numbri üks peateema on Eesti ja Euroopa Liit. Kas saakski see olla teisiti, kui mõne kuu pärast ütleb Eesti rahvas Euroopa Liiduga ühinemise küsimuses oma otsustava sõna? Teine rahvahääletus Eesti taasiseseisvuse 12 aasta jooksul on ühtaegu nii riigi tähtsaimale ja pikaajalisele poliitilisele valikule hinnangu andmine kui ka tuleviku üle otsustamine. Kui sellele lisada veel lähiaja otsus NATO-ga liitumise kohta, võib öelda, et Eesti astub alles nüüd uude sajandisse koos selle murede ja rõõmudega. Olles mõlema tähtsa rahvusvahelise organisatsiooni eestoas, teame juba, et nii need organisatsioonid kui ka kogu maailm pole enam niisugune, nagu ta oli veel näiteks neli aastat tagasi. Kui IX Riigikogu kokku tuli, oli tema põhimure, kuidas võimalikult paremini integreeruda seadusloome osas Euroopa Liiduga, pidada läbirääkimisi Euroopa Liidu liikmeksastumise üle ning üles ehitada NATO-sobilik sõjavägi. Eesti ei pidanud kuigivõrd pead murdma maailmapoliitika keerdkäikude üle. Kuid Jugoslaavia sõda, 11. september 2001 ning sellele järgnenud Afganistani ja Iraagi sõda on pannud Eesti hoopis teisiti vaatama maailma asjadele ja ümber hindama meie osa maailmas ja eriti muidugi Vanas Maailmas. Kirjutised Euroopa Liidust Riigikogu Toimetised ei jää samuti pealtvaatajaks muutuva maailma, Euroopa ja Eesti suhetes. Seekordsed kaastööd Euroopa Liidu teemal on eripalgelised. Riigikogu liikmed Marko Mihkelson ja Toomas Hendrik Ilves on oma analüüsides keskendunud välispoliitilisele osale. Mihkelson käsitleb Eesti suhteid euroliiduga parlamentaarsel tasemel. Ilves vaatleb uut Euroopat pärast 1. maid 2004 ning tõmbab tugevaid paralleele Euroopa Liidu uue idapiiri ning Samuel P. Huntingtoni raamatus "Tsivilisatsioonide kokkupõrge" tõmmatud piiriga. See sageli valesti tõlgendatud julgeolekupoliitika uurija on joonistanud Euroopa piiri mööda murrangujoont, mille ümbruses on juba 15. -
The Biographies of All Loc-Members
HJ'.' coil 43 The Biographies of all lOC-Members Part VIII No. 142 | Miguel Moises SAENZ | Mexico IOC member: No. 142 Replacing Gomez de Paranda Born: 13 Ferbuary 1888, Monterrey/Mexico Died: 24 October 1941, Lima/Peru Co-opted: 25 July 1928 Resigned: 7 June 1933 Attendance at Session Present: 0 Absent: 4 As a distinguished student at local schools and Colleges he was given a government graut to continue his studies abroad. He attended Washington & Jefferson and Columbia University in America and the Sorbonne in Paris. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree at Washington & Jefferson and a Bachelor of Arts degree at Columbia. On his return to Mexico, he held va rious g overnment posts in the field of education which led to his being appointed the Minister of Education. He spent time studying the habits of the indigenous Indians in Canada and later in South America where he visited Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. He wrote books an his ex periences in both locations. In 1934 he was appointed Ambassador to Ecuador, the following year he became Ambassador to Denmark and in 1937 he was made Ambassador to Peru. This proved to be his final diplomatic post as he died in Lima four years after his appointment. He was the organiser of Mexico's first Olympic c participation in 1924 and of the Central American Games in 1926. Although he was unable to attend any of the four IOC Sessions held during his mandate he was the first Mexican IOC member who truly embraced the Spirit of Olym pism. -
Konstantin Päts
KONSTANTIN PÄTS BIBLIOGRAAFIA President Konstantin Päts 23.02.1874–18.01.1956 KONSTANTIN PÄTS BIBLIOGRAAFIA MTÜ Konstantin Pätsi Muuseum Tallinn, 2019 Konstantin Päts Bibliograafia Koostanud Sirje Madison (aastad 1897–2011) ja Rahvusraamatukogu töötajad Kristiina Kaju, Marge Allandi, Margit Tammur, Kristiina Viks, Gerli Köösel, Eve Toomra ja Mare Kurvet (aastad 2011–2018) Toimetanud Kai Ellip Teostanud ja kaane kujundanud OÜ Rein R Fotod: Rahvusarhiiv, MTÜ Konstantin Pätsi Muuseum Reproduktsiooni “President Päts pisaraga”, 2018 (lk. 236) autor: Laurentsius Täname bibliograafia väljaandmise toetajat: Mare-Mall Riis © MTÜ Konstantin Pätsi Muuseum © Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu ISBN 978-9949-88-985-3 Trükitud Tallinna Raamatutrükikojas SISUKORD Saateks. Kai Ellip 7 Kõned, sõnavõtud, tervitused, läkitused (pöördumised) 11 Salvestatud kõned 40 Raamatud 41 Tõlkeraamatud, -artiklid 45 Artiklid, intervjuud, arvamused ja teised kirjutised 47 Kirjad 79 Konstantin Päts – väljaandja ja toimetaja 84 Konstantin Pätsi kohta kirjutatu 86 Raamatud, väljaanded 86 Üliõpilastööd 106 Artiklid 107 Mälestusmärk Konstantin Pätsile : poleemika 251 Valik Konstantin Pätsi kajastusi loomingus 258 Ilukirjanduses 258 Kunstis 261 Karikatuurid 267 Konstantin Päts teatris ja filmis 273 Lavastused 273 Filmid 275 5 Heli- ja videosalvestised 280 Trükis ilmunud fotosid Konstantin Pätsist 283 Konstantin Pätsi eluloost. Koostanud Elle Lees 293 Konstantin Pätsi ühiskondlik tegevus ja auametid 296 Teenetemärgid ja ordenid 297 Järelsõna. Küllo Arjakas 299 Nimeregister 301 Keeleregister 319 6 SAATEKS Käesoleva bibliograafia aluseks on Sirje Madisoni kuni 2011. a. sügiseni kogutud materjalid Konstantin Pätsi trükis ilmunud kõnedest, kirjutistest, intervjuu- dest, tõlgetest ja tema kohta kirjutatust. Allikateks on olnud Eesti Rahvus- raamatukogu elektronkataloog ESTER, Eesti artiklite andmebaas ISE, Välis- Eesti bibliograafiline andmebaas VEART, Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu ja Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi kaartkataloogid: Eesti ajakirjanduse artiklid 1918–1944. -
ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTURE in TALLINN: INTERNATIONAL and MUILTINATIONAL Karin Hallas-Murula
Strand 3. The New Frontiers: Unveiling Art Nouveau Cities ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTURE IN TALLINN: INTERNATIONAL AND MUILTINATIONAL Karin Hallas-Murula Introduction Compared with the neighboring cities of Helsinki and Riga, the heritage of Art Nouveau architecture in Tallinn is not so numerous. This is hardly surprising as around 1900 Helsinki and Riga were already much bigger cities than Tallinn. During the building boom in 1908–1913, in Tallinn only about 30 large Art Nouveau apartment houses were erected, whereas in Riga and Helsinki this number reached into the hundreds. Still, there are remarkable Art Nouveau buildings to be found in Tallinn, including important symbolic buildings erected in this period, such as national theatres and banks. In the architecture of those buildings national aspirations of Estonians as well as of Baltic- Germans were expressed. As a result, Art Nouveau architecture is represented in Tallinn in many different forms and trends. It makes important to focus not just on architecture itself but also on the clientele. International Art Nouveau architecture attracted clients of all local nations. German, Finnish and Russian architects were invited to design buildings here. In general, Baltic- Germans preferred to invite German architects from Riga, but some of them created close contacts also with St. Petersburg and Finnish architects. For Estonians the orientation towards Finnish National Romantic architecture was vital as an expression of national aspirations. Lack of professional architects of Estonian nationality made them to commission new buildings directly from Finnish architects. Only starting from 1910s the first professional Estonian architects joined the building market. Until then, local architects were of Baltic-Germans or Russian nationality, educated in St. -
Media, Interaction and Integration
Media, Interaction and Integration Media, Interaction and Integration: Cross-Cultural Dialogues in the Baltic Sea Area Edited by Heli Hyvönen, Tuomas Räsänen and Janne Tunturi The Family Federation of Finland, The Population Research Institute, Working Papers E36/2009 Publications of the Graduate School on Integration and Interaction in the Baltic Sea Region, 10 Turku 2009 The Population Research Institute, Working papers E 36/2009 Publications of The Graduate School on Integration and Interaction in The Baltic Sea Region, 10 ISBN 978-942-226-030-7 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-226-031-4 (PDF) The Graduate School on Integration and Interaction in the Baltic Sea Region Cultural History 20014 University of Turku www.hum.utu.fi/tutkijakoulut/balticsea/ Cover photos: View over the River Aurajoki towards Turku Cathedral. Photo: Turku Touring Warsaw, entrance to the Centrum subway station. ©2006 Ministry of For- eign Affairs of the Rebublic of Poland,Department of Promotion Cover layout Mika Takoja Printed by Uniprint, University of Turku 2009 CONTENTS Preface by Keijo Virtanen 7 Introduction 9 I Building regions Borderless form or bounded substance: Media images of cultural cooperation in the Polish-Ukrainian borderland 17 Karri Kiiskinen Engendering an Environmental Crisis: The Finnish Mass Media and the Baltic Sea Environment in the Early 1970s 45 Tuomas Räsänen Regional Lobbying and the Role of Media 65 Tapio Peltomaa Narrowing the alternatives: Regional aspects in the Estonian discussion of European unification during the interwar period 93 Pauli Heikkilä II Exchange of people and ideas Imagining America, Building Helsinki 117 Silja Laine Refugees’ Right to Family Reunification under EU law: Universally Accepted? 136 Sari Sirva “Cold War Exiles and American Radios: Psychological Warfare During the Cold War and its Impact on Media Outlets in the Baltic Republics” 154 Jonathan H. -
Consultative Assembly Council of Europe
CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLÉE CONSULTATIVE OF THE DU COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONSEIL DE L'EUROPE EIGHTH ORDINARY SESSION HUITIÈME SESSION ORDINAIRE 6th October 1956 Doc. 547 6 octobre 1956 Doc. 547 REPORT RAPPORT on action to secure sur l'action en vue d'obtenir la libération the release des prisonniers politiques of political prisoners in Eastern Europe1 en Europe orientale 1 presented, on behalf of the présenté, au nom de la commission spéciale Special Committee to watch over the interests chargée de veiller of European nations not represented aux intérêts des Nations européennes 2 in the Council of Europe , non représentées au Conseil de l'Europe 2, by M. GOEDHART par M. GOEDHART Explanatory Memorandum Exposé des motifs 1. On the 21st April 1956, the Assembly 1. Le 21 avril 1956, l'Assemblée a ren referred to the Special Committee to watch over voyé à la commission spéciale chargée de veiller the interests of European nations not repre aux intérêts des Nations européennes non repré sented in the Council of Europe a motion pre sentées au Conseil de l'Europe une proposition sented by M. Wistrand and others calling for de résolution, présentée par M. Wistrand et the release of political prisoners in Eastern plusieurs de ses collègues, demandant la libé Europe. (Document 513). ration des prisonniers politiques en Europe orientale (Doc. 513). 3 2. The draft resolution which is submitted 2. Le projet de résolution3 qui est soumis to the Assembly was given a first reading by à l'Assemblée a été examiné en première lecture the Special Committee on 31st August and par la commission spéciale les 31 août et 1st September 1956. -
Great Power Policies Towards Central Europe, 1914–1945 Aliaksandr Piahanau
Great Power Policies towards Central Europe, 1914–1945 Aliaksandr Piahanau To cite this version: Aliaksandr Piahanau. Great Power Policies towards Central Europe, 1914–1945. E-International Relations, 2019, 1910814458. hal-02065018 HAL Id: hal-02065018 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02065018 Submitted on 25 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 EDITED BY ALIAKSANDR PIAHANAU Great Power Policies Towards Central Europe 1914–1945 This e-book is provided without charge via free download by E-International Relations (www.E-IR.info). It is not permitted to be sold in electronic format under any circumstances. If you enjoy our free e-books, please consider leaving a small donation to allow us to continue investing in open access publications: http://www.e-ir.info/about/donate/ iii Great Power Policies Towards Central Europe 1914–1945 EDITED BY ALIAKSANDR PIAHANAU iv E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England 2019 ISBN 978-1-910814-45-1 This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You are free to: • Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made.