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Linee Guida Per La Conoscenza E Il Corretto Monitoraggio Dei Decapodi

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Linee Guida Per La Conoscenza E Il Corretto Monitoraggio Dei Decapodi LINEE GUIDA PER LA CONOSCENZA E IL CORRETTO MONITORAGGIO DEI DECAPODI DULCICOLI IN ITALIA 1 Direttivo AIIAD Presidente LORENZONI Massimo – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia Membri BORGHESAN Fabio – Biologo consulente, Padova CAPUTO BARUCCHI Vincenzo – Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona MAIO Giuseppe – Aquaprogram, Vicenza NONNIS MARZANO Francesco – Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma PIZZUL Elisabetta – Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste SCALICI* Massimiliano – Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma ZANETTI Marco – Bioprogramm, Padova * Referente AIIAD per il Gruppo di Studio ‘Decapodi d’Acqua Dolce Italiani’ Gruppo di studio A.I.I.A.D. ‘Decapodi d’Acqua Dolce Italiani’ D.A.D.I. I soci partecipanti in ordine alfabetico 1. AQUILONI Laura – Università degli Studi di Firenze 2. CARICATO Gaetano – ARPA BASILICATA, A.R.P.A.B, Matera 3. CHIESA Stefania – Università Cà Foscari, Venezia 4. CIUTTI Francesca – Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all’Adige, Trento 5. DÖRR A. J. Martin – Università di Perugia, Perugia 6. ELIA Concetta – Università di Perugia, Perugia 7. FEA Gianluca – Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 8. GHIA Daniela – Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 9. INGHILESI Alberto – Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 10. INNOCENTI Gianna – Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 11. MAZZA Giuseppe – Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi per l'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione di Firenze (CREA-DC) 12. PREARO Marino – Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Torino 13. SCALICI Massimiliano – Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 14. TRICARICO Elena – Università degli Studi di Firenze 1. Introduzione 1.1. Le istituzioni che si occupano di decapodi d’acqua dolce 1.2. Il gruppo di studio dei decapodi d’acqua dolce 1.3. La legislazione regionale e nazionale in materia di decapodi d’acqua dolce 1.4. Il significato e l’importanza delle linee guida per i decapodi d’acqua dolce 2. I decapodi dulcicoli in Italia 2.1. Astacoidea: i gamberi d’acqua dolce 2.2. Potamoidea: i granchi d’acqua dolce 2.3. Palaemonoidea: i gamberetti d’acqua dolce 3. La collezione di informazioni sulla presenza dei decapodi d’acqua dolce 3.1. La raccolta delle segnalazioni storiche sui decapodi d’acqua dolce 3.2. L’uso delle segnalazioni dei decapodi d’acqua dolce 3.3. L’uso di piattaforme informatiche per la segnalazione rapida di decapodi d’acqua dolce 3.4. Sopralluoghi in siti potenzialmente ospitanti decapodi d’acqua dolce 4. La fase preparatoria all’attività di campo 4.1. L’individuazione e la contestualizzazione dell’area di studio 4.2. L’equipaggiamento di base per le attività di campo 4.3. La richiesta di permessi agli organi competenti 4.4. L’organizzazione del calendario delle attività di campionamento 5. La caratterizzazione degli ambienti indagati 5.1. La georeferenziazione dei siti di campionamento 5.2. La descrizione dell’area di campionamento 5.3. La valutazione dell’impatto antropico 5.4. La raccolta dei parametri ambientali 6. I metodi di campionamento dei decapodi d’acqua dolce 6.1. La cattura a mano e il trappolamento con esca 6.2. L’importanza della standardizzazione dei metodi di campionamento 6.3. La manipolazione degli esemplari a seguito della cattura 6.4. L’uso dei metodi di marcatura/ricattura 6.5. Il trattamento delle specie alloctone 7. I patogeni e i parassiti dei decapodi d’acqua dolce 7.1. L’identificazione degli agenti patogeni 7.2. L’equipaggiamento per il prelievo di campioni bioptici per il monitoraggio dei patogeni 7.3. La diagnosi dei campioni 7.4. La prevenzione della diffusione 8. La genetica molecolare per i decapodi d’acqua dolce 8.1. La genetica della conservazione e le principali tecniche di genetica molecolare 8.2. La genetica molecolare nello studio dei decapodi d’acqua dolce 8.3. L’equipaggiamento per il prelievo dei campioni bioptici 8.4. Il prelievo non invasivo per la creazione di una banca dati di DNA 8.5. L’estrazione e la purificazione del DNA genomico ad alto peso molecolare 8.6. Alcune problematiche specifiche - L’identificazione molecolare dei decapodi alloctoni - L’identificazione di linee filogenetiche intraspecifiche di decapodi d’acqua dolce autoctoni - La genetica di popolazione per i decapodi d’acqua dolce di interesse conservazionistico 8.7. Le prospettive future: le tecniche di Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) 9. Riferimenti bibliografici 10. Allegati - La scheda di segnalazione dei decapodi d’acqua dolce - La scheda di monitoraggio dei decapodi d’acqua dolce - La scheda di monitoraggio dell’ambiente - Schede sintetiche dei decapodi d’acqua dolce 1. INTRODUZIONE 1.1. Le istituzioni che si occupano di decapodi d’acqua dolce Le principali istituzioni che, sotto diversi aspetti, si occupano di decapodi d’acqua dolce coprono gran parte del territorio nazionale (Fig. 1.1). L’integrazione dell’eterogeneità delle competenze riscontrabili nei differenti istituti garantisce l’attivazione di una rete di esperti più efficiente nello studio e nel monitoraggio delle popolazioni di decapodi d’acqua dolce. Figura 1.1. Distribuzione dei principali istituti nazionali che si occupano di fornire gli strumenti conoscitivi adeguati per una corretta gestione e conservazione dei decapodi dulcicoli: 1) Fondazione Edmund Mach di S. Michele all’Adige (Trento); 2) Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta di Torino; 3) Università degli Studi di Pavia; 4) Università degli Studi di Firenze; 5) Università di Perugia; 6) Università degli Studi Roma Tre di Roma; 7) ARPA Basilicata di Matera. In caso di infezioni legate ad agenti patogeni e/o parassiti, gli esperti di questo gruppo di lavoro possono ricevere il supporto tecnico e scientifico di addetti al settore dell’Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie di Padova. 1.2. Il gruppo di studio dei decapodi d’acqua dolce Il gruppo di studio dei decapodi d’acqua dolce proposto e realizzato all’interno dell’Associazione Italiana Ittiologi Acqua Dolci ha come principale obiettivo quello di studiare e migliorare la conoscenza di tutti gli aspetti della biologia di gamberi, gamberetti, e granchi d’acqua dolce autoctoni e alloctoni, che attualmente vivono negli ambienti lentici e lotici italiani, promuovendo allo stesso tempo la formazione di una rete di esperti che garantisca un’adeguata diffusione di corrette informazioni utili e fruibili non solo in attività gestionali dalle autorità competenti locali e nazionali, ma anche dai non addetti al settore. Il gruppo si occupa di investigare sulla tassonomia, sistematica, zoogeografia, ecologia, etologia, fisiologia, anatomia, genetica, conservazione (delle native) e gestione (delle aliene) dei decapodi dulciacquicoli presenti in Italia. L’esigenza di approfondire la conoscenza di questo ordine in ogni suo aspetto nasce dalla consapevolezza che molte specie rappresentano un patrimonio ecologico (in quanto specie chiave di habitat bentonici), faunistico (alcuni taxa sono interessanti casi di endemismo peninsulare), biogeografico (l’intero ordine presenta singolari modelli di dispersione, migrazione e vicarianza) ed evolutivo (sono presenti stimolanti casi- studio di fenomeni di radiazione adattativa legati ad una particolare valenza ecologica). Anche da un punto di vista applicativo, i decapodi dulciacquicoli presentano un particolare doppio aspetto legato alla conservazione degli ambienti acquatici: se da un lato alcune specie possono essere considerate come valenti indicatori biologici, dall’altro possiamo annoverare molte specie aliene invasive, la cui gestione è obbligatoria secondo le recenti normative europee e nazionali e richiede un’attenta analisi ecologica, economica e culturale, al fine di valutare gli effetti di queste specie su ambiente, attività economiche e salute umana. Quindi il gruppo di lavoro si propone di mettere in rilievo le conoscenze di base dei decapodi d’acqua dolce per proporre nuove e funzionali tecniche di monitoraggio e innovare così le strategie gestionali finora adottate, condividendo e integrando le proprie conoscenze con quelle di coloro che (sia all’interno che all’esterno dell’Associazione) intendano contribuire a realizzare un approccio il più possibile interdisciplinare. 1.3. La legislazione regionale e nazionale in materia di decapodi d’acqua dolce La prima normativa europea specifica per la conservazione della fauna e flora selvatica e dei suoi biotopi in Europa è la Convenzione di Berna (Consiglio d'Europa, Berna 19/9/1979), ratificata dall’Italia 1'11/2/1982 ed entrata in vigore il 1/6/1982 con l'emanazione della Legge n. 503 del 5/8/1981. I crostacei dulcicoli ( Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes, Austropotamobius torrentium ) sono elencati nell’Appendice III (Specie di fauna protette). In seguito, il 21/5/1992 è stata approvata dalla Commissione Europea la Direttiva n. 92/43/CEE relativa alla conservazione degli habitat naturali e seminaturali e della flora e della fauna selvatiche, dove Austropotamobius pallipes, Austropotamobius torrentium e Astacus astacus vengono elencati negli Allegati II (Specie animali e vegetali d'interesse comunitario la cui conservazione richiede la designazione di zone speciali di conservazione) e V (Specie animali e vegetali di interesse comunitario il cui prelievo nella natura e il cui sfruttamento potrebbero formare oggetto di misure di gestione). Ancora oggi però il nostro Paese risulta inadempiente nella sua applicazione. In mancanza
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