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A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names

C.W. Hart, Jr.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS , D.C. 1994 ABSTRACT Hart, C.W., Jr. A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 38, 127 pages, 6 figures, 1994.—A dictionary encompassing 1474 non-scientific names (vernacular, common, and fabricated) or freshwater crayfishes, including place-names and slang/argot expressions employing the word "crayfish" or its synonyms. Citations of most source materials are included, as well as examples of uses in literature over time. A Language Index of approximately 100 languages and/or dialects gives acess to sources and other data in the word list. A Index lists the non-scientific names usually associated with discrete crayfish species.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Natives Fishing (or "Treading") for Crayfish. "The method adopted by the Aborigines in South when fishing for freshwater crayfish is as follows: The fisher puts between his teeth an ordinary rush bag, to hold the crayfish, which he first dislodges with his toes and then catches them with his hands, bagging them rapidly." After Worsnop, 1897:96 and plate 48.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, C.W., Jr. A dictionary of non-scientific names of freshwater crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), including other words and phrases incorporating crayfish names, p. cm.—(Smithsonian contributions to Anthropology ; no. 38) Includes bibliographical references (p. 85) and indexes. 1. Crayfish—Nomenclature (Popular) 2. Freshwater invertebrates—Nomenclature (Popular) I. Title II. Title: Freshwater crayfishes III. Series. GNl.S54no. 38 [QL444.M33] 595.3 '841—dc20 93-48884 CIP

® The used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984. Contents

Page Introduction 1 What Is a Non-Scientific Name? 2 What Are Crayfishes? 3 Where Do Crayfishes Live? 4 The Australian Aboriginal Names 4 The American Indian Names 6 Organization 6 Mistaken Identities 7 Acknowledgments 7 Word List 9 Sign Language 83 References 85 Language Index 98 Species Index 118

Illustrations Figure 1. Representative Australian, European, and North American crayfishes . . . 2 Figure 2. Crayfish parts labeled for differentiation from other 3 Figure 3. Natural distribution of crayfishes (as opposed to introductions) 5 Figure 4. A representative freshwater 8 Figure 5. Representative freshwater 83 Figure 6. Representative North American and Chinese crayfishes 84 The stylized crayfish ornament used on pages 82, 97, 117, and 127 is from Peddie, 1930:79.

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A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names

C.W. Hart, Jr.

His ineffable effable Efanineffable Deep and inscrutable singular Name. T.S. Eliot

Introduction I soon realized that I would never get out of that swamp as long as I continued with the project, so I Douglas Adams, in The More Than Complete Hitch­ decided to proceed and to avoid at least some trouble hiker's Guide, briefly discussed Macbeth's attitude by defining myself as a naive lexicographer, sensu Sam­ toward murdering people—"the initial doubts, followed uel Johnson—i.e., "... a harmless drudge...." That, I by cautious enthusiasm and then greater and greater felt, might lend some frail shelter from my fellow alarm at the sheer scale of the undertaking and still no swamp dwellers. end in sight." The scientific identities (in the Western sense), the I had a similar progression of feelings about this non-scientific names, and the distributions of freshwater dictionary, which I innocently started because I have crustaceans are important because crayfishes, shrimps, long been troubled by the odd assortment of , and other crustaceans sometimes inhabit the same generally referred to as "crayfish." There was an watercourses and are often indiscriminately called initial feeling of "who cares," followed by a bit of "crayfish," "crawfish," or, indeed, hundreds of other enthusiasm when I discovered others had also compiled vernacular names by the uninitiated. References to lists of crayfish common names (somebody cares), fol­ "crayfish" where no crayfishes live, to crabs where lowed by an alarm phase when I realized how many there are no crabs, and to shrimps where only cray­ names there are and the impossibility of my finding fishes live not only give rise to questions about the them all. validity of observations, but to erroneous conclusions. After the alarm phase, there was panic—when I This, then, is largely a list of the non-scientific realized that I was treading on some very unfamiliar names used locally, worldwide, infrequently, or over a ground. Indeed, I, as a zoologist, was deep in a swamp long period of time to refer to the freshwater crayfishes inhabited by alien beings such as ethnobiologists, belonging to the superfamilies Astacoidea and the linguists, and no doubt other things. Parastacoidea. Where possible, I have associated those names with the appropriate scientific names, and also C.W. Hart, Jr., Department of Invertebrate Zoology, pointed out where confusion is possible, rampant, or National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian even intractable. But a dream is usually finer than Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560 *- reality, and so it is with this. I set out simply to find SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

the vernacular equivalents for "crayfish" in as many languages as possible, and while I believe I have found most, I would be foolish to bet on it. I have taken what might be considered the narrow view—limiting this to those freshwater crustaceans belonging to the Astacoidea and the Parastacoidea—and hope to encourage the use of other terms for reference to marine and other freshwater species. In addition, as a lagniappe, crayfish vernacular names that are used as verbs are included, as well as argot and slang expressions, and place names associated with crayfishes. As a zoologist, I bring with me some traditions and emotional baggage that a linguist would probably scorn. But my aims are not linguistic in any formal sense, and follow more the desire for completeness and synonymic integrity that underlie zoological practices. Almost all of the names have appeared in print (at the moment I can think of only four that I have attribut­ ed to individuals), and I have attempted to provide full citations and page data for each name. Where names were listed in publications citing other publications, I have verifed as many as possible by going to the original sources. Occasionally I have been unsuccessful in this and have provided the information that was available. I do not doubt that some will say that "ecrevisse" is the same word as "ecrevisse"; that "yaabitch" and "yabbie" and "yabby" and "yappi" are but variations on a theme, and that the delightful and wildly variable spelling associated with pre-Johsonian English is merely a quaint artifact of the past. They could be right, I FlGURE 1 .—Representative crayfishes: European (top left, after suppose. But in zoology if a species name is misspelled Huxley, 1886); Australian (top right, after Huxley, 1886); North by so much as a letter, it is considered a , and American (bottom, from Hobbs, 1990). it is listed as such. That is the model I used here. Some of the differences among similar words are tions; and it will, above all, give some appreciation of probably caused by carelessness, some by lack of the verbal diversity associated with this relatively small guidelines, some by poor hearing or speech defects, group of animals. some by regional practices, some by the passing of WHAT IS A NON-SCIENTIFIC NAME?—Non-scientific time. I have not judged, merely recorded them as I names of crayfishes fall into two general categories: found them. (1) Those that developed over time and probably I hope that my colleagues—anthropologists, transla­ without conscious design—generally called "common tors, denizens of the belles lettres, and even zoolo­ names," but which I prefer to call "vernacular names," gists—who sometimes fall into the trap of erroneously and (2) Those that have come about through some calling an a "crayfish" or a "" or a bureaucratic or biopolitical fiat—also called "common "" when it is something else will find this useful. names" by the bureaucrats and the compilers, but which It should enable ethnologists to be more specific when I prefer to call "fabricated names". they question their informants regarding crustaceans in The vernacular names are usually quite general and local waters; it might help art historians and catalogers are often used indiscriminately to refer to any freshwa­ describe more accurately their subject matter; it should ter crayfish. Unfortunately they are often used to refer help translators to be more accurate in their transla- to other organisms as well. "Crayfish" itself is an NUMBER 38 example, all too often used to refer to and other crustaceans. Fabricated names usually refer to specific species, and their proper use, if, indeed, there is one, calls for some scientific sophistication. To call a word "common" that has been invented by an individual or committee and published in an obscure journal might charitably be called exaggeration. If taken seriously, it begs for a redefinition of the word "common," which is usually accepted to mean univer­ sal, widespread, or ubiquitous. CEPHALOTHORAX Such wonderous words as crawldaddy, crow pappy, koura, mudbug, yabbie, shawgashee, tsiskagili, and koongooloo are examples of vernacular names, but one would be hard-pressed to find such poetic creations in latter day fabrications, where "common names" have been contrived according to rules almost as complex as those used in the composition of scientific names. WHAT ARE CRAYFISHES?—Freshwater crayfishes, sensu stricto, belong to the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They superficially resemble marine lobsters, and some of the vernacular names even incorporate the word "lobster," as in fresh­ water lobster. In Australia the term lobster is com­ monly used for the larger crayfishes such as and . Figure 2.—Crayfish with parts labeled that are used in identifications. Crayfishes range in size from the tiny Note body shape, abdomen, areola, and rostrum. diminutus found in the southeastern United States (~20 mg), to the large Astacopsis gouldi of (up to 5. An hour-glass shaped "areola" (on the dorsal 4.5 kg). midline between two paired branchiocardiac grooves) is Persons not trained in zoology or in the distributions found in the posterior portion of the carapace. of animals sometimes call freshwater atyid and palae- 6. Swimming is restricted to backward movement monid shrimps "crayfish," a mistake that is more resulting from rapid flexion of the entire abdomen (the common in places where shrimp and crayfish distribu­ abdominal pleopods have little locomotor function). tions overlap or where crayfishes do not exist. The This backward movement is widely recognized as a same problem occurs with freshwater crabs, although to salient crayfish behavioral trait (see crayfish as a verb). a lesser extent. Crayfishes may be distinguished from Lobsters (found in salt water) salt water lobsters, freshwater shrimps, and crabs by Lobsters look much like crayfishes, and the two bearing in mind the following guidelines: names are frequently used interchangably. True Crayfishes (found in fresh to slightly brackish lobsters and spiny lobsters are most readily differentiat­ water) Figures 1,2, and 6 (pages 2, 3, and 84). ed from crayfishes by living in salt rather than fresh 1. The body is elongate and not dorsoventrally flat­ water. In addition, they do not have an areola (see tened. Figure 2). 2. The segmented abdomen is usually freely Shrimps (found in fresh and salt water) Figure 5 (page extended and is not carried flexed against the sternum 83). (i.e., the belly of the leg-bearing part of the body). 1. Body elongate and not dorsoventrally flattened. 3. The first three pairs of walking legs are chelate 2. The first pair of walking legs are chelate; the se­ (i.e., bear opposable claws). cond may be chelate; the third pair are not chelate. 4. A rostrum is present and flattened dorsoventral- 3. A rostrum is present and laterally flattened iy. (except in the Atyidae, which are easily distinguished SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY from crayfishes and other shrimps by the conspicuous Aborigines spoke more than 200 distinct languages, tufts of hairs on the fingers of the chelae of the first with numerous dialects (Wurm, 1988:252). Thus two pairs of walking legs. Curr's compilation made in the latter part of the 19th Crabs (found in fresh and salt water) Figure 4, (page century probably contains a large percentage of the words for crayfishes that existed in those pre-European 8). 1. Body usually broad and often dorsoventrally flat­ times. And it must be remembered that each of Curr's tened when viewed from above. correspondents probably had different abilities to record 2. Abdomen carried flexed tightly against sternum what the Aborigines said, and each of the Aborigines (or cupped against it in females carrying ). had different abilities to communicate what they knew. 3. Only the first pair of walking legs are chelate. Thus, for instance, the many congeners of the word 4. Rostrum not present. "yabby" may have represented actual tribal or regional Aeglid crabs, found in freshwater in temperate differences, or may have resulted from speech and , might be considered a special case in hearing problems among the informants and recorders. that they superficially resemble crayfishes. They may It is unclear what sort of guidelines Curr set for his be distinguished from them because they are dorso­ correspondents in the field, but most of the word lists ventrally flattened (as are other crabs) and look much completed by those correspondents contained the same like crayfish that have been stepped on. words—including those related to animals, personal WHERE DO CRAYFISHES LIVE?—Freshwater cray­ relationships, body parts, implements, weather, and fishes occur naturally in the general areas shown in behavior. Both "Crayfish" and "Lobster" were on Figure 3 and as outlined below: almost all lists, but there was no mention of what Curr Northern Hemisphere: (from had in mind, or how the informants explained the dif­ Canada southward into Guatemala, Honduras, and ferences to the Aborigines. Because "lobster" in Belize; Cuba and Isla de la Juventud (formerly Isla de Australia today is used to refer to the larger freshwater Pinos); (from southward to Turkey, crayfishes, particularly Astacopsis and Euastacus, it is and from eastward into what was formerly the possible that Curr expected answers along those U.S.S.R.); and Asia (in northern China, Korea, and lines—names for the larger "lobsters" and the smaller Japan). "crayfish." At any rate, tabulations suggest that many : Southern Brazil, Argentina, Aborigines recognized "Crayfish," some recognized Uruguay, and ; Australia (including Tasmania), "Lobster" as different, and a few gave the same name ( and ), New to both. In the Word List, the family PARASTACI- Guinea, Misool, the Aru Islands, and . DAE is followed by "crayfish" or "lobster," reflecting Introductions: Since the first recorded crayfish the designations given by Curr. In the Language Index, introduction (from Poland into by King John III words that Curr designated "lobster" are so defined; in the mid-16th century), they have often been trans­ words he designated "crayfish" are left undefined. In ferred to places where other crayfishes already lived. some localities crayfishes might be confused with other They have, however, also been introduced into South crustaceans—the palaemonid shrimps Palaemonetes and Africa, central Africa, Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Macrobrachium in the southwest of , Guatemala, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Hawaii, the atyid and some palaemonid shrimps in northern and and no doubt other places where no crayfishes had been eastern Australia. But there is little or no competition found before. As with so many species introductions, in the more central dryer localities, where there are some have caused inappropriate ecological problems. (were) a plethora of names about which there could be Additional information on crayfish distributions and little chance of confusion. introductions may be found in Hobbs, Jr., 1988, and With the aid of Curr's locality map and his written Hobbs III et al, 1989. descriptions of the tribes his informants encountered, THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL NAMES.—Most of together with the maps and tribal notes of Tindale the more than 300 Aboriginal names for crayfishes (1974), I have associated most of Curr's localities with listed here were taken from Edward Curr's encyclope­ Tindale's more modern delineations of tribal boundaries dic compilation, The Australian Race: Its Origin, Lan­ and have included the longitude and latitude coordinates guage, Customs...., published in 1886 and 1887. The used by Tindale—as well as his preferred tribal designa­ seemingly disproportionate number of Aboriginal words tions where applicable and presumed tribal designations is not so surprising because in pre-European times the where none were given. NUMBER 38

FIGURE 3.—Natural distribution of freshwater crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea). Circles indicate Misool and Am islands (W and SW of ), King and Flinders islands (NW and NE of Tasmania, Australia); and Isla de la Juventud, formerly Isla de Pinos (SW of Cuba). Crayfish introductions are not indicated; see text, page 4. These maps reflect neither the relative locations nor the relative sizes of the countries.

Based on locality data, I have tentatively associated cause no correlations were made at the time the Aboriginal crayfish names with what might be crayfish Aboriginal words were recorded. Exceptions to this species known today. These are usually preceded by arise withchelgi, gilgie, jilgie, jilgy, maramie, , "probably" or "possibly" in the Word List citations, but moramy, yabbie, and yabby—modern Australian I have not included them in the Species Index be- English words recognized as derived from Aboriginal SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

words, and dib-dib, dibil, and lib-lib-wil—Aboriginal crayfish, and slang/argot expressions incorporating words recorded as associated with distinct species. crayfish. Present-day crayfish distributions are from Austin, In compiling this word list, it has sometimes been 1985; Horwitz, 1988, 1990a, 1990b; Morgan, 1988; difficult or impossible to determine whether some of the Riek, 1969; Sumner, 1978; Swain et al., 1982; Zeid- non-scientific names for "crayfish" actually designated ler,1982; and Zeidler and Adams, 1990. true freshwater crayfishes, or if they referred to other THE AMERICAN INDIAN NAMES.—Unfortunately, organisms such as freshwater shrimps, marine "cray­ there was no Edward Curr to survey the names used by fish" (lobsters), or crabs. This dilemma is especially Indians in the Americas, there were only uncoordinated acute when dealing with the vernacular names used by word-lists compiled by many individuals over time. In American Indians, Australian Aborigines, and other addition, crayfishes do not appear to have been as high groups whose languages are known to me only through on the list of Indian priorities as they were with the dictionaries and sometimes poorly annotated word- Australian Aborigines, probably due to the greated lists—for word-list compilers and lexicographers differ abundance of food from other sources in the Americas. widely in the details which they provide for "lower" Due to the greater degree of crayfish speciation in animals, varying from simply saying that a given word the Americas, it is generally difficult to assign scientific equals "crayfish" (not particularly enlightening), to names to Indian names. "Crayfish" to the Indians of calling Mexican crayfish in papers published the western United States meant, without doubt, mem­ since Girard's 1852 revision (improbable), to connect­ bers of the —and are so designat­ ing scientific names with specific crayfish vernacular ed—for no other crayfish lived there. It is likely that names (rare and wonderful). Indians living in what is now Louisiana, and who spoke In many cases, I simply determined whether it was of "red crayfish," meant the Louisiana red crawfish likely that crayfishes inhabited the part of the world (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. And in under consideration. If the record might be considered Mexico chacal and ca'am may well refer to Camba- unlikely (the Torres Strait, for instance) a "?" was rellus montezumae, but they might also refer to the lar­ placed after the family name in the Word List, and a ger Procambarus (Bouvieri) digueti. From the data "(?)" was placed after the common name in the Geo­ have seen, it would generally be foolhearty to attempt graphical Index. If someone called an amphipod or other associations closer than the family level. other crustacean a "crayfish," for instance, it was not ORGANIZATION.—Five sections make up this compi­ included unless evidence was found that the name was lation: Introduction, Word List, References, Language also applied to freshwater crayfishes as well. Index, and Species Index. If a dictionary includes meanings in both directions The Word List is arranged alphabetically and con­ (i.e. English-French, French-English), I find it prudent tains the information included in the indices plus to look at the definitions in both directions. All too reference citations, more specific locality data, cross- often one direction will imply freshwater crayfishes, the references, and comments. Most of the entries in it are reverse will specify marine organisms—an indication set up according to the following general scheme: that the compiler is probably not trained in, or appre­ ciative of, zoology. common name or other usage This is not an attempt to discover priority. I did not FAMILY/genus/species/comments set out to find the first use of any names, except that [Country/specific locality /people] some of the modern fabricated names and no doubt Reference(s) many of the aboriginal names appeared in print for the Additional comments and cross references first time in the cited sources. Because of my personal interests and because of the materials available, multiple I say "general scheme" because the scheme is not early references are often given for the word "crayfish" rigid. Some of the entries do not contain all of those and its relatives and antecedents. More than one elements, simply because they are either unknown or reference may also be included if additional references are not applicable. Some contain additional comments indicate the use of a word in significant additional geo­ or annotations that seemed relevant. Common names graphic areas. make up the bulk of the work, but I have also included Following the lead of the Oxford English Dictionary verbal forms of common names, place names that (OED) and the Middle English Dictionary (MED), I include crayfish, the names of peoples that incorporate have included occasional text passages illustrating NUMBER 38 contemporary usage. Where I have been able to An interesting lapsus occurs in Vocabulario Mixe de exarnine copies of the original texts, I have included Tontepec (Schoenhals and Schoenhals, 1965:325). some of those cited in the OED and the MED and given There, the crayfish Cambarellus montezuma (sic) and full citations. its vernacular names ca'am, chacalin, and chacal The Language Index is relatively straightforward, appear in a list of Mammals, probably due to the with words being listed under specific language head­ congruence of the Mexican word chacal (= "camaron ings without regard to country (Spanish, English, grande") with the Spanish word chacal (= jackal). German, for instance). Inaccurate commercial translations can cause obvi­ The Species Index lists crayfish scientific names ous problems and are probably largely due to the followed by non-scientific names attributed to them, and enormous volumes of information that must be pro­ I have attempted to include only those non-scientific cessed and often translated from obscure languages. names that have been associated with crayfish species Examples include Palaemonetes varians, a shrimp, in published accounts. Using "probably =" or "possi­ called a crayfish in an electronic database abstract of an bly = " as qualifiers, I have associated many non- English language paper by Umoh and Bassir (1977); scientific names (particularly Australian Aboriginal Gecarcinus sp., a crab, called a crayfish in an electron­ names) with scientific names in Word List. These are ic database translation of a Spanish language paper by not included in the Species Index because the associa­ Hernandes, et al. (1979); and Argulus foliaceus and tions are usually only my assumptions based on congru­ Ergasilus, two copepods, called crayfish in an electron­ ent distributions of names and species. Most names, ic database translation of a Serbo-Croatian publication including the "classics" like crayfish, crawfish, ecre­ by Kazic (1980). These latter three examples might be visse, Flusskrebs, and gambero cannot be associated considered trivial, but they point to a lack of attention with species level scientific names. to detail. In many cases, however, possible or probable corre­ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I thank the following per­ lations between scientific and vernacular names are sons, who, at one time or another, have seemed mysti­ given in the Word List. These assumptions are usually fied, amused, or intrigued by this project—but all of based on the use of a name where only a certain whom helped in many ways: Vicki Chang, Janice crayfish exists. It does not imply that the speaker Clark, Mary Kay Davies, Christian Feuillet, Carolyn would recognize the difference between the local Hahn, Chang-Su Houchins, Robert Laughlin, Cesare crayfish species and another species from elsewhere. Marino, William Merrill, Mayda Riopedre, Margaret MISTAKEN IDENTITIES.—Mistaken identities range Sealor, Gregory Sohn, Rochelle Smith-Terrell, Theo­ from the trivial to the seriously misleading. Lack of dore Spilman, Herman Viola, and Ching-Hsien Wang, attention to biological detail appears to be more com­ all of the Smithsonian Institution. F.M. (Ted) Bayer mon in dictionaries and word-lists than elsewhere, puzzled with me over the Japanese words and intro­ although Eisler's recent Durer's Animals (1991), a duced me to the mysterious (to a Westerner) Hiragana beautiful book in many respects, suffers from less-than- and Katakana. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., Dean of Craw­ careful attention to crayfish-crab-lobster differences— fishes and "crawdaddy" (q.v.) to so many people, and is fairly typical of the belles lettres. Referring on patiently worked with me on locality data, correct page 119 to an illustration by de Villard de Honnecourt, scientific names of crayfishes, and many other details. Eisler identifies a freshwater crayfish in fig. 5.2 as a Understandably, he has often wondered aloud, "Bill, "lobster." His discussion of the "Lobster" on page 133 when are you going to finish this?" Austin B. Wil­ is detailed but confused. The "lobster" shown in Color liams, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, who Plate 18 is indeed a lobster, but most of the remainder is responsible for a paper often cited here, listened to of his discussion of lobsters in heraldry and religious my doubts, accepted with grace my less-than-charitable symbolism is based on pictures (p. 134) of what are opinions of fabricated names, and provided many undoubtedly freshwater crayfishes. However, on page helpful insights. J.F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., University of 127, he correctly notes that Durer's astrological sign of Southern Alabama, sent me United States historical the crab (p. 129) "looks more like a crayfish or a material that I would otherwise never have found, and lobster than a crab." It is, indeed, probably a crayfish, supplied many of the Slavic crayfish names; William C. which often appears as the "crab" in astrological Goff, Jr., of Limerick, Maine, helped with interpreta­ devices. See the Moon Card in the Rider Tarot Deck tions of 19th century French literary nuances; Joan (Smith, 1971). Higbee, Rosenwald Rare Book Room, Library of SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Congress, made available rare books in her care; Alain which enabled me to visit libraries in the U.K. and Crosnier, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Australia during 1992; and to Donald Fisher, Smithso­ kindly helped with the provincial words of Bretagne; nian Institution Press, for his thoughtful help with and Lipke B. Holthuis, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke editorial matters. To the staff members of the British Historie, Leiden, provided many thoughtful additions, Library, London; the Library of the British Museum critically reviewed much of the manuscript, and talked (Natural History), London; the Library of New South with me about words and myths one cold, wet March Wales, ; the , Washington; day in Leiden—when we forgot the time and barely and the Fairfax County George Mason Regional Li­ escaped being locked in the Museum at closing. brary, Annandale, Virginia, go my thanks—all were I also thank Hoyt N. Duggan, Dept. of English, knowledgable, cheerful, and seemingly possessed of University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Mark Grygier, unlimited patience. Seto Marine Laboratory, Honshu, Japan; Laura Hurley, My wife, Dabney, warmly encouraged me with this University of Washington; Kenneth Manaha, U.S. project even as I became somewhat fixated on crayfish Dept. of Health and Services, Washington; names and managed to insinuate them into unrelated James Marchand, Center for Advanced Studies, Univer­ conversations over the past 8 years. sity of Illinois; George Marinenko, MITRE Corpora­ And finally, I am grateful to those who built the tion, McLean, Virginia; Laili Nasr, Bethesda, Mary­ INTERNET, that unparalleled electronic highway for land; Rev. Robert Pettigrew, Vienna, Virginia, retired; cross-disciplinary research. In particular, the BITNET RonSchwarz, MITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia; discussion list MEDTEXT-L@UIUCVMD—devoted to Ruth Sternglantz, Dept. of English, New York Univer­ the , codicology, and analysis of medieval sity; Pieter van der Veer, I.B.M. Corporation, Rock- texts—led me to a number of individuals, acknowledged ville, Maryland; Barbara Wright, MITRE Corporation, elsewhere, who generously contributed more than they McLean, Virginia; and Wolfgang Zeidler, South probably realize. Australian Museum, Adelaide, for their thoughtful and In spite of the remarkable help I have received from diverse contributions. so many people, I must add that errors, omissions, In addition, I am indebted to Stan Shetler, Associate inconsistencies (there are many), and statements con­ Director of the National Museum of Natural History, trary to fact or offensive to anyone are entirely my fault for support from the Research Opportunities Fund and are certainly unintentional.

FIGURE 4.-A representative of freshwater crabs. Note the broad, flattened body (cephalothorax) discussed on page 4, as well as the almost hidden abdomen (see figure 2) which, in crabs, is usually tucked under the body. From Chace and Hobbs, 1969, figure 42. Word List

aborigennykh rak See a6opHremn>ix pax, below. ahzhahgashe Wilson says ahzhah- gashe = "crab," but most evidence indicates = cray­ adopnreHHBix pax AST ACID AE, fish. [U.S.: Ojibwa (Chippewa) Indians] Wilson, and .4. leptodactylus. [Russia] Mitskenene, 1981:75, 1874:200. See acage, acagaci, ajageshi, ashaahkiiwa, 80. See aborigennykh rak and aboriginal crayfish. as-shog-aish-i, ocagaci, and shawgashee. aboriginal crayfish See adopnreHmvix pax, above. ajageshi CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Chippewa, Ojibwa, Otawa, Potawatami, and Algonquin Indians] Baraga, acagaci Probably from the adverb radical dcE, "back­ 1853:468. See acage, acagaci, ahzhahgashe, ashaah­ ward," through dcagE, "to move backwards." CAM- kiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, ocagaci, and shawgashee. BARIDAE [Canada: Ontario, Skugog Island, Mis- sassaga [Mississauga] Indians] Chamberlain, 1892: 30. Alabama cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus See acage, ajageshi, ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog- (Aviticambarus) jonesi. [U.S.: Alabama] Williams, et aish-i, and shawgashee. al. ,1989:22. acage CAMBARIDAE [Canada, eastern: Algonquin American crab CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus Indians] Lemoine, 1911:216. See acagaci, ajageshi, (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [Germany/English] Wo- ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, as-shog-aish-i, and shawga­ linik, 1982:341. shee. amerikaanse rivierkreeft CAMBARIDAE, Orconec- acheroo , "crayfish," probably = tes limosus. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., destructor. [Australia: ; Blackall, 1990:132. (probably = Kuungkari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:179 (144°20'E x 24°35'S))] Dudley amerikanischer Flusskrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orco- and Williams, in Curr, 1887(III):76, Sta. 154. See nectes limosus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, ovarroo, quarroo, and thoombur. 1985:38. CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus montezumae. amerikanischer Krebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes [Mexico: Mexican Spanish, derived from Aztec (Na- limosus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., huatl) atl (water), and cuitzilli or coitzilli (twisted)] 1990:94. Santamaria, 1978:21. Acocil is also defined as "petit homard, langouste, ecrevisse (camaron pequeno)" by amerikanskii rechnoi crab = aMepHKancKim pen- Simeon 1885:10. See next three entries. H6H Kpa6, see next entry. acocile (of Santamaria, 1978:21). See acocil. aMepHKancKHH pe^mon spa6 [Rus­ sia] Ricker, 1973:113. See amerikanskii rechnoi acocili (of Simeon, 1885:10). See acocil. crab, above. acocilin (of Simeon, 1885:10). See acocil. amerikanskii signal'nyi rak = aMepHKaHCKmi 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

cHTHajiLHtm pax, next citation. ashaahkiiwa (double vowels = long vowels.) CAM­ BARIDAE [U.S.: midwest, Fox Indians] Ives God­ aMepHKaHCKHH cHTHanBHWH paK AST ACID AE, dard, personal communication. See acagaci, acage, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Russia] Cherry, 1992:21. ajageshi, ocagaci, ahzhahgashe, as-shog-aish-i, and See amerikanskii signal'nyi rak, above. shawgashee.

amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak = aMepHKaHCLKHH ashaga'shi CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Ontario, Sku- cHTHajTBHtin paK, see next citation. gog Island, Mississauga Indians] Chamberlain, 1889:142. See acagaci, acage, ajageshi, ocagaci, aMepHKaHCLKHH cBTHantHHH pas ASTACIDAE, ahzhahgashe, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee. Pacif astacus leniusculus. [Ukraine] Cherry, 1992:21. See amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak, above. asho'ni CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Ofu Indians] Dorsey & Swanton, 1912:321. See acagaci, amerikazarigani CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus acage, ahzhahgashe, ajageshi, ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [Japan] Okada and Uchida, as-shog-aish-i, and shawgashee. 1961:98. = 7 / 'J D V 'J tf - and *> sb lJ n 5" lJ tfIC, see next citation. as-shog-aish-i CAMBARIDAE [U.S., north-central: Ojibwa] Schoolcraft, 1956 (1974): 175. See acagaci, r y])D T 'J ff - = amerikazarigani, q.v. acage, ahzhahgashe, ajageshi, ocagaci, ashaahkiiwa, and shawgashee. htbV&Z'VffC = amerikazarigani, q.v. astac ASTACIDAE [Spain: Catalonia] Oliva and andar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Buxton, 1983:183. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland, Main Range () between Belyando and Cape astaci ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [ , Koombokkaburra Aboriginal tribe (= Mian tribe (ancient)] Aristotle, 384-322 b.c.:351. Translator's of Tindale, 1974:181 (146°20'Ex 21 °50'S))] MacGla- note indicates astaci, from astakos, = crayfishes as shan, in Curr, 1887(III):24, Sta. 142. opposed to lobsters (carabi), shrimps and (carides), or crabs (carcini). ander PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland, astaco ASTACOIDEA [Latin (ancient)] Belloc, (possibly = Jagalingu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1899:140. [Portugal] Pietzschke, 1957 (1982), vol. 1974:169 (146°40'E x 23°20'S))] Muirhead, in Curr, 1:249. [Spain] Amador, 1983:190. See kankro. 1887(III):32, Sta. 143. See ngobbera. astacus ASTACOIDEA "Contra anginam...Astacos Appalachian brook crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cam- circiter decern vivos contere, & stillatitios liquores inty- barus (Cambarus) bartonii bartonii. [U.S.: Canada to bi rosarum & papaveris erratici affunde, inde expressus Georgia, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to vinum rubellum refert. Eo linguam abluere & diligen- Atlantic Ocean] Williams, et al., 1989:21. ter ac penitus gargarizare oportet, deinde etiam haustum ejus mediocrem bibere, Linguam abstersam & purgatam armure a ecrevisse Slang, = splint armour. [France: lardo insulso peringe, post horam & dimidiam, quic- 20th century] Mansion, 1972:E:10. See avoir une quod viscidae pituitae insederit...& succo Astacorum ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le praescripto denuo lava." ["Against angina...mash up vol-au-vent, crevice (Sense 2), ecrevice, ecrevisse de about ten live Astacus, drop on them liquors of chicory, rempart, ecrevisse, and quatorzieme ecrevisse. roses, and wandering poppies, the the juice is pressed from them with red wine. Wash the tongue with this ascarbicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, and diligently and deeply gargle it; then also drink a A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] little of it.. .cover the.. .tongue with unsalted lard.. .after Gozmany, 1979:118. an hour and a half clean off viscid slime ... and again NUMBER 38 11 wash it with the Astacus preparation."] [Latin] Jon- avoir une ecrevisse dans la tourte Argot, = "to be stonus, 1665:16. [Latin] Riddle and Arnold, crazy." [France: popular in 19th century] Barrere, 1849:157. 1887:124. See also armure a ecrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, ecrevice, ecrevisse de astako ASTACIDAE [Esperanto] Butler, 1967, p. 196. rempart, ecrevisse, and quatorzieme ecrevisse. astakos See next citation. avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent Argot, = "to be crazy." [France: popular in 19th century] Barrere, aaruKog ASTACOIDEA [] Riddle and Ar­ 1887:124. See also armure a ecrevisse, avoir une nold, 1849:157. See astakos, above. ecrevisse dans la tourte, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, ecrevisse, and quatorzieme ecrevisse. astakos tou glikou nerou See 6COTOCK6<; TOV yXvxov vepov, next citation. bab "[E]l cangrejo," crayfish, if not crabs. CAM­ BARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan, Maya] Alvarez, ccffTciKog TOV yXvxov vepov = freshwater lobster. 1980:262; Perez, 1866-1877:15. ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for Astacus astacus, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and Procambarus bach Krebss ASTACIDAE [Germany] Anonymous, clarkii—al\ of which have been recently introduced into 1487, chapter cxliii. Cyprus. [Cyprus] Stephanou, in Westman et al., 1990:49. See astakos tou glikou nerou, above. 'kyi shirokopalyi rak See next citation.

Atlantic crayfish ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius 6aJTKaHCLKHH nrapoKonajrHH pax ASTACIDAE, pallipes (current usage = Austropotamobius (Atlantasta- Astacus astacus balcanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, cus) pallipespallipes). [U.K.] Thompson, 1989, 53. 1981:144. = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak, see above. Atlantic stream crayfish ASTACIDAE, Austropota­ mobius pallipes (current usage = Austropotamobius balkanskyi shirokopalyi rak See next citation. (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes). [U.K.] Holdichand Lowery, 1988:482. SaJiKaHCKHH mHpoKonajn.iH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus balcanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, atta PARASTACIDAE ?, "lobster." This locality 1981:144. = balkanskyi shirokopalyi rak, see does not coincide with the known present-day distribu­ above. tion of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distribution bambam PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax pattern. [Australia: Western Australia, Central Divi­ destructor and/or sp. [Australia: ; sion, Champion Bay (N of ), Watchandi Abo­ Victorian Region groups, Lai Lai (probably = Wathau- riginal tribe (probably = tribe of Tindale, rung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°55'E 1974:239 (115°30'E x 29°20'S))] Goldsworthy, in x 38°0'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. Curr, 1886(I):316, Sta. 15. See marthera. baranjak PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = aurugut PARASTACIDAE? I do not know of fresh­ Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. water crayfishes reported from this island group, so this [Australia: Victoria; Omeo (Jaitmathang Aboriginal word may refer to marine crustaceans, and not to fresh­ tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (147°35'E x 36°50'S))] water crayfishes. [Papua New Guinea: New Britain, Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):558, Sta. 211. See than- Duke of York Island group] Brown, in Curr, gambooloa. 1887(111): 694. See oelang gamo and udang-karang. barranjerk PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Australkrebs PARASTACIDAE, . = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus [Germany] Mosimann and Hofman, 1985:38. See sp. [Australia: ; Moneroo or Manera marron. district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148°50'E x and pikquol. 36°25'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(111):432, Sta. 197. See notkun. belleringah PARASTACIDAE, "river crayfish." [Australia: probably Queensland and/or New South barrinjook PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Wales] Endacott, 1924 (1973): 11. As this word = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus appears to be derived from beelah, creek + ingar, sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manera crayfish, see inga and ingar for possible more specific district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo localities. See also beelahingar, and Belleringah. Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148°50'E x 36°25'S))] du Ve, in Curr, 1887(III):430, Sta. 197. Belleringah Place name, = "creek with crayfish," from beelahingar, q.v. [Australia: New South Wales] batata CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus Reed, 1967:12, 103. See also belleringah. (Austrocambarus) cubensis ssp. (batata also = sweet- potato) [Cuba] Perez-Farfante, Isabel, personal com­ belonogyi rak, = 6ejioHoraH paK, see next entry. munication. 6eJiOHorHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius bau CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Tabasco, Chiapas, (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes. [Russia] Brodsky, and Oaxaca; Zoque Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. 1981:184. See belonogyi rak, above. See also tzas, meatzas, and vetze. belyi dnistrovskyi rak = 6ejn>ra jniecrpoBCKHH baupit PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax bicari- paK, see next citation. natus. [Australia: Northern Territory; Cobourg Penin­ sula, "Raffles Bay to Port Essington Harbor...to 6ejn,iH nnecTpoBCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontas- Popham Bay," Unalla Aboriginal tribe (probably = tacus eichwaldi bessarabicus. [Russia] Brodsky, Iwaidja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:226-227 1981:169. See belyi dnistrovskyi rak, above. (132°35'E x 11°25'S))] Curr, 1886(I):274, Sta. 4. See ma-a. belyi dunays'kyi rak = 6enMH nyHancKHH paK, see next citation. bearded red crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Girardiella) pogum. [U.S., southeast: Mississippi, demon flynancKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus Chickasaw County] Williams, etal., 1989:26; Hobbs, eichwaldi danubialis. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:165. 1989:57. bendaboaa = "camaron." CAMBARIDAE? [Mexi­ beekodl PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = co: Oaxaca; Zapoteco del Istmo] Pickett et al., Cherax destructor or C. quadricarinatus. [Australia: 1959:23, 135. Queensland; East Central groups, Mythergoody dialect (probably = Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, benda buaa See benda boaa. 1974:180 (140°40'E x 20°5'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- 231. See begool, pe-kool, piccool, and pikquol. See Big Blue Springs cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Sign Language. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) horsti. [U.S.: Florida; Jefferson, Wakulla, and Leon counties] Williams, et beelahingar Place name, = a "creek with crayfish." al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67. [Australia: New South Wales] Reed, 1967:12. See belleringah and Belleringah. bigcheek cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Ortmannicus) delicatus. [U.S.: Florida; County, begool PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, Cherax bicarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; between 1989:65. Gregory and Leichardt rivers, Mykoolan Aboriginal tribe (= Maikulan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Big South Fork crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus 1974:180 (141°50'E x 18°55'S))] Lamond, in Curr, (Jugicambarus) bouchardi. [U.S.: Tennessee; Scott 1886(II):324, Sta. 97. See beekodl, pe-kool, piccool, Co.] Williams, etal, 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:21. NUMBER 38 13 bilonoghyi rak See 6inoHorHH paK, see next boagalli PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = citation. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; near Lake Yamma Yamma, Kungarditchi Aboriginal tribe (= 6iJiOHorHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius Kungadutji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes. [Ukraine] Brodsky, (142°5'E x 26°25'S))] Heagney, in Curr, 1981:184. See bilonoghyi rak, above. 1886(11):380, Sta. 107. See bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli boogurrie, bookill, bookil- bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak See 6LJTHH jmicTpoBCB- lee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also thorna- KHH paK, next citation. bun.

6ijmn nm'cTpoBCBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont- bocekgi ASTACIDAE? Dictionary definition is astacus eichwaldi bessarabicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, ambiguous; without a preceeding "su," q.v., the word 1981:169. See bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak, above. may refer only to the . (The "k" is not used in subsequent listings, as with su bocegi on p. bilyi dunays'kyi rak See 6ijiHH jryjiaHCBKHH 431) [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984:82. paK, next citation. bodardi PARASTACIDAE?, "crayfish"? This 6ijmH AVHancBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont- locality does not coincide with the known present-day astacus eichwaldi danubialis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and 1981:165. See bilyi dunays'kyi rak, above. may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distri­ bution pattern. [Australia: Western Australia; Central birrooa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Division, Northampton (near Chapman River), Eaw Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Jervis Bay Aboriginal tribe (probably = Nokaan Aboriginal tribe to Mt. Dromedary (probably = Aboriginal of Tindale, 1974:254 (115°20'E x 27°35'S))] Golds- tribe of Tindale, 1975:199-200 (150°15'E x 35°5'S))] worthy, in Curr, 1886(I):314, Sta. 14, See marrida. Curr, 1887(III):422, Sta. 194. bogally PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = black spider PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper [Australia: Western Australia; a name used by "local (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of fishermen"] Olszewski, 1980:20. See also marron. Tindale, 1974:178 (146° 10'Ex 26°50'S))] Playfair, in Curr, 1887(III):280, Sta. 177. See boagalli, boligar, blagorodnyi rak See 6jiaropojrHMH paK, next boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, citation. bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and mamuru. 6jiaropoffm>rH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati­ boligar PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = lis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. According to Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Alice River Cherry, 1992:20, this is a "non traditional devised (probably = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, name," probably = "fabricated name." 1974:188 (144°55'E x 23°0'S))] Ahern, in Curr, 1887(III):70, Sta. 152. See boagalli, bogally, boogal, blednonogil rak See 6jie«HOHorHH paK, next boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, citation. bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili.

6jiewaoHornH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes boogal PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = (Potamobius pallipes). Current usage, Austropotamo­ Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Tower Hill bius pallipes. [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. and Cornish Creeks, Tateburra Aboriginal tribe (proba­ bly = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 bluegrass crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (144°20'E x 21°15'S))] Dalhunty, in Curr, (Jugicambarus) batchi. [U.S.: Kentucky] Williams, et 1887(III):8, Sta. 137. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, al, 1989:21. boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, boo- 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

killee, bowgili, buggilla, and bugili. See also karkoo- bookillee PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = ra, marooroo, and munya. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland and northern New South Wales; Warrego and Paroo rivers (possibly boogali PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146°- yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens­ 10'E x 26°50'S))] Hollingsworth, in Curr, land; Lower , Thargominda (= Thargo- 1887(III):282, Sta. 177. See boagalli, bogally, boli­ mindah), Wonkomarra Aboriginal tribe; (probably = gar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, Bitjara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (143°0'E bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and x 28°30'S). See additional notes under buggilla] mamuru. Sullivan, in Curr, 1886(11):42, Sta. 53. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogalli, boogarli, boo­ boongangooloom PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," gurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Heales- bugili. See also thandulya. ville, Upper Yarra, Oorongir Aboriginal tribe (= Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208-9 boogalli PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = (145°25'Ex37°40'S)] Curr, 1887(III):530, Sta. 209b. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo See boonggangooloom and galoom. See also boon­ River, Torraburri Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadja- gangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung. lang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°- 20'E x 25°50'S))] Bell, in Curr, 1887(III):82, Sta. boonggangooloom PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," 155. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Sey­ boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, mour to Murchison, part of , Whroo, buggilla, bugili, kandura, koarow, and quarroo. etc.; Ngooraialum Aboriginal tribe (= Ngurelban Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (144°45'E x boogarli PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 36°40'S))] Curr, 1887(111):528, Sta. 209a. See Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Ravens- Yellami Boongangooloom. bourne Creek, Mokaburra Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 boorkoom PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = (145°20'E x 25°50'S)), Tarawalla dialect] Powell, in Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Curr, 1887(III):84, Sta. 155. See boagalli, bogally, New South Wales; Clarence River (probably = Badja- boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogurrie, bookil, lang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (152°55'E bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, and quarroo. x29°15'S))] Bruce, in Curr, 1887(III):332, Sta. 184. boogurrie PARASTACIDAE?, "lobster" ? This bopa PARASTACIDAE, Cherax boschma. [New locality does not coincide with the known present-day Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 324. distribution of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; mouths of the (possibly = bdrpa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Bindal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (147° 15'E Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; x 19°35'S))] O'Connor, in Curr, 1886(II):454, Sta , Bangerang Aboriginal tribes (= Pange- 126. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, rang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°40'E boogalli, boogarli, bookil, bookillee, bowgili, bug­ x 36°25'S))] Curr, 1887(111):574. See bor-pa. gilla, bugili, and inundah. bor-pa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = bookill PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo Murray River, near junction of the Murray and the River, Torraburri Aboriginal tribe (= Wadjalang Goulburn, the Bangerang Aboriginal tribes proper ( = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°20'E x Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°- 25°50'S))] Hyde, in Curr, 1887(III):80, Sta. 155. See 40'Ex36°25'S))] Curr, 1887(111):582, Sta. 214a. See boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, bdrpa and yinangi. boogarli boogurrie, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, bugili, kandera, koarow, and quarroo. bottlebrush crayfish CAMBARIDAE, NUMBER 38 15 cornutus. [U.S.: Barren and Green river systems in River] Dixon and Blake, 1981, Vol. 2:366. See Kentucky and Tennessee] Williams, et al., 1989:21; boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, Hobbs, 1989:12. boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, and mamuru. bouragin PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: burnicum PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = New South Wales; Richmond River (possibly = Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Arakwal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153°- New South Wales; Ballina (possibly = Arakwal Ab­ 20'E x 28°50'S))] Edwards, in Curr, 1887(III):288, original tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153°20'E x 28°- Sta. 178. See burnicum and murry. 50'S))] Ross, in Curr, 1887(111):290, Sta. 178. See bouragin and murry. bowgili PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper buster CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish just before Warrego and Paroo rivers (probably = Kunja Aborig­ or after molting. [U.S., especially in mid-West] inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146°10'E x 26°50'S))] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. See Butter- Conn, in Curr, 1887(III):278, Sta. 177. See boagalli, krebs and associated cross-references. bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, buggilla, Butterkrebs ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA bugili, and mamuru. Used for crayfish immediately after moulting, so-called because of softness of body. [Germany] Hoffman, Brazoria crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus 1980:24. See also soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, soft (Capillicambarus) brazoriensis. [U.S.: Texas; Brazoria shell crayfish, and soft-shelled crawfish. Co.] Williams, etal., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:55. ca'am CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Cambarellus) buggilla PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = montezumae. [Mexico: Totontepec Mixe Indians] Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Bulloo Schoenhals and Schoenhals, 1965:325. See discussion River, Thargominda(= Thargomindah), Wonkomarra under "crayfish Symbolism." Aboriginal tribe, which may = Wongkumara Aborigi­ nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141°50'E x 27°35'S), Cacchuma Literally,"Red Crawfish [People]." Spell­ but more likely, from the map in Curr, 1887(I)V, = ing variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. Hodge, 1907, Maranganji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 vol. 1:232, citing Jefferys, 1776:5. (144°35'E x 27°20'S). The exact place designation of this tribe is confusing in that Tindale places the Wonko­ caimbre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus marra tribe on Cooper's Creek, some 125 km W of nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Thargomindah. It is probable that My les was referring [France: Jura] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, to several tribes in the region with similar languages, also specifies Jura; Rolland, 1881, p. 231, specifies but Curr's map shows Sta. 52 in the Maranganji tribal "Saint-Amour (Jura)," citing Monnier, 1823, which is area] Myles, in Curr, 1886(II):36-40, Sta. 52. See likely also = Monnier, 1831, q.v. boagalli, bogally, boligar, boogal, boogali, boogalli, boogarli, boogurrie, bookill, bookillee, bowgili, Cajun dwarf crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus buggilla, and bugili. (Dirigicambarus) shufeldtii. [U.S.: Missouri, southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, bugili PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Texas, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama] Williams, Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Paroo and etal, 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:10. Warrego rivers, Margany Aboriginal tribe (= Maran­ ganji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (144°35'E Cajun popcorn CAMBARIDAE, probably Procamba­ x 27°20'S)), and Gunya Aboriginal tribe (= Kunja rus clarkii, when cooked. [U.S.: Louisiana] Quinn, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 (146°10'E x 1989:35. Also = "fried spiced crawfish tails." [Louisi­ 26°50'S)). Note that this area is adjacent to the Bulloo ana] Raichlen, 199LF2. 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

calico crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Gremi- Fabre, 1862. cambarus) immunis. [U.S.: Maine to Colorado and Wyoming; Alabama to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec] Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Williams, etal, 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:41. Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) gordoni [U.S.] Fitz- patrick, J.F., personal communication, citing reports of crayfish ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus the Champaign, Illinois, office of U.S. Corps of Engi­ (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [U.S.: California, , neers. , , , and Washington. Canada: . Introduced into , Japan, and cancer ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Sweden] Goldman, 1973:105; Hobbs, 1989:8. Maerland, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek v:9, line 251. [Latin] Anonymous, 1487, chapter cxliii. californische rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus. [Netherlands] Adema, cancre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus {Astacus 1989:7. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. [France: Bourgogne] camarao-de-agua-doce ASTACIDAE [Portugal] Andre, 1960:133. [France: Cote-d'Or (Bussy-le- Pietzschke, 1957 (1982), vol. 1:249. Grand)] Rolland, 1881:231, citing personal communi­ cation. camaron ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). cangrejo ASTACIDAE, Astacus fluviatilis (Astacus [France: lie de France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, astacus). [Spain] Rolland, 1881:231. 1899:142. cangrejo autoctono [ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius camaron de Las Vegas PARASTACIDAE, Par- pallipes. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et astacus pugnax and/'or P. nicolet. [Chile] Rudolph and al., 1990:161. Zapata, 1986:37, say P. nicolet; Rudolph and Rios, 1987:45, say P. pugax. cangrejo ASTACIDAE, pale forms from rivers. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. See cangrejo camaron de agua dulce ASTACOIDEA and PAR­ mollar. ASTACOIDEA. [Spanish] Erize, 1960:151. cangrejo de agua dulce ASTACOIDEA and PARAS­ camaron reculador CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus TACOIDEA. [Spanish] Erise, 1960:151. (Austrocambarus) llamasi. [Spanish] Morales and Bozada, 1987:201. See crawdad (verb, sense 1), cangrejo de las marismas = swamp crayfish. crawfish (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), crayfish CAMBARIDAE, (introduced). (Symbolism), gambero (verb), and mudbug (verb). [Spain] Matehache, 1982:1. cambarus crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes cangrejo de rio ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Faxonius) limosus (= Cambarus affinis). [Eu­ (Potamobiuspallipes). Current usage is Austropotamo­ rope/English] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. bius pallipes. [Spain] Gozmany, 1979:119; Ama­ dor, 1983, p. 190; Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:36, Camberkrebs CAMBARIDAE, . erroneously specify Astacus astacus; Gozmany, [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1990:94. 1979:118, cites this as Spanish for all ASTACIDAE. cammaro ASTACIDAE [Italy (northern)] Belloc, cangrejo de rio americano CAMBARIDAE, Orconec­ 1899:141; [Italy] Olszewski, 1980:21. tes limosus. [Spain] Cherry, 1992:21. cammarus ASTACIDAE [Latin (ancient)] Belloc, cangrejo de senal ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacif­ 1899:140. [Latin] Rolland, 1881:231, indicates the astacus) leniusculus. [Spain] Cherry, 1992:21. See Basque chamarra derived from Latin cammarus, citing cangrejo senjal. NUMBER 38 17 cangrejo fluvial ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus carranc ASTACIDAE [Spain: Valencia] Pardo, (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati­ 1940:29. lis). [Spain] Gozmany, 1979:118. carranc de ri'u ASTACIDAE [Spain: Valencia] cangrejo mollar ASTACIDAE, pale forms from Pardo, 1940:29. rivers. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. See cangrejo bianco. carrda PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., and/or Engaeus sp. cangrejo negro ASTACIDAE, dark forms from mill [Australia: Victoria; Upper Murray River (possibly = ponds. [Spain: Avila] Pardo, 1940:29. Duduroa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147°- 20E x 36°15'S))] Mitchell, in Curr, 1887(111):562, cangrejo rojo CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii Sta. 213. (introduced). [Spain] Robles-Clavijo, 1982:1. Carrollton crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus cangrejo senjal ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifas­ (Girardiella) connus. [U.S.: Mississippi] Williams, et tacus) leniusculus. [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. Westman et al., 1990:161. See cangrejo de seiial. cave crayfish See Dohlenkrebs. cangrejo turco ASTACIDAE, . [Spain] Habsburgo-Lorena, in Westman et al., ceimwch afonydd = "river lobster." ASTACIDAE 1990:161. [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch. carabus ASTACIDAE = "crab, cray-fish, or crev­ ice." [U.K., (Latin)] Ainsworth, 1783. ceimwch coch = "red crayfish." ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, caranguejo do rio ASTACIDAE [Portugal] Ferreira, 1852:407. See also cimwch. 1975:174. ceimwch dwr croew = "fresh water lobster." ASTA­ carauidia ASTACIDAE [Greek, "vulgaire"] Belloc, CIDAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1889:141. Seekaravida. 1852:407. See also cimwch. carauis ASTACIDAE [Greek, "vulgaire"] Belloc, ceimwch yr afon = "river lobster." ASTACIDAE 1889:141. Seekaravida. [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Evans, 1852:407. See also cimwch. cardinal ASTACIDAE "Cardinal, ecrevisse dans 1'ar­ got des voleurs, qui ont l'honneur de se rencontrer avec chacal CAMBARIDAE Usually considered synony­ Jules Janin, lequel a employe le meme trop a propos mous with Cambarellus montezumae, but Kreger and de du Homard,'ce cardinal de la mer.' Cardinaux sans Stairs, 1981:218) say the word refers to "crustaceo de doute, ces crustaces decapodes, ecrevisse mais seule- agua dulce." However, the same authors (p. 407) say ment lorsqu'ils ont subi la douloureuse epreuve du chacal probably = Cambarellus montezuma (sic). court-bouillon." [France: on 19th century argot] [Mexico: derived from the Nahuatl (Aztec) chacalin, Delvau, 1889:143. Also, "...excepte pour les homards camaron grande] Santamaria, 1978:343. The congru­ et ecrevisses que Ton cardinalise a la cuisson." ence of the Mexican word chacal with the Spanish [France: 16th century] Rabelais, 1553 (1942): 139. See chacal, meaning "jackal," has caused confusion, as armure a ecrevisse, avoir une ecrevisse dans la when Schoenhals and Schoenhals (1965:325) include: tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le vol-au-vent, "ca'am Cambarellus montezuma[de?] chacalin, chacal" ecrevice, ecrevisse (Slang, sense 3), ecrevisse cuite, in an appendix listing of the names of mammals in the ecrevisse de rempart, quatorzieme ecrevisse, and Mixe de Totontepec language. See chacalin, "crayfish rouge comme un ecrevisse. Symbolism" and nas. 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

chacalin See chacal. citing Hervas, 1781(17):90 (= Hervas y Panduro, 1778-1787). Chacchooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Chackchi-ooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907 Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: (I):232, citing Romans, 1775:315. Note: this probably Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, = p. 209 of 1961 reprint edition, cited here. 1907(I):232, citing Keane:506, in Stanford's Compen­ dium by Bates, 1878, which = Kean, p. 506 (Appen­ Chacchouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." dix), in Bates, 1878. Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, Chacksihooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." 1907(I):232, citing La Harpe = Benard de la Harpe, Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: 1721:106, q.v. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Keane:506, in Stanford's Compen­ Chacchuma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." dium by Bates, 1878. See Keane, p. 506 (Appendix), Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: in Bates, 1878. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Lattre, 1781, which probably = Chacouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Lattre, 1783. Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, Chacci cum a Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." 1907(I):232, citing Tonti 1688:72, in French, 1849. Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: See French, 1846-1853. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Boudinot, 1816:126. Chacoume Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Chacci Ouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: 1907(I):232, citing Coxe, 1741. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing McKenney and Hall, 1854, vol. Chacsihoma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." 3:80. Apparently = McKenney, 1868:80, cited here. Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, Chacehouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." 1907(I):232, citing Hawkins, 1799 (1848): 15, in Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, 1848 (3). Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Jefferys, 1776:7. Chacsihooma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Chachachouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: 1907(I):232, citing Romans, 1775:90. Note: this = p. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 209 of 1961 reprint edition, cited here. 232, citing McKenney and Hall, 1854(III):81. Appar­ ently = McKenney, 1868:81. Chacsihoomi Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Chachouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] McKenney, Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: 1868:80. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing La Harpe = Benard de la Harpe, Chactchi-ouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." 1721:110, q.v. Variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): 232 citing du Chachuma Literally, "RedCrawfish [People]." Spell­ Pratz,1758. = Le Page du Pratz, 1758. ing variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Missis­ sippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, Chactiouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." NUMBER 38 19

Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: chambro ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). 1907(I):232, citing Jefferys, 1761. [France: Dauphine] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:144. Chacxouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: chambro ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). 1907(I):232, citing Penicaut in Maigry, 1883(5): [France: Dauphine] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Cham- 575. pollion-Figeac, 1809.

Chakchiuma "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling changurru ASTACIDAE [Spain: Guipuzcoa] Rol­ variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; land, 1881:231, citing Eys, 1873; Belloc, 1899:142. Shaktci Homma Indians] Swanton, 1953:176, 185. chamarra ASTACIDAE [Spain: Basque provinces] chanvri ASTACIDAE [France: Provence] Andre, Belloc, 1899:141. Rolland, 1881:231, indicates the this 1960:133. word is derived from the Latin cammarus, citing Fabre, 1862. Chaquesauma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: chamberiot ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). 1907(I):232, citing Iberville, 1699, inMargry, 1880(4): [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142, 180. specifies "Suisse francaise." chawl' ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. chamberrot ASTACIDAE [France: Pays Romand] [U.S.: California; Chimariko Indians (Hokan)] Merri- Andre, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, specifies "Suisse am, 1979:231. romande," citing Bridel, 1866. See tsamberrot. cheewagga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably chambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Thornbo- nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). rough Diggings, near head of Mitchell River (possibly [France: Gard, Isere, and a spring near Alais (= Ales)] = Djankun Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 Belloc, 1899:141; Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Isere, (144°50'E x 17°5'S))] Hodgkinson, in Curr, citing Charvet, 1846. 1886(II):412, Sta. 115. chambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus chelgi PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quincarinatus and nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). C. crassimanus. Australian English derived from [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, Aboriginal word. [Australia: Northern Territory] specifies Languedoc and Dauphine; Rolland, 1881:231, Olszewski, 1980:16. See chielghi, gilga, gilgie, specifies "provencal moderne," citing Castor, 1843. goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. chambre de la Sorgo (ecrevisse de la fontaine de chervonyi kubans'kyi rak See HepBOHHH KV- Vaucluse). ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus SaHctKHH paK, next citation. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Provence] Andre, 1960:133. %PBOHHH Ky6aHCbKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont- astacus cubanicus daucinus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, chambri ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus 1981:161. See chervonyi kubans'kyi rak, above. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, cheval du diable = devil's horse. CAMBARIDAE specifies Provence, as does Belloc, 1899:141; Rolland, [U.S.: Louisiana, New Orleans, Cajun French] Wat­ 1881:231, specifies "provencal moderne," citing son, 1843:233. See grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, Honnorat, 1846. masan cay, and piau du diable. 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Chiachi-oumo Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: 1907(I):232, citing Adair, 1775:66 and 352. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Schermerhorn, 1814, in Collections choo-ah ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1814(2nd [U.S.: California; Yana Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, series, vol. 2): 15. 1979:232.

Chickamauga crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus choorn-gu PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = (Puncticambarus) extraneus. [U.S.: Georgia and Ten­ Cherax quardicarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; nessee; South Chickamauga Creek basin] Williams, et Leichardt River 20 mi. below Kamilaroi Station (proba­ al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:26. See Crawfish Spring. bly = Maijabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°35'E x 19°10'S))] E. Curr, in Curr, 1886(11): chiboli PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = 316, Sta. 95. See jin-ju and junju. Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Choquichouman Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25'Ex 35°5'S))] Macredie, in Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Curr, 1887(111):448, Sta.201. See yappi. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(I):232, citing Iberville, 1700, in Margry, 1880 chielghi PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp., (part 4):430. although no freshwater crayfishes are now known from this locality. [Australia: Western Australia; Central Chouchouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Division, New Norcia and Leschenault Bay (100-125 Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: km. N of ) (probably = Juat Aboriginal tribe of Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): Tindale, 1974:243 (115°55'Ex30°55'S))] Salvado, in 232, citing Tonti, 1684, in Margry, 1875(part 1):604. Curr, 1886(I):318, Sta. 16. See chelgi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. Chowanoke crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Crockerinus) virginiensis. [U.S.: North Carolina and chipel PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Virginia, Chowan drainage system] Williams, et al., Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria, and 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:38. Tyntynder, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25'E x Christmas tree crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procamba­ 35°5'S))] Beveridge, in Curr, 1887(III):444, Sta. 199. rus (Hagenides) pygmaeus. [U.S.: Savannah River to See yapi. Putnam County, Florida, and also the Florida panhan­ dle] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:59. Chocchuma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: cifrarak CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907(1): [Hungary] Thuranszky and Pinter, in Westman et al., 232, citing Durant, 1843:135. 1990:108.

Choccmaw Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." cimwch coch = "red crayfish or lobster." ASTACI­ Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: DAE [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Anwyl Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, and Anwyl, 1922:68. See also ceimwch. 1907(1):232, citing Pickett, 1851(I):131. cimwch yr afon = "river lobster." ASTACIDAE Choctaw riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Anwyl and valleculus. [U.S.: Mississippi; Choctaw, Attila, and Anwyl, 1922:68. See also ceimwch. Kemper counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:33. clawchee PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Queensland; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. Chokchoomah Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S.: Coastal Lowland cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, NUMBER 38 21

Procambarus (Ortmannicus)leitheuseri. [U.S.: Florida; crane ASTACIDAE [France: Provence (ancient)] Hernando and Pasco counties] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, 1555; Andre, Hobbs, 1989:67. 1960:133 [Spain: Catalonia] Pardo, 1940:29. common crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus crane de riu ASTACIDAE [Spain: Catalonia] (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluvia­ Colomer, 1983:83; Pardo, 1940:29. tilis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. The term is ubiquitously used to denote any freshwater crayfish. crang From the Latin cancer. ASTACIDAE [France: See obyknovennyi rak (O6WKHOBCHHMH paK). "ancien provencal"] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Raynou- ard, 1836-1844. common river crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius crauish ASTACIDAE [U.K.: Middle English?] fluviatilis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. "Pilles of certain fishes, as of Crauishes." Cooper, 1565. Conchas crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Hespericambarus) deanae. [U.S.: New Mexico; cravaise ASTACIDAE, "the cray-fish." [U.K.: Canadian River basin, San Miguel and Quay counties] Anglo-Norman (the variety of Norman French spoken Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:43. in England after the Norman Conquest)] Halliwell, 1904:278. cooy CAMBARIDAE?, = "camaron, pescado." CAMBARIDAE? "el cangrejo," crayfish, if not crabs. cravesse Gozmany, 1979:118, lists this word as [Mexico: Yucatan; Maya] Alvarez, 1980:261; Perez, French, perhaps taking it from Belloc, 1899:141. 1866-1877:15. While the word apparently appears first in Belloc, who quotes Rolland, 1881:230, the word is not in Rolland, coy' CAMBARIDAE?, = "camaron de rio." [Mexi­ and is probably a misreading of "gravesse," q.v. co: Chiapas; Ciudad de Copainala, Zoque] Harrison et al., 1981:266. cravousse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). crab CAMBARIDAE [U.S. (southern)] Olszewski, [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, 1980:20. specifies Lorraine, as does Belloc, 1899:141. Rolland, 1881:230, cites Oberlin, 1775, on the patois of Lor­ crabba ASTACIDAE?, = "A crab, crawfish, a sign raine in the vicinity of Ban de la Roche. See grav- of the zodiac." [U.K.: Old English] Bosworth, ousse. 1881:61. craw CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] crab-fish ASTACIDAE, ".. .ou de 1'Anglois Crab-fish, Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.] Vernon, in Hoey, et al, quisignifieEcrevice." [U.K.] Corneille, 1694(I):349. 1982:175. cradie PARASTACIDAE [Australia: central Queens­ crawbob PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: W. New South land; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. Wales, Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. craebbe See crabba. crawchee PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: western New South Wales, Australian English] Olszewski, era-fish ASTACIDAE [U.K.] Bacon, 1635:189. 1980:16. craibosse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus crawchie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Queensland, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. [France: Cote'd'Or, Bourgogne] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne; Rolland, crawcrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: West Virginia] 1881:230, and Belloc, 1899:141, specify Cote-d'Or. Cassidy, 1985:833. 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

crawdab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, salmon and codffish and plenty of crawffish ...." J.L.B., 1923:204. [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):219. See Fiennes under craw fish and crawfish. crawdabber CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, 1989:30. craw fish ASTACIDAE "From Knarsborough we went to Rippon [Ripon] a pretty little market town.. .and craw-dabber CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest] Ade, Craw fish 2 pence a Dozen so we bought them...." 1912:39. [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):83. See Fiennes under crawffish and crawfish. crawdad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.] North, 1963:38. [U.S.] Craw Fish Sp. Place name. Spelling variation of Gozmany, 1979:118; PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Crawfish Spring, q.v. New South Wales] Olszewski, 1980:16. craw-fish ASTACIDAE [Norway] Pontoppidan, crawdad Verb (slang, sense 1), = "to back out." 1755, part 11:175-175; CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Say, [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):240. 1817:168, 169. See camaron reculador, crawfish (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), crayfish (Symbolism), ecrevisse qui craw-fish Verb (slang), = "to back out; refuse to any renifle, and gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou thing after starting to do it." Tefft, 1848:316. See t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, kajae korum, marcher crawfish, verb, sense 1. comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. crawfish This term is widely used for members of the crawdad Verb (slang, sense 2), = "tobe obsequious." ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA, as well as for [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):308. many marine crustaceans. Webster, 1852:280, suggests See crawfish, crayfish, cray-fish, and mudbug as craw is derived from "crab" or from the Welsh "crag," verbs. a shell as in "pysgod cragen," shell-fish. He also suggests the "fish" in crawfish is from the last syllable Crawdad Place name, private airport. [U.S.: Geor­ of ecrevisse. ASTACIDAE ".. .1 went with my mother gia; SW of Savannah, (31°59'N x 81°15'W)] Aero­ into Oxfordshire.. .to Hungerford 16 mile which is nautical Chart, Jacksonville Section, scale 1:500,000. famous for Crawfish...." [U.K.: Berkshire; probably the ] Also, "...Kanck-wood [Cannock Crawdad Creek Place name, stream. [U.S.: Washing­ Wood], which is but a barren heath ground but.. .its full ton; Snohomish Co.] Abate, 1991(9):708. of little brooks and rivulets which abounds with craw­ fish...." [U.K.: Stafford] Fiennes, 1697 (1949):23, Crawdad Slough Place name, stream. [U.S.: Illinois, 166; "...But all must stoop to Crawfish Soop...." Cook Co.] Abate, 1991(6):27. [U.K.] D'Urfey, 1719(I):268; "The Cray-fish or Crawfish is an inhabitant of fresh water." [U.K.] crawdad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, Donovan, 1837, II, 213. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: J.L.B., 1923:204. northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1905:76; [U.S.: New York] Kieran, 1959:74; [U.S.: very common usage in craw-dad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Kentucky] Shear- south]. PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, in, 1911:37. 1976:192. Penn (1943:1) discussed his feelings on the cray­ craw-daddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana] fish/crawfish controversy, and, while somewhat dated Brown, Brown, & Brown, 1949. and limited in scope, is worth repeating here (my notes in brackets): crawdaddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, "The name crawfish is used in this paper because it 1989:30. is believed to be the most common common-name for the species of crawfishes of the genus Cambarus to crawffish ASTACIDAE "...at Burrowbridge I pass'd which they belong; and, it is the only common name the River...Ouse... [which] affords very good fish for these animals throughout the South and in other NUMBER 38 23 rural sections of the United States, notwithstanding the attitude toward the North American Free Trade Agree­ belief of many who propound that our 'crawfish' are ment. See crawfish (verb, sense 1) and hsiang lagu I known elsewhere by the "correct name of crayfish." yang pien chi eh. Crawfish has long been credited as correct in scientific writing and not only occurs almost as frequently as Crawfish-band Rough translation of "Red Crawfish crayfish, but was used as a common name by Say [People]." Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Catlin, (1817, ["craw-fish," pp. 168-169, q.v.]) many years 1860:589. See Shaktci Homma. earlier than crayfish by Huxley (1884 [1880, passim]). The European word crayfish is used by teachers of Crawfish Branch Place names, streams. [U.S.: zoology probably because of Huxley's classic contribu­ Kentucky, Clay Co.] Abate, 1991(4):421; [U.S.: Ore­ tion; however, crawfish is still the usual term applied to gon; Douglas Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Ten­ fresh-water crustaceans of the genus Cambarus in the nessee, Blount Co. and Lawrence Co.] Abate, 1991(4): U.S...." 901. See Fiennes under crawffish and craw fish. See also crayfish, ecrevisse and shrimp. Crawfish Creek Place names, streams. [U.S.: Alabama, De Kalb Co.] Abate, 1991(4):61; [U.S.: crawfish Verb (slang, sense 1), = "to back out." Georgia; Carroll Co. and Walker Co.] Abate, 1991 "But no sooner did they see the old British Lion rising (3): 187; [U.S.: Illinois; Wabash Co.] Abate, up.. than they crawfished back to 49 [degrees]." [U.S.: 1991(6):27; [U.S.: Oregon; Grant Co. and Lane Co.] United States Congress, possibly first recorded use of Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: Tennessee; Lawrence Co.] crawfish as a verb] Charles E. Stuart of Michigan, The Abate, 1991(4):901; [U.S.: Texas; Crosby Co.] Congressional Globe, 1848:277; "I crawfished as fast Abate, 1991(5):442; [U.S.: Wyoming; Teton Co.] as I could about two yards" [U.S., midwest] Twain, Abate, 1991(8):668. 1884:103; [U.S.: southeastern Missouri] Crumb, D.S. 1903:310; "To withdraw unreservedly from an untena­ Crawfish Draw Place name, valley. [U.S.: Texas; ble position" [New Zealand soldiers in WW II] Par­ Floyd Co.] Abate, 1991(5):442. tridge, 1950:189. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), Crawfish Gulch Place name, valley. [U.S.: Califor­ craw-fish (verb), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), nia; Siskiyou Co.] Abate, 1991(9): 196. gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, kajae kdrum, marcher comme les Crawfish Hollow Place name, valley. [U.S.: Missou­ ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. ri; Benton Co.] Abate, 1991(7): 192. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 2), = "to crawl on one's Crawfish Lake Place names, . [U.S.: Oregon, stomach." [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 Grant Co. and Lane Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524; [U.S.: (1947):62. Washington, Okanongon Co.] Abate, 1991(9):708. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 3), = "a horse that crawfish land Low, watersoaked ground. CAMBA­ pitches (or bucks) backwards." [U.S.: western] RIDAE [U.S.: northwest Arkansas] Carr, 1906:132. Adams, 1968, page 82; Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):836. Crawfish Meadow Place name, meadow. [U.S.: Oregon; Grant Co.] Abate, 1991(9):524. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 4), = "tobe obsequious." [U.S.] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):308. crawfish policy Disparaging term used by Jefferson See also crawdad (verb, sense 2). Davis referring to the practices of Beauregard and J. Johnston in the 1861-62 U.S. Civil War campaigns. crawfish Verb (slang, sense 5), = "to act in an [U.S.] Davis, 1991:459, line 23. See camaron indecisive or equivocating manner." [U.S.] Novak, reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crayfish (verb), 1993:A27. "Crawfishing on NAFTA," the headline of gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, march­ an article describing President William Clinton's alleged er comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Crawfish Pond Place name, lake. [U.S.: Alabama; tralia; Australian English] Olszewski, 1980:16. Talladega Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 4:61. crawley-fish PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New Crawfish River Place name, river. [U.S.: Wisconsin, South Wales; English] Olszewski, 1980:16. Jefferson Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 6:670. craw-pappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Arkansas] Crawfish-Spring Place name. Spelling variation of Randolph, 1931:99. Crawfish Spring, q.v. crawpappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, Crawfish Spring Place name. [U.S.: NW Georgia; 1989:30. Walker Co., SW corner of Chickamauga Battlefield (U.S. Civil War)] Turchin, 1888, pocket maps, text cray PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, maps, and pp. 64-65. Spelling variations in same 1976:192. ASTACIDAE? "Soup Vermecell, souc'd volume: Crawfish-Spring (p.63), Craw Fish Sp. turbet, cray and soals." [U.K.: Scotland; Scottish] (Maps 2,3,4) and Crawfish Springs (Map No. 6). See Grant and Murison, 1952, vol. 111:239, quoting Allan also Crawfish Spring Lake and Chickamauga cray­ Ramsay, 1728, vol. 2:10. fish. craybob PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: south-western Crawfish Spring Lake Place name, lake. [U.S.: New South Wales and New England; Australian Eng­ Georgia, Walker Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:187. lish] Olszewski, 1980:16. Lake is apparently on site of Crawfish Spring (see above) and associated stream leading into Chickamauga craydad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest] Cassidy, Creek. See Crawfish Spring, above. 1985:833.

Crawfish-Spring road Place name. See Crawfish cray fish PARASTACIDAE [New Zealand] Taylor, Spring. Richard, 1870:295. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. Crawfish Tank Place name, reservoir. [U.S.: Texas; Garza Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 5:442. cray-fish ASTACIDAE "The Cray-fish or Crawfish is an inhabitant of fresh water." [U.K.] Donovan, Crawfish Springs Place name. Spelling variation of 1837, II, 213; [U.K.] Wood, 1858:60; "From his Crawfish Spring, q.v. lurking hole Had pulled the Cray-fish." [U.K.] Browne, 1613, II, iii; "crab, cray-fish, or crevice." Crawfish Town Place name, [U.S.: Louisiana; New [U.K.] Ainsworth, 1783. CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Orleans] Berrey and van den Bark, 1942 (1947):48. Kentucky] Shearin, 1911:37; [U.S.: midwest] Ade, 1912:39. Crawfish Valley Place names, valleys. [U.S.: Georgia; Walker Co.] Abate, 1991, volume 3:187; cray-fish Verb, = to catch crayfishes. "Others were [U.S.: Virginia, Wythe Co.] Abate, 1991, volume engaged in the delicate amusement of cray-fishing" 3:628. [U.S.] Ingraham, 1835:174. See crawdad, crawfish, crayfish, mudbug, and yabbie as verbs. crawjinny CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Iowa] Strong, 1940:249. crayfish ASTACIDAE, CAMBARIDAE, PARASTA­ CIDAE [English: (Europe, North America, Austral­ crawldaddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Krishtalka, asia)] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37, 39. CAM­ 1989:30. BARIDAE [U.S., northeast: New York] Kieran, 1971:74, says it is colloquially spelled and pronounced crawl-daddy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana] "crawfish." PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Johnston, Brown, Brown, & Brown, 1949. 1976:192; [New Zealand] Olszewski, 1980:21. Although "crayfish" and "crawfish" are universally crawler PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: South Aus­ used correctly by English-speakers to denote freshwater NUMBER 38 25 crustaceans belonging to the Astacoidea and Parastacoi­ beautiful); the Popoluca ooy (= shrimp/ crayfish) with dea, both words are also used by some to designate the Popoluca oy (= good, fine, nice); and the Mixe lobsters, shrimp, or other aquatic animals as well. This kAA'xm (= shrimp) with kAhxm (= high, exalted). lack of consistency causes much confusion. Magette, 1983:61, discusses Balzac's use of cray­ Almost a century ago, Stebbings (1902:187) attempt­ fish-related symbolism in La Rabouilleuse (Balzac, 188? ed to "nail the name crayfish hard and fast to the (1966): 131 et seq. Here, Balzac explains that rabouil- ...river-liver...reserving [crawfish] for the marine ler, q.v., is a provencial word denoting the trapping animal sometimes called the rock-lobster." Despite his freshwater crayfishes by stirring up the water with a eloquence and reasoning, his and other's attempts to tree branch to frighten the crayfishes into traps. Flore lessen the confusion have been unsuccessful. I strongly Brazier, a young rabouilleuse whom Dr. Rouget meets, favor using "crayfish" and "crawfish" solely for the snares Jean-Jacques, who corresponds to the crayfish. Astacoidea and Parastacoidea—leaving other words for de Tervarent (1958:151-152) discusses ecrevisse as the lobsters, shrimps, and miscellany. See crawfish. a symbol of inconstance, contrary fortune, and idle­ ness—using the crayfish in medieval art to illustrate crayfish Verb, slang, = "to back out or retreat." these attributes. "The steamer was just crayfishing away from a mud See ca'am, camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, island, where she had tied up for more wool." [Austra­ sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, lia] Lawson, 1900:63. "Such hedging and crayfishing crayfish (verb) crayfish (Symbolism), gambero (verb), about only postponed the dread business." [Australia] hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, Incaktcakafa, kajae Hackston, 1966:203; "But from time to time, as if his kdrum, lung hia, marcher comme les ecrevisse, vital spirit had something of the crayfish, he moved marcher en ecrevisse, ooy, rabouiller, and sas. backward in moments of inertia...." Eco, 1983:16. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), Crayfish Creek Place name, stream. [Australia: crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish Tasmania, (147°21'E x 42°57'S)] See Yellami Boon­ (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang gangooloom. lagu I yang hou t'ui, kajae kdrum, lung hia, march­ er comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. creauis ASTACIDAE "A freshwater Creauis" [England: Middle English] Dodoens, 1557:426. Also, crayfish Symbolism. Crayfish are said, without "Creauises are good for Hectickes" [England: Middle amplification, (de Vries, 1974:116) to symbolize "1. English] Benvenuto Italiano, 1612, paragraph 87:163. nonchalance; 2. laziness; 3. loss of faith; 4. Synagogue, as personification of the Jewish religion." On p. 328, Crebs ASTACIDAE [Germany] Corneille, de Vries also discusses the Moon Card of the Tarot 1694(I):349. deck (Smith, 1971) which depicts what he refers to as "a lobster-like crab." This "crab," which is more creeft ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, likely a crayfish, is said to denote "involution, regres­ 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, line 251. sion to a more primitive state (the crab eating away what is transitory)...." The negative "laziness," "loss creekcrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisi­ of faith," and "regressive" associations are reflected in ana] Raichlen, 1991 :F2. the English, Chinese, and Korean slang verb forms, q.v., but are in contrast with the Chickasaw Incaktca- crefish ASTACIDAE "The Crefish are some of them kafa ("They are crawfish," i.e. a very bright and active red, when they are raw, and some Azure coloured, people") and the Mayan rebus which associates crayfish some of them are not red after boy ling, they are taken and shrimp with goodness, nobility, and beauty. notice of to have three teeth in the Stomack, and the This latter sense is discussed by Stress (1989:143- Males to have a double Penis" [U.K.] Wagnero, 164), who proposes that the crayfish icon used by the 1683:269. Mayas is a rebus usage, representing a word by depict­ ing a homophone of it—i.e. by depicting something else crefyshe ASTACIDAE ". .yf you take a good sort of bearing a similar sounding name. In this case he cites Crefyshes...." [U.K.: English] Heresbach, 1496-1576 the Zoque sas (= crayfish) with the Zoque sa'sa ( = (1601), Book 11:69. See crefysshe. 26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

crefysshe Although freshwater crayfishes are found creuviche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus naturally in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). this is a doubtful reference to freshwater crayfishes [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, sensu stricto, as the description apparently is of animals specifies Bourgogne; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Cote- inhabiting southern Central America, probably Panama. d'Or. More likely, the animals referred to were atyid shrimps. ".. .full of gressehoppers, grylles, crabbes or creuvisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, crefysshes...." [U.K.: Middle English?] Eden, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] 1555:115. See crefyshe and creuysshe. Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Bour­ gogne; Belloc, 1899:141. specifies Cote-d'Or. creifis ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100. creuysshe ASTACIDAE "...hath in the steade of flesshe a certeyne substance like vnto the flesshe of crepel = "a little creeper, or crawfish." ASTACI­ creuysshes" [U.K.: Middle English] Eden, 1555:302. DAE [U.K.: Old English] Bosworth, 1881:61. Toll­ See crefysshe. er, 1921:134, says crepel = crib. In this case, crib may be a form of crab, as in Wright, 1898, vol. 1:761. creveiceron ASTACIDAE, "petite ecrevisse." But Toller, 1898:170, shows crepel = a . [France: 13th century] Greimas, 1969:150-151. There may be a certain obscure consistency in all of this. crevesses ASTACIDAE "Than comes thare out crevesses/ of manykins hewis/ Scorpions thaim to creues ASTACIDAE "A creues, dyght hym thus: scere/and scalid neddirs...." [U.K.: Middle English; depart hym a-sonder, & sly tee the belly...." [U.K.: 1400-1450] Stevenson, 1849, line 3864. Note that this Middle English] Wynken de Worde, 1413, in Furni- is another rendition of the same manuscript described vall, 1868, page 281, line 20. under creuesses, above, but using the "th" instead of the thorn and a v instead of a u in crevesses. creuesses ASTACIDAE "Pan comes dare-out creues- ses -of many kins hewis, Scorpions bairn to scere •& crevet ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, scalid neddirs, And so large & so laith •& so lowd 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line 252. schrikis, bat all be soile of ba sidis...." [U.K.: Middle English; probably 1400-1450] The Wars of Alexander, crevette ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, edited from MS. Ashmole 44 in the Bodlean Library, 1266-1269(1878), p. 10, foot- note to line 274. Oxford, and MS. D.4.12 in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, by Walter W. Skeat 1886:219, line creveys ASTACIDAE [U.K.: Middle English] 3864. Hendrickson, 1987:139, says crayfish, first Anonymous, 1460, Ms. K. recorded as creuesse in England early in the 15th century, was corrupted to crayfish by 1597, but he crevez dew douz ASTACIDAE "...to rost Eles/ gives no additional details; he may have this reference lampurnes/ Crevez dew douz, and breme de mere...." in mind. See crevesses. But also see creuez and creu- [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in is, dating from 1390-1 and 1345-6, respectively. Furnivall, 1868:174, line 848. creuez ASTACIDAE "Item, pro pikerell et creuez, j crevice (Sense 1) ASTACIDAE, [France: end of due. lxviij s." [U.K.: Middle English] Expeditions to 13th century] Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, Prussia and the Holy Land... 1390-1 and 1392-3, in 1555; [France: 11-14th centuries, dialects of northern Smith, Lucy T., 1894, 215/20. France (Langue d'Oil)] Bos, 1891:114; "(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and creuis ASTACIDAE "In creuis empt. pro pitancia when it is large then called a crevice." [U.K.: English] Conuentus." [U.K.: Middle English, 14th century] Randle Holme ca. 1688, quoted by Phipson, 1883:435; Sacrist Rolls of Ely, 1345-6, in Chapman, 1908, vol. "Crab, cray-fish, or crevice" [U.K.: Middle English] 2:129; "The tayle of a lobster, or river Creuis." Ainsworth, 1783. Said by Rolland, 1881:230, to be [U.K.: Middle English] Dodoens, 1557:60. related to Old High German Krebiz, and to date from NUMBER 38 27 the 13th century in France; but also said by Bos (see were hanged up and exposed to the Sun for ten daies, above) to be derived from German Krevisse, q.v., and they will drive out Catterpillers from Pot herbs." to have been used from ll-14th centuries. See also [U.K.] Muffett, 1658:1041; "But this Sir Christopher armure a ecrevisse. See also next entry. [Metcalfe] is also memorable for stocking the river Yower in this County...with Crevishes (which he crevice (sense 2) = armure [France: 11-14th centu­ brought out of the South) where they thrive in plenty ries, dialects of northern France (Langue d'Oil)] Bos, and bigness." [U.K.: Yorkshire] Fuller, 1662:223; 1891:114. Greimas, 1969:150-151, describes it as [U.K.: Scotland] Jamieson, 1818, unpaginated; "Armure faite de bandes d'acier articulees a la maniere 1846:170. des anneaux d'une ecrevisse." See armure a ecre­ visse. See also krevisse. crevit ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, line 252. crevicia ASTACIDAE [U.K.: medieval Latin] Latham, 1981:517. crevy ASTACIDAE "...for v. crevys ij. d." [Eng­ land: Middle English] Anonymous, 1481-1490:84. crevik ASTACIDAE [Netherlands] Olszewski, 1980:14. crevyse deau doulce ASTACIDAE "Shell fyshe, excepte crevyse deau doulce." [U.K.: England; Middle crevis ASTACIDAE "In sperling', crevis, lopsters, et English] Elyot, 1539:15a. pise aque dulcis, 4s. lOp." [U.K.: Middle English, 14th century] Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham, cribisse CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus 1311-2, in Fowler, 1898, vol. 99:9; "...because swine clarkii. [U.S.: Louisiana; Cajun French] Botkin, [having fed on henbane] seek after Crevises...." 1955:580. [U.K.: Middle English] Coles, 1657, lviii. According to Webster, 1852:283, this was little used by the mid- Crittenden crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes 19th century. See also river crevis. (Crockerinus) bisectus. [U.S.: Kentucky; Crittenden County, Ohio River drainage] Williams, et al., crevis dewe douze ASTACIDAE "A Crevis dewe 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:35. douze, Cut his belly away..." [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:159, crow dab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, line 616. J.L.B., 1923:204. crevis douse ASTACIDAE "Porpas rested. Munse crow dad CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] Taylor, fryed. Crevis douse." [U.K.: England; Middle Eng­ J.L.B., 1923:204. lish] Kurath, 1959, vol. C-DYWE:727. crow pappy CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Missouri] crevise ASTACIDAE "Crevise/bus wise ye must Taylor, J.L.B., 1923:204. dight:" [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:158, lines 604-5. Thomas crofis ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, Wright, 1857:355, crevise was used in England before 1952:100. the 19th century. csokarak ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes (Potamobius crevise dewe douz ASTACIDAE "Perche in gely/ pallipes). Current usage, Austropotamobius pallipes. Crevise dewe douz/ pety perueis with be moost." [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. [U.K.: England; Middle English] Russell, ca. 1475, in Furnivall, 1868:166, line 707. In a footnote Furnival csuollos rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus says "pety perueis" may be pies of carp and (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, roasted and minced with spices. 1979:119. crevish ASTACIDAE "If crabs or river Crevish, Cuban slender digit crayfish See kubanskogo 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY dlinnopalogo rak. crayfish, or an unknown crayfish inhabiting subterra­ nean waters. [Australia: Western Australia; South- cuinci PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax de­ Eastern Division, Nullarbor Plain, Eyre's Sand Patch, structor. [Australia: Queensland: vicinity of Mt. Isa, Wonunda Meening Aboriginal tribe (= Miming Ab­ Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal original tribe of Tindale, 1974:248 (128°0'E x 31°- tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140°0'E x 20°55'S))] 10'S))] Williams, in Curr, 1886(I):398, Sta. 34. Note Blake, 1969:84. See jakalaan and turn pan. similarity of word with danibutcha, q.v.

cunder PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = danibutcha PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Natal Cherax destructor. [Australia: ; Yorke's Downs Station, Cape River, Pegulloburra Aboriginal (Yorke) Peninsula (not Cape York Peninsula, Queens­ tribe (= Ilba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 land), (probably = Narangga Aboriginal tribe of (146°50'E x 20°50'S))] Chatfield, in Curr, vol. Tindale, 1974:214 (137°35'E x 34°35'S))] Kuhn, in 11:482, Sta. 131. Curr 1886(11): 146, Sta. 67. See worronguna. Note similarity of word with danbee, q.v. cypress crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) blacki. [U.S.: Florida; Escambia daullu See dagllu. County] Williams, et al., 1989:21. deda PARASTACIDAE, as well as shrimps and cyxonajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto­ lobsters. [Madagascar: Fort Dauphin region] Poisson, dactylus salinus. [Ukraine] Bred- sky, 1981:154. = 1947:13. sukhopalyi rak, q.v. dede Pronounced dayday. PARASTACIDAE, Cherax cyxonajnvm paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto­ longipes and Cherax solus. [New Guinea: Tigi Lake dactylus salinus. [Russia] Bred- sky, 1981:154. = area] Holthuis, 1949:295, 319. sukhopalyi rak, q.v. dendong PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: ; dagllu PARASTACIDAE, = "Camaron o cangrejo de Victorian Region groups] Mathew, 1899:230-231. agua dulce." Also = "Parastocus" sp. [Argenti­ Because of the number of Aboriginal tribes in the na/Chile: Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Gippsland area in the 1890s, greater specificity is Ranculche, and Huilliche Indians; Mapuche language] impossible. Erize, 1960:151,451. = daullu and sagllu, q.v. devil crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Lacuni- dalai in naimalchin "Cray-fish" in primary reference, cambarus) diogenes. [U.S.: widespread east of the but in vol. 11:1072 it is translated as "blue-crab in Rockies and south of the Great Lakes, except Florida ocean" and as "sea crayfish" and "lobster." [Mongo­ peninsula, the Alleghenies, and northeast of New Jersey lia] Boberg, 1955, vol. 111:124. and east of western Pennsylvania in Mississippi drain­ age; primary burrowing crayfish] Williams, et al., > ' •' ~ r* VN\'''-"N * = dalai in naimalchin, see 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:24. above. Note that the Mongolian language is written and read perpendicularly from the left to the right; thus devil's fleas See piau du diable. these words would normally be rotated 90° to the right. See also sam khorokhai. devil's horse CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana; New Orleans] Watson, 1843:233. See cheval du diable, Dalhousie Springs yabbie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax grasshopper, Haschreckenkrebs, and masan cay. destructor-albidus. [Aus- tralia: South Australia; NE of Oodnadatta] Horwitz, 1990:90. dib-dib PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madi- danbee PARASTACIDAE?, "lobster"? This does not madi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe coincide with any present-day freshwater crayfish of Tindale, 1974:197 (143°20'E x 34°25'S))] Hercus, distribution, and could be some organism other than the 1969a:332, 422. NUMBER 38 29 dibil PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Aus­ 1981:151. See dlinnopalyi rak, above. tralia: New South Wales; Victorian group, Madimadi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Aboriginal tribe of dlinnopalyi rechnoi rak See njimraomunvni pcn- Tindale, 1974:197 (143°20'E x 34°25'S))] Hercus, HOH paK, next citation. 1969b:3. omraHonajrjbin pe^mon paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus didbee PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Keppel Gozmany, 1979:119. Bay, , and Curtis Island, Byellee Ab­ original tribe (= Baiali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Dohlenkrebs ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius palli­ 1974:164 (150°55'Ex23°40'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 114, pes. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37.; Sta. 160. [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38.; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al.,in Westman et dirndung-dirnduk PARASTACIDAE. Same word al.,1990:180. used for "crayfish" and freshwater "lobster," probably = Cherax sp., Engaeus sp., and Euastacus sp. [Aus­ dookami PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = tralia: Victoria; "Gippsland," (data given do not allow Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: tribal designation)] Curr, 1887(111):552, Sta. 210. New South Wales; Wagga Wagga (probably = Wirad- juri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30'E x ditch bugs CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Strung, 1985, p.58. 33°50'S))] Bayles, in Curr, 1887(111):392, Sta. 190. See yingar. ditch fencing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Faxonella clypeata. [U.S.: Oklahoma and Texas, east to Florida Doughtery Plain cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, and South Carolina] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) cryptodytes. [U.S.: several 1989:32. caves in Georgia and Florida] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:22. dixie lobster CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: southeast] Olszewski, 1980:20. dovghopalyi rak See AOBronajmn paK, next entry. djambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus AOBronajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodac­ nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). tylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Ukraine] Cherry, [France: Gard] Rolland, 1881:231. 1992:20. See dovghopalyi rak, above. djambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak See xvHaHCbKHH TOM'- nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). jmmi paK, next citation. [France: Languedoc] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Gard. AyHaHCBKHH KaM'sHHH paK ASTACIDAE, Aust­ ropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio dlinnonogii rechnoi rak See wraHHOHorHH pe*r- danubicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See HOH paK, next citation. dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak, above.

AJTHHHOHorHH pe^HOH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus dunayskyi kamennyi rak See flVHaHCKHH KaMeH- leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] KHBIH paK, next citation. Gozmany, 1979:119. jryHaHCKHH KaMemmBm paK ASTACIDAE, Aust­ dlinnopalyi rak See nnnHHonainvni paK, see next ropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio citation. danubicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See dunayskyi kamennyi rak, above. flnHHHonajnaH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus. [Russia] Brodsky, ecrebisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). nectes (Faxonius) limosus [France] Noel, 1992:73. [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Bourgogne and Poitou; Belloc, 1899:141, ecrevisse a partes blanches ASTACIDAE Astacus specifies Poitou and Cdte-d'Or. pallipes pallipes [France] Noel, 1992:72.

ecrebisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobi­ ecrevisse a partes rouges ASTACIDAE, Astacus lis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius Poitou and Bussy-le-Grand] Rolland 1881:231. fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; [Swit­ zerland] Buttiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. ecrevice ASTACIDAE [France] Corneille, 1694(I):349; Phipson, 1883:435, quoting Holme 1688 ecrevisse a pieds blancs ASTACIDAE, Austropota­ (but I was unable to find the word in Holme); [France: mobius pallipes. [France] Laurent, 1985:77. [Bel­ Champagne] Andre, 1960:133. gium: Wallonia] Cherry, 1992:19.

ecrevice Slang, = "Sorte d'armes anciennes. C'estoi- ecrevisse a pieds pales ASTACIDAE Astacus pallipes ent des cuirasses faites de lames de fer, mises les unes pallipes [France] Noel, 1992:72. fur les autres a la maniere des ecailles d'Ecrevices." [France: 17th century] Corneille, 1694(1):349. See ecrevisse a pieds greles ASTACIDAE, Astacus armure a ecrevisse and ecrevisse de rempart. leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [France] Gozmany, 1979:119. ecrevice d'eau douce ASTACIDAE [France] Cor­ neille, 1694(I):349. ecrevisse a pieds rouges ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius ecrevice de riviere ASTACIDAE [France] Corneille, fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. 1694(I):349. ecrevisse americaine signal ASTACIDAE, Pacifasta­ ecrevisse CAMBARIDAE [Canada (eastern)] Le- cus leniusculus. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:3. moine, 1911:216. ecrevisse californienne ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus ecrevisse ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA leniusculus. [France] Laurent, in Westman et al., [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; Rolland, 1881:231, des­ 1990:78. ignates its use as both "francais" and "francais vul­ gaire"; Belloc, 1899:140, says "vulg. et etrang." [Bel­ ecrevisse commune ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus gium: Wallonia] Cherry, 1992:19. CAMBARIDAE (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluvia­ [Canada] Vinay et al., 1962:142. See crawfish, tilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. crayfish, crevice (Sense 1), shrimp, and vissecre. ecrevisse cuite Slang, (sense 1), literally = "cooked ecrevisse Slang, (sense 1), = blacksmith's lever-grip crayfish," but slang usage = red. "...sans excepter le tongs. [France: 20th century] Ferrar and Biard, consul du pape, qui s'habille en ecrevisse cuite...." 1980:179 (French-English); Mansion, 1972:E:10. [France: 19th century] About, 1854:381. See cardinal and ecrevisse de rempart. ecrevisse Slang, (sense 2), = Englishman. [Spain: 19th century] Dupouy, in Merimee, 1846 (1927):66, ecrevisse cuite Slang, (sense 2), = fantassin (footsol- says, "Norn que le peuple en Espagne donne aux dier) [France: early 20th century argot] Esnault Anglais a cause de la coleur de leur uniforme." See (1965:252) says footsoldiers (fantassins) were called cardinal. ecrevisses de rempart,q.v., because of their red pants—whence, by twisting, prostitutes came to call Ecrevisse Name of stream. [France: 47°35'N x 6°58' cooked crayfishes (ecrevisses cuites) "fantassins," q.v. E] France: Official Standard Names Gazetteer, U.S. See also cardinal. Board on Geographic Names, Washington, D.C. ecrevisse de boulanger Argot, = hypocrite. [France: ecrevisse americaine banale ASTACIDAE Orco­ popular in 19th century] Barrere, 1887:124. NUMBER 38 31 ecrevisse de californie ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui. leniusculus. [France] Gerard, in Westman et al., 1990:44. [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et Ecrevisse Rouge "Red Crawfish [People]." [U.S.: al., 1990:180. Mississippi; Shaktci Homma Indians] Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing du Pratz (= Le Page du Pratz), 1758, ecrevisse de la boue ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodac­ vol. 2:226. See Shaktci Homma. tylus. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:2. ecrevisse rouge CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. ecrevisse de rempart Slang/argot, = foot soldier. [France] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. [France: used by 19th century by French cavalry] Barrere, 1887:124; Ecrevisse de Rempart [book title] ecrevisse rouge de Louisiane ASTACIDAE Procam­ [France: 20th century] Therive, 1969. See armure a barus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii [France] Noel, ecrevisse, cardinal, ecrevice, and ecrevisse cuite. 1992:73. ecrevisse de rocher ASTACIDAE, Astacus torrentium ecrevisse russe ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis and Potamobius leptodactylus [France] Noel, 1992:71. saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torren­ tium. [France] Duris and Holzer, 1988:2. ecrevisset ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). ecrevisse des marais ASTACIDAE Astacus lepto­ [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, and dactylus leptodactylus [France] Noel, 1992:71. Belloc, 1899:141, specify Tarentaise. ecrevisse des torrents ASTACIDAE, Astacus torren­ ecrevisset ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus tium (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis and Potamobius nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [France] Rolland, 1881:231, citing Pont, 1872. [France] Gozmany, 1979:119; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. ecrevisse tonnerre CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, Cajun folklore] 1. = "[A] crawfish, smaller than regu­ ecrevisse de Turquie ASTACIDAE, Astacus lepto- lar crawfish with large pincers. People find them in dactylus. [Belgium] Gerard, in Westman et al., ditches and they say if one of these bites you, it won't 1990:44. let go until it thunders." Theobald Courville, in Hollier, 1971:105; = "...[L]ittle crawfish with big ecrevisse dulcaquicoles ASTACIDAE [France] blue pincers...and boy is it mean. It's tail is hollow. I Gozmany, 1979:118. believe the tonnerre is a bourreau." Leona Martin Guirard, in Hollier, 1971:105. ecrevisse fluviatile ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati­ ecrevisse turque ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. lis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. [France] Laurent, in Westman et al., 1990:78. ecrevisse Malgache PARASTACIDAE, Edelkrebs = noble crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus madagascariensis. [France] Mosimann and Hofrnan, astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis and Potamobius 1985:38. fluviatilis). [Germany] Belloc, 1899:142; Mosimann and Hofmann, 1985:36. [France: "En idiome stras- ecrevisse noble ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (As­ bourgeois du XVII siecle," (p. 141), and "Suisse tacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). allemande," (p. 142)] Belloc, 1899. [Austria] Win- [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. tersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990, p.38; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. ecrevisse qui renifle Slang, = the crayfish which flees p. 180. backward. [France] Zola, 1877 (1961):742, with translation of slang word "renifle" by Delvau, PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax 1889:412. See camaron reculador, crawfish as a verb robustus, C. dispar depressus, and/or Euastacus sp., (sense 1), crayfish as a verb, gambero as a verb, and and/or Cherax sp. [Australia: Queensland; upper 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Brisbane River (probably = Dalla Aboriginal tribe of (142°0'E x 18°20'S))] Arrnit, in Curr, 1886(II):312, Tindale, 1974:166 (152°25'E x 26°55'S))] Lands- Sta. 93; [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, borough and M. Curr, in Curr, 1887(III):210, Sta. 167. 1955:51. Note that in light of the Sta. 93 detail, this See Illai, il'lai, yil, yH, yil'ai, yU'lai. latter locality seems somewhat questionable. See yandurrer. Eguchi's Crayfish Pupa Not a crayfish, but a mutant pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Fujimaki, 1976: encravisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus 507. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:141, eicorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus specifies Limousin. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, English crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus pallipes specifies Limousin; as do Belloc, 1899:141, and (Potamobiuspallipes). Current usage, Austropotamobius Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Foucaud, 1866. pallipes. [English] Gozmany, 1979:119.

einga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = engravisso ASTACIDAE [France: Limousin] Andre, Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Balonne, 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, cites Chabaneau, 1871- Baleandoon, Nogara, and Nerran rivers; Wolleroi or 1872. See Chabaneau, 1876. Yerraleroi Aboriginal tribe (= Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (148°35'E x 27°5'S))] enkodko PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax Hammond, in Curr, 1887(III):260, Sta. 175. See destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South keerai. Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Ja- rildekald (139°20'E x 35°30'S) and/or Portalun (139°- el amarillo CAMBARIDAE, color morph of Procam­ 15'Ex 35°15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 barus clarkii in Spain. [Spain] Gaude, 1986. p. 126. and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray in Eyre, 1845. See eukodko, ukodko, ukot, and yukalto. elin PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Broad Sound, eplucher des ecrevisses Slang, = "to pick up straws." Yaamba, Maryborough, and St. Lawrence (probably = [France] Billaudeau, 1903:182. Koinjmal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (149°- 45'E x 22°20'S))] Muller, in Curr, 1887(III):52, Sta. equeurvisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus 148. See goowarra. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, ella PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax specifies Morvan, as do Belloc, 1899:141, and Rol­ gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Rockhampton land, 1881:230, who cites Chambure, 1878. and Gracemere (probably = Darambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (150°20'E x 23°5'S))] Archer, erambie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] in Curr, 1887(III):56, Sta. 149. See wambein. Ingamells, 1955:51. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):21. elli PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax dispar depressus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: escarabicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Queensland; between and Gympie, Mooloola nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Aboriginal tribe (= Undanbi Aboriginal tribe of [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc 1899:141, Tindale, 1974:186 (153°5'E x 26°55'S))] Landsbor- specifies Toulouse and Aude. ough, in Curr, 1887(11)1:142, Sta. 164. escarabido ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus elparra PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). . [Australia: Queensland; [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, Middle , Wollongurmee Aboriginal tribe specifies Limousin; as do Belloc, 1899, p. 141, and (= Bugulmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 Rolland, 1881:231, who cites Sauger-Preneuf, 1825. NUMBER 38 33 escarabissa ASTACIDAE [France: Languedoc] p.133. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Toulouse. Andre, 1960:133. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Herault, as does Rolland, 1881:231, specifies Herault, who cites escrabissa ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus "Marcel de Serres.. 1822." See Serres, 1822. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. escarabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). escrabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). specifies Limousin, as does Rolland, 1881:231, who [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, cites Sauger-Preneuf, 1825. Rolland (ibidem) also specifies Languedoc; Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Lot; specifies Gard, citing personal communication; Belloc, Rolland, 1881, specifies Toulouse, citing Poumarede, 1899:141, specifies Gard and Toulouse. 1860. See Poumarede, 1841, as possibly the same reference. escarabisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). escreuisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus [France: Limousin] Belloc, 1899:141. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Middle French] Belloc, 1899:140, citing escaravisso ASTACIDAE [France: Limousin] Andre, Belon, 1555. 1960:133. escrevice ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rol­ escarbisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus land, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). 1555. [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:141, specifies Toulouse. escreviche ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rol­ land, 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:141, referring to Belon, escarbicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus 1555. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Toulouse] Belloc, 1899:141. escrevisse ASTACIDAE [France: Old French] Rol­ land, 1881:231. eschscholtz This is not a vernacular name for any crayfish. Its appearance under "Common name(s)" on etelanrapu ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes pages 46 and 132 in Westman et al., 1990, was an and A. torrentium. [Finland: (a "non-traditional editorial lapsus. Eschscholtz was the individual who devised term," (= fabricated name))] Cherry, described Astacus leptodactylus, the crayfish discussed 1992:19. on both pages. etgrevisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus escorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142, and [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, and Andre, 1960:133, specify Vosges; Rolland, 1881:231, Belloc, 1899:141, specify Limousin. specifies "Vagney Vosges." escorobisso ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus eti rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Tulle, Bas-Limousin] Rolland, 1881:231, [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. specifies Tulle, citing Beronie, but omitting date. See B6ronie, 1823. eukodko PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South escrabicho ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Ja- nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). rildekald (139°20'E x 35°30'S) and/or Portalun (139°- [France: Limousin] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960, 15'Ex 35° 15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980,p.l7, citing Gray in County] Williams, et al., 1989:27; Hobbs, 1989:72. Eyre, 1845. See enkodko, ukodko, ukot, and yukalto. Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Eungella spiny crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Also = eungella. [Australia:Queensland; Eungella National any freshwater crayfish. [Germany] Gozmany, Park (147°50'E x 20°40'S)] Winter and McDon- 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142. Note that this word is ald,1986:42; Morgan, 1988:8-11. sometimes literally translated "river crab," as in BioSciences Information Service (BIOSIS) B-I-T-S europaischer Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus Abstracts, (Philadelphia, PA), translation of the title of astacus (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamo­ a paper by Pretzmann, 1988:153. bius fluviatilis). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118. folyami rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus ezeren rak See e3epen paK, next citation. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. e3epeH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:20. See ezeren rak, above. folyami rakok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. fantassin = cooked crayfishes [France: early 20th cen­ tury prostitute's argot] See ecrevisse cuite (sense 2). folyamirakok See folyami rakok.

ferskranns kreps ASTACIDAE [Norway] Fauchald, freckeled crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus Kristian, personal communication. (Erebicambarus) maculatus. [U.S.: Missouri] Pflie- ger, 1987:7; Hobbs and Pflieger, 1988:644; Hobbs, ferskvannskreps ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. 1989:91. [Norway] Skurdal et al., 1985:77. French Broad crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus fire back crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (De- (Puncticambarus) reburrus. [U.S.: North Carolina; pressicambarus) pyronotus. [U.S.: Florida; Liberty Buncombe, Henderson, Jackson, Madison, and Tran­ Co., along tributary of Apalachicola River] sylvania counties] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:16. 1989:27.

flodkrafta = "River crayfish." ASTACIDAE in fresh-water cray-fish ASTACIDAE [England] Kir- Swedish waters, as well as imported CAMBARIDAE by, 1897:52. [Sweden] Fiirst, in Westman et al., 1990:168; Cherry, 1992:19. fresh-water lobster ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati­ flodkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus and A. lis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. pallipes. [Denmark] Horlyck and Rasmussen, in Westman et al., 1990:53; Cherry, 1992:19. freshwater crayfish ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, As. leptodactylus. [English] Mosimann and Hofrnan, flodkreps ASTACIDAE [Denmark] Schmidt-Nielsen, 1985:36, 37. Cited by Gozmany, 1979:118, as encom­ 1941:1. passing the entire family ASTACIDAE This is general­ ly used used for any member of the ASTACOIDEA and Florida cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus PARASTACOIDEA. (Ortmannicus) lucifugus. [U.S.: Florida; Citrus and Hernando counties northward to Marion Co., caves] Furneaux burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:69. Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Flinders Island, Strzelecki Peaks] Horwitz, 1990:96. Florida longbeak crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam­ barus (Ortmannicus) youngi. [U.S.: Florida; Gulf gadjunja PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax NUMBER 38 35 destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South gamarella ASTACIDAE [Latin, ancient, "Romain Wales; lower , Victorian group, Bagandji vulgaire"] Belloc, 1899:140. Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25'E x 32°40'S))] Hercus, gambao ASTACIDAE [Italy: Genoa] Rolland, 1881, 1982:284, 308. Spelling variation, gadunja. See p.231; Belloc, 1899, p. 142. gungulu and ilidja. gambarelli ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus gadunja See gadjunja. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Italy] Belloc, 1889:142. gaforre uji t'embel ASTACIDAE [Albania] Kiciand Aliko, 1969:125. gambaro ASTACIDAE [Latin, ancient, "Romain vulgaire"] Belloc, 1899:140. [Italy: Venice] Rolland, galiciai rak ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus 1881:231; Belloc, 1899:142. (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. gambero ASTACIDAE [Italy] Wessely, 1891:51; Millhouse, 1870, vol. 2:264, says = "cray-fish, crab." Galizerkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. See granchio. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37. gambero Verb, = to walk or go backwards. Said of Galizier ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Ger­ seminarians at "the German College." [Italy] Macchi, many] Hoffman, 1980:12.; [Switzerland] Biittiker et 1970:569. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, kajae Galizierkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus kdrum, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Hoffman, en ecrevisse. 1980:24. gambero d'acqua dolce ASTACIDAE, Astacus galizischer Krebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Italy] Comelati (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, and Davenport, ca. 1900:135. 1979:119. gambero d'acqua dolce ASTACIDAE, Astacus galizischer Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes. [Italy] Mancini, leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] in Westman et al., 1990:125. Gozmany, 1979:119. gambero di fiume ASTACIDAE [Italy] Milhouse, galizischer Teichkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus lepto­ 1886:160.; dactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:119. gambero di fiume ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Italy] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:36. galizisk sumpkrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodac­ tylus. [Denmark] Horlyck and Rasmussen, in West- gambero di fiume turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus man etal., 1990:53. leptodactylus. [Italy] Cherry, 1992:20. galoom PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = gambero di ruscello ASTACIDAE [Italy] Milhouse, Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; between 1886:160. Albert and Tweed rivers (probably = Jukambe tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (153°0'E x 27°55'S))] O'Connor, gambero di torrento ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius in Curr, 1887(111):236, Sta. 171. See boongangooloom, torrentum. [Switzerland: Italian] Biittiker et al., in boonggangooloom, and mul'aim. Westman etal., 1990:180. 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

gambero fluviale ASTACIDAE [Italian] Hoare, (148°35'E x 30°15'S)] Bucknell, in Curr, 1926:93. 1887(III):312, Sta. 181.

gambero rosso CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. gemeiner Flusskrebs ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus [Italy. Not recorded, but probably has been introduced (A. nobilis, Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati­ from Kenya] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125. lis). [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118.

gambero turco ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. geor ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, [Italy] Mancini, in Westman et al., 1990:125. A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmany, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142, gamblu ASTACIDAE [Malta] Falzon, 1884. specifies Bretagne. See georenn and gueorenn.

gambre ASTACIDAE [France: Provence] Andre, georen ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1960:133. 1899:142.

gammarello ASTACIDAE [Italy] Olszewski, 1980:21. georenn pi., georenned ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142; Andre, 1960:133. gammaro ASTACIDAE [Italy (northern] Belloc, Rolland, 1881:231, citing Troude, 1876, specifies 1899:141. "breton de Treguier. See georen and gueorenn.

gammaru ASTACIDAE [Sicily] Mortillaro, gevlekte CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. 1862:539. See gammaruni and russu comu un [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., 1990:132. gammaru. gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, gammaruni ASTACIDAE, a very large crayfish. Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus. [Netherlands] Adema, [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539. See gammaru. 1989:5.

ganoon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = gewone rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, C. neopunctatus, [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:3. and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; New England; Tenterfield; Yucomble Aboriginal tribe ghost nipper PARASTACIDAE? [Australia: (= Jukambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 Queensland] Anonymous, 1981 (1987): 1976, associates (152°10'E x 29°15S))] Anonymous, in Curr, yabby with ghost nipper in Queensland. However, it 1887(III):294, Sta. 179. See naloan. seems unlikely that ghost nippers are freshwater cray­ fishes, as Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:102, state gannoon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = that, "In Queensland yabby may refer to any of several Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; headwaters of small, burrowing, shrimp-like marine crustaceans the Maclntyre River, Preaglagh Aboriginal tribe (= known as nippers. Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150°- 10'E x 28°10'S))] Myles, in Curr, 1887(III):268, Sta. giant Tasmanian lobster PARASTACIDAE, Asta­ 176. See gurinein. copsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania] Horwitz, 1990:74. gavar dowr ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [U.K.: England; Cornwall] Cherry, 1992:19. gidda PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: gaver ASTACIDAE [U.K., England: Cornwall] New South Wales; Wellington, Wiiratheri Aboriginal Jago, 1887:37. tribe (= Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30'E x 33°50'S))] Keightly, in Curr, geary PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 1887(HI):374, Sta. 190. Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Gwyder [Gwydir] River, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe gidyar PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = NUMBER 38 37

Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Cherax rotundus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New New South Wales; , Talbraga, and South Wales; Queenbulla, Ashford, and Quininguillan Mudgee; Wiraduri Aboriginal tribe (= Wiradjuri (possibly = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (147°30'E x 33°- 1974:196 (151°15'E x 29°25'S))] District Bench of 50'S))] Gunfher, in Curr, 1887(111):368, Sta. 190. Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111):298, Sta. 180. See Also Threlkeld, 1892:85. See inka, maramie, marra- gonon. min, morramma and moramy. giomach-cuain ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe: Celts, giju PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax wasselli. passim: Gaelic] Dwelly, 1901 (1977):494. [Australia: Queensland; and its tribu­ taries, Gugu-Yalanji Aboriginal tribe (= Kokojelandji giomach-uisge ASTACIDAE [N.W. Europe: Celts, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (144°30'Ex 16°- passim: Gaelic] MacLennon, 1925 (1979):416. 15'S))] Oatesetal., 1964:96. Giju is defined as "crab or lobster," but considering the range of the Gugu- cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus Yalanji on the Bloomfield River and its tributaries, bispinosus. [Australia: Victoria and New South Wales] together with the limited distribution of C. wasselli, Horwitz, 1990:74. there seems a good liklihood that the word does refer to the PARASTACIDAE. gliomach fionnuisce ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius pallipes. [N.W. Europe: Celts, passim: Gaelic] Cher­ gilga PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. ry, 1992:19. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Pinjarra (probably = Aboriginal tribe of gdl istakozu ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius palli­ Tindale, 1974,p. 260 (117°10'E x 33°10'S))] Scott, in pes. [Turkey] Cherry, 1992:19. Curr, 1886(1):346, Sta. 22. See also chelgi, chielghi, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. golyam rechen rak See romiM pe^eH paK, below. gilgai See gilga and gilgie. rojMM pe^eH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:20. See above golyam rechen gilgie PARASTACIDAE, and rak, above. See also rechen rak. C. crassimanus; Australian English word derived from the Aboriginal gilgai or gilgie, a natural saucer-shaped gonak PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. depression in the ground that serves as a reservoir for [Australia: Western Australia; Toodyay (Newcastle) rain water. Gilgies are freshwater crayfishes found in (probably = Balardong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, such holes (Wilkes, 1978 (1988): 155. [Australia: 1974:239-240 (117°05'E x 31°45'S))] Mathew, Western Australia, Perth-Albany region; Nyungar 1899:230-231. See goonack, goonak, gunag, koonac, Aboriginal tribe (probably = Aboriginal tribe and koonak. of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°45'E x 33°40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. Note that Mosimann gonon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = and Hofmann, 1985:39, say gilgie = Cherax plebejus Cherax rotundus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New and C. glaber. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, goolgie, South Wales; Queenbulla, Ashford, and Quininguillan jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, julegie, and to do a gilgie. (possibly = Kwiambal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale 1974:196 (151°15'E x 29°25'S))] District Bench of Gillendoon A place name. Literally, "a place of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111):298, Sta. 180. See gin­ crayfish." PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South dangia. Wales; Lachlan blacks, Wiiratheri (= Wiradjuri Ab­ original tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 ((147°30'E x goolgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. 33°50'S)] Curr, 1887(111):365. Note that Reed, [Australia: Western Australia, possibly a modern word 1967,p.l03, says Gillendoon = "Crowd." derived from Aboriginal word] Olszewski, 1980:20. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, gindangia PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = joolgie, and julegie. 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

goombarroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." This (probably = Koinjmal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, locality does not appear to be within the present-day 1974:176 (149°45'E x 22°20'S))] Muller, in Curr, known range of any freshwater crayfish. [Australia: 1887(III):52, Sta. 148. See elin. Queensland; Lower Burdekin River (probably = Warungu Aboriginal tribe (146°0'E x 19°30'S) or Juru go'ya' ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: Aboriginal tribe (147°40'E x 19°55'S) of Tindale, Oregon; Klamath Reservation, Northern Paiute Indians] 1974:188, 172))] Cunningham and Gorton, in Curr, Kelly, 1932:73, supposes this word, used in the two 1886(II):488, Sta. 134. See goonaway, koongooya, combinations given below, is of Klamath origin, and mokin, reri-reri, and tararukau. cites Spier, 1930:15.

goonack PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. Go'ya'tikadii Literally, "crawfish-eaters." Name of [Australia: Western Australia; Midlands Division (NE Paiute Indian band. ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon; of Perth between Northan and Toodyay), Newcastle Northern Paiute Indians of Yainax and Beatty. As (probably = Balardong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, these Paiute were brought from Silver Lake in recent 1974:239-240 (117°05'E x 31°45'S))] Whitfield, in times, the name is thought to be postreservation] Kelly, Curr, 1886(1):326, Sta. 18. See gonak, goonak, 1932:72, 73. gunag, koonac, and koonak. GoyEske'Egis Place name, = "crawfish crawl out." goonak PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp. [U.S.: Oregon; Klamath, Paiute Indians] Spier, 1930: [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, Perth 15. (probably = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116°5'E x 32°0'S))] Knight and Armstrong, grabusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus in Curr, 1886(I):332, 334, Sta. 19; [Australia: West­ nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). ern Australia; Midlands Division, York District [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Belloc, 1899:142, and (probably about 75 km. W of Perth), (Bal- Andre, 1960:133, specify Jura; Rolland 1881:230, also lerdokking) Aboriginal tribe (probably = Balardong specifies Jura, citing Monnier, 1823, which is likely = tribe of Tindale, 1974:239-240 (117°05'Ex 31°45'S))] Monnier, 1831, q.v. Hackett, in Curr, 1886(I):344, Sta. 21; [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division (about 75 km. graibeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus S of Perth), Pinjarra (probably = Pindjarup Aboriginal nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). tribe of Tindale, 1947:256 (115°55'E x 32°55'S))] [France: Montbeliard] Belloc. 1899:142. Scott, in Curr, 1886(I):346, Sta. 22. See gonak, goonack, gunag, koonac, and koonak. See also gilga graibeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus and marine. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, goonalk PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] specifies Franche-Comte; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies Ingamells, 1955:51. Montbeliard, citing Contejean:282. Spelling variation, graibeusse. goonaway PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." This locality does not appear to be within the present-day known graibusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus range of any freshwater crayfish. [Australia: Queens­ nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). land; Lower Burdekin River, (probably = Warungu [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, Aboriginal tribe (146°0'E x 19°30'S) and/or Juru Ab­ specifies Franche-Comte; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies original tribe (147°40'E x 19°55'S) of Tindale, Montbeliard, citing Contejean, 1876. 1974:188, 172))] Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):490, Sta. 134. See goombarroo, koongooya, mokin, reri-reri, graibusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus and tararukau. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Montbeliard] Belloc, 1899:142. goowarra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Broad granchio ASTACIDAE? [Italy] Wessely, 1891:51. Sound, Yaamba, Maryborough, and St. Lawrence As commonly happens, there appears to be confusion as NUMBER 38 39 to whether granchio refers to fresh-water crayfishes, [France: "pays messin" (vicinity of Metz) patois of freshwater crabs, marine crabs, or all three. Mill- Lorraine] Rolland, 1881:230, citing Jaclot, 1853-54. house, 1870, vol. 2:279, defines has "crab, cray-fish"; graviche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Wessley, 1891, defines crawfish as granchio and nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). gambero; Rolland, 1881:231, lists granchio and [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. [Belgium] Andre, gambero under "Astacus fluviatilis" (= Astacus as­ 1960:133, specifies Hainaut; [Belgium: Rouchi, the tacus), as does Belloc, 1899:242; and Hoare, 1923, dialect of Valenciennes and its vicinity] Belloc, vol. 1:174, says granchio = crab, crayfish, claw of a 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:230, citing Hecart, 1834. hammer, locksmith's clamp, cramp in a muscle." To compound the confusion, Millhouse, 1870, vol.2, gravisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus p.279, lists pigliare un granchio a secco = to pinch nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). one's finger; esser morso dal granchio = to be a [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, pinch-penny; and i granchi voglion morder le balene specifies Lorraine; Rolland, 1881:230, specifies "pays as a provencial expression = the weakest attack the messin," vicinity of Metz. strongest. However, in vol. 11:93, Hoare defines crayfish as gambero fiuviale, and contemporary usage gravisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus favors granchio = crab and gambero = crayfish nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). (Cesare Marino, personal communication). [France: "pays messin," vicinity of Metz, Lorraine] Rolland, 1881:230. graouisse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). gravousse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). specifies Lorraine; Belloc, 1899:142, and Rolland, [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, 1881:230, citing Oberlin, 1775, specify Luneville. specifies Lorraine; Rolland, 1881:230, cites Oberlin, 1775, who discussed the patois of Lorraine in the grasscrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Olszewski, vicinity of Ban de la Roche. See also cravousse. 1980:20. grawet ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus grasshopper CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Louisiana, New nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Orleans. Probably very rare usage] Watson, [France: Vosges] Rolland, 1881:230. 1843:233. See also cheval du diable, grilh-dour, Ha- schreckenkrebs, and masan cay. grawetz ASTACIDAE [France: Vosges] Andre, 1960:133. See grawet. gravase ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). grebeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus [Belgium: Namur, Wallonia] Rolland, 1881:230, citing nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Grandgagnage, 1846 & 1857. [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, specifies Vosges; Rolland, 1881:230 specifies La Bresse gravasse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus (Vosges). nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Belgium] Belloc, 1899:142. grebeusse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). gravesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus [France: Vosges] Belloc, 1899:142. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, grebosse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus specifies Lorraine. [Belgium: Wallonia] Belloc, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). 1899:142. [France] Gozmany, 1979, p. 118. Andre, 1960,p. 133, specifies Franche-Comte; Belloc, 1899:142 specifies gravesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Doubs, as does Rolland, 1881:230, who specifies the nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). patois of Les Fourgs (Doubs), citing Tissot, 1865. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 40

Greensboro burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, 1974:261 (119°45'E x 33°40'S)) Aboriginal language] Cambarus (Depressicambarus) catagius. [U.S.: North Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:98. See gonak, Carolina;Guilford County] Williams, et al., 1989,p. 22. goonack, goonak, koonac, and koonak. See also marran and marron. greeur PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Victo­ gungulu PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax ria; "Gippsland," (data given do not allow tribal destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South designation)] Howitt, in Curr, 1887(11)1:556, Sta. 210. Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of greuche ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25'E x 32°40'S))] Hercus, nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). 1982:284, 308. See gadjunga and ilidja. See also [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Andre, 1960:133, koongoola and its variants. specifies Morvan, as do Belloc, 1899:141. and Rolland, 1881:230, who cites Chambure, 1878. gunnok PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West grevesse ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus Division, Geographe Bay and Vasse (probably = nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°- [France: Flanders] Andre, 1960:133. [Belgium: 40'E x 34°0'S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886(I):356, Sta. "wallon," = Wallonia] Rolland, 1881:230, citing 24. See jilgy, koonak, marran, murrin, and perran. "Carlier..publ. par Vandermaelen," which apparently = Maelen, 1831, q.v. gurinein PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Dumaresque or grilh-dour a neologism; grilh = grasshopper, dour = Upper Maclnyre River, Bigambel Aboriginal tribe (= freshwater. ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Cros- Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150°- nier, personal communication. See grasshopper, 10'E x 28°10'S))] Turbayne and Laylor, in Curr, Haschreckenkrebs, masan cay, and piau du diable. 1887(11)1:266, Sta. 176. See gannoon.

grita ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, hah-tsoo ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] [U.S.: California, Achomawi Indians (Hokan)] Merri- Gozmany, 1979,p.ll8. Andre, 1960:133, specifies am, 1979:225. Comte de Nice; Belloc, 1899:142, specifies Menton (a border dialect between Provencal and the Italian dialect hairy land yabby [PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus spp.. of Genoa), as does Rolland, 1881,p.231, citing [Australia: Victoria] Olszewski, 1980:16. See yabby. Andrews, 1877. Haschreckenkrebs = grasshopper crab, from Heu- grosse Austral-Krebs PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus schreckenkrebs. ASTACIDAE [Germany: Hessen] armatus. [Germany] Schluter, 1989:526. James Marchand, Center for Advanced Studies, Univer­ sity of Illinois, Urbana, tells me he found this word grosser Australkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus used for freshwater crayfishes while he was serving in the occupation forces in the town of Borken, Hessen, armatus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, Germany, following World War II. Lipke Holthuis, 1985:38. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, has in­ formed me that this is an accepted German vernacular gueorenn ASTACIDAE [France: Bretagne] Andre, name for the Stomatopoda (which do not occur in 1960:133. Rolland, 1881:231, citing Troude, 1876, Germany or along its coasts), and that the word is specifies "breton de Treguier. See georen and geo­ uncommon in German literature except in nature-guides renn. for tourists visiting the Mediterranean. See cheval du diable, devil's horse, grasshopper, and masan cay. gunag PARASTACIDAE, possibly Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; Nyungar Aboriginal Hatchie burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Falli- tribe, (= Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, cambarus (Creaserinus) hortoni. [U.S.: Tennessee; NUMBER 38 41

McNairy County] Williams et al., 1989:23. W*. Wisfi f%%T See hsiang lagu I yang pien chieh, above. Hell Creek cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zophonastes. [U.S.: Arkansas; Stone hsiang lagu I yang sa so Slang, = withdraw like a County, cave] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, crayfish. [Chinese] Zheng and Cao, 1984:315.= 1989:24. &W4£-tlffi^, next citation. hellgamite CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: New Jersey and New York] Cassidy, 1991:962. ^.ttllii— \%M.^- See hsiang lagu I yang sa so, above. Heuschreckenkrebs See Haschreckenkrebs. hsiang lagu I yang t'ui ch'ueh Slang, = to be afraid histahle'k me'emdah' naseh' le'heezahche'r See next like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, 1975:271. = citation. iffltt-tiilSf, next citation.

1 ^p ? n&l ,n?pV0 P^09* Slang = "to leave jfeWift—fli£*P See hsiang lagu I yang t'ui ch'ueh, position, and try to go backward." [Hebrew] Alcalay, above. 1962 (1965):853. See crawfish (verb, sense 1). See citation above. Note that these words are read from hsiang lagu I yang t'ui so Slang, = to shrink away right to left. See also histahle'k me'emdah' naseh' [withdraw] like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, le'heezahche'r, above. 1975:271. = fcWtt—f£i&.§, next citation.

hon-thoon ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. &Wtt—fl$Si£ See hsiang lagu I yang t'ui so, [U.S.: California; Karok Indians (Hokan)] Merriam, above. 1979:230. iammaru di ciumi ASTACIDAE Stream (or river) Houma Literally, "red," a spelling variation of the crayfish. [Sicilian] Bellestri, 1988:109. second word in Shaktci Homma, Red Crawfish [People], q.v. [U.S.: Mississippi; Shaktci Houma ilidja PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South Indians, whose emblem was the red crawfish] Swan- Wales; lower Darling River, Victorian group, Bagandji ton, 1953:185. See also shakchi, Shaktci Homma, Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of shatje, Shatje-Ogla, and various words beginning with Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25'E x 32°40'S))] Hercus, Chac, Chiach, Choc, and Teh. 1982:284, 308. See gadjunja and gungulu.

hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui Slang, = (move) back­ illai PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax rvbustus, ward like a crayfish. [Chinese] Anonymous, C. dispar depressus, and/or C. gladstonensis. [Austra­ 1975:271. = &*fltt—tjfc/ni£, next citation. See lia: Queensland groups, Kabi and dialects, camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), craw­ (= Kabikabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172, fish policy, crayfish (verb), crayfish (symbolism), (152°25'Ex25°45'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang sa so, kajae eel, fl'lai, yil, yH, yil'ai, yU'lai. kdrum, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. fl'lai PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax robustus, C. dispar de- pressus, and/or C. gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Mary River and ^tfjio"—f£/5jl See hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, Bunya Bunya County, Kab/ Aboriginal tribe (= Dalla above. Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166-167 (152°25'E x 26°55'S))] Curr, 1887(11)1:196, Sta. 166, and p. 199. hsiang lagu I yang pien chieh Slang, = to change See eel, illai, yil, yil, yil'ai, yil'lai. loyalty like a crayfish. [Chinese] Zheng and Cao, 1984:315. = &W$&— TJfc^l5", next citation. Iltjanma The Crayfish Ancestor. [Australia: Northern 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Territory; Aranda Aboriginal mythology, the Northern Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30'E x Fish Legend of the flood] Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947:26- 33°50'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Obley, in Curr, 27. See iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka iltjenma, in- 1887(11)1:384, Sta. 190. jfltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. ingah PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: New South iltjanma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax Wales] Reed, 1967:103. destructor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of ingar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134°45'E x 24°40'S))] Streh­ Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; low, T.G.H., 1947:27. See Iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnja­ Dubbo (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tin- ka, iltjenma, injfltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. See also dale, 1974:201 (147°30'E x 33°50'S))] Bench of Sign Language. Magistrates at Dubbo, in Curr, 1887(11)1:372, Sta. 190. See wangar. Iltjanmalitnjaka Place name, = "Where the Crayfish had dug." Possible reference to Cherax destructor. Ingar Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: New [Australia: Northern Territory; Parke's Pass (a gap in South Wales] Reed, 1967:103. the Krichauff Ranges south of Hermannsburg Commu­ nity) (= Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, inglebar = crayfish hole. [Australia: Tasmania] 1974:220-221 (134°45'E x 24°40'S))] Strehlow, Ingamells, 1955:51. T.G.H., 1969:36. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, iltjenma, injfltjinjiltja, and ltyanma. injfltjinjiltja PARASTACIDAE ?, probably = Cherax destructor. This reference indicates = "a small variety iltjenma PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destruc­ of crab," but also says "Same as [iltjenma]"; whereas tor. [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda (probably Strehlow, T.G.H., 1947, indicates iltjanma = crayfish. = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, [Australia: Northern Territory; Aranda Aboriginal tribe 1974:220-221 (134°45'E x 24°40'S))] Strehlow, Carl, (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tin- in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok, 1978:356. This refer­ dale, 1974:220-221 (134°45'E x 24°40'S)] Strehlow, ence indicates = "crab," whereas Strehlow, T.G.H., Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok, 1978:356. See 1947:27, indicates iltjanma = crayfish. See Iltjanma, Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, iltjenma, and iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, injfltjinjiltja, and ltyan­ ltyanma. See also Sign Language. ma. See also sign language. inka PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Incaktcakafa Literally, "They are crawfish," i.e. they Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; are very bright and active people. [U.S.: southeast; Castlereagh River, Yooaba Aboriginal tribe on Lachlan Incaktcakafa clan of the Chickasaw Indians] Speck, River, Talbragar, and Mudgee; Wiiratheri Aboriginal 1908:52. See Shaktci Homma. Compare with crawfish tribe (= Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, (verb, sense 1) and long xia for opposite meanings. 1974:201 (147°30'Ex33°50'S))] Curr, 1887(11)1:366, See also crayfish (Symbolism). 368, Sta. 190. [New South Wales; Candoblin, (Wirad­ juri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°30'E x inga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 33°50'S))] Suttor, in Curr, 1887(11)1:388, Sta. 190. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mungalella PARASTACIDAE?, = "lobster" [New South Wales; Creek, Peechera Aboriginal tribe (= Pitjara Aboriginal Bogan River (probably = Wongaibon Aboriginal tribe tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 (147°10'E x 24°55'S))] of Tindale, 1974:201 (146°30'E x 32°0'S))] Balfe, in Looker, in Curr, 1887(11)1:276, Sta. 177; [New South Curr, 1887(11)1:380, Sta. 190. See gidyar. Wales; Warren (probably = Kawambarai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:195 (148°30'E x 31°30'S))] inkka PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Rouse, in Curr, 1887(11)1:370, Sta. 190; [New South Cherax destructor, but the exact position of "Waljeers" Wales; sources of Bogan River (= Wongaibon Aborigi­ is unknown. [Australia: New South Wales; Waljeers nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (146°30'E x 32°0'S))] (probably = Wuradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Bench of Magistrates at Obley, in Curr, 1887(11)1:382, 1974:201 (147°30'E x 33°50'S))] Pearce, in Curr, Sta. 190; [New South Wales; Carcoar (= Wiradjuri 1887(11)1:390, Sta. 190. NUMBER 38 43 inundah PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." This locality ix bau "[E]l cangrejo," (crayfish, if not crabs). does not fall within the present-day known distribution CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan; Mayan] Alvarez, of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; 1980:262. See also ixbau. mouths of Burdekin River (probably = Bindal Aborigi­ nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (147°15'E x 19°35'S))] ixbau CAMBARIDAE (if not crabs). [Mexico: Yucatan, O'Connor, in Curr, 1886(II):454, Sta. 126. See Mayan] Perez, D.J.P.,1866-1877:157. See also ixbau. boogurrie. Jabby PARASTACIDAE, Cherax destructor. [Ger­ Irishman's friend CAMBARIDAE, probably Cam­ many: from Australian Aboriginal] Schliiter, 1989:526. barus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes or C. (L.) ludovici- See also jabid, jabidj, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, anus [U.S.: Louisiana] When levee construction in yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, lower Louisiana became a public work, Irish immi­ yappy, yappitch, yobbie, and yobbis. grants were employed in the building and maintenance of the structures. Crawfish burrows in the embank­ jabid PARASTACIDAE, "small crayfish, 'yabbie'," ments caused them to fail, and thus repair work provid­ probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. ed additional jobs for the Irish workers. Crawfish were albidus. [Australia: New South Wales; Victorian thus called "The Irishman's Friend." Botkin, 1955:282. group, Madimadi Aboriginal tribe (= Muthimuthi Note that as early as 1811 crayfish were noted as the Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (143°20'Ex 34°- cause of levee leakage (Brackenridge, 1814:177). 25'S)] Hercus, 1969a:342, 422. See Jabby, jabidj, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, isim cay = "whisker fish." CAMBARIDAE, proba­ yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappitch, yobbie, bly Procambarus (Austrocambarus) acanthophorus or and yobbis. P. (A.) llamasi. [Mexico: Chiapas; Tenejapa Indians (Tzetal dialect of Mayan)] Hunn, 1977, p.253; Hobbs, jabidj PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp., 1989:52. Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Victorian group, Aboriginal ital'ianskyi rak See RTajnvxHCKHH paK, next tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, citation. 1974:218 (140°30'Ex36°25'S))] Hercus, 1969a:302. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; Victorian group, HTajnvxHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Pota­ (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus. [Russia] Brodsky, ruwutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30'E 1981:186. See ital'ianskyi rak, above. x 36°25'S))] Hercus, 1969a:422. See Jabby, jabid, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, italiys'kyi rak = iTajrincKHH paK, see next ci­ yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappy, yappitch, yobbie, tation. and yobbis. iTajiincKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius Jackson prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam­ (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, barus (Girardiella) barbiger. [U.S.: Mississippi; 1981:186. See italiys'kyi rak, above. Newton and Scott counties, Jackson Prairie area] Wil­ liams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. ix baan "[E]l cangrejo," crayfish, if not crabs. CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan, Mayan] Alvarez, jakalaan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax 1980:262. See ix-baan. destructor. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of Mt. Isa, Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal ix-baan CAMBARIDAE? (if not crabs). [Mexico: tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140°0'E x 20°55'S))] Yucatan; Mayan] Perez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:157. Blake, 1969:87. See cuinci and tumpan. ix bab "[E]l cangrejo," (crayfish, if not crabs). jambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A.nobilis, A. CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Yucatan; Mayan] Alvarez, fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Gard] 1980:261. See also 6 ixbab. Rolland, 1881:231. 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY jambre ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus (A.nobilis, A. 103. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Lan­ guedoc] Gozmany, 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133. jokirapu ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Finland] Belloc, 1899:141. specifies Gard. Westman, 1990:58.

javelin crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus joolgie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. (Ortmannicus) jaculus. [U.S.: Mississippi and Louisi­ Possibly Australian English derived from Aboriginal. ana; Black and Pearl river basins] Williams, et al., [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:20. 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:67. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, jilgy, and julegie. jilgi PARASTACIDAE. This is probably a case in which the word has been recently imported from julegie PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quinquecarinatus. Western Australia to Tasmania, where it is used for Possibly Australian English derived from Aboriginal. crayfishes other than Cherax sp. [Australia: Tasmania] [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:20. Ingamells, 1955:51. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, goolgie, jilgie, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. jilgy, and joolgie.

jilgie PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. An juju'na-oyo CAMBARIDAE, = "camaron recu­ Australian English word from the Aboriginal. [Austra­ lador," q.v. Possibly = Procambarus (Austrocamba- lia: Western Australia; Perth (probably = Whadjuk rus) llamasi. [Mexico: Veracruz; Popoluca de Oluta] Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:260 (116°5'E x Clark, 1981:76, 151. See ju'navitpa'-oyo. See also 32°0'S))] Anonymous, 1972; Dixon, Ramson, and camaron reculador. Thomas, 1990:98. See chelgi, chielghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgy, joolgie, and julegie. ju'navitpa'-oyo CAMBARIDAE, = "camaron recula­ dor," q.v. Possibly = Procambarus (Austrocambarus) jilgy PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = llamasi. [Mexico: Veracruz; Popoluca de Oluta] Cherax sp. [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Clark, 1981:76, 151. See juju'na-oyo. See also Division, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal camaron reculador. tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40'E x 34°0'S))] Bar- lee, in Curr, 1886(I):354, Sta. 24. See chelgi, chiel­ junju PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = ghi, gilga, gilgie, goolgie, jilgi, jilgie, julegie. See Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; also gunnok, koonak, marran, murrin, and perran. , Miappe Aboriginal tribe (= Maitha- kari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°40'E x 20°5'S))] Palmer, in Curr, 1886(II):338, Sta. 99. jin-ju PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = See choorn-gu, and jin-ju. See also beekodl, and pe- Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; kool. Kamilaroi Station (as Curr, 1886(II):318, indicates this locality at 140°E x 19°S, it is probable that it refers to kacay chita Slang. Literally, "beats the crayfish," = the Maijabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 returns (a purchase) to the seller. [Korea] Martin, (140°35'E x 19°10'S)] M. Curr, in Curr, 1886(11): Lee, and Chang, 1967:24. See ?W *IP\ below. 320, Sta. 96. See choorn-gu and junju. ?M| %\L\ = kacay chita, q.v. joeri PARASTACIDAE, Cherax paniaicus. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 325. kah-shah-ko ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: California; Northern Porno Indians (Hokan)] joevahk ASTACIDAE [Estonia] Purre, 1948:81. Merriam, 1979:233. jdevahk ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Estonia] kajae CAMBARIDAE, probably = Cherry, 1992:20. similis, but as with lagu and crayfish, may be a broader vernacular word referring to any member of jokiayriainen ASTACIDAE [Finland] Wuolle, 1947: the ASTACOIDEA or PARASTACOIDEA. [Korean] NUMBER 38 45

Martin, Lee, and Chang, 1967:24; Chang-Su Houchins, above. personal communication. See Tr^n, next citation. kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak See KaMCLKHH ACB- romuraH paK, next citation. "A-7^ = kajae, q.v. KaMCLKHH AOBronajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont­ kajae kdrum [Korean] Slang, walking (or crawling) astacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis. [Ukraine] backward (like a crayfish). Martin, Lee, and Chang, Brodsky, 1981:156. See kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak, 1967:24; Chang-Su Houchins, personal communication. see above. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, crayfish kamskyi dlinnopalyi rak See KaMCKnn jymmiona- (verb), crayfish (symbolism), gambero (verb), hsiang jn>iH paK, next citation. lagu I yang hou t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, lung hia, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en KaMCKHH AJinHHonajTMH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont­ ecrevisse. See also 7r*H la, next citation. astacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis. [Russia] Brod­ sky, 1981:156. See KaMCKHH jyraHHonajn>iH paK, Tr^ln = kajae kdrum, q.v. above. kaiaru PARASTACIDAE? Given the locality of this kam'yanyi rak See KaM'jmmi paK, next citation. record, the "crayfish" referred to may not be a fresh­ water crayfish. [New Guinea: Saibai dialect] Mathew, KaM'aHHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (s. 1899:230-231. str.) torrentium natio torrentium. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:181. See kam'yanyi rak, above. kakine PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; upper kandera PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = , Mt. Debateable, and Gayndah (probably Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Tambo = Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (probably = Wadjalang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, (151°45'E x 25°50'S))] Riley and M. Curr, in Curr, 1974:186-187 (145°20'E x 25°50'S))] Dalhunty, in 1887(111): 150, Sta. 165. Curr, 1887(III):86, Sta. 155. See boogalli, boogarli, bookill, koarow, and quarroo. kalifornischen Krebs ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus). leniusculus. [Germany] Goldman, kankro ASTACOIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA? 1973:118. Includes "astako" and "kamburo," q.v. [Esperanto] Butler, 1967:196. See also konkro. Kamberkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus (Cambarus affinis). [Germany] Hoffman, kapeasaksirapu ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. 1980:12; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et [Finland] Westman et al., 1990:58. al., 1990:180; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., 1990:38. kapich PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: kamburo CAMBARIDAE? [Esperanto] Butler, Victoria; Glenelg River above Woodford (exact locality 1967:196. See kankro. uncertain because Woodford not shown on available maps or designated on Glenelg River in the Official kamennyi rak See KaMenmni paK, next citation. Standard Names Gazetteer of the U.S. Board on Geographical Names (Anonymous, 1957)) (possibly = KaMeHHtra paK ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (A. saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). (141°10'E x 37°35'S))] Curr, 1887(III):480, Sta. Current usage, Austropotamobius (s. str.) tor­ 207d. See Jabby, jabidj, lobbie, yaapitch yabbechi, rentium natio torrentium. [Russia] Gozmany, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, 1979:119; Brodsky, 1981:181. See kamennyi rak, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also keler, 46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also keler, KapcHKCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius konkro, maraija, monagur, and murangir. (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:186. See karsikskyi rak, above. karavida = See xcxpafiiba, next citation. kary PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc­ xapajStfia ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Greece] tor and/or C. esculus. [Australia: New South Wales; Kallistratos, in Westman et al., 1990:103. See karavi­ Namoi, Barwan, and Meehe rivers; Kamilaroi Ab­ da, above. original tribe (148°35'Ex 30°15'S)] Moseley, in Curr, 1887(III):310, Sta. 181. karavida tou glykou nerou See xapafiiba TOV yXvxov vepov, next citation. kaspiis'kyi rak See KacnincBKHH paK, next cita­ tion. xapapiba TOV yXvxov vepov ASTACIDAE Austropo­ tamobius pallipes. [Greece] Cherry, 1992:19. See KacniHCbKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eich­ astakos tou glykou nerou and river crayfish. = waldi eichwaldi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:164. See karavida tou glykou nerou, previous entry. kaspiis'kyi rak, above.

karavidhe lumi ASTACIDAE [Albania] Mann, 1957: kaspyiskyi rak See KacmracKHH paK, next cita­ 81. tion.

karawai PARASTACIDAE [New Zealand: Maori] KacnHHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus eich­ Taylor, 1870:639. waldi eichwaldi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:164. See kaspyiskyi rak, above. karcsuollos rak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. k'astila ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., northwest: Yakima Indians (Sahaptin language)] karee PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc­ Beavert, 1975. tor and/or C. esculus. [Australia: New South Wales; Namoi (river?), Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35'E kavkaz'kyi rak See KaBKa3LKHH paK, next cita­ x30°15'S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111): tion. 318, Sta. 181. KaBKa3i,KHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzo- karkoora PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = wi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:173. See kavkaz'kyi Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Upper rak, above. See also rak pil'tsova. , (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171, (144°20'Ex 21°15'S))] Christi- kavkazckyi rak See KaBKa3CKHH paK, next cita­ son, in Curr, 1887(111): 10, Sta. 138. See boogal, tion. marooroo, and munya. KaBKa3CKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzo- karramarro ASTACIDAE [Spain: Basque provinces] wi. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:173. See kavkazckyi Pardo, 1940:29. rak, above. karsiks'kyi rak See KapcmicLKHH paK, next cita­ kaw-ko ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. tion. [U.S., western: California, Wintun Indians (Penutian)] Merriam, 1979:246. KapcHKCBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, kayer PARASTACIDAE? Given the Torres Strait 1981:186. See karsiks'kyi rak, above. locality of this record, the "crayfish" referred to may not be a freshwater crayfish. [Torres Strait, Kowrare- karsikskyi rak See KapcHKCKHH paK, next citation. ga] Mathew, 1899:230-231. NUMBER 38 47 kecskerak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Po­ keler PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc­ tamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Jaczo, 1943: tor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; 194. "Victorian Region groups," Booandik Aboriginal tribe (= Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210- keerai PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = 211 (141°10'Ex37°35'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Balonne, [South Australia; Mt. Gambier, Bunganditj Aboriginal Baleandoon, Nogara, and Nerran rivers; Wolleroi or tribe of Tindale (see above)] Curr 1887(111):464, Sta. Yerraleroi Aboriginal tribe (= Mandandanji Aboriginal 205. See kapich, konkro, maraija, monagur, and tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (148°35'E x 27°5'S))] murangir. Hammond, in Curr, 1887(III):260, Sta 175. See einga. kerevides ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, 1984: keerie PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 286. Cherax esculus and Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Barraba, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe kerevit ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Iz and Hony, 1978: (148°35'E x 30°15'S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 119. 1887(III):320, Sta. 181. kervetse ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van keery PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line Cherax davisi. [Australia: New South Wales; Moree; 251. Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe (148°35'E x 30°15'S)] Bench of Magistrates, in Curr, 1887(111):314, Sta. 181. kerviele ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line keewai = "freshwater crayfish." PARASTACIDAE. 251. [New Zealand: Maori] Biggs, 1981:42. kerviese ASTACIDAE [Belgium: Wallonia] van kefnid sensu stricto, a spider, but loosely used for Maerlant, 1266-1269 (1878), Boek V:9, footnote to line crayfishes; probably an archaic usage. ASTACIDAE 251. Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamo­ bius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmany, 1979: kewai PARASTACIDAE, planifrons. 118; Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:142; Crosnier, [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966, v. 3:706. personal communication. See kefnid, kinid, kinid- dour, and shawgashee. kharcang ab shirin = freshwater crab. ASTACIDAE [Iran: Persian] Laili Nasr, personal communication. kefnid dour a barbarism; sensu stricto, a freshwater See next citation. spider, but loosely used for crayfishes; dour = douce = freshwater. [France: Bretagne] Crosnier, personal o..^vT,^.> ASTACIDAE [Iran: Persian] Haim, communication. 1987:138. See above. kefniden-zour sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but Ki am ichi crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes loosely used for crayfish; probably an archaic usage; (Procericambarus) saxatilis. [U.S.: Oklahoma; LaFlore zour = dour = douce = freshwater. ASTACIDAE County, Pigeon Creek] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Hobbs, 1989:49. Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Gozmany, 1979:118; Belloc, 1899:142; Crosnier, personal com­ kidneykooderi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," proba­ munication. See kefnid, kinid, kinid-dour, and bly = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; shawgashee. Cooper's Creek, Yowerawoolka Aboriginal tribe (probably = Jauraworka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, kekewai PARASTACIDAE, . 1974:212 (140°25'E x 26°40'S))] Cornish, in Curr, [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966(3):706. 1886(11):28, Sta. 48. See narraminyeh. 48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

kinid sensu stricto, a spider, but loosely used for komdar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = crayfishes; probably an archaic usage. ASTACIDAE Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; , Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Bimurraburra Aboriginal tribe (= Kairi Aboriginal tribe Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bretagne] Andre, of Tindale, 1974:173 (147°55'Ex 23°55'S))] Middle- 1960:133. See kefnid, kefniden-zour, kinid-dour, and ton, in Curr, 1887(III):92, Sta. 156. shawgashee. kongola PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = kinid-dour sensu stricto, a freshwater spider, but Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: loosely used for crayfishes; probably an archaic usage; New South Wales; Menindie, Darling River (probably zour = dour = douce = freshwater. ASTACIDAE = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and (143°30'E x 32°40'S))] Mair, in Curr, 1886(II):234, Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118. Sta. 80; [Marowera Aboriginal tribe (= [France: Bretagne] Belloc, 1899:142. See kefnid, kef­ Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (142°25'E x niden-zour, kinid, and shawgashee. 34°15'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1886(II):240, Sta. 82. See thupul. kipil PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Euas­ tacus sp. [Australia: S.E. Victoria; "Gippsland," (data konkro PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax given are insufficient for tribal designation)] Hagen- destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South auer, in Curr, 1887(III):554, Sta. 210. See yappy. Australia/Victoria; "Victorian Region groups," Booandik (Aboriginal tribe) (= Bunganditj Aboriginal kitihy PARASTACIDAE (small oranakely and tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10'Ex37°35'S))] zanak'orana, q.v.) [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, Mathew, 1899:230-231; [South Australia; Mt. Gambier 1947:13. (Bunganditj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10'Ex 37°35'S))] Curr 1887(111):464, Sta. 205. kitika PARASTACIDAE (small oranakely and Olszewski, 1980:17, quotes Mrs. James Smith, a 19th zanak'orana, q.v.) [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, century missionary, saying that members of the Booan­ 1947:13. dik Aboriginal tribe spread from western Victoria to eastern South Australia. See kapich, keler, maraija, koarow PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = monagur, and murangir. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Barcoo River, Torra­ burri Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wadjalang Aborigi­ koonac PARASTACIDAE, Cherax plebejus and C. nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°20'E x 25°- glaber. Australian English word derived from Aborigi­ 50'S))] Hyde, in Curr, 1887(III):80, Sta. 155. See nal gunag. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth- bookill and boogalli. Albany region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°- Koraa Ha rope pat CBHCTHCT Slang, loosely, 45'E x 33°40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, "when the crayfish whistles on the mountain." English 1990:98; Horwitz, 1983:11. See gonak, goonack, equivalent, "once in a blue moon." [Russia] Ricker, goonak, gunag, and koonak. 1973:202. koonak PARASTACIDAE, Cherax sp. [Australia: kolkhids'kyi rak See next two citations: KonxiflCB- Western Australia; South-West Division, Bunbury KHH paK and KOJEXHACKHH paK. (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40'E x 34°0'S))] Barlee, in Curr, KOJixiflCLKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus colchi- 1886(1):354, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; cus. [Ukaraine] Brodsky, 1981:146. See kolkhid­ South-West Division, Uduc, Harvey, Bunbury and s'kyi rak, above. Lower Blackwood (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40'E x 34°0'S))] KOJiXHfflCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus colchicus. Small, in Curr, 1886(1):358, Sta. 24; [Australia: [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:146. See kolkhids'kyi rak, Western Australia; South-West Division, Blackwood above. District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (probably = Kane- NUMBER 38 49 ang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40'E x gooloo, and koongooloo. 34°0'S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 24. See gonak, goonack, goonak, gunag, and koonac. See koon-gooloo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably also gunnok, jilgy, koonac, marran, murrin, amd = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: perran. New South Wales; south and east central groups, Darling dialects (probably = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe koon-da-chi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably of Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25'Ex32°40'S))] Mathew, = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Boulia 1899:230-231; [Australia: New South Wales; Darling District, Pitta-Pitta Aboriginal tribe (= Pitapita Aborig­ River from Wilcannia downstream to Avoka, Bahkunjy inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 (139°45'E x 22°45'S))] Aboriginal tribe (= Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Roth, 1897:93. See koondagi, kuntatyi, and tunany- Tindale, 1974:192 (142°25'Ex 32°40'S))] Teulon, in ty. See Sign Language. Curr, 1886, vol. 11:208, Sta. 75. See koongooloo, koongoola, and koongoolo. koondagi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Burke koongooloo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably River, Yelina Aboriginal tribe (= Jalanga Aboriginal = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: tribe of Tindale, 1974:169 (140°0'E x 21°55'S))] New South Wales; Tolarno Station, near Menindie Eglinton, in Curr, 1886(II):348, Sta. 101. See koon- (probably Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, da-chi, koondagi, kuntatyi, and trunagi. 1974:192 (142°25'E x 32°40'S))] Shaw, in Curr, 1886(II):236, Sta. 81. See koongoola, koongoolo, and koongala PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax koon-gooloo. destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = Ngai- koongooya PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." This awang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (139°35'E locality is not within the known present-day distribution x34°15'S))] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing Gray in Eyre, of freshwater crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland; 1845. Lower Burdekin River (probably = Warungu Aborigi­ nal tribe (146°0'E x 19°30'S) and/or Juru Aboriginal koongideri PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax tribe (147°40'Ex 19°55'S) of Tindale, 1974:188, 172] destructor. [Australia: South Australia; W of Lake Cunningham and Gorton, in Curr, 1886(II):488, Sta. Eyre (probably = Arabana (Ngarabana) Aboriginal 134. See goombarroo, goonaway, mokin, reri-reri, tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (136°0'E x 28°30'S))] and tararukau. Curr, 1886(11): 16, Sta. 45. See koonkooderi, koon- koodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, koonkooderi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably and kurukudirri. = Cherax destructor. [Australia: SW Queensland and NE South Australia; Warburton River [sometimes koongoola PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = designated "Creek"]—Ominee, Wongonooroo, Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Kuranyooroo, and Yarloeyandee Aboriginal tribes Lower Paroo and Warrego rivers, Parooinge Aboriginal (probably = Jeljendi Aboriginal tribe (138°45'E x tribe (= Parundji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 25°40'S), Karanguru Aboriginal tribe (138°40'E x (144°15'E x 29°35'S))] Scrivener, in Curr, 1886(11): 26°25'S), Aboriginal tribe (139°5'E x 26°50- 184, Sta. 74. See koongoolo, koon-gooloo, and 'S), and Wongkanguru Aboriginal tribe (137°10'E x koongooloo. 26°40'S) of Tindale, 1974:212-213, 215, and 219)] Paull and Cornish, in Curr, 1886(II):22, Sta. 47. See koongoolo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = also koongideri, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kunie­ Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; kundi, kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri. Weinteriga, on Darling River, to (Main) Barrier Range (possibly the adjacent Milpulo Aboriginal tribe (142°25- koonkoodirri PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably 'E x 31°55'S) and Wiljakali Aboriginal tribe (141°0'E = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; x 31 °55'S) of Tindale, 1974:196 and 200)] McLennan, "Central Division," Warburton River, Ominee Aborigi­ in Curr, 1886(II):232, Sta. 79. See koongoola, koon­ nal tribe (probably = Wongkanguru Aboriginal tribe of 50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Tindale, 1974:219 (137°10'E x 26°40'S))] Curr, kovi rak ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (A. sax­ 1886(II):20, Sta. 46. See also koongideri, koonkoo­ atilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). deri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, kurnkuderri, and Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Hunga­ kurukudirri. ry] Gozmany, 1979:119.

koorey PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = kdvirak See kovi rak. Cherax esculus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Bogabrie, Kamilaroi Aboriginal tribe krabs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, (148°35'E x 30°15'S)] Bench of Magistrates at A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: Bogabrie, in Curr, 1887(III):322, Sta. 181. Alsace] Andre, 1960:133.

kooura = "freshwater crayfish." PA-RASTACIDAE, krabs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, Paranephrops sp. [New Zealand: Maori] Biggs, 1981: A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France: 42. See koura. "Saverne. Dans la Zorne"] Belloc, 1899:142.

kosuhk?ariya (Orthography employed by Haas) kraft ASTACIDAE [Norway] Olszewski, 1980:21. CAMBARIDAE, "red crawfish." The word means, literally, "crawfish shaman"; the rainbow was believed krafte ASTACIDAE [Sweden] Fauchald, personal to be the painting on the face of the shaman in the sky, communication. who was supposed to suck up little fish and crawfish and then let them drop again to earth. [U.S.: Louisi­ kraftor ASTACIDAE [Sweden] Olszewski, 1980:21. ana, Tunica Indians] Haas, 1953:225. kra'-fisz ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874:71. kosuhki (Orthography employed by Haas) CAM­ BARIDAE, "crawfish." [U.S.: Louisiana, Tunica Indi­ krangalang PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = ans] Haas, 1953:311. Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; (probably = Ngarigo Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 kosuhk^uhkent'e (Orthography employed by Haas) (148°50'E x 36°25'S))] Buhner, in Curr, 1887 (III): CAMBARIDAE, "large-fingered crawfish," (or crab). 560, Sta. 212. See udang-karang. [U.S.: Louisiana, Tunica Indians] Haas, 1953:225.

kortingeri PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = krasnyi kubanskyi rak See KpacmiH KydaHCKHH Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; lower paK, next citation. Macleay River (probably = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 (152°40'E x 31 °0'S))] Curr, 1887 KpacHWH KydaHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontasta­ (III):336, Sta. 185. cus cubanicus daucinus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:161. See krasnyi kubanskyi rak and chervonyi kuban­ koura PARASTACIDAE. [New Zealand, Maori s'kyi rak (above). language] Taylor, 1870:639; PARASTACIDAE, Para- nephrops planifrons, as well as lalandii; [New krau-fisz ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874?: 71. Zealand, Maori language] Williams, 1957:151. Mc­ Lintock, 1966:706, says koura is used only for Jasus krebs ASTACIDAE [Denmark] Vinterberg and Axel- sp., but Best, 1974:282, discusses the use of fern traps sen, 1974:83. used to catch crayfish ("koura") in the freshwater district. See also koura wai. Krebs ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rolland, 1881:231.

koura wai PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops krebse ASTACIDAE [Finland] Olszewski, 1980:21. planifrons. [New Zealand: Maori] McLintock, 1966 (3):706. See koura. kreps ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Norway] Del- NUMBER 38 51 hi et al., in Westman et al., 1990:138. Cherax destructor, although specific locality for use not given. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):32. See also Krepss ASTACIDAE [Germany] Anonymous, 1487, koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekundi, chapter cxliii. kurnkuderri, and kurukudirri. krevisse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Bos, 1891:114. kuniekundi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Etymology of the Old French word crevice, q.v. = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Mount Freeling to Pirigundi Lake (possibly = Freeling krevys ASTACIDAE "I sauhe a krevys with his Heights to Lake Hope), Dieyerie Aboriginal tribe (= klawes longe..." [England, Middle English] Lydgate, Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139°0'E 1430:150, verse 16. x 28°20'S))] Gason, in Curr, 1886(11): 106, Sta. 55; also: ["..south of South Australia and East Central groups", Diyeri dialect (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak See KvdaHCKoro «- Tindale, 1974:211 (139°0'E x 28°20'S))] Mathew, jrHHHonajioro paK, next citation. 1899:230-231. See also koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, and kurukudirri, and KydaHCKoro wraimonajioro paK = Cuban slen­ kurnkuderri. der digit crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus (Pont­ astacus) leptodactylus cubanicus (current usage, Pont­ kuntatyi PARASTACIDAE probably = Cherax astacus cubanicus cubanicus). [Russia] Shpolyan- destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Pitta-Pitta Aborigi­ skaya, 1975:65. See kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak, nal tribe (= Pitapita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale: 184 above. See also kubans'kyi rak, next citation. (139°45'E x 22°45'S))] Dixon and Blake, 1979, vol. 1:236. See koon-da-chi, koondagi, tunanyty, and kubans'kyi rak See KydaHCLKHH paK, next entry. trunagi. See also Sign Language.

KydaHctKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cuban­ kurnkuderri PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably icus cubanicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:159. = = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; E of kubans'kyi rak, above. See kubanskogo dlinnopa­ at Kopperamana, Dieyerie Aboriginal tribe logo rak. (= Dieri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:211 (139°- 0'E x 28°20'S))] Jacobs, in Curr, 1886(11): 108, Sta. kubanskyi rak See Ky6ancKHH paK, next citation. 56. See koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, and kurukudirri. Ky6aHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cubani­ cus cubanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:159. See ku­ kurukudirri PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably banskyi rak, above. = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; NW of Lake Eyre (possibly = Arabana Aboriginal tribe of kumbooloo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Tindale, 1974:210 (136°0'E x 28°30'S))] Jacobs (of = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Kopperamana), in Curr, 1886(11): 12, Sta. 43. See New South Wales; Darling River, Tintinaligi (probably koongideri, koonkooderi, koonkoodirri, = Barkindji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 kuniekoondie, kuniekundi, and kurnkuderri. (142°25'E x 32°40'S))] Curr, 1886(II):230, Sta. 78. kutera PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = kunggurla PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Ade­ Mulya-Napa Aboriginal tribe (= Karenggapa Aborig­ laide and vicinity (probably = Aboriginal tribe inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:195 (142°45'E x 29°15'S))] of Tindale, 1974:213 (138°30'E x 34°35'S))] Teichel- & Morton, in Curr, 1886(11): 160, Sta. 69a. mann et al., in Curr, 1886(11): 150, Sta. 68. See ngal- taitye. laamballay PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; kuniekoondie PARASTACIDAE, possible refers to Mouth of the Norman River, Karrandee Aboriginal 52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tribe (= Kareldi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:407. See nas. (141°0'Ex 17°25'S))] Arrnit, in Curr, 1886(II):308, Sta. 92. See ndaag. langostin CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus (Cambarellus) montezumae. [Mexico: Mexican Spanish] Santamaria, lagniappe crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus 1978:343. (Pennides) lagniappe. [U.S.: Mississippi; Kemper County, tributaries of the Tombigbee River] Williams, lang-gunya PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:73. rhynchotus. [Australia: Queensland; Cape York, Gudang Aboriginal tribe (= Djagaraga Aboriginal tribe lagostim de pes brancos ASTACIDAE Austropota­ of Tindale, 1974:167 (142°35'E x 10°50'S))] Mathew, mobius pallipes. [Portugal] Reis, in Westman et al., 1899:230-231. 1990:158. langunia PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = lagostim do rio ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pal­ Cherax rhynchotus. [Australia: Queensland; Cape lipes. [Portugal] Cherry, 1992:19. York, Gudang Aboriginal tribe (= Djagaraga Aborigi­ nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:167 (142°35'E x 10°50'S))] lagostim vermelho CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus Jardine, in Curr, 1886(I):282, Sta. 7. clarkii. [Portugal] Reis, in Westman et al., 1990:158. lavendar burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, lagu CAMBARIDAE [China] Cowie and Evison, Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) byersi. [U.S.: northwest 1992:99. Note that the Modern English-Chinese Florida to southern Mississippi] Williams, et al., Encyclopedia Dictionary (Anonymous, 1964:183) 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:29. defines this as Cambaroides japonicus; however, as C. japonicus is found only in Japan, it is likely that this is least crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus more appropriate for the Chinese C. dauricus or C. (Pandicambarus) diminutus. [U.S.: Alabama; Mobile schrenckii—or, for that matter, as the vernacular County: Mississippi; George and Jackson counties] equivalent of the widespread word crayfish, q.v. = Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:11. $J &£. See also hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui and similar expressions. lib-lib-wil "." Literally, "spike-spike- creature." PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. *f!lt£ See lagu, above. [Australia: New South Wales; "Victorian," Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe (144°0'E x 35°20'S)] lake lobster CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Maine] Pieter Hercus, 1969a:249, 422; "[L]obster, Murray cray." van der Veer, personal communication, 1991. PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia: South Australia; "Victorian," Djadjala dialect of lammu PARASTACIDAE [Argentina: Mapuche lan­ Wergaia Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal guage] Aguirre-Urreta, 1992:819. See dagllu and tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30'E x 36°25'S)). llamu. Word said to be a borrowing and not native to ] Hercus, 1969a:305, 422. See jabidj, land crab PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus fossor. [Aus­ wurenag, and yapitch. tralia: NW Tasmania] Root, 1979:K2. Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, land crayfish PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: western Engaeus australis. [Australia: Victoria] Horwitz, Queensland; English] Olszewski, 1980:16. 1990:96.

land yabby PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; lip-lip-kill PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = English and derivative] Olszewski, 1980:16. Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales/ Victoria; Gonn Station, Murray River (possibly = langosta del rio CAMBARIDAE, Cambarellus mon­ Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-2 tezuma [sic, montezumae]. [Mexico: Mexican Spanish] (144°45'Ex35°20'S))] McCarthy, in Curr, 1887(111): NUMBER 38 53

506, Sta. 208d. See nark and yam pitch. tylus. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:491. lip-lip-till PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = long-pincered crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus lepto­ Euastacus armatus. [Australia: New South Wales/ dactylus. [English, widespread] Victoria; Moulmein (probably = Wembawemba Ab­ original tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144°0'E x 35°- louisiana Flusskrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus 20'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Moulmein, in Curr, clarkii. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:38. 1887(III):500, Sta. 208a. Louisiana lobster CAMBARIDAE, usually Procamba­ lippekil PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = rus clarkii. [U.S.: Louisiana] Cochran, 1989:77. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Victoria; Lake Boga (probably = Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Louisiana red swamp crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Pro­ 1974:208 (143°25'E x 35°5'S))] Fawcett, in Curr, cambarus clarkii. [U.S. and elsewhere, widely used in 1887(III):502, Sta. 208b. commercial trade] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal commu­ nication. Little Tennessee crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Camba­ rus (Puncticambarus) georgiae. [U.S.: Georgia and Louisiana swamp crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Pro­ North Carolina; Little Tennessee River] Williams, et cambarus clarkii. [U.S.] Mosimann and Hofrnan, al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:26. 1985:38.

Ilamu PARASTACIDAE, = "Cangrejo de agua dul­ louisiana-Sumpfkrebs CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus ce." [Argentina/Chile: Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, clarkii. [Germany] Schliiter, 1989:526. Picunche, Ranciilche, and Huilliche Indians; Mapuche language] Erize, 1960:233, 452. Synonym, llamuu. Louisville crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes See dagllu and lammu. (Crockerinus) jeffersoni. [U.S.: Kentucky; Jefferson County, tributaries to Beargrass Creek, Ohio River] llamuu See llamu. Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:36. lobbie PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: common in ltyanma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax de­ coastal Queensland, where yabby is used to refer to a structor. [Australia: Northern Territory; "North species of marine shrimp] Olszewski, 1980:16. See Australia and Central Australia groups, Macdonnell yabby. Ranges" (probably = Aranda (western) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:220-221 (134°45'E x 24°40'S))] lobby See lobbie. Mathew, 1899:230-231. See Iltjanma, iltjanma, Iltjanmalitnjaka, iltjenma, and injfltjinjiltja. lobster PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Ol­ szewski, 1980:15. Used commonly throughout Austra­ lung hia Pronounced roughly "loong-hsyah," a con­ lia for larger crayfishes, such as Euastacus and Asta­ trived compound whose literal meaning is "dragon copsis. shrimp." Probably does not usually = freshwater crayfish, but = lobster. [Chinese] Leang, 1878:201; lock-chew CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: southeast; Yuchi Yutang, 1972:421. The "crayfish" in the following Indians] Swanton, 1929:84. quotation is probably an inaccurate translation of the word: "'Da long xia!' cried the same voice ... de­ loetererlepeenne "freshwater lobster," PARASTACI­ scribing officials in terms of large crayfish." (Ludlum, DAE, probably Astacopsis. [Australia: northeastern 1986:454). Note that the "da" = "large." Note also Tasmania; Cape Portland (= Northeast Tasmanian that "crayfish" is said to be used as a term of scorn or Aboriginal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:351-352 derision in China, probably because of the backward (147°40'Ex41°10'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. mode of locomotion. Spelled also long xia, lung xia and shia. See camaron reculador, crawdad (verb, long-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodac­ sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish policy, SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 54 crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu I yang BKHH HOBronajmH paK, next citation. hou t'ui, hsiang lagu I yang sa so, marcher comme les ecrevisse, and marcher en ecrevisse. Compare Majioa3iHctKHH HOBronajraH paK ASTACIDAE, with Incaktcakafa for opposite connotation. = RISR, Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius. [Ukraine] see next entry.. Brodsky, 1981:158. See maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak, above. = lung hia, above. maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak See MaJioa3HHCKHH luzitans'kyi rak See jry3rraHCbKHH paK, next ci­ fljmHHonajiBiH paK, next citation. tation. Majioa3HHCKHH nmiHHOiiajiMH paK ASTACIDAE, jry3iTaHci>KHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamo­ Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius. [Russia] Brod­ bius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusitanicus. [Ukraine] sky, 1981:158. See maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak, Brodsky, 1981:188. See luzitans'kyi rak, above. above. luzitanskyi rak See Jiy3HTaHCKHH paK, next entry. Mallacoota burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Engaeus "sp. VSL." [Australia: Victoria; Gippsland] jry3HTaHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius Horwitz, 1990:99. (Atlantastacus) italicus lusitanicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:188. See luzitanskyi rak, above. mal"k rechen rak See MajrtK peroH paK, below.

Madagaskarkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Astacoides ma- MajTBK pe^eH pas ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius dagascariensis. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, torrentium. [Bulgaria] Cherry, 1992:19. See mal"k 1985:38. rechen rak. ma-a PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax bicari- mamaroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = natus. [Australia: Northern Territory; Cobourg Penin­ Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; sula, "Raffles Bay to Port Essington Harbor...to (probably = Morowari Aboriginal tribe Popham Bay," Unalla Aboriginal tribe (probably = of Tindale, 1974:175 (146°25'E x 29°0'S))] Foott, in Iwaidja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:266-267 Curr, 1887(111): 328, Sta. 182. (132°35'Ex 11°25'S))] Foelsche, in Curr, 1886(I):2- 74, Sta. 4. See baupit. mamuru PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: "Queensland groups," Warrego makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak See MaKe«oHCBHHH River (possibly = Kunja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, KaM'HHHH paK, next citation. 1974:169 (146°10'E x 26°50'S)), Aboriginal dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See mamaroo. MaKeROHCLHHH KaM'«HHH paK ASTACIDAE, Aus­ tropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio mangaba PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = macedonicus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak, above. New South Wales; Yass (probably = Ngunawal Ab­ original tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149°10'E x 34°- makedonskyi kamennyi rak See MaKe^oHCKHH Ka- 55'S))] Browne and Bench of Magistrates at Yass, in MemrbiH paK, next citation. Curr, 1887(111):426, Sta. 196. See mooroonong and murragolong. MaKeflOHCKHH KaMeHHMH paK ASTACIDAE, Aus­ tropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium natio mannta PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = macedonicus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 183. See Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; "southern" makedonskyi kamennyi rak, above. Tasmanian (possibly = South East Tasmanian Aborigi­ nal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10'E maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak See MaJioa3ic- x43°10'S))] Jorgenson, in Curr, 1887(111):627. NUMBER 38 55 manshiuzarigani "Manchuriancrayfish." CAMBARI­ [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, DAE, Cambaroides dauricus. [Japan] Uchida, Bunbury (probably = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of 1953:758. See next citation. Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40'E x 34°0'S))] Barlee, in Curr, 1886, v. 1:354, Sta. 24; [Australia: Western 7'Jl/^-f1} ft z. = manshiuzarigani, q.v. Australia; Lower Great Southern Division, King George's Sound, Minung or Meening Aboriginal tribes £.A,lt>$l)fflz = manshuzarigani, q.v. (probably = Minang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:248 (117°40'E x 34°45'S))] Spencer et al., in man-shkan = "Scamperers over the ground." Curr, 1886, v. 1:388, Sta. 31. See maren, ma- rine, CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: midwest, Dakotah Indians] marra, marran, marrida, marron, and murrin. Dorsey, 1884:238. marine PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. maraija PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Pinjarra Aboriginal tribe (probably = Pindjarup Ab­ Victoria; Upper Glenelg and Wannon, Bunganditj original tribe of Tinsdale, 1974:256 (115°55'E x Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141° 10'Ex 32°55'S))] Scott, in Curr, 1886(I):346, Sta. 22. See 37°35'S)] Curr, 1887(111):478, Sta. 207c. See kapich, maren, marin, marra, marran, marrida, marron, keler, konkro, monagur, and murangir. and murrin. See also gilga and goonak. maramie PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax marooroo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = destructor, Euastacus sp. and/or Geocherax sp. Cherax destructor. [Australia, Queensland; Upper Australian English word probably derived from the Flinders, Hughenden, Dutton River, etc; Pooroga Aboriginal marramin. [Australia: southwest New Aboriginal tribe (= Jirandali Aboriginal tribe of South Wales] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99. Tindale, 1974:171 (144°20'E x 21°15'S))] M. Curr, See marramin, and moramy, and morramma. in Curr, 1886(11). p. 460, Sta. 129. See boogal, karkoora, and munya. marcher comme les ecrevisse Slang, = to walk backward or to travel at a snail's pace. [France: 20th marra PARASTACIDAE, = Cherax sp. [Australia: century] Mansion, 1972:E: 10. See camaron recula­ Western Australia; Perth Division, Perth (probably = dor, crawdad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense Whadjuk (Witjari) Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1), crawfish policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), 1974:260 (116°5'E x 32°0'S))] Armstrong, in Curr, hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui, and marcher en ecre­ 1886(I):334, Sta. 19. These people also use marran, visse. q.v. See also maren, marin, marine, marran, mar­ ron and murrin. marcher en ecrevisse Slang, = to walk backward or to travel at a snail's pace. [France: 20th century] marramin PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax Mansion, 1972:E:10. See camaron reculador, craw­ destructor, Euastacus sp., and/or Geocherax sp. dad (verb, sense 1), crawfish (verb, sense 1), crawfish [Australia: New South Wales; Wiradhari Aboriginal policy, crayfish (verb), gambero (verb), hsiang lagu tribe of Threlkeld, 1892:97; Wiradhuri Aboriginal tribe I yang hou t'ui, and marcher comme les ecrevisse. of Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99 (both = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 (147°- maren PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. 30'E x 33°50'S))]. See gidyar, maramie, morramma [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, and moramy. Lower Blackwood, Peopleman Aboriginal tribe (proba­ bly = Pibelmen Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:255 marran PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. (115°50'Ex34°20'S))] Gifford, in Curr, 1886(I):362, [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Sta. 26. See also marin, marine, marra, marran, Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (proba­ marrida, marron, and murrin. bly = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 (116°40'E x 34°0*S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, marin PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. Sta. 24; [Australia: Western Australia; Perth Division, 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Perth (probably = Whadjuk (Witjari) Aboriginal tribe meauke PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: "South of Tindale, 1974:260 (116°5'Ex32°0'S))] Armstrong, Australian Aborigines"] Taplin, 1879:128. Seemeauki. in Curr, 1886, v. 1:334, Sta. 19; [Australia: Western Australia; Perth-Albany region, Nyungar Aboriginal meauki PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: 1974:261 (119°45'Ex 33°40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and South Australia; Narrinyeri language (possibly = Thomas, 1990:99. See also maren, marin, marine, Jarildekald (139°20'E x 35°30'S) and/or Portalun marra, marron and murrin. (139°15'E x 35°15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, 1974:212 and 217-218] Mathew, 1899:230-231; marrida PARASTACIDAE ? This locality does not [Australia: South Australia; Pytu Reach (Pt. McLeay?) coincide with the known present-day distribution of (possibly = Jarildekald Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Australian freshwater crayfishes, and may be some 1974:212 (139°20'E x 35°30'S))] Taplin, in Curr, other animal or an unknown distribution. [Australia: 1886(II):272, Sta. 83. See meauke. Western Australia; Central Division, Northampton (near Chapman River), Eaw tribe (probably = Nokaan mel-oo-shata ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:254 (115°20'E x [U.S.: California, Coast Yuki Indians (Yukian)] 27°35'S))] Goldsworthy, in Curr, 1886(I):314, Sta. Merriam, 1979:222. 14. See atta, bodardi, and marthera. Miami cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax tenuimanus. (Leconticambarus) milleri. [U.S.: Florida; Dade [Australian English probably from the Aboriginal County, subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989: marran. [Australia: Western Australia, Perth-Albany 26; Hobbs, 1989:62. region; Nyungar Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wudjari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:261 (119°45'E x Mieter Literally a tenant or renter. Said of a crayfish 33°40'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99; that sheds its carapace. ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rol­ Schluter, 1989:526. See maren, marin, marine, land, 1881:231, citing Poetevin, 1754. marra, marran and murrin. Mieterkrebs Literally a tenant or renter + krebs. marthera PARASTACIDAE ?, "crayfish"? This Said of a crayfish that sheds its carapace. locality does not coincide with the known present-day ASTACIDAE [Germany] Rolland, 1881:231, citing distribution of Australian freshwater crayfishes, and Poetevin, 1754. may refer to some other animal or to an earlier distribu­ tion pattern. [Australia: Western Australia; Central mimic crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Distocambarus Division, Champion Bay (N of Geraldton), Watchandi (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni. [U.S.: South Carolina; Saluda Aboriginal tribe (probably = Amangu Aboriginal tribe and Savannah river basins] Williams, et al., 1988:23; of Tindale, 1974:239 (115°30'E x 29°20'S))] Golds- Hobbs, 1989:28. worthy, in Curr, 1886(I):316, Sta. 15. See atta, bodardi, and marrida. minium tixem CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Oaxaca, Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar, Huave masan cay = "meadow grasshopper fish." CAM­ Indians] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:110 "lalangosta," BARIDAE. Hunn says "ASTACIDAE," which, and 407 " Astacus fluviatilis." Neither of these is very because of the locality, is erroneous. [Mexico: informative; if they indeed mean freshwater crayfishes, Chiapas, Tenejapa Indians (Tzetal dialect of Mayan)] then Astacus astacus (ASTACIDAE) is highly unlikely Hunn, 1977:253. See also grilh-dour, grasshopper and the most likely crayfish would belong to the and Heuschreckenkrebs. CAMBARIDAE meatzas = "[C]amaron, pescado." CAMBARIDAE? mini-lobster ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon] Ols­ [Mexico: Tobasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca, Zoque zewski, 1980:20. Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. See also cooy, tzas, and vetze. mintoola PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = NUMBER 38 57

Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; 1886(II):486, Sta. 133. (probably = Mingin Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 (139°35'Ex 18°10'S))] Coward, in monagur PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Curr, 1886(II):298, Sta. 90. Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Dartmoor (probably = Bunganditj Aboriginal Mississippi flat woods crayfish CAMBARIDAE, tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10'Ex 37°35'S))] Procambarus (Girardiella) cometes. [U.S.: Mississip­ Curr, 1887(111) :484, Sta. 207f. See kapich, keler, pi; Lowndes and Oktibbeha counties, burrows] Wil­ konkro, maraija, and murangir. liams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. mooban PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = mistahle'k me'emdah' Verb, slang = "to retreat from Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Nerang a position." [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. See Creek (possibly = Kalibal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, crawfish (verb, sense 1), histahle'k me'emdah', and 1974:171 (153°5'E x 28°15'S))] Fowler, in Curr, naseh' le'heezahche'r. See next citation. 1887(III):240, Sta. 172. See moolan and mul'aim. nip^O p^ElpO Note that these words are read from moolan PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = right to left. See mistahle'k me'emdah', above. Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Nerang Creek (possibly = Kalibal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, mkoda PARASTACIDAE, Cherax boschma. [New 1974:171 (153°5'E x 28°15'S))] Fowler, in Curr, Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:324. 1887(III):240, Sta. 172. See mooban and mul'aim. moak PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = mooragonong PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; New South Wales; Cliffs Station to Wentworth, Howlong (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of "The Darling Tribes" (probably = Kureinji Aboriginal Tindale, 1974:193 (145°55'E x 35°25'S))] Byrne, in tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (142°25'E x 34°15'S))] Curr, 1887(III):398, Sta. 190. See moorogognong, Curr, 1886(II):282, Sta. 87. murrami, and thugamong.

Mobile crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus moorogonong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," proba­ (Ortmannicus) lecontei. [U.S.: Mississippi and Louisi­ bly = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus spp. [Austra­ ana] Williams, et al., 1989:26. lia: New South Wales; Deniliquin (probably = Jeimi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (145°55'E x moch' = upigaai(crustdceos).n CAMBARIDAE?. It 35°25'S))] Gordon, in Curr, 1887(111):396, Sta. 190. is highly doubtful that this refers specifically to cray­ See mooragognong, murrami, and thugamong. fishes. [Mexico: Ch'ol Indians] Aulie and de Aulie, 1978:80. mooroonong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: mocsari rtfk ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus New South Wales; Yass (probably = Ngunawal Ab­ (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, original tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149°10'E x 34°- 1979:119. 55'S))] Browne and Bench of Magistrates at Yass, in Curr, 1887(111):426, Sta. 196. See mangaba and moerido Pronounced mooreedo. PARASTACIDAE, murragolong. Cherax murido. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, 315. moramy PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. and/or Euastacus sp. Australian English word probably mokin PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = derived from the Aboriginal marramin. [Australia: Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; "Mount New South Wales] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, Black, Oriba-Kulba Aboriginal tribe" (this locality is 1990:99. See maramie, marramin and morramma. uncertain, but probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144°20'E x 21°15'S)), see Tindale, 1974:188] Curr, Morongla Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

New South Wales; possible same as Morongla Creek [U.S., southeast: particularly Louisiana] Viosca, 1961: (148°4rEx33°56'S)] Reed, 1967:103. 5. This word is also used in the New Orleans area to refer to any crayfish. morramma PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Sydney (probably = mudbug Verb, to catch mudbugs. See next citation. Daruk Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (150°35'E x 33°35'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:99, mudbugging Known in print only in the gerund form quoting Balfour, 1845:35 ("A small crayfish, called by mudbugging. [U.S.: southeast, particularly Louisiana] the aborigines ''morramma,' is better eating than any Washburn, 1953:1. shell fish I ever tasted, and is very abundant and easily caught.")] See maramie, marramin and moramy. mud crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes immunis. See also wirra. [U.S., midwest] Rach and Bills, 1987:601. morski rak ASTACIDAE [Yugoslavia: Serbocroatia] mul'aim PARASTACIDAE, probably = Euastacus Grujic, 1969:68. sp. [Australia: Queensland; Jukambe Aboriginal tribe (153°0'Ex27°55'S)] Watson, 1943-1944:42. motoga PARASTACIDAE?, "lobster"? This locality is not within the present-day known range of freshwater mulam PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] In­ crayfishes. [Australia: Queensland (probably = gamells, 1955:51. Warakamai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146°15'E x 18°55'S))] Cassady, in Curr, 1886(11): mulpo PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destruc­ 428, Sta 120. tor. [Australia: Queensland; "East Central groups," Murunuda dialect (possibly = Mitaka Aboriginal tribe motogar Same as motoga, above, except Johnstone, in of Tindale, 1974:181-182 (139°25'E x 25°0'S))] Curr, 1886(II):430, Sta. 120. Mathew, 1899:230-231.

Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish PARASTACI­ mundi PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = DAE, Engaeus "sp. TA." [Australia: Tasmania; Mt. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Western Arthur] Horwitz, 1990:99. River (probably = Koa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (142°20'E x 22°10'S))] Haines, in Curr, mousse d'ecrivisse Not a crayfish, but = crawfish 1887(111): 16, Sta. 141. See pirrinoo. moss. Used to refer to various members of the Utricularia, which are slender-stemmed, perennial munya PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = herbs that are often free-floating. Holmes, 1990:89. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; upper Thompson River (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe mouwa PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = of Tindale, 1974:169, 171, (144°20'E x 21°15'S))] Cherax cairnsensis. [Australia: Queensland; Hinchin- Christison, in Curr, 1887(111): 10, Sta. 138. See boo­ brook Island and adjacent mainland (probably = gal, karkoora, and marooroo. Keramai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (145°- 45'Ex 18°15'S))] Murray, in Curr, 1886(II):420, Sta. muracuru PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 118. See yeekerra. Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; Evelyn Creek, Pono Aboriginal tribe (probably = mucheecan PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Wanjiwalku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 = Cherax wasselli and/or C. cairnsensis. [Australia: (142°40'E x 30°25'S))] Crozier, in Curr, 1886(11): Queensland; Granite Range, head of Mitchell River 154, Sta. 69. (possibly = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:182 (145°10'E x 16°40'S))] Mowbray, in Curr, murangir PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 1886(11):406, Sta. 113. Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia/Victoria; "Woodford," (Woodford mudbug CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus clarkii. should be in the vicinity of the Glenelg River (see NUMBER 38 59 kapich), but I have been unable to find it on maps or tus. [Australia] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:492. locate it on the Glenelg River in the Official Standard Names Gazetteer of the U.S. Board on Geographical murrin PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. Names (Anonymous, 1957)) (possibly = Bunganditj [Australia: Western Australia: South-West Division, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210-211 (141°10'E x Uduc, Harvey, Bunbury, and Lower Blackwood (proba­ 37°35'S))] Curr, 1887(111):482, Sta. 207e. See bly = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 kapich, keler, konkro, maraija, and monagur. (116°40'E x 34°0'S))] Small, in Curr, 1886(I):358, Sta. 24. See maren, marin, marine, marra, marran, murido PARASTACIDAE, Cherax murido. [New marrida, marron, and murrin. See also gunnok, Guinea, Paniai Lake area] Holthuis, 1958, illustration jilgy, koonak, and perran. caption. murry PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = murragolong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish,"probably Cherax neopunctatus and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Ballina (possibly = Arakwal Ab­ New South Wales; (probably = Ngunawal original tribe of Tindale, 1974:191 (153°20'E x 28°- Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (149°10'E x 50'S))] Ross, in Curr, 1887(111):290, Sta. 178. See 34°55'S))] Police Magistrate at Queanbeyan, in Curr, burnicum. 1887(III):424, Sta. 195. See mangaba and mooroo- nong. myngul PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; head of the murrami PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = , Kanoloo Aboriginal tribe (= Kanolu Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: New Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (149°0'E x South Wales; Yanko, Urana, Billebong, and Jerrilderie 23°40'S))] Josephson, in Curr, 1887(111):98, Sta. 157. (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, See yegari. 1974:193 (145°55'E x 35°25'S))] McLean, in Curr, 1887(111):394, Sta. 190. See mooragonong, moorogo- nadan PARASTACIDAE, small crayfish, probably = nong, and thugamong. Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Wembawemba Aboriginal Murrami Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: tribe (144°0'E x 35°20'S)] Hercus, 1969a:422. See New South Wales] Reed, 1967:103. naingan.

Murray cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. naingan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax [Australia] Hercus, 1969a:422. destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; "New South Wales groups," upper Murray Murray crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus River, Woorajery Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wirad­ armatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1973. juri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:210 (147°30'E x 33°50'S)), Aboriginal dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. Murray lobster PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armat­ See nadan. us. [Australia] Cited by Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:39, as = Astacopsis gouldi. Surely a lapsus, as naloan PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = A. gouldi, the tasmanischer Krebs, is unknown outside Cherax rotundus, C. neopunctatus, C. cuspidatus, of Tasmania. See next citation. and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; New England, Glen Innes (possibly = Jukambal Murray River cray PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (152°10'E x armatus. [Australia] Horwitz, 1990:74. 29°15'S))] Lowe, in Curr, 1887(III):296. See ga- noon. Murray River crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Euastacus armatus. [Australia] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:39. naloro PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens­ Murray River lobster ASTACIDAE Euastacus arma- land; Maryborough (probably = Kabikabi Aboriginal 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152°25'E x 25°45'S))] nenewn PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Curr, 1887(111): 134, Sta. 164. Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; "Daw­ son River," "Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects,"] nark PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc­ O'Connor, in Curr, 1887(111): 104, Sta. 159. The tor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Dawson River locality and the "Wokka," etc. dialect Wales/Victoria; "Victorian Region groups," Gunbower designations are a puzzle when I attempt to reconcile dialect (probably = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of them with Tindale's tribal boundaries. The Wokka Tindale, 1974:191-192 (144°45'E x 35°20'S))] Ma- dialect is likely associated with the Wakawaka Aborigi­ thew, 1899:230-231. Note that Mathew places a "?" nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45'E x 25°50'S) by this word, indicating uncertainty. See lip-lip-kill and on the Burnet River, whereas the Dawson River is in yampitch. the territory of the Kangulu Aboriginal tribe of Tin- dale:174 (150°15'E x 24°15'S). The problem is also Narracan burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, En­ associated with ninyouen, but the similarity of the gaeus phyllocercus. [Australia: Victoria, South words favors the Wakawaka. See also newn-newn. Gippsland, Western Strzelecki Ranges] Horwitz, 1990:96. Neuseelandkrebs PARASTACIDAE, Paranephrops. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:39. narraminyeh PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish,"probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; nevskii rak See HCBCKHH paK, next citation. Cooper's Creek, Coongy Lake Station (probably = Coongee, S of Lake Goyder, Innamincka Regional HeBCKHH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Asta­ Reserve) (probably = Jauraworka Aboriginal tribe of cus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). Tindale, 1974:212 (140°25'E x 26°40'S))] Curr, [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:118. See nevskii rak, a- 1886(11):26, Sta. 48. See kidneykooderi. bove.

narrow-pincered crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus lep­ New River crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus todactylus. [English, common] (Hiaticambarus) chasmodactylus. [U.S.: North Caroli­ na and Virginia; New River drainage system. West nas CAMBARIDAE Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:407, Virginia: Blue Stone and Greenbrier basins] Williams, say: et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:19. "nas Cambarellus montezuma [sic, ae?l langosta del rio, chacal" newn-newn PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly [Mexico: Oaxaca, Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del = Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Mar (Huave Indians)] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:125, Burnett River, Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects (= 407. See chacal. Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45'Ex25°50'S))] O'Connor, in Curr, 1887(111): Nashville crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes 108, Sta. 159. See nenewn and ninyouen. (Crockerinus) shoupi. [U.S.: Tennessee; Davidson County, vicinity of Nashville] Williams, et al., 1989: ngaltaitye PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 25; Hobbs, 1989:38. Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Ade­ laide and vicinity (probably = Kaurna Aboriginal tribe ndaag PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = of Tindale, 1974:213 (138°30'Ex 34°35'S))] Teichel- Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; mann et al., in Curr, 1886(11): 150, Sta. 68. See kung- Mouth of the Norman River (Kareldi Aboriginal tribe gurla. of Tindale, 1974:174 (141 °0'Ex 17°25'S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):308, Sta. 92. See laamballay. ngobbera PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," possibly = Cherax destructor, although somewhat out of present- nemes rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus day known distribution. [Australia: Queensland; Bel­ nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). yando River (possibly = Jagalingu Aboriginal tribe of [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:118. Tindale, 1974:169 (146°40'E x 23°20'S))] Lowe, NUMBER 38 61

in Curr, 1887(III):34, Sta. 143. See ander. is in territory of the Ualarai (Wolleri), but the Station locality (175) together with the localities of the Weir nguchul PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." This locality and the Moonie rivers points to the Bigambul Aborig­ does not appear to be within me known present-day inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 (150°10'E x 28°10'S))] distribution of fresh water crayfishes. [Australia: O'Byrne, in Curr, 1887(111):262, Sta. 175. See yingo. Queensland; Port Mackay and its neighbors (probably = Juipera Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:171 nordamerikanische Teichkrebs CAMBARIDAE, (149°5'E x 21°15'S))] Bridgeman, in Curr, 1887 Procambarus clarkii. [Germany] Werner, 1987:529. (III):50, Sta. 147. northern Clearwater crayfish CAMBARIDAE, ngumat PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Tasmania] Orconectes (Crockerinus) propinquus. [U.S. and ingamells, 1955:51. Canada: Ontario, Quebec, and New York westward to Iowa and Minnesota and southward to Illinois, Ohio, ninge-ninge PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts] Williams, et al., = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Tweed 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:37. River and Point Dangar (probably = Minjungbal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:196 (153°25'Ex 28°- notkun PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = 15'S))] Braye and Fowler, in Curr, 1887(III):246, Sta. Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. 173. [Australia: New South Wales; Moneroo or Manera district, Ngawago Aboriginal tribe (probably = Ngarigo ninyouen PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:198 (148°50'E x Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; "Daw­ 36°25'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(111):432, Sta. 197. son River," "Wokka, Wogga, or Woga dialects,"] See barrinjook. Cunningham, in Curr, 1887(111): 106, Sta. 159. The Dawson River locality and the "Wokka," etc. dialect nube PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = designations are a puzzle when I attempt to reconcile Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Island them with Tindale's tribal boundaries. The Wokka (South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, dialect is likely associated with the Wakawaka Aborigi­ 1974:336-338 (147°10'E x 43°10'S))] Milligan in nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45'E x 25°50'S) Curr, 1887(111):608; [Australia: Tasmania; Aboriginal on the Burnet River, whereas the Dawson River is in tribes about Mt. Royal, Brune Island, Recherche Bay, the territory of the Kangulu Aboriginal tribe of and southern Tasmania (= South East Aboriginal tribe Tindale: 174 (150°15'E x 24°15'S). The problem is of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10'E x 43°- also associated with nenewn, q.v., but the similarity of 10'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(111):646. the words favors the Wakawaka tribe. See also newn- newn. nubena PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Astacopsis franklinii. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune nipiu eluk CAMBARIDAE [Canada, northeast: Island (South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, Montagnais and Naskapis Indians] Lemoine, 1901:100. 1974:336-338 (147°10'E x 43°10'S))] Roberts, in Curr, 1887(111): 608. nipper See ghost nipper. nubyma PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Nobelkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Germa­ Astacopsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania] Ingamells, ny] Kotschy, 1988:8. 1955:44. See nubyna.

noble crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. nubyna PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:493. Astacopsis sp., Geocharax sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: northwestern and western Tasmania, (proba­ nolaka PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = bly = North West Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tin- Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Weir and dale, 1974:332-335 (144°50'Ex 41 °20'S))] Milligan, Moonie rivers (Curr, 1887(111):260, implies this locality in Curr, 1887(III):646. See nubyma. 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

nuele PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Guinea: Ekari population of Wissel Lakes region] Astacopsis gouldi. [Australia: Tasmania; uncertain] Holthuis, 1949:294. Peron, in Curr, 1887(111):605; Jorgenson, in Curr, 1887(111): 627. oelanggamo Pronounced ulang gamd. PARASTACI­ DAE; also shrimps. [New Guinea: Moni dialect nunnya PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = (resembles May lay name oedang, pronounced "udang") Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes for shrimps and crayfishes in general] Holthuis, from Oyster Bay to Pittwater (probably = Oyster Bay 1949:295. See arugut and udang-karang. Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974:338-341 (147°40'E x 42°30'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(111): b ev Toiq TroTotfioig aoTotKoq = "the river cray-fish." 646. [ancient Greek] Liddell and Scott, 1966:260, quoting Aristotle's Historia Animalium 530a28. "There are nyngan PARASTACIDAE; but also = a , a some snail-shells which have inside them creatures re­ place of many streams, and a purple . [Australia: sembling those little crayfish that are also found in fresh New South Wales] Reed, 1967:70. water." Thompson, 1910, The Works of Aristot­ le. . .Book IV, 530*28. See river crayfish and karavida Nyngan Place name, = "Crayfish." [Australia: New tou glykou nerou. South Wales] Reed, 1967:103. Oklahoma cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus 6 ixbab CAMBARIDAE? if not crabs. [Mexico: (Jugicambarus) tartarus. [U.S.: Oklahoma; Delaware Yucatan, Mayan] Perez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:157. Co., caves] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989: 23. obawo PARASTACIDAE, Cherax buitendijkae and Cherax pallidus. [New Guinea] Holthuis, 1949:295, Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbs- 311, 317. eus orconectoides. [U.S.: Mississippi; Lowndes, Ok­ tibbeha, and Webster counties] Williams, et al., 1989: Obey crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus (Jugicam- 23; Hobbs, 1989:32. barus) obeyensis. [U.S.: Tennessee; headwaters of East Fork of Obey River] Williams, et al., 1989:22; olios rakok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmany, Hobbs, 1989:23. 1979:118. obyknovennyi rak See oduKHOBeHHUH paK, next omothoo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = entry. Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland (Cape York Peninsula); (probably Kokomini Ab­ oduKHOBemnan paK = common crayfish ASTA­ original tribe of Tindale, 1974:176 (143°25'E x 16°- CIDAE, Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, 10'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: Queens­ and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979: land (Cape York Peninsula); Palmer River, Mirkin 119. See obyknovennyi rak, above Aboriginal tribe (= Kokomini Aboriginal tribe of Tin- dale, 1974:176 (143°25'E x 16°10'S))] Palmer, in ocagaci Probably from the adverb radical dcE, "back­ Curr, 1886(11):398, Sta. 111. ward" through dcagE, "to move backwards." CAM­ BARIDAE [Canada: Ontario; Skugog Island, Missis- oovarroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = sauga Indians] Chamberlain, 1892:30. See acagaci. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Barcoo River, 40 miles west of Blackall (probably Kuungkari Oconee burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Camba­ Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:179 (144°20'E x rus (Depressicambarus) truncatus. [U.S.: Georgia; 24°35'S))] Ahern, in Curr, 1887(III):74, Sta. 153. Laurens and Wilkinson counties] Williams, et al., See acheroo, quarroo, and thoombur. 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:17. ooy CAMBARIDAE? Probably = crayfish and oedi Pronounced oodee. PARASTACIDAE. [New shrimp. Stress, 1989:148. See crayfish (symbolism). NUMBER 38 63 orambato PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Imerina] 1989:43. Poisson, 1947:13. pallid cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus orambranja PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Ime­ (Ortmannicus) pallidus. [U.S.: Florida; subterranean rina] Poisson, 1947:13. waters] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:70. oranakely PARASTACIDAE see kitihy and kitika. pamo PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. Guinea: Enarotali] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322.

Orange Lake Cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Pro­ Panama City crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus cambarus (Ortmannicus) franzi. [U.S.: Florida; Ma­ (Leconticambarus) econfinae. [U.S.: Florida; Bay rion County, caves] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, County] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:61. 1989:66. pancelos rakok ASTACIDAE [Hungary] Gozmany, orangena PARASTACIDAE (swamp dwelling). 1979:118. [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. See oron- jena. Panzerkrebse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Gozmany, 1979:118. oranjatsy PARASTACIDAE (red, with large abdo­ men). [Madagascar: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. papershell crab ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Olszewski, oranjetsy See oranjatsy. 1980:20. orconecte CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Swit­ Pearl Blackwater crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam­ zerland] Biittiker et al.,in Westman et al., 1990:180. barus (Pennides) penni. [U.S.: Louisiana and Missis­ sippi; Pearl and Pascagoula drainage systems] Wil­ Orlando cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus liams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:74. (Lonnbergius) acherontis. [U.S.: Florida; Orange and Seminole counties, subterranean] Williams, et al., Pearl riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbseus 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:63. attenuatus. [U.S.: Mississippi; Pearl River drainage] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, 1989:32. oronjena PARASTACIDAE (swamp dwellers, or those that burrow and plug the chimney). [Madagascar: Pee Dee lotic crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. See orangena. (Ortmannicus) lepidodactylus. [U.S.: South Carolina and North Carolina; Santee and Pee Dee drainage orosz rak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Pota­ systems] Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:68. mobius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979: 119. peeler ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20. Osage burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam­ barus (Girardiella) liberorum. [U.S.: Arkansas; pe-kool PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Arkansas River basin, burrower] Williams, et al., Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mitakoodi 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:57. Aboriginal tribe (= Maithakari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°40'E x 20°5'S))] Roth, otschiera CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Onondaga Indians] 1897:93. See begool, piccool, and pikquol. See also Zeisberger, 1887:48. Sign Language. painted crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Hespe- peng "El chacal." CAMBARIDAE? Possibly Pro­ ricambarus) difficilis. [U.S.: Oklahoma, Texas, cambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. [Mexico: Oaxaca; Arkansas, Louisiana] Williams, 1988:24; Hobbs, Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar (Huave 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Indians)] Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:157, 407. See Usually this expression is "pigliare un granchio," but chacal and nas. sometimes "gambero" is used. [Italy] Hoare, 1925: 274. See granchio. pepeo PARASTACIDAE, (red colored), [Madagas- car: Betsileo] Poisson, 1947:13. pikquol PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish, "probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Flinders perran PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. and Cloncurry rivers, Oonoomurra tribe (= Wanamara [Australia: Western Australia; South-West Division, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (141°50'E x Blackwood District, Kardagur Aboriginal tribe (proba­ 21°10'S))] Curr, 1886(H):344, Sta. 100. See also bly = Kaneang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:244 beekodl, begool, pe-kool, and piccool. (116°40'E x 34°0'S))] Hester, in Curr, 1886(I):360, Sta. 25. See gunnok, jilgy, koonak, marran, and pirrinoo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = murrin. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; , Middleton Creek, Goa tribe (= Koa Aboriginal pevin ASTACIDAE [Australia: Western Australia; tribe of Tindale, 1974:175,(142°20'E x 22°- 10'S))] Lower Great Southern Division, "Kent District" ( = Curr, E.,in Curr, 1887(111): 14, Sta. 140. See mundi. ?), Warrangoo Aboriginal tribe (probably = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:246 (118°- placiaznyplio veao = widefingered crayfish. AS­ 30'E x 34°0'S))] Chester,in Curr, 1886(I):390, Sta. 32. TACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Lithuania] Cherry, 1992:20. phantom cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam­ barus (Remoticambarus). pecki. [U.S.: Alabama; plemeniti rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Yugo­ Colbert, Lauderdale, and Morgan counties] Williams, slavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:76. pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak See noMiTHHH TOBCTO- piau du (dau) diable = devil's fleas. ASTACIDAE nanHH paK, next citation. Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [France] Gozmany, 1979:118; noMiTHHH TOBCTonajmH paK ASTACIDAE, Pont­ Andre, 1960:133, specifies Alpes, as does Belloc, astacus pachypus notabilis. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. 1899:142, and Rolland, 1881:231, citing Bridel, 1866; p. 177. See pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak, above. See [Estonia: provinces of Fellin (= Vilyandi) and Dorpat also zametn'i tolstopalyi rak. (= Tartu)] Aarne, 1918:3-6, 151, citing the Estonian folk story of the origin of the crayfish (Krebse)— "Der pond crayfish See rak stawowy. Teufel schiittelt seine Flohe in das Wasser"—based on the handwritten volumes of J. Hurt. See grilh-dour, poor man's cray PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Vic­ and pou du diable. toria; South Australia] Olszewski, 1980:16.

piccool PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = poor man's PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Victoria; South Australia] Olszewski, 1980:16. Cloncuny River, Miappe Aboriginal tribe (= Maitha- kari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:180 (140°40'E pou du diable = "devil's fleas." ASTACIDAE x 20°5'S))] Anonymous, in Curr, 1886(II):336, Sta. [France: Alpes] Andre, 1960:133; Belloc, 1899:142. 99. See also begool, pe-kool, and pikquol. See piau du diable.

piedmont blue burrower CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Gi- (Depressicambarus) harti. [U.S.: Georgia; Meriwether rardiella) gracilis. [U.S.: Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, County, Chattahoochee and Flint river basins] Wil­ Indiana, Missouri, and perhaps Kansas, Oklahoma, and liams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 1989:15. Texas] Williams, et al., 1989, p.25; Hobbs, 1989:56.

pigliare un gambero Slang, = to make a blunder. pungari PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." There are no NUMBER 38 65 known freshwater crayfishes in this area. [Australia: On the other hand, Girard et al., 1962:609, define Western Australia; Division, mouth of De Grey it in a more general manner: "To stir up, to muddy River to 20 miles inland, Ngurla Aboriginal tribe (pro­ (water before fishing)." [France]. bably = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:251- See crayfish (Symbolism). See also mudbugging. 252 (119o30'Ex20°10'S))] Harper, in Curr, 1886(1): 292, Sta. 8. rac ASTACIDAE [Romania] Schoenkron, 1952:100. According to Cherry (1992:19) this is also specifically qrebasse ASTACIDAE [France: Jura] Andre, 1960: = Austropotamobius pallipes. 133. rac albastru ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus quarra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." This locality is (blue colored variety). [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20. not within the present-day known distribution of cray­ fishes. [Australia: Queensland; "Fort Cooper" (possi­ rac de apa dulce ASTACIDAE [Romania] Papado- bly = Barada Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:165 poletal., 1987:5. (149°0'E x 23°5'S))] Hodgkinson, in Curr, 1887 (III):40, Sta. 145. rac-de-balta ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20. quarroo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Ravens- rac-de-Dunare ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodactylus. bourne Creek, Mokaburra Aboriginal tribe (= Wadja­ [Romania] Cherry, 1992:20. lang Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186-187 (145°- 20'E x 25°50'S)), Tarawalla dialect] Powell, in Curr, rac-de-ponoare ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius 1887(III):84, Sta. 155. See acheroo, boogalli, boo­ torrentium. [Romania] Cherry, 1992:19. garli, bookill, kandera, koarow, and oovarroo. rac-de-riu ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Roma­ quatorzieme ecrevisse Argot, = female supernume­ nia] Cherry, 1992:20. rary. [France: 19th century French theatrical] Barrere, 1887:124. See also armure a ecrevisse, avoir une rak ASTACIDAE, "crayfish." [Poland] Stanislawski, ecrevisse dans la tourte, avoir une ecrevisse dans le 1968:177. Widely used in . vol-au-vent, ecrevice, ecrevisse de rempart, and ecrevisse. ptH ASTACIDAE [Yiddish] Weinreich, 1968:71.

Queensland marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quad­ rak amerykanski = "American crayfish." CAMBA­ ricarinatus. [Australia: Australian English, probably in RIDAE, Orconectes limosus. [Poland] Kossakowski, Queensland and Northern Territory] Anonymous, in Westman et al., 1990:147. 1989:10. rak barski ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. rabouiller (Verb, t.) Balzac, in La Rabouilleuse, 1842 [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. (1966): 131, defines this word as pertaining to catching crayfish: rak bjelonogi ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pal­ — "Je rabouille pour mon oncle Brazier que voild. lipes. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., Rabouiller est un mot berrichon qui peint admi- 1990:196. rablement ce qu'il veut exprimer: I'action de troubler Veau grosse branche d'arbre dont les rameaux sont rakblotny = "swamp crayfish." ASTACIDAE Asta­ disposes en forme de raquette. Les ecrevisses effrayees cus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman par cette operation, dont le sens leur echappe, remon- etal., 1990:147. tent pricipitamment le cours d'eau, et dans leur trouble sejettent au milieu des engins que lepecheur a places rak dlugoszczypcy = "long-pinceredcrayfish." AS­ a la main son rabouilloir avec la grace naturelle TACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossa­ al'innocence." kowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. 66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

rak kamenac = "rock crayfish." ASTACIDAE potamobius torrentium. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Czechoslovakia] Lohni- J.F., personal communication. sky, 1984:198. rak stawowy = "pond crayfish." ASTACIDAE rak kamenjak ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius tor­ Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in West- rentium. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., man etal., 1990:147. 1990:196. rak szerokoszczypcy = "broad-pincered crayfish." rak kamenjar ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius tor­ ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Poland] Kossakow­ rentium. [Yugoslavia: Slovak] Obradovic, in Westman ski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. etal., 1990:196. rak szlachetny = "noble crayfish." ASTACIDAE rak kesslera See paK Keccjiepa, next citation. Astacus astacus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman etal., 1990:147. paK Keccnepa ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:171. See rak kesslera, rak uskoskari ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. above. See also turkestans'kyi rak. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic,in Westman et al., 1990:196.

rak pil'tsova See next two citations: paK mraLnoBa rak waskoszczypcy = "narrow-pincered crayfish." and paK mjjn.n.OBa. ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. [Poland] Kossa­ kowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. paK mun>n,OBa ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 173. See rak pil'tsova, rapu ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Finland] above. See also kavkaz'kyi rak. Wuolle, 1947:103; Westman, et al, 1990:58.

paK mvLm>ir,OBa ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus pylzowi. rasco ASTACIDAE [Spain: Gypsy dialect in Basque [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 173. See rak pil'tsova, region] Pardo, 1940:29. above. See also kavkaz'kyi rak. rechen rak See pe^eH paK, next citation. rak plavu ASTACIDAE Astacus sp. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. peneH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Bulgar­ ia] Cherry, 1992:20. See rechen rak, above. See also rak pregowaty = "striped crayfish." CAMBARI­ golyam rechen rak. DAE, Orconectes limosus. [Poland] Kossakowski, in Westman et al., 1990:147. rechnoi crab See pe^mon Kpa6, next citation. rak ricniho ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Czech- peHH6HKpa6 ASTACIDAE [Russia] Ricker, 1973: slovakia] Lohnisky, 1984:195. 113. See rechnoi crab, above. rakricny = "river crayfish." ASTACIDAE Astacus rechnoi rak See pe^mon paK, next citation. astacus. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. pe^HOH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Russia] Ivanov et al., 1946:267. See rechnoi rak, rakriecny = "river crayfish." ASTACIDAE Asta­ above. cus astacus. [Czechslovakia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., person­ al communication. recni rak ASTACIDAE [Yugoslavia: Serbocroatia] Grujic, 1969:68. rak rzeczny ASTACIDAE [Poland] Chodzko, 1874:71. red claw PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadricarinatus. rakskalny = "rockcrayfish." ASTACIDAE Austro­ [Australia] Anonymous, 1989:10. NUMBER 38 67 red-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus river garbo PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Victoria; (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviati­ New South Wales] Olszewski, 1980:16. lis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. rivierkreef CAMBARIDAE and freshwater shrimps. red claw marron PARASTACIDAE, Cherax quadri­ Word ordinarily used for freshwater shrimps, but now carinatus. [Australia] Anonymous, 1989:10. applied to introduced Procambarus clarkii. [] Kritzinger et al., 1981:938. Red Crayfish Rough translation of "Red Crawfish [People]." See Shaktci homma. Hodge, 1907, vol. rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Nether­ 1:232, citing Boudinot, 1816:126. lands] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:36. ASTA­ COIDEA and PARASTACOIDEA [Belgium: Flanders] red swamp crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus Cherry, 1992:19. (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [U.S. and Mexico: northern Mexico to Florida and north to Illinois and Ohio; rode rivierkreeft CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus widespread throughout the world because of introduc­ clarkii. [Netherlands] Holthuis, in Westman et al., tions] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:76. 1990:132. red swamp crayfish See red swamp crawfish, above. Rotscherling = "red claw." ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., reri-reri PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = 1990:38. Cherax destructor. Mount Black, Oriba-Kulba Aborigi­ nal tribe (probably = Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144°- rouge comme un ecrevisse Slang, = "red as a boiled 20'E x 21°15'S)), see Tindale, 1974:188)] Curr, lobster (or crayfish)." [France] Mansion, 1972:E: 10. 1886(II):486, Sta. 133. See mokin and tararukau. Ruisseau des Ecrevisses Place name, stream. ribbon crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus [France: 43°33'N x 6°1'E] France: Official Standard (Ortmannicus) bivittatus. [U.S.: Florida, Mississippi, Names Gazetteer, Washington, D.C. Louisiana] Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:64. ruja PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = rijecni rak ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. [Yugosla­ Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; via] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. Mouth of the Leichardt River, Ngarra Aboriginal tribe (= Marrago Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:181 ringwong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = (140°10'Ex 18°20'S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):304, Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Sta. 91. Victoria; Murray River, Bumbang, probably Jarijari Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (142°20'E x russischer Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus 35°10'S))] Corney, in Curr, 1887(III):452, Sta. 202. (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, See wolona. 1979, p.119. river crab See Flusskrebse. russischer Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus lepto­ dactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Goz­ river crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus many, 1979:119. nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [English] Gozmany, 1979:118. See 6 ev rolg TTOTOC- russkii rak See PVCCKHH paK, next citation. floiC, CtOTCtKOC,. PVCCKHH paK = Russian crayfish. ASTACIDAE As­ river crevis ASTACIDAE [U.K.: English] Democri- tacus leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Russia] tus, quoted by Thomas Hill (1593), quoted by Phipson, Gozmany, 1979:119. See russkii rak, above. 1883:435, speaking of animal lore in Shakespeare's time 1564-1616. See also crevis. russu comu un gammaru Slang, term of comparison, 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

"red as a crayfish." [Sicily] Mortillaro, 1862:539. D})-"!--!-^ D?0 10*^0 ASTACOIDEA and PARAS­ TACOIDEA, literally, = "long-tailedwater scorpion." rusty crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Proceri- It seems possible that this is simply a figurative transla­ cambarus) rusticus. [U.S. and Canada: Southern tion of the English "crayfish," the noun and the verbal Ontario and Michigan to Kentucky and Tennessee; usages. [Hebrew] Alcalay, 1962 (1965):853. Note presumably introduced into other states] Williams, et that these words are read from right to left. See al., 1988:24; Hobbs, 1989:49. sahrtah'n mah'yim ahroa'ch-zahnah'v, above.

rusty grave digger CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus sas CAMBARIDAE [Mexico: Chiapas; Ciudad de (Lacunicambarus) miltus. [U.S.: Alabama; Baldwin Copainala, Zoque Indians] Harrison et al., 1981:147, Co., burrower] Williams, et al., 1989:22; Hobbs, 285. See crayfish, (symbolism) and chacalin. 1989:25. schahamuis CAMBARIDAE [U.S.: Delaware Indi­ sagllu See dagllu. ans] Zeisberger, 1887:48. Also, schahamuis CAM­ BARIDAE [U.S., northeast: Lenape Indians] Brinton sa'kew CAMBARIDAE? [Canada: Quebec, Ontario, & Anthony, 1888:126. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta (Cree Indians)] Watkins, 1938:49 and 444. Note that usa'kao and Schmalscherenkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodac­ sa'kew are identified with "crawfish" on p. 49, but on tylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozma­ p. 444 those two words are defined as "A crab the ny, 1979:119. crustaceous animal, a lobster." See Usa'kao. schmalscheriger Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus sam khorokhai Possibly (but not probably) CAMBA­ leptodactylus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] RIDAE = "A kind of small crayfish. A shrimp or Gozmany, 1979:119. crab." Note that Mongolia borders on Siberia near where Cambaroides dauricus has been reported. Schnerenkrebse ASTACIDAE [Germany] Gozmany, [Mongolia] Boberg, 1955, vol. 11:1379. See next 1979:118. citation. Scottsdale burrowing caryfish PARASTACIDAE, sam khorokhai, see above. See Engaeus "sp. TF." [Australia: Tasmania, Surveyors also dalai in naimalchin Note that the Mongolian Creek] Horwitz, 1990:92. language is written and read perpendicularly from the left to the right; thus these words would normally be secar goch ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. rotated 90° to the right. [N.W. Europe, Celts, passim: Gaelic] Cherry, 1992:19. See siacar goch. sa3ngV ya^^cu24 (Orthography employed by Ander­ son and Roque) CAMBARIDAE [Mexico: Distrito de se-duk ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. Cuicatlan, Edo. de Oaxaca; Cuicateco Indians] Ander­ [U.S., western: California, Shasta Indians (Hokan)] son & Roque, 1983:82. Merriam, 1979:224.

Santa Fe cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procam­ seip-mocn-tei (Orthography used by Harrington) barus (Ortmannicus) erythrops. [U.S.: Florida; subter­ CAMBARIDAE [U.S., midwestern: Kiowa Indians] ranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:25. Harrington, 1928:212.

Saquechuma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." shakchi CAMBARIDAE, probably Procambarus Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. Hodge, (Scapulicambarus) clarkii. [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Gentleman of Elvas, 1557, in Choctaw Indians] Byington, 1915:325,421. French, 1850, vol. 2:162. See Shaktci Homma. shakchi inchuka The hole or house of a crayfish. sahrtah'n mah'yim ahroa'ch-zahnah'v See next entry. CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw NUMBER 38 69

Indians] Byington, 1915:325, 421. mnpoKOHorHH pcmoH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius Shaktci Homma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:118. See shiro­ [According to Swanton, 1953:176, this is the proper konogii rechnoi rak, above. spelling for the North American Indian tribe that, in the 18th century, lived in Mississippi on the "Yalobusha shirokopalyi rak See next two citations, nnipoKona- River where it empties into the Yazoo but at an earlier JIHH paK and nmpOKonajn>ni paK. period extending to the head of the Yalobusha and eastward between the territories of the Choctaw and mHpoKonajiHH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. Chickasaw tribes as far as West Point."] See Ecrevisse [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:141. See shirokopalyi rak, Rouge, Houma, Incaktcakafa, Saquechua, shakchi, above. shatje, Shatje-Ogla, and words beginning with Chac, Chiach, Choc, and Teh. mHpoKonaJiMH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:141. See shirokopalyi rak, Shasta crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Hobbs- above. astacus) fortis. [U.S., western: California; Shasta County] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:6. shirokopalyi rechnoi rak See mnpoKonajniH peHHOH paK, next citation. shatje CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Bushnell, 1909:16. See also Bying­ nmpoKonajnvnt pe^moH paK ASTACIDAE Astacus ton, 1915:325, 421. See Shaktci Homma. astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:118. See shiro­ Shatje-Ogla Crayfish People, part of a tribe, who kopalyi rechnoi rak, above. lived near Chinchuba, 12 miles W of Bayou Lacombe. [U.S., southeast: Louisiana; Choctaw Indians] Bush­ short lobster ASTACIDAE [U.S.: Oregon] Olszew­ nell, 1909:16. See also Shaktci Homma. ski, 1980:20.

shawgashee "See the Shawgashee, the craw-fish,/ Like shrimp "(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, a spider on the bottom...." CAMBARIDAE [U.S., then a sprawn, and when it is large then called a north-central: Ojibway Indians] Longfellow, 1898:170 crevice." ASTACIDAE [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. [Part viii, Hiawatha's Fishing]. See acagaci, ac£ge, 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435. [I was unable to ajageshi, asho'ni ocagaci, ahzhahgashe, ashaahkii­ find this quotation in Holme.] wa, and as-shog-aish-i. See also kefnid, kefniden- "One of the courses was whole ecrevisses in a rich zour, kinid, and kinid-dour. sauce.... The guest of honor.. .muttered... 'What do I do now?' ... [B]ecause I had struggled before with the same shipovatyi rak See mnnoBaTKUi paK, next entry. somewhat overrated delicacy...I winked at him and said, 'Watch me.' I picked up a shrimp between my nmnoBaTbiH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius left thumb and forefinger...." [France: Dijon] Fisher, (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1943 (1954):430 (Noble and Enough); and: 1981:184. See shipovatyi rak, above. "The season for shrimps is short, and Madame Mossu paid well for all the boys and old men could find shipuvatyi rak See mmryBaTHH paK, next citation. in their hundred icy streams." [Switzerland: Chatel St. Denis] Fisher, 1943 (1954):506 (/ Remember Three nmnyBaTHH paK ASTACIDAE, Austropotamobius Restaurants); and (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus. [Ukraine] Brod­ "A light curry of shrimps or crayfish tails." [Un­ sky, 1981:184. See shipuvatyi rak, above. specified locality] Fisher, 1943 (1954):708 (Wis for Wanton). shirokonogii rechnoi rak See mHpoKOHonni Fisher's apparent lack of attention to her cray­ peHHOH paK, next citation. fish/shrimp food-stuffs is puzzling, considering she is SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 70

(was) an important figure in gastronomy. In the first slender-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus reference she speaks of ecrevisses and shrimps as if leptodactylus. [English (widespread)] Holdich and they are the same animal; in the second she is undoubt­ Lowery, 1988:497. edly speaking of crayfishes that live in the streams of Switzerland; in the third she paradoxically distinguishes soft craw Used for crayfish immediately after moult­ between shrimps and crayfishes. I suppose, like so ing, so called because of the softness of the body. many people, she just didn't care. See also crawfish, [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20; Vernon, 1982:175. See crayfish and ecrevisse. also Butterkrebs, soft crayfish, softie, soft shell cray­ fish, and soft-shelled crawfish. Shutispear crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Pennides) lylei. [U.S.: Mississippi; Calhoun County] soft crawfish ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE Williams, et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:74. Used for crayfish with thin shells. [English] Anony­ mous, 1988:3. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, softie, siacar goch ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. soft shell crayfish, and soft-shelled crawfish. [Celts, N.W. Europe, passim: Gaelic] Cherry, 1992:19. See secar goch. softie CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish with thin shells. [U.S.] Bowers, 1956:19. See Butterkrebs, siauraznyplis vezys = longfmgered crayfish. AS­ soft crayfish, soft craw, soft shell crayfish, and soft- TACIDAE Austropotamobius leptodactylus. [Lithua­ shelled crawfish. nia] Fitzpatrick, J.F., personal communication. soft shell crayfish CAMBARIDAE Used for crayfish signal ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) with soft shells. [U.S.] Cain and Bean, 1986:449. leniusculus. [English] Thompson, 1989:52. See also See Butterkrebs, soft craw, soft crayfish, softie, and , Signalkrebs, and tankaizarigani. soft-shelled crawfish.

signal crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifasta­ soft-shelled crawfish CAMBARIDAE Used for cus) leniusculus. [U.S., California, Idaho, Nevada, crayfish with soft shells. [U.S.] de la Bretonne, Oregon, Utah, and Washington; Canada: British 1988:18. See Butterkrebs, soft craw, soft crayfish, Columbia; introduced into Sweden] Williams, et al., softie, and soft shell crayfish. 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:8. See also signal, Signal­ krebs, and tankaizarigani. sokhae CAMBARIDAE, "mountaincrab," Cambaroi- des sp. [Sino-Korean] Lew, 1952:9. = 3J IT, see next Signalkrebs ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) entry. leniusculus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., ^jlr = sokhae, q.v. 1990:38; [Switzerland] Biittiker et al., in Westman et al., 1990:180; [Denmark] Horlyck and Rasmussen, in Solokrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (A. nobilis, Westman et al., 1990:53. See also signal, signal Astacus fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). [Germa­ crayfish, and tankaizarigani. ny] Gozmany, 1979:118.

signal'nyi rak See next two citations, cHraajibHHH sooty crayfish ASTACIDAE Pacifastacus (Hobbsas- paK and cHraajiLHMH paK. tacus) nigrescens. [U.S.: California, vicinity of San Francisco] Williams, et al., 1989:21; Hobbs, 1989:7. cHTHajrbHHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leni­ usculus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:188. See signal'­ southeastern prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, nyi rak. Procambarus (Girardiella) hagenianus. [U.S.: Tom- bigbee River drainage in Mississippi and Alabama; cHrHajrtHbiH paK ASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leni­ burrower] Williams, etal., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:56. usculus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:188. See signal'nyi rak, above. speckled burrowing crayfish CAMBARIDAE, NUMBER 38 71

Fallicambarus (Creaserius) danielae. [U.S.: Mississip­ Engaeus "sp. VRJ." [Australia: Victoria; South Gipps­ pi and Alabama] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, land, Eastern Strzelecki Ranges] Horwitz, 1990:96. 1989:29. su bocegi ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, spider cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Troglocamba- 1984:431. See also, Iz and Hony, 1978:119. rus maclanei. [U.S.: Florida; subterranean waters] Williams, et al., 1989:27; Hobbs, 1989:79. siidamerikanischer Flusskrebs PARASTACIDAE, Parastacus. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, spinycheek crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes 1985:39. (Faxonius) limosus. [U.S.: Maine to Virginia. Intro­ duced into western Europe] Williams, et al., 1989:24; sukhopalyi rak See cyxonajmn paK. Hobbs, 1989:39. Sumpfkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus spinytail crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus (Potamobius leptodactylus). [Germany] Gozmany, (Acucauda) fitzpaticki. [U.S.: southern Mississippi] 1979:119; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in Westman et al., Williams, et al., 1989:25; Hobbs, 1989:51. 1990:38. spotted royal crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus sumpfkrebs Galizier ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodac­ (Ortmannicus) pictus. [U.S.: Florida] Williams, et al., tylus. [Germany] Kuhlmann, in Westman et al., 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:70. 1990:94. sprawn ASTACIDAE "(A) crevice, first a spron svabrak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamo­ frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large bius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. then called a crevice." [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435. tak potocni ASTACIDAE Austropotamobius pallipes. [Yugoslavia] Obradovic, in Westman et al., 1990:196. spron frey ASTACIDAE "(A) crevice, first a spron frey, then a shrimp, then a sprawn, and when it is large tako PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New then called a crevice." [U.K.] Randle Holme (ca. Guinea: Tigi Lake area] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322. 1688), quoted by Phipson, 1883:435. talakborong PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax, Steinkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium (Astacus Euastacus, and/or Euastacus spp. [Australia: Victorian saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius saxatilis). Region groups, dialect (probably = Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. [Germa­ Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 ny] Gozmany, 1979:119; [Austria] Wintersteiger, in (145°25'E x 37°40'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See Westman et al., 1990:38; [Switzerland] Biittiker et boongangooloom, talakborong, and tooiyung. al., in Westman et al., 1990:180. See stone crayfish. talia PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New stonecrab CAMBARIDAE [U.S.] Olszewski, 1980:20. Guinea: Enarotali word] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322. stone crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus torrentium talo PARASTACIDAE. [New Guinea: Holthuis (Astacus saxatilis, A. longicornis, and Potamobius quotes La Roux, 1948:317: "According to information saxatilis). Current usage, Austropotamobius torrentium. which I obtained from the inhabitants of the Doraboe [English] Gozmany, 1979:119. See Steinkrebs. Valley, a large species of crayfish, named talo, is much fished for in the country of the Ndani by the Mbagime- stream of white-clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE loma and the Zoegime-koma [Prau-people] of the Great Austropotamobius pallipes. [English] Thompson, Balim Valley." ] Holthuis, 1950:15. 1989:53. tankaizarigani "signal crayfish." ASTACIDAE, Strzelecki burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Japan] Kishida, 1961:66. 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

See next two entries. See also signal, signal crayfish, bius leptodactylus). [Hungary] Gozmany, 1979:119. and Signalkrebs. tayatea PARASTACIDAE, = "lobster freshwater," 9 'J n < *f 'J Ti' — See tankaizarigani, above. probably = Astacopsis sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Austra­ lia: Tasmania; Oyster Bay to Pittwater (probably = tzLt>X^^'l)if{z See tankaizarigani, above. Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-343 (147°40'E x 42°30'S))] Milligan, in Curr, taplarapu = signal crayfish. CAMBARIDAE, 1887(III):654. Note that me specific epithet of Engaeus Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Finland: Finnish] Westman tayatea, found in northeastern Tasmania, is taken from et al., 1990:58. this aboriginal word. See tay-a-teh.

tararukau PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = tay-a-teh PARASTACIDAE, ("lobster freshwater"), Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Mount probably = Astacopsis sp. and/or Engaeus sp. [Austra­ Black, Oribe-Kulba Aboriginal tribe (probably = lia: Tasmania; Aboriginal tribes about Mt. Royal, Jirandali Aboriginal tribe (144°20'E x 21°15'S)), see Brune Island, Recherche Bay, and the south of Tasma­ Tindale, 1974:188)] Curr, vol. 11:486, Sta. 133. See nia; (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, reri-reri and mokin. in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10'E x 43°10'S))] Milligan, in Curr, 1887(III):654. See tayatea. tarnarerer PARASTACIDAE, "like the claw of a crawfish." [Australia: Tasmania; eastern Aboriginal Tchaouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." tribes (possibly = Oyster Bay Aboriginal tribes of Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S., Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-341 (147°40'E x southeast: Mississippi, Shaktci Homma Indian tribe] 42°30'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing Martin, 1827, vol. 1:280. tasmanische Krebs PARASTACIDAE, Astacopsis gouldi. [Germany] Schluter, 1989:526. tchoriong PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: tasmanische Riesenkrebs = . Victoria; Moorabool, Jibberin language, (= Kurang PARASTACIDAE, Astacopsis gouldi. [Germany] Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206 (144°25'E x Schluter, 1989:528. 37°45'S))] Curr, 1887(III):518, Sta. 208j. tatete PARASTACIDAE, ("freshwater lobster"), Tchouchouma Literally, "Red Crawfish [People]." possibly Astacopsis sp. [Australia: Tasmania; Brune Spelling variation of Shaktci Homma, q.v. [U.S., Island (probably = South East Aboriginal tribe of southeast: Mississippi, Shaktci Homma Indian tribe] Jones, in Tindale, 1974:336-338 (147°10'E x 43°- Hodge, 1907, vol. 1:232, citing LaSalle (ca. 1680) in 10'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. Margry, 1877, part 2:198. tateyer PARASTACIDAE, ("freshwater lobster"), te-hah-cha-o ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. possibly Astacopsis sp. [Australia: east coast of [U.S., western: California, Hupa (or Hoopah) Indians Tasmania; Oyster Bay (probably = Oyster Bay Aborig­ (Athabascan)] Merriam, 1979:214. inal tribes of Jones, in Tindale, 1974, pp.338-341 (147°40'Ex42°30'S))] Plomley, 1976:262. te-kah-che ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Lolangkok, Eel River tatli su istakozu ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Hony and Iz, Wailaki, and Kato Indians (Athabascan)] Merriam, 1984:455. 1979:216. tatlisu istakozu ASTACIDAE [Turkey] Iz and Hony, Teichkrebs ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus. 1978:119. [Germany] Mosimann and Hofrnan, 1985:37. tavi rak ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactylus (Potamo- Tennessee cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes NUMBER 38 73

(Orconectes) incomptus. [U.S.: Tennessee; Jackson tribe of Tindale, 1974:194 (144°0'E x 33°25'S))] Co.] Williams, et al., 1989:24; Hobbs, 1989:44. Mcdonald, in Curr, vol. 11:288, Sta. 88. See thumal and thupul. terndang PARASTACIDAE. [Australia] Endacott, 1924 (1973):50. thinta PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Nocka- teusenzarigani probably = "Korean crayfish." toonga (= Nockatunga), Wilson River (probably = CAMBARIDAE, . [Japan] Ngandangara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:182 Uchida, 1953:757. See next citation. (143°10'Ex 26°50'S))] Foott, in Curr, vol. 11:34, Sta. 54. fltJf'Jti- See teusenzarigani, above. thoombur PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = l Zoit A,?i:' )ffiz See teusenzarigani, above. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Thomson and Barcoo (Cooper) rivers, Koongerri Aboriginal tribe Texas prairie crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Fallicamba- (= Kulumali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 rus (Fallicambarus) devastator. [U.S.: Texas, Neches (144°20'Ex24°35'S))] Heagney, in Curr, vol. 11:382, River basin] Williams et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, Sta. 107. 1989:91. thornabun PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish,"probably = thamoga PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; near Lake Cherax sp., Euastacus sp., and/or Engaeus sp. [Aus­ Yamma Yamma, Kungarditchi Aboriginal tribe (= tralia: Victoria; Albury (possibly = Duduroa Aborigi­ Kungadutji Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:178 nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (147°20'E x 36°15'S))] (142°5'E x 26°25'S))] Heagney, in Curr, vol. 11:380, Stuckey, in Curr, 1887(111):400, Sta. 190. See ton- Sta. 107. See boagalli. gambalanga. thugamong PARASTACIDAE, "lobster,"probably = thandoola PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Deniliquin Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland?, "Cooper's (probably = Jeithi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Creek, near the Booloo River," (probably Wongkumara 1974:193 (145°55'E x 35°25'S))] Gordon, in Curr, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141 °50'E x 27°- 1887(III):396, Sta. 190. See morragonong, moorogo- 35'S))] Sullivan and Eglinton, in Curr, 1886(11):32, nong, and murrami. Sta. 50. thumal PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = thandulya PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; destructor. [Australia: Queens- land; Wangkumara Brewarrina and Barwan rivers, Wailwun Aboriginal Aboriginal tribe (probably = Wongkumara Aboriginal tribe (= Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 tribe of Tindale, 1974:190 (141°50'E x 27°35'S))] (147°40'E x 30°30'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Robertson, 1985:280. See boogali and buggilla. Brewarrina, in Curr, 1887(III):330, Sta. 183. See thappooll, thupul, and winga. thangambooloa PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," proba­ bly = Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and/or Euasta­ thupul PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = cus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Omeo (Jaitmathang Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:205 (147°35'E x New South Wales; Ned's Corner Station on Murray 36°50'S))] Bulmer, in Curr, 1887(III):558, Sta. 211. River, probably Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, See baranjak. 1974:196, (141°30'E x 33°45'S))] Pegler, in Curr, 1886(II):280, Sta. 86. See also thappool and thumal. thappooll PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: ticandutya yutya CAMBARIDAE?, = camaron del Queensland; between the Lachlan, Murray, and Darling rio. [Mexico: Oaxaca; Jamiltepec, Mixteco] Campbell rivers, Yit-tha Aboriginal tribe (= Jitajita Aboriginal etal., 1986:107. See ticandutya yutya. 74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

ticandutya yiitya See ticandutya yutya, above. Hamilton River, Yanda Aboriginal tribe (= Janda Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:170 (140°50'E x tinungi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 22°10'S))] Eglinton, in Curr, vol. 11:362, Sta. 103. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Hamilton River, Roxburgh Downs Station, Runga-Rungawah toro PARASTACIDAE, Cherax communis. [New Aboriginal tribe (= Wongkadjera Aboriginal tribe of Guinea: Enarotali word] Holthuis, 1949:295, 322. Tindale, 1974:190 (138°50'Ex 22°55'S))] Craigie, in Curr, vol. 11:356, Sta. 102. touretshi PARASTACIDAE? This "New Hebrides" record indicates the "crayfish" may be a marine crusta­ TOBCTonajmu paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus cean, and not of the PARASTACIDAE. [New Hebri­ pachypuspachypus. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. des, Aniwa dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See tovstopalyi rak, below. tovstopalyi rak See TOBCTonajmH paK. to do a gilgie Slang, = "to withdraw or back out." [Australia: Western Australia] Olszewski, 1980:22. trahl' ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., western: California, Chimariko Indians (Hokan)] toing PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Merriam, 1979:321. Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Mordiyallook (probably = Bunurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, tropical blue crayfish PARASTACIDAE, Cherax 1974:203 (145°30'Ex38°20'S))] Curr, 1887(111):534, quadricarinatus. [Australia: English] Anonymous, Sta. 209d. See boongangooloom, talakborong, and 1989:10. tooiyung. trunagi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = tolstopalyi rak See ToncTonajnjH paK, next entry. Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; junction of Kings Creek and , Moorloobullo Ab­ TOJicTonajnan paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus original tribe (= Karanja Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, pachypuspachypus. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981. p. 177. 1974:174 (139°50'Ex 23°50'S))] Machattie and Little, See tolstopalyi rak, above in Curr, vol. 11:368, Sta. 105. See also koon-da-chi, koondagi, kuntatyi, and tunanyty. Tombigbee riverlet crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Hobbs- eus petilus. [U.S.: Mississippi, Itawamba, Lee, and ts'ayxa (Orthography as used by Somday) ASTACI­ Monroe counties] Williams, et al., 1989:23; Hobbs, DAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S.: Washington 1989:33. State; Colville Indians (Interior Salishan languages)] Somday, 1980:199. tongambalanga PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax sp., Engaeus sp., and/or Euastacus sp. [Aus­ tsah-mah-tah ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. tralia: New South Wales; Barwidgee, upper Murray [U.S., western: California, St. Helena Creek, Lake River dialect (possibly = Duduroa Aboriginal tribe of Miwok Indians (Penutian)] Merriam, 1979:253. Tindale, 1974:204 (147°20'E x 36°15'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See thamoga. tsamberrot ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus (Astacus nobilis, A. fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis). tooiyung PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = [France and Switzerland: Suisse Romande] Gozmany, Cherax and/or Engaeus spp. [Australia: Victoria; 1979:118; Andre, 1960:133, specifies Pays Romand; Lower Yarra (probably = Wurundjeri Aboriginal tribe Rolland, 1881:231, specifies "Suisse romande," citing of Tindale, 1974:208-9 (145°25'E x 37°40'S))] Daniel Bridel, 1866; Belloc, 1899:142 specifies "Suisse Bunce, in Curr, 1887(III):532, Sta. 209c. See boon­ francaise." See chamberrot. gangooloom, talakborong, and toing. tsia'xtsaon?' (Orthography employed by Wagner) toomban PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = CAMBARIDAE, = "the crayfish." [U.S.: southeast; Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; head of from folk mythology of Yuchi Indians describing the NUMBER 38 75 creation of the world] Wagner, 1931:4. tzas = "camaron, pescado." CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Tobasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca; Zoque tsi s dv na (Orthography employed by Alexander) Indians] La Grasserie, 1898:64. See also cooy, CAMBARIDAE [U.S., southeast: Cherokee Indians] meatzas, and vetze. Alexander, J.T., 1971:37. Reference also gives Cherokee orthography (rrtx) f J *f 'J ti' - See uchidazarigani, above. tsiskagili CAMBARIDAE; "the Red Crayfish," probably Procambarus clarkii. [U.S., southeast: o 5 tz £"l) if iz See uchidazarigani, above. Cherokee Indians] Alexander, H.B., 1916:60. udang-karang PARASTACIDAE (as well as shrimps) tumpan PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax [Malay] Curr, 1887(111): 696. Holthuis, 1949:295 destructor. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of Mt. Isa, (quoting Le Roux, 1948:317), says "the name of the Kalkatunga Aboriginal tribe (= Kalkadunga Aboriginal crayfishes in the Moni dialect [New Guinea] is 'oelang tribe of Tindale, 1974:173 (140°0'E x 20°55'S))] gamo' (pronounced 'ulang gamo'), which strongly Blake, 1969:121. See also cuinci and jakalaan. resembles the Malay name 'oedang' (pronounced udang') for shrimps and crayfishes in general." Also, tunanyty PARASTACIDAE, probably Cherax destruc­ defined by by Echols and Shadily, 1972:419, as "lob­ tor. [Australia: Queensland; Pitta-Pitta Aboriginal tribe ster." See arugut, krangalang, oelang gamo, and (= Pitapita Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:184 udang-karang. (139°45'E x 22°45'S))] Dixon and Blake, 1979, vol. 1:236. See koon-da-chi, koondage, kuntatyi, and udjieie Literally, "feet that pinch." CAMBARIDAE tunanyty. See also Sign Language. [U.S., northeast; Iroquis Indians] Waugh, 1916:138. turkestans'kyi rak See TypKecTaHCLKHH paK, ughlovatyi rak See yrjiOBaTUH paK, below. next citation. ukodko PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = TypKecTaHCBKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: kessleri. [Ukraine] Brodsky, 1981:171. See turke­ South Australia; Murray River alluvial flats (possibly = stans'kyi rak, above. See also rak kesslera. Jarildekald (139°20'E x 35°30'S) and/or Portalun (139°15'E x 35°15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, turkestanskyi rak See TypKecTaHCKHH paK, next 1974:212 and 217-218] Olszewski, 1980:17, citing entry. Gray, in Eyre, 1845. See enkodko, eukodko, ukot, and yukalto. TypKecTaHCKHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus kessleri. [Russia] Brodsky, 1981:171. See turke­ ukot PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = stanskyi rak, above. Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; northwest bend of the Murray River Turkish crayfish ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodactyl­ (possibly = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, us. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988:498. 1974:214 (139°35'E x 34°15'S))] Fulford, in Curr, vol. 11:278, Sta. 85. See enkodko, eukodko, ukodko, turkische Krebs ASTACIDAE Astacus astacus. and yulakto. [Germany] Kotschy, 1988:10. umpurra PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = turkse rivierkreeft ASTACIDAE Astacus leptodacty­ Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; lus. [Netherlands] Adema, 1989:4. Evelyn Creek, Pono Aboriginal tribe (probably = 76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Wanjiwalku Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 virile crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Orconectes (Gremi- (142°40'E x 30°25'S))] Dewhurst, in Curr, vol. cambarus) virilis. [U.S. and Canada: widespread] 11:156, Sta. 69. Williams, etal., 1989:25. unde PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = vissecre ASTACIDAE Argot of teen-aged youths, late Cherax destructor. [Australia: Queensland; Lower 20th century [France: Paris] Lansing, 1992:118. Diamantina, Karawalla and Tunberri Aboriginal tribes (= Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 vuglastyi rak See ByrjiacTHH paK, next citation. (141°0'E x 25°5'S))] Anonymous, in Curr, vol. 11:372, Sta. 106. ByraacTHH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto­ dactylus leptodactylus morpha angulosus. [Ukraine] usa'kao Probably CAMBARIDAE [Canada: Quebec, Brodsky, 1981:156. See vuglastyi rak, see above. Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta; Cree Indians] Watkins, 1938:49. Note that craw-fish is waat PARASTACIDAE. Same word used for "cray­ defined as usa'kao or sa'kew on p. 49, but on p. 444 fish" and freshwater "lobster," probably = yabbies and those two words are defined as "A crab (the crusta- other smaller crayfish as well as larger species. ceous animal); a lobster." See sa'kew. [Australia: Victoria; "Gippsland," (data given do not allow specific tribal designation)] Bulmer, in Curr, uzkopalyi rak See y3Konajnvni paK, next entry. 1887(111) :550. y3KonajiMH paK ASTACIDAE, Astacus leptodacty­ wagooramoo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster." [Austra­ lus. [Russia] Ricker, 1973:202. See uzkopalyi rak, lia: Queensland; "Porter's Range" (possibly = Leic- above. hardt Range), probably Warungu Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146°0'E x 19°30'S)] M. Curr, in uzkopalyi rechnoi rak See y3KonajiMH pe^mon Curr, 1886(II):456, Sta. 127. paK, next entry. Waikoura Place names. [New Zealand: 1.- Stream on y3Konajn.rH pcmoa paK ASTACIDAE Astacus Whitipororua Block, Coromandel District, 2.- Standing- leptodactylus. [Russia] Gozmany, 1979:119. See stone Creek, Otago, 3. Muddy Creek, tributary of the uzkopalyi rechnoi rak, above. Taieri, 4.- tributary of the Otautau, Southland. "Wai-" is Maori prefix denoting water of river] Andersen, valley flame crayfish CAMBARIDAE, Cambarus 1942:265, 303. (Depressicambarus) deweesae. [U.S.: Tennessee] Williams, etal., 1989:22. Walloon PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = C. davisi. [Australia: Queensland; Brown River (probably varswaterkreef ASTACIDAE Word ordinarily used = Karingbal Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 for freshwater shrimps, but now also applied to intro­ (148°35'E x 24°55'S))] Murray, in Curr, 1887(111): duced Procambarus clarkii. [South Africa] Kritzinger 100, Sta. 158. etal., 1981:938. wambein PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = C. vatnakrabbi ASTACIDAE, Astacus astacus. [Ice­ gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Rockhampton land] Cherry, 1992:20. Freshwater crayfishes are not and Gracemere (probably = Darambal Aboriginal tribe found in Iceland. of Tindale, 1974:167 (150°20'E x 23°5'S))] Archer, in Curr, 1887(III):56, Sta. 149. See ella. vetze = "camaron" CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Tobas- co, Chiapas, and Oaxaca; Zoque Indians] Engel & de wangac "El macho de un tipo de chacal de agua Engel, 1987:271. See cooy, meatzas, and tzas. dulce." CAMBARIDAE? [Mexico: Oaxaca; Istmo de Tehuantepec, San Mateo del Mar, Huave Indians] vezys ASTACIDAE? [Lithuania]Baravykas, 1978:115. Kreger and de Stairs, 1981:177. NUMBER 38 77 wangar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = (Ortmannicus) zonangulus. [U.S., along the lower Gulf Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Hill End of Mexico slope from Texas to Alabama] Hobbs, (probably = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, H.H., Jr., and Fitzpatrick, J.F., Jr., personal commu­ 1974:201 (147°30'E x 33°50'S))] Bench of Magis­ nications, inform me that this name has been wrongly trates at Bathurst, in Curr, 1887(111):376, Sta. 190. applied to Procambarus (Ortmannicus) acutus, and See ingar. should refer only to Procambarus (Ortmannicus) zon­ angulus. warkoju PARASTACIDAE, possibly = Cherax wasselli. [Australia: Queensland; Bloomfield Valley white yabby PARASTACIDAE, refers to a local (possible = Jungkurara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Victorian grey-white colored variant of the yabby, q.v. 1974:172 (146°25'E x 16°0'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- [Australia: Victoria; English and derivative] Olszew­ 231. ski, 1980:16.

Warragul burrowing crayfish PARASTACIDAE, wiija PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus sternalis. [Australia: Victoria; Warragul] Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., Euastacus sp., and/or Horwitz, 1990:94. Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, weechong PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = 1974:707-9 (142°40'E x 37°30'S))] Curr, 1887(111): Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River 429, Sta. 197. Curr, 1887(111):492, Sta. 207j. See (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, yaram. 1974:707-9 (142°40'E x 37°30'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 494, Sta. 207k. See youri. winga PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; weechuk PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax Brewarrina and Barwan rivers, Wailwun Aboriginal destructor, Engaeus sp. and/or Geocharax sp. [Austra­ tribe (= Weilwan Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 lia: Victoria; "Victorian Region groups," Mortlake (147°40'E x 30°30'S))] Bench of Magistrates at dialect (probably = Kirrae Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, Brewarrina, in Curr, 1887(111):330, Sta. 183. See 1974:205 (143°5'Ex 38° 10'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- thumal. 231. wirra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = wegiga PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Euastacus sp. [Australia: New South Wales; Hawkes- Cherax destructor. [Australia: New South Wales; bury River and Broken Bay (probably = Daruk Aborig­ Darling Aboriginal tribes, 50 miles below Bourke on inal tribe of Tindale, 1974:193 (150°35'Ex 33°35'S))] the Darling River (probably = Ngemba Aboriginal tribe Tuckerman, in Curr, 1887(111):358, Sta. 189. See (146°5'E x 30°30'S) of Tindale, 1974:198)] Wilson morramma. and Henderson, in Curr, vol. 11:224, Sta. 76. wolkoo PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = wsra?ja'> [Orthography employed by Olmsted] Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; Mt. ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., Remarkable, Doora Aboriginal tribe (probably = western: Atsugewi Indians] Olmsted, 1984:175. See Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:216 (138°- wura?ja?a. 10'E x 32°55'S))] Valentine, in Curr, 1886(11): 138, Sta. 65. white clawed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamo­ bius pallipes. [English] Holdich and Lowery, 1988: wolona PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 498. Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Kulkyne (probably Latjilatji Aboriginal tribe white footed crayfish ASTACIDAE Austropotamo­ of Tindale, 1974:206, (141°45'Ex 34°40'S))] Curr, bius pallipes. [English] Cherry, 1992:19. 1887(III):454, Sta. 203. white river crawfish CAMBARIDAE, Procambarus wolonuk PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: 1974:208 (143°55'E x 39°0'S))] Mathew, 1899:230- Victoria; Lake Hindmarsh, Upper Regions Station, and 231. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch Lower (probably = Wotjobaluk Aboriginal yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (141°45'E x 35°50'S))] yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. Curr, 1887(III):474, Sta. 207a. yaam PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax destruc­ Woodville Karst cave crayfish CAMBARIDAE, tor, Euastacus sp., Engaeus sp., and/or Geocharax sp. Procambarus (Ortmannicus) orcinus. [U.S.: Florida; [Australia: Victoria; "Victorian Region groups" (proba­ Leon Co., subterranean waters] Williams, et al., bly = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1989:26; Hobbs, 1989:69. 1974:204 (142°0'E x 38°5'S)), dialect] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See yarrun. woorrewor = "Horn of crayfish." PARASTACI­ DAE?. [Australia: Tasmania; Bruny Island (probably yaapitch PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = = South East Aboriginal tribe of Jones, in Tindale, Engaeus sp. and/or Cherax destructor. [Australia: New 1974:336-338 (147°10'E x 43°10'S))] Plomley, South Wales/Victoria; Kerang, (probably 1976:262. = Baraparapa Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:191-2 (144°45'E x 35°20'S))] Curr, 1887(III):512, Sta. worronguna PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably 208g. See also Jabby, jabidj, lobbie, yaabitch, yaa­ = Cherax destructor. [Australia: South Australia; pitch, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, Yorke's (Yorke) Peninsula (not Cape York Peninsula, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. Queensland) (probably = Narangga Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:214 (137°35'E x 34°35'S))] Kuhn, in yabbechi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Curr, vol. 11:146, Sta. 67. See danibutcha. Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal wunmeen PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 Cherax gladstonensis. [Australia: Queensland; Boyne (143°25'E x 35°5'S))] Curr, 1887(111):450, Sta. 201. River, Toolooa or Dandan Aboriginal tribe (= Tulua See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:186 (151°10'E x yaapitch, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, ya­ 24°15'S))] Curr, 1887(111): 124, Sta. 161. pitch, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. wurenag PARASTACIDAE, small crayfish, probably yabbee PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word = Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for South Australia/Victoria; Djadjala dialect of Wergaia Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used Aboriginal tribe (= Potaruwutj Aboriginal tribe of loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30'E x 36°25'S))] Hercus, Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. 1969a:422. See jabidj, lib-lib-wil, and yapitch. [Australia: outmoded South Australian derivative of un­ specified Aboriginal language] Olszewski, 1980:16. wura?ja-?a [Orthography employed by Olmsted] See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch yab­ ASTACIDAE, probably Pacifastacus sp. [U.S., bechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, yapitch, western: Atsugewi Indians] Olmsted, 1984:175. See yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. wara^'a?. yabber PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word xbau CAMBARIDAE? (if not crabs). [Mexico: derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Yucatan, Mayan] Perez, D.J.P., 1866-1877:21. See Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used ix bau. loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. yaabitch PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus sp., [Australia: obsolete South Australian derivative of un­ Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Vic­ specified Aboriginal language] Olszewski, 1980:15. toria; "Victorian Region groups" Ercildoune dialect See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaapitch, (probably = Wathaurung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, NUMBER 38 79 yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. 35°20'S))] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1990:102. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yabbie PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yampit, yapi, yapit, derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for yapitch, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for yampit PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Australian English, from Aboriginal] [Australia: New South Wales/Victoria; Gunbower Carey, 1985:441. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, Station (possibly = Jotijoti Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabby, yampit, 1974:194 (144°50'E x 35°50'S))] Messrs. Mickie and yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, Sandy, Curr, 1887(III):508, Sta. 208e. See also and yobbis. Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yabbity PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. derived from the Aboriginal, it is used specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but is also used yandurrer PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Cherax quadricarinatus. [Australia: Queensland; Western Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. Middle Norman River, Wollongurmee Aboriginal tribe [Australia: unspecified Aboriginal language] Olszew­ (= Bugulmara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 ski, 1980:15. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, (142°0'E x 18°20'S))] Armit, in Curr, 1886(II):312, yaapitch yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, Sta. 93. See elparra. yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. yaparte PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. yabby PARASTACIDAE. As a contemporary word [Australia: Victoria; Mount Emu (probably = Wathau- derived from the Aboriginal, it is often used specifically rung Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 (143°55'E for Cherax destructor, Engaeus sp., and Western x 38°0'S))] Wilson, in Curr, 1887(III):516, Sta. 208i. Australian crayfishes other than marron, q.v. It is also See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, used loosely for all Australian crayfishes. [Australia: yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yapi, yapit, Australian English, from Aboriginal] Becker, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. 1985:107. Olszewski, 1980:16, says that while there is no fast rule, he prefers singular yabby and plural yapi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbies. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yampit, yapi, [Australia: Victoria; Swan Hill and Tyntynder, Wotti- yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yob­ wotti Aboriginal tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of bis. Tindale, 1974:208 (143°25'E x 35°5'S))] Beveridge, in Curr, 1887(111):444, Sta. 199. See Jabby, jabidj, yabby Slang, = a wicket-keeper in cricket. From the kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, "curious stance and gauntlets of the pudgy breed." yabby, yampit, yapit, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, [Australia] Dixon, Ramson, and Thomas, 1992:103. yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also chi pel. yabby Slang, = to catch, or fish for, yabbies; to yapit PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbie; or to go yabbying. [Australia] Baker, Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. 1959:88. See cray-fish, crawfish, and mudbug as [Australia: Victoria; Natti-Yallook and Stuart-Mill verbs. (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143°40'Ex 36°40'S))] Curr, 1887(111):514, yabij PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus spp, Sta. 208h. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, Victoria; Wemba-wemba Aboriginal tribe (= Wem- yapi, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and bawemba tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 (144°0'E x yobbis. 80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY yapitch PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, Engaeus sp., Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. yapitch, yappi, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. [Australia: South Australia; Tatiarra country (= Potaru- wutj Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:218 (140°30'E yappy PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = x 36°25'S))] Curr 1887(111) :458, Sta. 204; [Australia: Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. Victoria; , Victorian group (probably = [Australia: Victoria; "Gippsland," (data given do not Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (143°40'E allow specific tribal designation)] Curr, 1887(111): 554. x 36°40'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231; [Australia: See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaa­ Victoria; and neighborhood (possibly = pitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, Marditjali Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:206 yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yobbie, and yobbis. See (141°10'E x 36°45'S))] Curr, 1887(III):476, Sta. also kipil. 207b; [Australia: Victoria; Lake Boga neighborhood, probably Moorerbat and the lower Loddon (possibly = yaram PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = Wembawemba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:200 Euastacus sp. [Australia: Victoria; Hopkins River (144°0'Ex35°20'S))] Curr, 1887(111):504, Sta. 208c. (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, 1974:707-9 (142°40'E x 37°30'S))] Curr, 1887(111): yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, 492, Sta. 207j. See wiija. yapit, yappi, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and yobbis. See also lib-lib-wil and wurenag. yarrun PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Cherax destructor, Euastacus sp., Engaeus sp. and/or yappee PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Geocharax sp. [Australia: Victoria; Portland, Lake Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. Condah, and Eumeralla (probably = Gunditjmara [Australia: Victoria; Natti-Yallook and Stuart Mill Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:204 (142°0'E x 38°- (probably = Jaara Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 5'S))] Curr, 1887(111):490, Sta. 207i. See yaam. 1974:204 (143°40'Ex36°40'S))] Curr, 1887(III):514, Sta. 208h. See also Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yeekerra PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = yaabitch, yaapitch, yab-bechi, yabbie, yabby, Cherax cairnesensis. [Australia: Queensland; Hinchin- yampit, yapi, yapitch, yappi, yappitch, yappy, brook Island and adjacent mainland (probably = yobbie, and yobbis. Keramai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:175 (145°- 45'Ex 18°15'S))] Murray, in Curr, 1886(II):420, Sta. yappi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = 118. See mouwa. Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia: Victoria; Piangil, Wotti-wotti Aboriginal yegari PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," probably = tribe (= Watiwati Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:208 Cherax davisi. [Australia: Queensland; head of the (143°25'E x 35°5'S))] Macredie, in Curr, 1887(111): Comet River, Kanoloo Aboriginal tribe (= Kanolu 448, Sta. 201. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:174 (149°0'E x yaabitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, 23°40'S))] Josephson, in Curr, 1887(III):98, Sta. 157. yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappitch, yappy, yobbie, and See myngul. yobbis. See also chiboli. Yellami Boongangooloom Place name, = Crayfish yappitch PARASTACIDAE, probably = Engaeus Creek. [Australia: Victoria; between the "Old Crossing spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. [Australia] Place [present day Tabilk (145°10'E x 36°51'S)] on the Endacott, 1924 (1973):62. Goulburn [and] the present Toolamba, "Ngooraialum Aboriginal tribe" (= Ngurelban Aboriginal tribe of yappitch PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = Tindale, 1974:207 (144°45'E x 36°40'S))] Curr, Engaeus spp, Cherax destructor, and/or C. albidus. 1887(111)-.523-525. Massola, 1968:18, lists this locality [Australia: Victoria; Hamilton (possibly = Tjapwurong as "near Seymour." He also includes Yellami Goloro Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142°40'E x as = yellami Boongangooloom, but I cannot find 37°30'S))] Curr, 1887(111):486, Sta. 207g. See also evidence that Goloro really = crayfish. See boongan­ Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, gooloom, galoom, and Yellami Goloro. NUMBER 38 81

Yellami Goloro Place name, = Crayfish Creek ? yinangi PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax sp. [Australia: Victoria; near Seymour (probably = Taun- and/or Engaeus sp. [Australia: Victoria; "Victorian gurong Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°- Region groups," (probably = Pangerang 35'Ex37°10'S))] Massola, 1968:18. Note that Curr, Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:207 (145°40'E x 36°- 1887(III):525, places a "?" instead of a translation of 25'S))] Mathew, 1899:230-231. See bdrpa and bor-pa. Yellami Goloro. See yellami Boongangooloom. yinga PARASTACIDAE, "lobster," possibly = yrnoBaTMH paK ASTACIDAE, Pontastacus lepto­ Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, and/or Euastacus sp. dactylus leptodactylus morpha angulosus. [Russia] [Australia: New South Wales; (probably Brodsky, 1981:156. See ughlovatyi rak, above. = Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:192 (152°- 15'E x 31°50'S))] Bench of Magistrates at Wingham, yigara PARASTACIDAE. This locality does not in Curr, 1887(III):350, Sta. 187. Ingamells, 1955:39, appear to coincide with known present-day crayfish says this word signifies "crab" in Northern Territory . distributions. [Australia: Queensland; vicinity of the , Wargamay Aboriginal tribe (= Waraka- yingar PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = mai Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:188 (146° 15'E x Cherax cuspidatus, C. rotundus, and/or Euastacus sp. 18°55'S))] Dixon and Blake, 1981, vol. 2:126. [Australia: New South Wales; (proba­ bly = Ngamba Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:197 yil PARASTACIDAE, probably = Cherax gladstonen­ (152°40'Ex31°35'S))] Curr, 1887(111):340, Sta. 186; sis. [Australia: Queensland; basins of the upper Burnett [Australia: New South Wales; Wagga Wagga (probably River, Wakka, Aboriginal tribe (= Wakawaka Aborigi­ = Wiradjuri Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:201 nal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 (151°45'E x 25°50'S))] (147°30'Ex33°50'S))] Curr, 1887(III):392, Sta. 190. Watson, 1943-1944:78. See eel, Illai, fl'- lai,yil, See dookami. Note that the list of additional words, on yil'ai, and yil'lai. page 350, indicates yingar also = crab. yH PARASTACIDAE. Word defined as both "cray­ yingo PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = fish" and "lobster," probably = Cherax gladstonensis. yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens­ [Australia: Queensland; Wakka Aboriginal tribe ( = land; Weir and Moonie rivers (Curr, 1887(111):258, Wakawaka Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:187 implies this locality is in territory of the Ualarai (Wol- (151°45'Ex25°50'S))] Mathew, 1910:230. See eel, leri), but the Station locality (175) together with the illai, fl'lai, yil, yil'ai, and yil'lai. localities of the Weir and the Moonie rivers points to the Bigambul Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:166 yil'ai PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: southeast (150°10'E x 28°10'S))] O'Byrne, in Curr, 1887(111): Queensland; basins of Mary and Burrum rivers as well 262, Sta. 175. See nolaka. as those of smaller streams that drain the eastern slope of the Blackall Range, Kabi Aboriginal tribe (= Kabi- yobbi PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." As a contempo­ kabi Aboriginal tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152°25'E rary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used x25°45'S))] Watson, 1943-1944:12. See eel, illai, fl'­ specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but lai, yil, yil, and yil'lai. is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than yil'lai PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = marron, q.v. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide, yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Queens­ Aboriginal derivative] Olszewski, 1980:16. See land; Kabi Aboriginal tribe (= Kabikabi Aboriginal Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaabitch, yaapitch, tribe of Tindale, 1974:172 (152°25'E x 25°45'S))] yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, yapi, yapit, Mathew, 1910:230. See eel, illai, fl'lai.yil, yil, yil'ai, yapitch, yappi, and yappy. yil'ai. yobbie PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish." As a contem­ yimbala PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: possibly South porary word derived from the Aboriginal, it is used Australia] Cooper, 1949:29. specifically for Cherax destructor and Engaeus sp., but 82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

is also used loosely for all Australian crayfish and 3aMeTHLiH TOJicTonajTBiH paK ASTACIDAE, sometimes for Western Australian crayfishes other than Pontastacus pachypus notabilis. [Russia] Brodsky, marron, q.v. [Australia: South Australia; Adelaide, 1981. p. 177. See zametn'i tolstopalyi rak, above. Australian English from the Aboriginal] Olszewski, See also pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak. 1980:16. See Jabby, jabidj, kapich, lobbie, yaa­ bitch, yaapitch, yabbechi, yabbie, yabby, yampit, zanak'orana PARASTACIDAE. [Madagascar: Betsi­ yapi, yapit, yapitch, yappi, and yappy. leo] Poisson, 1947:13. See kitihy and kitika. yobbis See yobbie, above. zarigani CAMBARIDAE, Cambaroides japonicus. [Japan] Okada and Uchida, 1961:98. See next two youri PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = entries. yabbies and other smaller crayfish. [Australia: Victo­ ria; Hopkins River (possibly = Tjapwurong Aboriginal f 'J If - See zarigani. tribe of Tindale, 1974:707-9 (142°40'E x 37°30'S))] Goodall, in Curr, 1887(111):494, Sta. 207k. See tf {) if IZ See zarigani. weechong. zarny rak = black crayfish. ASTACIDAE, Astacus yukalto PARASTACIDAE, "crayfish," probably = sp. [Hungary] Marsigli, 1726, v. 4, plate caption. Cherax destructor and/or Euastacus sp. [Australia: South Australia; Wellington, Murray River (possibly = zoetwater kreeft See zoetwaterkreeft. Jarildekald (139°20'E x 35°30'S) and/or Portalun (139°15'E x 35°15'S) Aboriginal tribes of Tindale, zoetwaterkreeft ASTACIDAE and CAMBARIDAE 1974:212, 217-218] Moorehouse, in Curr, 1886(11): [Netherlands] Anonymous, 1974:9. 276, Sta. 84. zymetasis vezys = signal crayfish. ASTACIDAE, zametn'i tolstopalyi rak See 3aMeTm>iH TOJICTO- Pacifastacus leniusculus. [Lithuania] Fitzpatrick, J.F., najiMH paK, next entry. personal communication. NUMBER 38 83

Sign Language

PARASTACIDAE. [Australia:Queensland; Pitta- PARASTACIDAE. [Australia: Northern Territory; Pitta and Mitakoodi Aboriginal tribes. These tribal des­ Aranda Aboriginal tribes (134 °45'E x 24°40' S)] Streh­ ignations = Pitapita (139°45'E x 22°45'S) and Maitha- low, Carl, in Umiker-Sebeok and Sebeok. 1978:356. kari (140°40'E x 20°5'S) of Tindale, 1974:180 and Strehlow says this = iltjenma, q.v., and specifies, 184] Roth, 1897:93 and Plate V (fig. 86). See bee­ "Close [fingers] 4, 5 on the ball of the thumb, spread kodl, koon-da-chi, kuntatyi, pe-kool, and tunanyty. fingers 2, 3—which are held in the shape of a boomer­ ang (back of the hand up)—close them together a few times, and rest them on 1, as if they would grip some­ thing."

FIGURE 5.—Representative freshwater shrimps from Peru and Chile (left) and from Central America (right), Note the elongated body (cephalothorax) and the laterally flattened rostrum discussed on page 3. From Holthuis. 1952, plates 10 and 34. 84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

FIGURE 6.—Representative crayfishes from the northwestern United States and British Columbia (1, 2, and 4); northeastern China, the eastern Russian Federation, and Sakhalin Island (3). See page 3. From Faxon, 188S, plate VI. References

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Eastern Queensland.... Supplement, Journal of the Royal Wolinik, F. Geographical Society of (Queensland), 1982. Direction Specific Interneurons for Water Movements in 48(34): 115 pages. the American River Crab Procambarus clarkii. Deutsche Watson, John F. Tierarzliche Wochenschrift, 89(8): 341. 1843. Notitia of Incidents at New Orleans in 1804 and 1805. Wood, J.G., Rev. The American Pioneer, a Monthly Periodical, Devoted to 1858. The Common Objects of the Country. 130 pages. Lon­ the Objects of the Logan Historical Society; or, to don: G. Routledge & Co. Collecting and Publishing Sketches Relative to the Early Worsnop, Thomas Settlement and Successive Improvement of the Country. 1897. The Prehistoric Arts, Manufactures, Works, Weapons, etc., 2:227-237. of the Aborigines of Australia. 170 pages, 84 plates. Waugh, F.W. Adelaide: CE. Bristow, Government Printer. 1916. Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation. 235 pages. Wright, Joseph Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, Canada Department 1898-1905. The English Dialect Dictionary, Being the Complete of Mines, Geological Survey Memoir 86 (No. 12, Vocabulary of All Dialect Words Still in Use, or Known Anthropological Series). to Have Been in Use During the Last Two Hundred Webster, Noah Years. 6 volumes. London: Henry Frowde. 1852. An American Dictionary of the English Language.... 1367 Wright, Thomas pages. Springfield: George and Charles Merriam. 1857. Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English, Contain­ Weinreich, Uriel ing Words from the English Writers Previous to the Nine­ 1968. English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary. 790 pages. teenth Century Which are No Longer in Use, or are Not New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Used in the Same Sense. And Words Which are Now Werner, Uwe Used Only in the Provencial Dialects. Vol. I. A-F. 1987. Gaumenfreude-Augenweide: Procambarus clarkii, der London: Henry G. Bohn. Nordamerikanische Teichkrebs. Die Aquarien- unci Wuolle, Aino Terrorien-Zeitschrift, 12: 529-531. 1947. Englantilais-Suomalainen Sanakirja. 575 pages. Porvoo; Wessely, J.E. [Ignaz Emanuel Wessley] Helsinki: Werner Soderstrom. 1984. 1891. A New Pocket Dictionary of the English & Italian Lan­ Wurm, S.A. guages. 217, 226 pages. New York: Frederick A. Stokes. 1988. Languages. Pages 252-255 in The Australian Encyclo­ Westman, Kai, Markku Pursiainen, and Pia Westman (editors) paedia. Vol. 1, Aba-Bea. Terrey Hills, N.S.W.: The 1990. Status of Crayfish Stocks, Fisheries, Diseases and Culture Australian Geographic Society. in Europe. Report of the FAO European Inland Fisheries Zeidler, Wolfgang Advisory Commission (EIFAC) Working Party on 1982. South Australian Freshwater Crayfish. South Australian Crayfish. Riista- Ja Kalatalouden Tutkimuslaitos, Naturalist, 56(3) 36-43. Kalatutkimuksia-Fiskundersd'kningar, Helsinki, 3:1-206. Zeidler, Wolfgang, and Mark Adams Wilkes, G.A. 1990. Revision of the Australian Crustacean Genus of Freshwa­ 1978 (1988). A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms. 370 ter Crayfish Grammastacus Riek (Decapoda" Parastaci­ pages. Sydney: Collins. dae. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 1990(3): 913-924. Williams, A.B, L.G. Abele, D.L. Felder, H.H. Hobbs, Jr., R.B. Zeisberger, David Manning, P.A. McLaughlin, and I. P6rez Farfante 1887. Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary: English, German, Iro­ 1989. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates quois—the Onondaga, and Algonquin—the Delaware. from the United States and Canada: Decapod Crustaceans. 236 pages. Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 17:1-77. Zheng, Xi Li, and Cheng Xiu Cao Williams, Herbert W. 1984. A New English-Chinese Dictionary: Second Revised Edi­ 1957. A Dictionary of the Maori Language. Wellington, New tion. 1613 pages. Beijing: Published for the Commercial Zealand: R.E. Owen, Government Printer. Trade. Wilson, Edward F. Zola, Emil 1874. The Ojebway Langauge: A Manual for Missionaries and 1877 (1961). L'Assommoir. In Les Rougon-Macquart, Historie Others Employed Among the Ojebway Indians. 412 Naturelle et Sociale d'une Famille Sous le Second pages. Toronto: Rowsell and Hutchison. Empire, Vol. II. Edition Integral Publiee Sous la Winter, John, and Keith McDonald Direction d'Armand Lanoux, Preface par Armand Lanoux 1986. Eungella: The Land of Cloud. Australian Natural History, Etudes, Notes et Variantes par Henri Mitterand. 1748 22:39-43. pages. Paris: Esitions Fasquelle et Gallimard. Language Index

ABORIGINAL (Australia) For non-Aboriginal carrda Australian words, see English. Note that the cheewagga words designated ("lobster") are, in most cases, chelgi (see English) actually crayfish; see discussion on page 4. chiboli ("lobster") chielghi chipel ("lobster") acheroo choorn-gu andar cuinci ander cunder atta ("lobster") danbee ("lobster") bambam danibutcha ("lobster") baranjak dendong barranjerk dib-dib barrinjook dibil baupit didbee beekodl dirndung-dirnduk ("lobster") beelahingar (place name) dookami ("lobster") begool eel ("lobster") belleringah einga Belleringah (place name) elin birrooa ella boagalli elli ("lobster") bodardi elparra bogally enkodko boligar ("lobster") erambie boogal eukodko boogali gadjunja boogalli gadunja boogarli galoom boogurrie ("lobster") ganoon ("lobster") bookill ("lobster") gannoon ("lobster") bookillee geary boongangooloom (" lobster") gidda boonggangooloom ("lobster") gidyar ("lobster") boorkoom giju ("lobster") bdrpa gilga bor-pa gilgie (see English) bouragin Gillendoon (place name) bowgili gindangia buggilla gonak bugili gonon ("lobster") burnicum ("lobster") goolgie

98 NUMBER 38 99 goombarroo koarow goonack komdar goonak kongola goonalk konkro goonaway ("lobster") koonac (see English) goowarra ("lobster") koonak greeur koon-da-chi gunag koondagi gungulu koongala gunnok koongideri gurinein koongoola ilidja koongoolo illai koon-gooloo iTlai koongooloo Dtjanma (Crayfish Ancestor, Aboriginal mytho­ koongooya ("lobster") logy) koonkooderi iltjanma koonkoodirri Iltjanmalitnjaka (place name) koorey ("lobster") iltjenma kottingeri inga krangalang ("lobster") ingah kumbooloo ingar kunggurla ("lobster") Ingar (place name) kuniekoondie inglebar (crayfish hole) kuniekundi injiltjinjiltja kuntatyi inka ("crayfish" and "lobster") kurnkuderri ("lobster") inkka ("lobster") kurukudirri ("lobster") inundah kutera jabid laamballay ("lobster") jabidj lang-gunya jakalaan langunia jilgi lib-lib-wil jilgie (see English) lip-lip-kill jilgy lip-lip-till jin-ju lippekil joolgie lobbie julegie lobby junju loetererlepeenne kakine ltyanma kandera ma-a kapich mamaroo karee mamuru karkoora ("lobster") mangaba ("lobster") kary mannta ("lobster") keerai ("lobster") maraija keerie maramie (see English) keery maren keler marin kidneykooderi marine kipil ("lobster") marooroo ("lobster") 100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY marra ninyouen marramin nolaka ("lobster") marran notkun ("lobster") marrida nube marron (see English) nubena marthera nubyma meauke nubyna meauki nuele mintoola nunnya moak nyngan mokin ("lobster") Nyngan (place name) monagur omothoo mooban ("lobster") oovarroo moolan pe-kool mooragonong ("lobster") perran moorogonong pevin mooroonong piccool moramy (see English) pikquol Morongla (place name) pirrinoo ("lobster") morramma pungari motoga ("lobster") quarra motogar ("lobster") quarroo mouwa reri-reri ("lobster") mucheecan ringwong mul'aim ruja ("lobster") mulam talakborong mulpo tararukau mundi ("lobster") tarnarerer munya tatete ("lobster") muracuru tateyer ("lobster") murangir tayatea ("lobster") murragolong tay-a-teh ("lobster") murrami tchoriong Murrami (place name) terndang murrin thamoga ("lobster") murry ("lobster") thandoola ("lobster") myngul thandulya nadan thangambooloa ("lobster") naingan thappooll naloan ("lobster") thinta naloro thoombur nark thornabun narraminyeh thugamong ("lobster") ndaag thumal nenewn thupul ("lobster") newn-newn tinungi ngaltaitye toing ("lobster") ngobbera tongambalanga nguchul tooiyung ngumat toomban ninge-ninge trunaga NUMBER 38 101 tumpan Yellami Goloro (place name) tunanyty yigara ukodko yil ukot yil ("crayfish" and "lobster") umpurra yil'ai unde yil'lai waat ("lobster") yimbala wagooramoo ("lobster") ylnangl Walloon ("lobster") yinga ("lobster") wambein ("lobster") yingar wangar yingo warkoju yobbi (see English) weechong ("lobster") yobbie (see English) weechuk yobbis (see English) wegiga youri wiija yukalto winga ("lobster") wirra ("lobster") wolkoo ("lobster") (see Sign Language) wolona wolonuk woorrewor (see Sign Language) worronguna wunmeen wurenag ABORIGINAL {Torres Strait) yaabitch kayer (?) yaam touretshi (?) yaapitch yabbechi yabbee ACHOMAWI (HOKAN) INDIAN yabber (see English) yabbie (see English) hah-tsoo yabbity yabby (see English) yabij AFRDXAANS (South Africa) yampit yandurrer ("lobster") rivierkreef yaparte varswaterkreef yapi yapit yapitch ALBANIA yappee yappi gaforre uji t'embel yappitch karavidhe lumi yappitch yappy yaram ("lobster") ALGONQUIN INDIAN yarrun yeekerra ("lobster") acage yegari ajageshi Yellami Boongangooloom (place name) 102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

ATSUGEWI INDIAN = rechen rak

wara'^ja'' wura'ja^a CATALONIAN (Spain) See also Basque, Guiz- puzcoa, Gypsy, Valencia, and Spanish AUSTRIA astac Edelkrebs crane Rotscherling crane de riu Signalkrebs Sumpfkrebs CELTIC See Gaelic

AZTEC INDIAN See Nahuatl CHEROKEE INDIAN

BASQUE (France, Spain) See also Catalonian, tsi s dv na Guizpuzcoa, Gypsy, Valencia, and Spanish = lroc)

BELGIUM (Dutch, French, Walloon) Incaktcakafa cancer (Wallonia) ecrevisse CHIMARIKO (HOKAN) INDIAN ecrevisse a pieds blancs (Wallonia) ecrevisse de Turquie chawl' gravase (Wallonia (Namur)) gravasse trahl' gravesse (Wallonia) graviche (Wallonia (Hainaut); Rouchi, dialect of Valenciennes vicinity) CHINESE grevesse (Wallonia) kervetse (Wallonia) fcftWMtJBil kerviele (Wallonia) = hsiang lagu I yang hou t'ui (slang, = [to kerviese (Wallonia) move] backward like a crayfish) rivierkreeft (Flanders) = hsiang lagu I yang pien chieh (slang, = to change loyalty like a crayfish) BULGARIAN = hsiang lagu I yang sa so (slang, = to e3epeH pax withdraw like a crayfish) = ezeren rak rojMM peieH paK = hsiang lagu I yang t'ui ch'ueh (slang, = to = golyam rechen rak be afraid like a crayfish) Majn.K peneH pax = mal"k rechen rak = hsiang lagu I yang t'ui so (slang, = to peieH pax shrink away (withdraw) like a crayfish) NUMBER 38 103

shatje = lagu shatje-ogla Tchaouma = lung hia (long xia) (Lobster, not a crayfish, Tchouchouma but often mistakenly translated "crayfish.")

CH'OL INDIAN CHIPPEWA INDIAN moch' ahzhahgashe ajageshi COAST YUKI (YUKIAN) INDIAN See Yuki, Coast CHOCTAW/CHICKASAW INDIAN (Shaktci Homma Tribe) COLVTLLE (INTERIOR SALISHAN) INDIAN Cacchuma Chacchooma ts'ayxa Chacchouma Chacchuma Chacci cuma CORNISH Chacci Ouma Chacehouma gavar Chachachouma gaver dowr Chachouma Chachuma Chackchi-ooma CREE INDIAN Chacksihooma Chacouma sa'kew Chacoume usa'kao Chacsihoma Chacsihooma Chacsihoomi CUBA See Spanish Chactchi-ouma Chactiouma Chacxouma CUICATECO INDIAN Chakchiuma Chaquesauma sa^g'o1 ya^yfcu24 Chiachi-oumo Chocchuma Choccmaw CYPRUS See Greek Chokchoomah Choquichouman Chouchouma CZECHSLOVAKIA See Slovak Houma Saquechuma shakchi DAKOTAH INDIAN shakchi inchuka (= crayfish hole) Shaktci Homma man-shkan 104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

DANISH bearded red crayfish flodkrebs Big Blue Springs cave crayfish flodkreps bigcheek cave crayfish galizisk sumpkrebs Big South Fork crayfish krebs black spider signalkrebs bluegrass crayfish bottlebrush crayfish Brazoria crayfish DELAWARE INDIAN buster Cajun dwarf crayfish schahamuis Cajun popcorn schahamuis calico crayfish California crayfish cambarus crayfish DUTCH Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish Carrollton crayfish amerikaanse rivierkreeft cave crayfish californische rivierkreeft chelgi (Australian English, from creeft Aboriginal) crevet cheval du diable (Cajun French) crevik Chickamauga crayfish crevit Choctaw riverlet crayfish (eschscholtz) (not a crayfish) Chowanoke crayfish gevlekte Christmas tree crayfish gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft clawchee gewone rivierkreeft Coastal Lowland cave crayfish rivierkreeft common crayfish rode rivierkreeft common river crayfish turkse rivierkreeft Conchas crayfish zoetwater kreeft crab zoetwaterkreeft crabba crab-fish cradie EEL RIVER WAILAKI INDIAN See Wailaki, craebbe Eel River era-fish crauish cravaise ENGLISH (Including standard English, Middle craw English, Old English, Anglo-Norman, transla­ crawbob tions of other languages into English, crawchee and words from other languages absorbed into crawchie English) See also Celtic, Cornish, and Scottish crawcrab craw dab aboriginal crayfish (translation from Russian) craw-dabber Alabama cave crayfish craw dad American river crab craw-dad Appalachian brook crayfish crawdad Atlantic crayfish crawdad (verbs) Atlantic stream crayfish Crawdad Creek NUMBER 38 105

Crawdad Slough creuesses craw-daddy creuez crawdaddy creuis crawffish creuvisse craw fish creuysshe Craw Fish Sp[ring] crevesses craw-fish crevet craw-fish (slang, = to refuse to anything after crevette starting to do it; to back out) creveys crawfish crevez dew douz crawfish (slang, verb, sense 1, = to back out) crevice crawfish (slang, verb, sense 2, = to crawl on crevicia one's stomach) crevis crawfish (slang, verb, sense 3, = describing a crevis dewe douze horse that pitches (or bucks)) crevis douse crawfish (slang, verb, sense 4, = to be obsequi­ crevise ous) crevise dewe douz crawfish (slang, verb, sense 5, = to act in an crevish indecisive or equivocating manner) crevy Crawfish (25 place names with various geographic crevyse deau doulce descriptors) cribisse (Cajun French) Crawfish-band (American Indian tribe, see North Crittenden crayfish America, below) crow dab crawfish land (low, water soaked land) crow dad crawfish policy crow pappy crawjinny Cuban slender digit crayfish crawl-daddy cypress crayfish crawldaddy Dalhousie Springs yabbie crawler devil crawfish crawley-fish devil's fleas craw-pappy devil's horse crawpappy ditch bugs cray ditch fencing crayfish craybob dixie lobster craydad Doughtery Plain cave crayfish cray fish Ecrevisse rouge cray-fish ecrevisse tonnerre cray-fish (verb, = to catch crayfish) (Eguchi's Crayfish Pupa) (not a crayfish) crayfish English crayfish crayfish (slang, verb, = to back out or retreat) Eungella spiny crayfish crayfish (symbolism) fire back crayfish Crayfish Creek (place name) Florida cave crayfish creauis Florida longbeak crayfish creekcrab freckeled crayfish crefish French Broad crayfish crefyshe fresh-water cray-fish crefysshes fresh-water lobster crepel freshwater crayfish creues Furneaux burrowing crayfish 106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ghost nipper mini-lobster giant Tasmanian lobster Mississippi flatwoods crayfish gilgie (Australian English, from Aboriginal) Mobile crayfish gilgie, to do a (slang, = to withdraw or back moramy (Australian English, from out) Aboriginal) Glenelg River cray Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish grasscrab mousse d'ecrivisse (not a crayfish) grasshopper mudbug Greensboro burrowing crayfish mudbugging (gerund, catching crayfish) hairy land yabby mud crayfish Hatchie burrowing crayfish Murray cray Hell Creek cave crayfish Murray crayfish hellgamite Murray lobster Irishman's friend Murray River cray Jackson prairie crayfish Murray River crayfish javelin crayfish Murray River lobster jilgie (Australian English, from Narracan burrowing crayfish Aboriginal) narrow-pincered crayfish Kiamichi crayfish Nashville crayfish koonac (Australian English, from New River crayfish Aboriginal) noble crayfish krevys northern Clearwater crayfish lagniappe crayfish Obey crayfish lake lobster Oconee burrowing crayfish land crab Oklahoma cave crayfish land crayfish Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish land yabby Orange Lake Cave crayfish lavendar burrowing crayfish Orlando cave crayfish least crayfish Osage burrowing crayfish Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish painted crayfish Little Tennessee crayfish pallid cave crayfish lobbie Panama City crayfish lobby papershell crab lobster Pearl blackwater crayfish long-clawed crayfish Pearl riverlet crayfish long-pincered crayfish Pee Dee lotic crayfish Louisiana lobster peeler Louisiana red swamp crawfish phantom cave crayfish Louisiana red swamp crayfish piedmont blue burrower Louisiana swamp crayfish pond crayfish Louisville crayfish poor man's cray Mallacoota burrowing crayfish poor man's prawn maramie (Australian English, from prairie crayfish Aboriginal) Queensland marron marramin red claw marron (Australian English, from red claw marron Aboriginal) red-clawed crayfish Miami cave crayfish Red Crayfish mimic crayfish red swamp crayfish NUMBER 38 107 ribbon crayfish Aboriginal) river crab (translation of Flusskrebs) yabby (Australian English, from river crayfish Aboriginal) river crevis yabby (Australian slang, = a wicket-keeper in river garbo cricket) rusty crayfish yabby (Australian slang, verb = to catch, or fish rusty grave digger for, yabbies; to yabbie) Santa Fe cave crayfish yobbi Scottsdale burrowing crayfish yobbie Shasta crayfish yobbis short lobster shrimp ESPERANTO Shutispear crayfish signal astako signal crayfish kamburo slender-clawed crayfish kankr-o soft craw soft crawfish softie ESTONIAN soft shell crayfish soft shelled crayfish joevahk sooty crayfish joevahk southeastern prairie crayfish piau du (dau) diable speckled burrowing crayfish spider cave crayfish spinycheek crayfish FINNISH spinytail crayfish spotted royal crayfish etelanrapu sprawn jokiayriainen spron frey jokirapu stonecrab kapeasaksirapu stone crayfish krebse stream of white-clawed crayfish rapu Strzelecki burrowing crayfish taplarapu Tennessee cave crayfish Texas prairie crayfish Tombigbee riverlet crayfish FOX INDIAN tropical blue crayfish Turkish crayfish ashaahkiiwa valley flame crayfish virile crayfish Warragul burrowing crayfish FRENCH white clawed crayfish white footed crayfish ascarbicho white river crawfish caimbre white yabby camaron Woodville Karst cave crayfish cancre yabber cardinal (argot) yabbie (Australian English, from chamarra 108 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY chamberiot (footsoldier) chamberrot ecrevisse de boulanger (argot, = hypocrite) chambre ecrevisse de californie chambre de la Sorgo ecrevisse de la boue chambri ecrevisse de rempart (slang, = foot soldier) chambro ecrevisse de rocher chambro ecrevisse des marais cheval du diable (Cajun French, U.S.) ecrevisse des torrents chanvri ecrevisse dulcaquicole craibosse ecrevisse fluviatile crane ecrevisse Malgache crang ecrevisse, marcher comme les (slang, verb = t o cravaise march backward or travel slowly) cravesse (probably a mistake in transcription) ecrevisse, marcher en _ (slang, verb = to cravousse march backward or travel slowly) creuviche ecrevisse noble creuvisse ecrevisse, quatorzieme (argot, = female super­ creveiceron numerary) crevice ecrevisse qui renifle (argot, = to flee backward) crevice (slang, = armure (see armure a ecrevisse rouge ecrevisse) ecrevisse rouge de Louisiane d'ecrivisse, mousse (a moss, not a crayfish) ecrevisse, rouge comme un _ (slang, = red) djambre ecrevisse russe djambre ecrevisse turque ecrebisse ecrevisses, eplucher des (slang, = to pick up ecrebisse straws) ecrevice (slang, = "sorte d'armes anciennes") ecrevisset ecrevice d'eau douce ecrevisset ecrevice de riviere eicorobisso ecrevisse encravisso ecrevisse engravisso ecrevisse (slang, = blacksmith's lever-grip tongs) equeurvisse ecrevisse (slang, = Englishman) escarabicho Ecrevisse (place name, stream) escarabido ecrevisse americaine banale escarabissa ecrevisse americaine signal escarabisso ecrevisse a pattes blanches escarabisso ecrevisse a pattes rouges escaravisso ecrevisse a pieds blancs escarbisso ecrevisse a pieds greles escorobisso ecrevisse a pieds pales escorobisso ecrevisse a pieds rouges escrabicho ecrevisse, armure a _ (slang, = splint armor) escrabissa ecrevisse, avoir une dans la tourte (argot, = to escrabisso be crazy. escreuisse ecrevisse, avoir une dans le vol-au-vent escrevice (argot, = to be crazy. escreviche ecrevisse californienne escrevisse ecrevisse commune etgrevisse ecrevisse cuite (slang, sense 1, = red fantassin (argot, = cooked crayfish) ecrevisse cuite (slang, sense 2, = fantassin gambre NUMBER 38 109 geor giomach-cuain georen giomach-uisge georenn gliomach fionnuisce grabusse secar goch graibeusse siacar goch graibeusse graibusse graibusse GERMAN graouisse American river crab (translation) gravesse amerikanischer Flusskrebs gravesse amerikanischer Krebs graviche Australkrebs gravisse bach Krebss gravisse Butterkrebs gravousse Camberkrebs grawet Cancer grawetz Crebs grebeusse Dohlenkrebs grebeusse Edelkrebs grebosse europaischer Flusskrebs greuche Flusskrebs grevesse Galizerkrebs grilh-dour Galizier grita Galizierkrebs gueorenn galizischer Krebs jambre galizischer Sumpfkrebs jambre galizischer Teichkrebs kefnid gemeiner Flusskrebs kefnid dour grosse Austral-Krebs kefniden-zour grosser Australkrebs kinid Haschreckenkrebs kinid-dour Heuschreckenkrebs krabs Jabby krabs kalifornischen Krebs piau du (dau) diable Kamberkrebs pou du diable Krebs qrebasse Krepss rabouiller (verb) Krevisse tsamberrot louisiana Flusskrebs vissecre (argot) louisiana-Sumpfkrebs Madagaskarkrebs Mieter GAELIC Mieterkrebs Neuseelandkrebs ceimwch afonydd Nobelkrebs ceimwch coch nordamerikanische Teichkrebs ceimwch dwr croew Panzerkrebse ceimwch yr afon russischer Krebs cimwch coch russischer Sumpfkrebs cimwchyr afon Schmalscherenkrebs 110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY schmalscheriger Krebs Schnerenkrebse = sahrtah'n mah'yim ahroa'ch-zahnah'v Signalkrebs Solokrebs Steinkrebs HUAVE INDIAN See also Spanish sudamerikanischer Flusskrebs Sumpfkrebs mimum tixem sumpkrebs Galizier nas tasmanische Krebs peng tasmanische Riesenkrebs wangac Teichkrebs tiirkische HUNGARIAN

GREEK cifrarak csokarak

CLO-TCXKOC. csuollos rak = astakos eti rak aoTctKOQ TOV y\vx.ov vepov folyami rak = astakos tou glikou nerou (Cyprus) folyami rakok dcaraKOQ, 6 ev TOLQ -norafioiq folyamirakok (= river crayfish, q.v.) galiciai rak carauidia karcsuollos rak carauis kecskerak PC ctpotfiiba kovi rak = karavida kovirak ?capct@i5a TOV *y\v?cov vepov mocsari rak = karavida tou glykou nerou nemes rak olios rakok orosz rak GUIZPUCOA (Spain) See also Basque, pancelos rakok Gypsy, Valencia, and Spanish svabrak tavi rak changurru zarny rak

GYPSY (In Basque regions of Spain and France) HUPA [HOOPAH] (ATHABASCAN) INDIAN See also Basque, Guizpuzcoa, Valencia, and Spanish te-hah-cha-o

rasco ICELANDIC

HEBREW vatnakrabbi

= histahle'k me'emdah' naseh' le'heezahche'r IROQUIS INDIAN

= mistahle'k me'emdah udjieie NUMBER 38 111

ITALIAN = ZoitAs£l)t?i: = teusenzarigani cammaro •> f ? f 'J ti - gambao gambaro = uchidazarigani gambero r u ti - gambero (slang, = to back out) - zarigani gambero, pigliare un (slang, = to make a blunder) gambero d'acqua dolce KAROK (HOKAN) INDIAN gambero d'acqua dolce gambero di fiume hon-thoon gambero di fiume gambero di fiume turco gambero di ruscello KATO (ATHABASCAN) INDIAN gambero di torrento gambero fluviale te-kah-che gambero rosso gambero turco KIOWA INDIAN gammarello gammaro seip-mocn-tei gammaru (Sicily) gammaru, russu comu un (slang, = red as a crayfish (Sicily)) KOREAN gammaruni (Sicily) granchi, i voglion morder le balene (Provencial ?WU|Lr slang expression = the weakest attack the stron­ = kacay chita (slang, = "beats the crayfish," gest) See granchio = returns (a purchase) to the seller) granchio = kajae granchio, esser morso dal (slang, = to be a pinch-penny) See granchio = kajae koriim (slang, walking (or crawling) granchio, pigliare un a secco (slang, = to backward (like a crayfish)) pinch one's finger) See granchio iammaru di ciumi (Sicily) LATIN

JAPANESE astaci astaco T / U n 7 'J ti - astacus = *>mv£l)rf[z cammarus cancer = amerikazarigani i carabus 7j j^r*)tix crevicia gamarella = manshiuzarigani y'ju

LITHUANIAN daullu lammu placiaznyplio vezio llamu siauraznyplis vezys llamuu vezys sagllu zymetasis vezys

MAYA INDIANS See also Tenejapa LOLANGKOK (ATHABASCAN) INDIAN bab te-kah-che cooy coy' ix bab MALAGASH ix-baan ix baan deda ix bau kitihy ixbau kitika 6 ixbab orambato xbau orambranja oranakely orangena MEXICO See Spanish and specific Indian groups oranjatsy oranjetsy oronjena MISSISSAUGA INDIAN pepeo zanak'orana acagaci ashaga'shl ocagaci MALAY udang-karang ? MIWOK (PENUTIAN) INDIAN

tsah-mah-tah MAORI (New Zealand) karawai MIXTECO (San Juan Colorado) keewai kekewai ticandutya yutya kewai ticandutya yutya kooura koura koura wai MONGOLIAN Waikoura (Place name) dalai in naimalchin (not a crayfish) MALTESE sam khorokhai gamblu = VV

MAPUCHE MONTAGNAIS INDIAN dagllu nipiu eluk NUMBER 38 113

NAHUATL ferskvannskreps kraft acocil kreps acocile acocili acocilin OFU INDIAN chacal chacalin asho'ni

NASKAPIS INDIAN OJIBWA INDIAN nipiu eluk ajageshi as-shog-aish-i shawgashee NEW GUINEA (Aboriginal) aurugut ? ONONDAGA INDIAN bopa dede otschiera joeri kaiaru mkoda OTAWA INDIAN moerido murido ajageshi obawo oedi oelang gamo PAIUTE INDIAN See also Northern Paiute pamo Indian tako talla GoyEske'Egis (place name) talo toro PERSIAN

NEW ZEALAND See English and Maori = kharcang ab shirin

NORTHERN PAIUTE INDIAN See also Paiute Indian POLISH go'ya' kra'-fisz Go'ya'tikadu krau-fisz rak rak amerykanski NORTHERN POMO (HOKAN) INDIAN rak blotny rak dlugoszcsypcy kah-shah-ko rak pregowaty rak rzeczny rak stawowy NORWEGIAN rak szerokoszczypcy rak szlachetny ferskranns kreps rak waskoszczypcy 114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

POMO INDIAN, NORTHERN See Northern 6aJiKaHCKHH rxEHpoKonaJiMH pax Porno = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak 6eJioHonm paK = belonogyi rak POPOLUCA INDIAN 6ejn>m flHecTpoBCKira paK = belyi dnistrovskyi rak ooy 6ejn>m ^VHaHCKHH paK = belyi dunays'kyi rak 6jiaropo,nHMH paK POPOLUCA DE OLUTA INDIAN = blagorodnyi rak 6neAHOHoraH paK JUJU na-oyo = blednonogu rak ju'navitpa'-oyo ftJIHHHOHOrHH peHHOH paK = dlinnonogii rechnoi rak fljrHHHonajrbm paK PORTUGUESE = dlinnopalyi rak fljiMHiionajrbiH peHHon paK camarao-de-agua-doce = dlinnopalyi rechnoi rak caranguejo do rio flyHaHCKim KaMeHHEbiH paK lagostim de pes brancos = dunayskyi kamennyi rak lagostim do rio HTaJIbXHCKHH paK lagostim vermelho = ital'ianskyi rak KaMeHHbiH paK = kamennyi rak POT A WAT AMI INDIAN KaMCKHH flJiHHHonajibm paK = kamskyi dlinnopalyi rak ajageshi KapcHKCKHH paK = karsikskyi rak KaCIIHHCKHH paK ROMANIAN = kaspyiskyi rak KaBKa3CKHH paK creifis = kavkazckyi rak crofis KOnXHACKHH pas rac = kolkhids'kyi rak rac albastru KpacHMH Ky6aHCKHH paK rac de apa dulce = krasnyi kubanskyi rak rac-de-balta Ky6aHCKoro wrnHHonanoro paK rac-de-Dunare = kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak rac-de-ponoare Ky6aHCKHH paK rac-de-riu = kubanskyi rak Jiy3HTaHCKHH paK = luzitanskyi rak ROUCHI See Belgium MaKeji,OHCKHH KaMeHHbiH paK = makedonskyi kamennyi rak Majioa3HHCKHH wrnHHonajiMH paK RUSSIAN = maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak HeBCKHH paK a6opHreHHLix pas = nevskii rak = aborigennykh rak o6bnoioBeHHbiH paK i aMepnxaHCKHH pe m6H Kpa6 = obyknovennyi rak = amerikanskii rechnoi crab paK aMepHKaHCKHH CMl'HaJTbHMH paK = rak = amerikanskii signal'nyi rak paK Keccnepa NUMBER 38 115

= rak kesslera rak bjelonogi paK HburbHOBa rak kamanjak = rak pil'tsova rak kamenjar paK, Korna Ha rope CBHCTHCT (slang, = rak plavu "when the crayfish whistles on the mountain" rak uskoskari English equivalent, "once in a blue moon") recini rak pe^HOH Kpa6 rijecni rak = rechnoi crab tak potocni peHHOH paK = rechnoi rak pyccKHH paK SHAKTCI HOMMA INDIANS See Choctaw/Chicka­ = russkii rak saw Indian UlMUOBaTblH paK = shipovatyi rak mnpoKOHorHH peHHOH paK SHASTA (HOKAN) INDIAN = shirokonogii rechnoi rak nnrpoKonajrbm paK se-duk = shirokopalyi rak nrjopOKonajimiH pe^HOH paK = shirokopalyi rechnoi rak SINO-KOREAN See also Chinese and Korean cHTHajrbHbiH paK = signal'nyi rak W cyxonaJTbTH paK = sokhae = sukhopalyi rak TOJicronajiMH paK = tolstopalyi rak SLOVAK TypKecTaHCKHH paK = turkestanskyi rak rak yrjiOBaTHTH paK rak kamenac = uglovatyi rak rak ricniho y3KonaJTJUH paK rak ricny = uzkopalyi rak rak riecny y3KonajibiH peHHOH paK rak skalny = uzkopalyi rechnoi rak 3aMeTHbiH TOJicronajibiH paK = zametn'i tolstopalyi rak SPANISH See also Basque, Catalonian, Guizpucoa, Gypsy, and Valencia

SAHAPTTN See Yakima astaco batata (Cuba) camaron de agua dulce SCOTTISH camaron de Las Vegas (Chile) camaron reculador cray cangrejo crevish cangrejo autoctono cangrejo bianco SERBO-CROATIAN cangrejo de agua dulce cangrejo de las marismas morski rak cangrejo de rio plemeniti rak cangrejo de rio rak barski cangrejo de rio americano cangrejo de serial 116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

cangrejo fluvial UKRAINIAN cangrejo mollar cangrejo negro aMepHKaHCLKHH CBCTHaJIbHHH paK cangrejo rojo = amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak cangrejo senjal 6aJTKaHci>KHH nrHpoKonajEHH paK cangrejo turco = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak el amarillo 6ijiOHoraH paK langostin (Mexican Spanish) = bilonohyl rak langosta del rio (Mexico) 6iJIHH flHiCTpOBCLKHHpa K = bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak 6ijmH .iiyHaHCbKHH paK SWEDISH = bilyi dunays'kyrak flodkrafta ByrjiacTHH paK krafte = vughlastyi rak kraftor ^epBOHHH Ky6aHCBKHH paK = chervonyi kubans'kyi rak iHOBronajrjHH paK TENEJAPA INDIAN (Tzetal Mayan dialect) = dovghopalyi rak .nyHancbKHH KaM'aHHH paK isim cay = dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak masan cay iTajiiHCKHH paK = italiys'kyi rak KaMCBKHH AOBronajiHH paK TOTONTEPEC INDIAN = kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak KaM'XHHH paK ca am = kam'yanii rak KapCHKCBKHH paK TUNICA INDIAN = karsiks'kyi rak KacnincbKHH paK kosuhk?ariya = kaspiis'kyi rak kosuhki KaBKa3bKHH paK kosuhk^uhkent'e = kavkaz'kyi rak KOJDQffCbKHH paK = kolkhids'kyi rak TURKISH Ky6aHCLKHH paK = kubans'kyi rak bocekgi jiy3iTaHCBKHH paK gol istakozu = luzitans'kyi rak kerevides kerevit MaKeflOHCbHHH KaM'^HHH paK su bocegi = makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak tath su istakozu (Levantine) MaJioa3iHCbKHH flOBronaiTHHpa K tathsu istakozu (Levantine) = maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak nOMiTHHH TOBCTOnaJTHH paK = pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak TZETAL See Tenejapa aK KeccJiepa = rak kesslera paK rnajibnoBa UNITED KINGDOM See also Cornish, English, - rak pil'tsova Gaelic, and Scottish mmryBaTHH paK NUMBER 38 117

= shipuvatyi rak k'astila uiHpOKonanHH paK = shirokopalyi rak CHTHaJTBHHH paK YANA (HOKAN) INDIAN = signal'nyi rak cyxonajTHH paK choo-ah = sukhopalyi rak TOBCTonanHH paK = tovstopalyi rak YIDDISH TypKeCTaHCLKHH paK = turkestans'kyi rak P«1

VERLAN (French argot) See French YUCHI INDIAN

lock-chew VALENCIA Dialect (Spain) See also Basque, tsia'xtsaon?' Catalonian, Guizpucoa, Gypsy, Spanish, and Valencia YUKI INDIAN (YUKIAN), COAST carranc carranc de riu mel-oo-shata

WAILAKI, EEL RIVER ZAPOTECO DEL ISTMO INDIAN te-kah-che benda boaa benda buaa WALLOON See Belgium

ZOQUE INDIAN WINTUN (PENUTIAN) INDIAN bau kaw-ko meatzas sas tzas YAKIMA (Sahaptin language) vetze Species Index Alphabetical by Genus Without Regard to Family

Astacoides madagascariensis ecrebisse ecrevisse a pattes rouges ecrevisse Malgache ecrivisse a pieds rouges Madagaskarkrebs ecrevisse ecrevisse commune Astacopsis gouldi ecrevisse fluviatile ecrevisse noble giant Tasmanian lobster ecrevisset Murray lobster ? edelkrebs tasmanische Krebs eicorobisso tasmanische Riesenkrebs encravissoa equeurvisse Astacus astacus astacus (A. astacus, A. nobilis, A. escarabicho fluviatilis, and Potamobius fluviatilis) escarabido escarabisso a6opHreHHbrx paK escarbisso = aborigennykh rak escorobisso = aboriginal crayfish escrabicho ascarbicho escrabissa 6jiaropoHHMH paK escrabisso = blagorodnyi rak etgrevisse caimbre eti rak camaron europaischer Flusskrebs cancre ferskvannskreps cangrejo flusskrebs cangrejo de rio folyami rak cangrejo fluvial fresh-water lobster caranguejo do rio freshwater crayfish chamberiot gambero di fiume chambre gemeiner Flusskrebs chambri geor(en) chambro gewone rivierkreeft common crayfish roJiaM pe^eH paK common river crayfish = golyam rechen rak craibosse grabusse cravesse graibeusse cravousse graibusse crawfish graouisse creuviche gravase creuvisse gravesse crevice graviche djambre gravisse

118 NUMBER 38 119

gravousse = kolkhids'kyi rak grawet KOJIXH^CKHH paK grawetz grebeusse = kolkhids'kyi rak grebosse greuche Austropotamobius (s. str.) torrentium natio danubicus grevesse flVHaHCbKHH KaM'HHHH paK grita = dunays'kyi kam'yanii rak jambre jryHancKHH KaMeHZHBin paK joevahk = dunayskyi kamennyi rak joevahk x cxpocfiiSoc Austropotamobius (s.str.) torrentium natio torrentium = karavida (Astacus torrentium, Austropotamobius torrentium, kefnid Potamobius torrentium) kefniden-zour kinid-dour ecrevisse de rocher nemes rak ecrevisse des torrents Nevskii rak etelanrapu Nobelkrebs KaMeHHbiH paK obyknovennyi rak = kamennyi rak piau du diable KaM'flHHH paK rak ricny = kam'yanyi rak rak riecny kovi rak pe^eH paK MajrbK peneH paK = mal"k rechen rak = rechen rak rac-de-ponoare pe^HOH paK rak kamenac = rechnoi rak rak kamenjak red-clawed crayfish rak kamenjar river crayfish rak skalny rivierkreeft steinkrebs nrapoKonaJTHH paK stone crayfish = shirokopalyi rak nrapoKonajiMH paK Austropotamobius (Austropotamobius) torrentium = shirokopalyi rak natio macedonicus nrapoKOHorHH peTmoH paK = shirokonogii rechnoi rak MaKeAOHCbHHH KaM'HHHH paK T nrapoKonajiBra pe mon paK = makedons'kyi kam'yanii rak = shirokopalyi rechnoi rak MaKenoHCKiTH KaMeHHbiH paK solokrebs = makedonskyi kamennyi rak tsamberrot tiirkische Krebs Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus carsicus vatnakrabbi KapCHKCbKHH paK Astacus astacus balcanicus = karsiks'kyi rak KapCHKCKHH paK 6ajrKaHCbKHH nrapoKonaJTHH paK = karsikskyi rak = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak 6ajrKaHCKHH nmpoKonajibiH paK Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus italicus = balkans'kyi shirokopalyi rak iTaniHCbKHH paK Astacus colchicus = italiys'kyi rak HTaJTbHHCKHH paK KOJIxiffCLKHH paK = ital'ianskyi rak 120 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

= italiys'kyi rak shipuvatyi rak HTaJIbflHCKHH paK = mHiryBaTHH paK = ital'ianskyi rak siacar goch stream of white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) italicus lusita­ tak potocni nicus white clawed crayfish white footed crayfish ny3iTaHCbKHH paK = luzitans'kyi rak Jiy3HTaHCKHH paK = luzitanskyi rak bottle brush crayfish

Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes bispinosus Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) blacki

nnmoBaTbiH paK cypress crayfish = shipovatyi rak lUMIlVBaTHH paK Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) diminutus = shipuvatyi rak least crayfish Austropotamobius (Atlantastacus) pallipes pallipes (Astacus pallipes) Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) montezumae

OLOTOLKOC; TOV y\v?cov vepov acocil = astakos tou glikou nerou acocile Atlantic crayfish acocili Atlantic stream crayfish acocilin 6ejioHorHH paK ca'am = belonogyi rak chacal 6iJiOHorHH paK chacalin = bilonogyi rak langosta del rio 6jie,nHOHorHH paK langostin = blednonogfi rak nas (?) cangrejo autoctono cangrejo de rio Cambarellus (Pandicambarus) shufeldtii csokarak dohlenkrebs Cajun dwarf crayfish ecrevisse a pattes blanches ecrevisse a pieds blancs Cambaroides dauricus ecrevisse a pieds pales English crayfish manshiuzarigani = vj:j^r[iti- etelanrapu l flodkrebs = £Ll?£ )rfiz gambero d'acqua dolce gavar dowr Cambaroides japonicus gliomach fionnuisce zarigani gbl istakozu l lagostim de pes brancos = 7 )tiL lagostim do rio rac = rTUffi: rak bjelonogi Cambaroides similis secar goch shipovatyi rak teusenzarigani = nnmoBaTbiH paK = fOt'JX'ltiL = Z lit/uZ'Vrf iz. NUMBER 38 121

Cambaroides spp. Cambarus (Jugicambarus) obeyensis

lagu Obey crayfish = mt& sokhae Cambarus (Jugicambarus) tartarus Oklahoma cave crayfish Cambarus (Aviticambarus) jonesi Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zophonastes Alabama cave crayfish Hell Creek cave crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) catagius Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) diogenes

Greensboro Burrowing Crayfish devil crawfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) deweesae Cambarus (Lacunicambarus) miltus

valley flame crayfish rusty grave digger

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) harti Cambarus (Puncticambarus) extraneus

piedmont blue burrower crayfish Chickamauga crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) pyronotus Cambarus (Puncticambarus) georgiae

fire back crayfish Little Tennessee crayfish

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) truncatus Cambarus (Puncticambarus) reburrus

Oconee burrowing crayfish French Broad crayfish

Cambarus (Erebicambarus) maculatus Cherax boschma

freckeled crayfish bopa mkoda Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) chasmodactylus Cherax buitendijkae New River crayfish obawo Cambarus (Jugicambarus) batchi Cherax communis bluegrass crayfish pamo Cambarus (Jugicambarus) bouchardi tako talla Big South Fork crayfish toro

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) cryptodytes Cherax crassimanus

Doughtery Plain cave Crayfish chelgi 122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

gilgie Cherax quinquecarinatus

Cherax destructor chelgi gilgie Jabby goolgie yabbee jilgi yabber jilgie yabbie jilgy yabbity joolgie yabby yobbi julegie yobbie Cherax solus yobbis dede Cherax destructor-albidus Cherax tenuimanus Dalhousie Springs yabbie Australkrebs black spider Cherax glaber marron

koonac Cherax sp.

Cherax longipes jilgie jilgy dede Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni Cherax murido moerido mimic crayfish murido Engaeus australis Cherax pallidus Lilly Pilly burrowing crayfish obawo Engaeus fossor Cherax paniaicus land crab joeri Engaeus phyllocercus Cherax plebejus Narracan burrowing crayfish koonac Engaeus sternalis Cherax quadricarinatus Warragul burrowing crayfish Queensland marron red claw Engaeus spp. red claw marron tropical blue crayfish Furneaux burrowing crayfish NUMBER 38 123

Mallacoota burrowing crayfish Mount Arthur burrowing crayfish Scottsdale burrowing crayfish Oktibbeha riverlet crayfish Strzelecki burrowing crayfish Euastacus armatus Tombigbee riverlet crayfish dib-dib dibil Hobbsesus valleculus grosser Australkrebs grosse Austral-Krebs Choctaw riverlet crayfish lib-lib-wil Murray River cray Orconectes (Crockerinus) bisectus

Murray River crayfish Crittenden crayfish

Euastacus bispinosus Orconectes (Crockerinus) jeffersoni

Glenelg River cray Louisville crayfish

Euastacus eungella Orconectes (Crockerinus) propinquus

Eungella spiny crayfish northern Clearwater crayfish

Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) byersi Orconectes (Crockerinus) shoupi

lavendar burrowing crayfish Nashville crayfish

Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) danielae Orconectes (Crockerinus) virginiensis

speckled burrowing crayfish Chowanoke crayfish

Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) gordoni Orconectes (Faxonius) limosus

Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish amerikanischer Flusskrebs cambarus crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) hortoni cangrejo de rio americano ecrevisse americaine banale gevlekte amerikaanse rivierkreeft Hatchie burrowing crayfish kamberkrebs rak amerykanski Fallicambarus (Fallicambarus) devastator spinycheek crayfish Texas prairie crayfish Orconectes (Gremicambarus) immunis Faxonella clypeata calico crayfish mud crayfish ditch fencing crayfish Orconectes (Gremicambarus) virilis virile crayfish Pearl riverlet crayfish 124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

Orconectes (Hespericambarus) deanae Pacifastacus sp.

Conchas crayfish go'ya'

Orconectes (Hespericambarus) difficilis Paranephrops planifrons

painted crayfish koura koura wai Orconectes (Orconectes) incomptus kekewai kewai Tennessee cave crayfish Paranephrops spp. Orconectes (Procericambarus) rusticus Neuseelandkrebs rusty crayfish Parastacus pugnax Orconectes (Procericambarus) saxatilis camaron de Las Vegas Kiamichi crayfish Parastacus spp. Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) fortis camaron de agua dulce Shasta crayfish cangrejo de agua dulce dagllu Pacifastacus (Hobbsastacus) nigrescens daullu lammu sooty crayfish llamu llamuu Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus sagllu suedamerikanischer Flusskrebs aMepHKaHCKHH CHTHaJTbHblH paK = amerikanskii signal'nyi rak Pontastacus cubanicus cubanicus aMepHKaHCbKHH CHTHaJTbHHH paK = amerykans'kyi syhnal'nyl rak Ky6aHCKoro .rmmmonajioro paK California crayfish = kubanskogo dlinnopalogo rak californische rivierkreeft Ky6aHCbKHH paK ecrevisse americaine signal = kubans'kyi rak kalifornischen Krebs Ky6aHCKHH paK signal = kubanskyi rak signal crayfish Signalkrebs Pontastacus cubanicus daucinus CHrHaJTbHHH paK = signal'nyi rak nepBOHHH Ky6aHCbKHH paK tankaizarigani = chervonyi kubans'kyi rak = ?'Ji)4?1) ti' _ KpaCHMH Ky6aHCKHH paK

= tzA,rjX)$[)rfLz = krasnyi kubanskyi rak

Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus trowbridgii Pontastacus eichwaldi bessarabicus 6ijIHH flHiCTpOBCbKHH paK uchidazarigani = bilyi dnistrovs'kyi rak = *> f f X 'J ti _ 6eJIbIH flHeCTpOBCKHH paK = o^tzX^tfiz NUMBER 38 125

= belyi dnistrovskyi rak ecrevisse a pieds ecrevisse de la boue Pontastacus eichwaldi danubialis ecrevisse des marais ecrevisse russe 6ijiHH jryHaHCbKHH paK galiciai rak = bilyi dunays'kyi rak galizerkrebs denMH jryHaHCKHH paK galizier = belyi dunays'kyi rak galizierkrebs galizischer Krebs Pontastacus eichwaldi eichwaldi galizischer Sumpfkrebs galizischer Teichkrebs KacniHCbKHH paK gambaro di fiume turko = kaspiis'kyi rak karcsuollos rak KacnHHCKHH paK kecskerak long-clawed crayfish = kaspyiskyi rak mocsari rak orosz rak Pontastacus kessleri russischer Krebs russischer Sumpfkrebs paK Keccnepa russkii rak = rak kesslera schmalscherenkrebs TypKecTaHCbKHH paK schmalscheriger Krebs = turkestans'kyi rak slender-clawed crayfish TypKecTaHCKHH paK sumpfkrebs = turkestanskyi rak svabrak Pontastacus leptodactylus boreoorientalis tavi rak Teichkrebs KaMCbKHH EOBronajiHH paK Turkish crayfish = kams'kyi dovghopalyi rak turkse rivierkreeft KaMCKHH WlHHHOnaJIblH paK y3Konajibm paK = uzkopalyi rak = kamskyi dlinnopalyi rak y3Konajibm pe^moH paK = uzkopalyi rechnoi rak Pontastacus leptodactylus intermedius Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus morpha Majioa3iHCbKHH flOBronajiHH paK angulusus = maloaziys'kyi dovghopalyi rak Majioa3HHCKHH wuiHHonajiMH paK BVTJiaCTHH paK = maloazyiskyi dlinnopalyi rak = vughlastyi rak yrjiOBaTbiH paK Pontastacus leptodactylus leptodactylus (Astacus = ughlovatyi rak leptodactylus, Potamobius leptodactylus) Pontastacus leptodactylus salinus csiiollos flJTHHHOHOrHH peHHOH paK cyxonanHH paK = dlinnonogil rechnoi rak = sukhopalyi rak fljiMHHonajibiH paK cyxonajibiH paK = dlinnopalyi rak = sukhopalyi rak n^THHHonajibiH peHHOH paK = dlinnopalyi rechnoi rak Pontastacus pachypus notabilis flOBroonajiHH paK = dovghopalyi rak nOMiTHHH TOBCTOnaJIHH paK 126 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

= pomitnyi tovstopalyi rak Procambarus (Girardiella) hagenianus 3aMeTHbra TOJicTonajibm paK = zametn'i tolstopalyi rak southeastern prairie crayfish

Pontastacus pachypus pachypus Procambarus (Girardiella) gracilis

TOBCTOnaJIHH paK prairie crayfish = tovstopalyi rak TOJicTonajibiH paK Procambarus (Girardiella) liberorum = tolstopalyi rak Osage burrowing crayfish Pontastacus pylzowi Procambarus (Girardiella) pogum KaBKa3bKHH paK = kavkaz'kyi rak bearded red crayfish KaBKa3CKHH paK = kavkazckyi rak Procambarus (Hagenides) pygmaeus paK nHJibii,OBa = rak pil'tsova Christmas tree crayfish paK nbijn>n,OBa = rak pil'tsova Procambarus (Leconticambarus) econfinae

Procambarus (Acucauda) fitzpatricki Panama City crayfish Procambarus (Leconticambarus) milleri spinytail crayfish Miami cave crayfish Procambarus (Austrocambarus) cubensis Procambarus (Lonnbergius) acherontis batata Orlando cave crayfish Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi Procambarus (Ortmannicus) bivittatus camaron reculador acocil ribbon crayfish

Procambarus (Capillicambarus) brazoriensis Procambarus (Ortmannicus) delicatus

Brazoria crayfish bigcheek cave crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) barbiger Procambarus (Ortmannicus) erythrops

Jackson Prairie Crayfish Santa Fe cave crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) cometes Procambarus (Ortmannicus) franzi

Mississippi flatwoods crayfish Orange Lake Cave crayfish

Procambarus (Girardiella) connus Procambarus (Ortmannicus) horsti

Carrollton crayfish Big Blue Springs cave crayfish NUMBER 38 127

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) jaculus Procambarus (Pennides) lylei

javelin crayfish Shutispear crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lecontei Procambarus (Pennides) penni Mobile crayfish Pearl blackwater crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) leitheuseri Procambarus (Remoticambarus) pecki coastal lowland cave crayfish phantom cave crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) leptodactylus Procambarus (Scapulicambarus) clarkii (Camba Pee Dee lotic crayfish rus clarkii)

Procambarus (Ortmannicus) lucifugus amerikazarigani

Florida cave crayfish American river crab Procambarus (Ortmannicus) orcinus Cajun popcorn cangrejo rojo Woodville Karst cave crayfish cribisse ecrevisse rouge Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pallidus ecrevisse rouge de Louisiane el amarillo pallid cave crayfish Irishman's friend louisiana Flusskrebs Procambarus (Ortmannicus) pictus Louisiana lobster Louisiana red swamp crayfish spotted royal crayfish Louisiana swamp crayfish louisiana-Sumpfkrebs Procambarus (Ortmannicus) youngi mudbug Florida longbeak crayfish nordamerikanische Teichkrebs red swamp crawfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) zonangulus red swamp crayfish rode rivierkreeft white river crayfish tsiskagili (?)

Procambarus (Pennides) lagniappe Troglocambarus maclanei

lagniappe crayfish spider cave crayfish

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