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Environmental DNA (Edna) fenvs-08-612253 December 1, 2020 Time: 20:27 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 07 December 2020 doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.612253 Environmental DNA (eDNA) Monitoring of Noble Crayfish Astacus astacus in Lentic Environments Offers Reliable Presence-Absence Surveillance – But Fails to Predict Population Density Stein I. Johnsen1†, David A. Strand2*†, Johannes C. Rusch2,3 and Trude Vrålstad2 1 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Lillehammer, Norway, 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway, 3 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Noble crayfish is the most widespread native freshwater crayfish species in Europe. It is threatened in its entire distribution range and listed on the International Union for Edited by: Concervation Nature- and national red lists. Reliable monitoring data is a prerequisite for Ivana Maguire, University of Zagreb, Croatia implementing conservation measures, and population trends are traditionally obtained Reviewed by: from catch per unit effort (CPUE) data. Recently developed environmental DNA Michael Sweet, (eDNA) tools can potentially improve the effort. In the past decade, eDNA monitoring University of Derby, United Kingdom Chloe Victoria Robinson, has emerged as a promising tool for species surveillance, and some studies have University of Guelph, Canada established that eDNA methods yield adequate presence-absence data for crayfish. *Correspondence: There are also high expectations that eDNA concentrations in the water can predict David A. Strand biomass or relative density. However, eDNA studies for crayfish have not yet been [email protected] able to establish a convincing relationship between eDNA concentrations and crayfish †These authors have contributed equally to this work density. This study compared eDNA and CPUE data obtained the same day and with high sampling effort, and evaluated whether eDNA concentrations can predict Specialty section: relative density of crayfish. We also compared two analytical methods [Quantitative This article was submitted to Conservation and Restoration real-time PCR (qPCR) and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR)], and estimated the detection Ecology, probability for eDNA monitoring compared to trapping using occupancy modeling. In a section of the journal Frontiers in Environmental Science all lakes investigated, we detected eDNA from noble crayfish, even in lakes with very Received: 30 September 2020 low densities. The eDNA method is reliable for presence-absence monitoring of noble Accepted: 17 November 2020 crayfish, and the probability of detecting noble crayfish from eDNA samples increased Published: 07 December 2020 with increasing relative crayfish densities. However, the crayfish eDNA concentrations Citation: were consistently low and mostly below the limit of quantification, even in lakes with very Johnsen SI, Strand DA, Rusch JC and Vrålstad T (2020) Environmental high crayfish densities. The hypothesis that eDNA concentrations can predict relative DNA (eDNA) Monitoring of Noble crayfish density was consequently not supported. Our study underlines the importance Crayfish Astacus astacus in Lentic Environments Offers Reliable of intensified sampling effort for successful detection of very low-density populations, Presence-Absence Surveillance – But and for substantiating presumed absence, inferred from negative results. Surprisingly, Fails to Predict Population Density. we found a higher likelihood of eDNA detection using qPCR compared to ddPCR. Front. Environ. Sci. 8:612253. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.612253 We conclude that eDNA monitoring cannot substitute CPUE data, but is a reliable Frontiers in Environmental Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 December 2020| Volume 8| Article 612253 fenvs-08-612253 December 1, 2020 Time: 20:27 # 2 Johnsen et al. eDNA Monitoring of Noble Crayfish supplement for rapid presence-absence overviews. Combined with eDNA analyses of alien crayfish species and diseases such as crayfish plague, this is a cost-efficient supplement offering a more holistic monitoring approach for aquatic environments and native crayfish conservation. Keywords: noble crayfish Astacus astacus, eDNA, occupancy modeling, qPCR, ddPCR, CPUE, detection frequency, relative density INTRODUCTION a filter or pelleted from a water sample, from which DNA can be extracted and analyzed. Thus, from a water sample, it is Freshwater crayfish are regarded as keystone species and shape possible to detect specific species or even whole communities the littoral zone in both lotic and lentic environments (Creed, (Deiner et al., 2017; Bylemans et al., 2019; McElroy et al., 2020). 1994; Momot, 1995). Their presence in aquatic environments, Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) or digital droplet PCR influencing sediment dynamics and benefiting other animals, (ddPCR) are commonly used for species-specific detection has also led freshwater crayfish to be characterized as ecosystem (Rusch et al., 2018; Capo et al., 2019; Mauvisseau et al., 2019a; engineers and umbrella species (Usio and Townsend, 2001; Strand et al., 2019), and for relative or absolute quantification of Reynolds et al., 2013). Furthermore, they are regarded as target DNA, respectively (Demeke and Dobnik, 2018; Quan et al., indicator species for water quality (Sylvestre et al., 2002). In 2018), while high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics addition, some species of freshwater crayfish are harvested and is used to study whole communities (Thomsen et al., 2012; regarded as delicacies, obtaining high prices in the market Hänfling et al., 2016; McElroy et al., 2020). While qPCR is (Ackefors, 1998). One of these prized species is the noble crayfish, currently the most common platform to analyze eDNA samples Astacus astacus, which is indigenous to Europe and the only using species-specific assays, recent studies suggest that the indigenous species of freshwater crayfish in Norway (Souty- detection rate of eDNA in environmental samples is higher when Grosset et al., 2006; Kouba et al., 2014). There are currently about using ddPCR compared to qPCR technology (Doi et al., 2015a; 470 registered Norwegian populations of noble crayfish (Johnsen Mauvisseau et al., 2019a; Wood et al., 2019; Brys et al., 2020). and Vrålstad, 2017). Along with populations of other native With ddPCR there is no need for standard curves and ddPCR freshwater crayfish species indigenous to Europe, the number allows for absolute quantification, even at low levels of DNA of noble crayfish populations has declined dramatically in the copies. Additionally, ddPCR appears to be more robust against last decades. This is mostly due to introduced North-American PCR inhibition (Doi et al., 2015a; McKee et al., 2015; Mauvisseau crayfish species that carry and transmit the crayfish plague et al., 2019a; Brys et al., 2020). pathogen Aphanomyces astaci, but also due to anthropogenic Environmental DNA methods allow for rapid detection of influences such as pollution and habitat loss (Holdich et al., targeted species and are considered a promising monitoring tool 2009; Kouba et al., 2014). Hence, the noble crayfish is both on for aquatic species surveillance and inventories (Lodge et al., the international (Edsman et al., 2010) and the national red 2012; Thomsen and Willerslev, 2015), including monitoring and list (Henriksen and Hilmo, 2015). The red list status and its discovery of endangered and invasive species (Dejean et al., 2012; importance in freshwater ecosystems has led to the development Laramie et al., 2015; Strand et al., 2019). Additionally, eDNA of surveillance programs aiming to monitor distribution and methodology is non-invasive compared to more traditional relative density of noble crayfish (Johnsen et al., 2019). In methods where the species itself is caught (Thomsen and Norway, as in other countries, estimates of relative density Willerslev, 2015). An increasing number of studies show that are obtained by trapping crayfish with baited traps (Johnsen eDNA monitoring is suitable for acquiring presence/absence et al., 2014). This is relatively time consuming, and in order to information of targeted species (Hempel et al., 2020; Mason increase the number of monitored populations, environmental et al., 2020; Villacorta-Rath et al., 2020), although “not-detected” DNA (eDNA) methodology has recently been included in the data cannot be taken as absolute proof of absence (Rusch et al., Norwegian surveillance programs for both crayfish plague and 2020). For marine and freshwater fish species, it has also been freshwater crayfish (Johnsen et al., 2019; Strand et al., 2020). The suggested that eDNA concentrations can be used to estimate methods are also used in crayfish monitoring studies in Europe population density or biomass of a species (Takahara et al., (Robinson et al., 2018; Mauvisseau et al., 2019b; Rusch et al., 2020; 2012; Thomsen et al., 2012; Lacoursière-Roussel et al., 2016). For Troth et al., 2020). freshwater crayfish, several studies demonstrate the use of eDNA During the past decade, eDNA methods have been to determine the presence or absence of species (Tréguier et al., increasingly used as monitoring tool for freshwater organisms 2014; Agersnap et al., 2017; Harper et al., 2018; Strand et al., 2019; (Leese et al., 2016; Bylemans et al., 2019; Strand et al., 2019; Rusch et al., 2020), which is very useful for verification of species Goutte et al., 2020). These methods utilize DNA traces in the presence and species distribution. A few studies have investigated environment originating from single-celled microorganisms or the relationship between population
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