Quick viewing(Text Mode)

LOVE THEM Or HATE THEM?

LOVE THEM Or HATE THEM?

INVASIVEINVASIVE DECAPODSDECAPODS

LOVELOVE THEMTHEM oror HATEHATE THEM?THEM?

DavidDavid HoldichHoldich TheThe intentionalintentional oror accidentalaccidental introductionintroduction ofof invasiveinvasive speciesspecies isis secondsecond onlyonly toto habitathabitat destructiondestruction inin causingcausing thethe globalglobal lossloss ofof biodiversity.biodiversity. AquaticAquatic systemssystems presentpresent fewfew barriersbarriers toto thethe spreadspread ofof invasiveinvasive speciesspecies onceonce theythey becomebecome establishedestablished (Cook(Cook && Clark,Clark, 2004).2004).

However,However, littlelittle emphasisemphasis hashas beenbeen putput onon thethe considerableconsiderable impactimpact thatthat decapoddecapod crustaceanscrustaceans cancan havehave onon inlandinland waters.waters. Global Strategy on Invasive e.g.e.g. Global Strategy on Invasive AlienAlien .Species. McNeelyMcNeely etet alal.. (2001).(2001). IUCNIUCN Gland,Gland, Switzerland,Switzerland, andand Cambridge,Cambridge, UK,UK, inin collaborationcollaboration withwith thethe GlobalGlobal InvasiveInvasive SpeciesSpecies Programme.Programme.

OneOne briefbrief mentionmention ofof invasiveinvasive decapods,decapods, i.e.i.e. crayfishcrayfish escapingescaping fromfrom aa LondonLondon fishfish market!market! ApproximatelyApproximately 10,00010,000 speciesspecies ofof decapoddecapod ,crustaceans, whichwhich includeinclude thethe ,prawns, ,shrimps, ,lobsters, crabscrabs andand .crayfish. ManyMany havehave aquaculturalaquacultural oror fisheriesfisheries potentialpotential andand havehave beenbeen intentionallyintentionally movedmoved outsideoutside ofof theirtheir homehome rangerange toto newnew countries,countries, e.g.e.g. freshwaterfreshwater crayfishcrayfish.. OthersOthers havehave beenbeen movedmoved accidentallyaccidentally outsideoutside theirtheir homehome range,range, e.g.e.g. crabscrabs inin ballastballast waterwater.. WhenWhen established,established, bothboth intentionalintentional andand accidentalaccidental introductionsintroductions oftenoften dodo betterbetter inin newnew environmentsenvironments thanthan atat home,home, e.g.e.g. NorthNorth AmericanAmerican andand AsianAsian speciesspecies inin EuropeEurope..

WhetherWhether youyou ‘love’‘love’ invasive invasive decapodsdecapods oror ‘hate’‘hate’ themthem dependsdepends onon ifif youyou are are interestedinterested inin themthem becausebecause ofof thethe impactimpact theythey havehave onon thethe aquaticaquatic environmentenvironment oror fromfrom aa commercialcommercial pointpoint ofof view.view.

PositivePositive featuresfeatures ofof invasiveinvasive decapods:decapods: e.g.e.g. actualactual oror potentiallypotentially valuablevaluable cropcrop oror aquariumaquarium tradetrade species;species; additionaladditional foodfood sourcesource forfor predatorspredators suchsuch asas fish,fish, birds,birds, ,otters, andand gourmets.gourmets. CommercialCommercial harvestingharvesting andand preparationpreparation ofof thethe redred swampswamp crayfishcrayfish

LargeLarge industryindustry inin LouisianaLouisiana (native),(native), ChinaChina (introduced)(introduced) andand SpainSpain (introduced)(introduced) NewNew exportexport market,market, e.g.e.g. fromfrom SpainSpain toto ScandinaviaScandinavia -- muchmuch cheapercheaper thanthan nativenative crayfishcrayfish speciesspecies AustralianAustralian yabbiesyabbies for for dinnerdinner inin SwitzerlandSwitzerland MusselsMussels ++ TurkishTurkish crayfishcrayfish ++ chipschips inin thethe SouthSouth ofof France!France! Aquarium-Aquarium- ornamentalsornamentals trade,trade, e.g.e.g. redclawredclaw and and marbledmarbled crayfishcrayfish CootCoot eatingeating aa signalsignal crayfishcrayfish –– new new foodfood sourcesource NegativeNegative featuresfeatures ofof invasiveinvasive decapodsdecapods OutOut competecompete nativenative speciesspecies forfor resourcesresources InvasiveInvasive rr-selected,-selected, nativesnatives tendtend toto bebe K-selectedK-selected CarryCarry diseasesdiseases PolytrophicPolytrophic DamageDamage toto ricerice cropscrops DamageDamage toto banksbanks byby burrowingburrowing AbilityAbility toto escapeescape andand movemove overlandoverland MortalitiesMortalities ofof nativenative crayfishcrayfish causedcaused byby crayfishcrayfish plagueplague fungusfungus

DamageDamage toto riverriver banksbanks causedcaused byby crayfishcrayfish andand crabscrabs SignalSignal crayfishcrayfish circumventingcircumventing aa weirweir andand escapingescaping fromfrom aa containercontainer withinwithin secondsseconds ofof itit beingbeing openedopened InvasionsInvasions byby decapodsdecapods intointo EuropeanEuropean inlandinland waterswaters havehave beenbeen onon twotwo fronts:fronts:

1.1. Estuarine Estuarine crabscrabs accidentallyaccidentallyintroduced introduced viavia ballastballast tanktank water,water, e.g.e.g. a.a. ChineseChinese mittenmitten ,crab,EriocheirEriocheir sinensissinensis,, fromfrom SESE AsiaAsia toto GermanyGermany inin 1912.1912. b.b. DwarfDwarf mudmud crab,crab,RhithropanopeusRhithropanopeus harrisiiharrisii,, fromfrom thethe USAUSA –– introduced introduced fromfrom NorthNorth AmericaAmerica toto thethe NetherlandsNetherlands inin 1874.1874. NowNow widespreadwidespread inin NorthernNorthern ,Europe, includingincluding thethe Baltic.Baltic. VeryVery smallsmall andand notnot yetyet aa problem.problem. c.c. BlueBlue crab,crab,CallinectesCallinectes sapidussapidus,, fromfrom thethe USAUSA toto thethe NetherlandsNetherlands inin 1932.1932. SimilarSimilar lifelife historyhistory toto thethe ChineseChinese mittenmitten crab.crab. NotNot yetyet aa problem.problem. 2.2. FreshwaterFreshwater crayfishcrayfish intentionallyintentionallyintroduced introduced intointo WesternWestern EuropeEurope forfor stockingstocking andand aquacultural aquacultural purposes:purposes: Spiny-cheekSpiny-cheek crayfish:crayfish:OrconectesOrconectes limosuslimosus(USA-1890)(USA-1890) Narrow-clawedNarrow-clawed crayfish:crayfish: Astacus leptodactylusleptodactylus (Eastern(Eastern Europe-late1800s)Europe-late1800s) SignalSignal crayfish:crayfish:PacifastacusPacifastacus leniusculusleniusculus(USA-1960s)(USA-1960s) RedRed swampswamp crayfish:crayfish:ProcambarusProcambarus clarkiiclarkii(USA-1970s)(USA-1970s) Yabby:Yabby:CheraxCherax destructor destructor(Australia-1983).(Australia-1983). InvasiveInvasive decapodsdecapods

FutureFuture threats threats from from crayfish,crayfish, e.g. e.g. Cherax spp. spp., , ProcambarusProcambarusspp.andspp.and OrconectesOrconectes spp. spp. CRABSCRABS

ReasonsReasons forfor thethe successsuccess ofof introducedintroduced crabscrabs areare thatthat theythey areare euryhaline,euryhaline, eurythermal,eurythermal, polytrophic,polytrophic, andand somesome areare ableable toto migratemigrate longlong distancesdistances upup riversrivers andand movemove acrossacross land.land. CrabCrab developmentdevelopment involvesinvolves thethe productionproduction ofof thousandsthousands ofof free-livingfree-living larvaelarvae –– very very differentdifferent lifelife cyclecycle toto crayfish.crayfish.

e.g.e.g. ChineseChinese mittenmitten crabcrab isis catadromouscatadromous – – lives lives inin freshwaterfreshwater butbut movesmoves toto estuariesestuaries toto breed.breed. LarvaeLarvae developdevelop inin estuaryestuary andand thenthen youngyoung crabscrabs movemove backback upup river,river, sometimessometimes veryvery longlong distances.distances. TheThe ChineseChinese mittenmitten crabcrab supportssupports aa $1.25$1.25 billionbillion perper annumannum aquaculturalaquacultural industryindustry inin China.China. LocalLocal andand internationalinternational marketsmarkets areare suppliedsupplied withwith livelive .animals. AtAt presentpresent therethere isis notnot muchmuch callcall forfor itit asas foodfood inin EuropeEurope exceptexcept amongstamongst immigrantimmigrant ChineseChinese peoples.peoples. LiveLive specimensspecimens areare soldsold inin ChineseChinese supermarketssupermarkets inin somesome countries.countries. MayMay fetchfetch 1818 euro/kgeuro/kg inin LondonLondon inin season.season. However,However, therethere isis somesome potentialpotential -- in in 19361936 242242 tonnestonnes werewere caughtcaught inin GermanyGermany alonealone (4.4(4.4 millionmillion individuals)!individuals)! EriocheirEriocheir sinensis sinensis-- Chinese Chinese mittenmitten crabcrab 66 cmcm carpacecarpace length length TheThe KingKing andand QueenQueen ChineseChinese mittenmitten crabscrabs worthworth 21,00021,000 euros!euros! ChineseChinese mitten mitten crab crab – – invasion invasion of of Europe Europe (from(from Herborg Herborg et et al., al., 2003, 2003, 2005; 2005; Karaman Karaman & & Machino, Machino, 2004) 2004) 19121912 – – R. R. Weser, Weser, Germany Germany 19141914 – – R. R. Elbe, Elbe, Germany Germany 19271927 – – Baltic Baltic via via Kiel Kiel Canal Canal 19271927 – – Austria Austria via via Germany Germany (R. (R. Danube Danube drainage) drainage) 19331933 – – Russia Russia and and Finland 19271927 – – Denmark Denmark 19301930 – – Northern Northern France France 19311931 – – Netherlands Netherlands – – most most rivers rivers by by 1936 1936 19321932 – – Czech Czech Rep. Rep. via via R. R. Elbe Elbe (700 (700 km) km) 19321932 – – R. R. Rhine Rhine (512 (512 km) km) 19331933 – – Belgium Belgium 19341934 – – Poland Poland via via R. R. Oder Oder (446 (446 km) km) 19541954 – – southern southern France France (Atlantic) (Atlantic) 19591959 - - southern southern France France via via canals canals ( (504504 km) km) 1973-2000s1973-2000s – – R. R. Thames Thames (SE (SE England), England), then then N N and and SW SW 19731973 - - Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 2000s2000s – – Black Black Sea Sea and and Sea Sea of of Azov Azov 20022002 & & 2003 2003 – – Serbia Serbia 20032003 – – Austria Austria (rediscovered) (rediscovered) * *

SpreadSpread of of Chinese Chinese mitten mitten crabcrab in in Europe Europe from from 1912 1912 RateRate ofof movementmovement (from(from HerborgHerborg etet alal.,., 2004,2004, 2005)2005) BalticBaltic coastcoast –– 1928-1935 1928-1935 –– 416 416 km/yrkm/yr NorthernNorthern EuropeEurope –– 1928-1938 1928-1938 -- 562 562 km/yrkm/yr SouthernSouthern FranceFrance –– 1954-1960 1954-1960 –– 380 380 km/yrkm/yr EnglishEnglish coast:coast: -- 1976-1999 1976-1999 –– 78 78 km/yr.km/yr. 1997-19991997-1999 –– 448 448 km/yrkm/yr EnglishEnglish rivers:rivers: 1973-19981973-1998 –– 16 16 km/yr.km/yr. 19951995 onwardsonwards –– 48 48 km/yrkm/yr UpstreamUpstream migrationmigration –– >50-500+ >50-500+ km/yrkm/yr DownstreamDownstream migrationmigration –– 11-18 11-18 km/yrkm/yr ProblemsProblems causedcaused byby ChineseChinese mittenmitten crabscrabs 1.1. DuringDuring theirtheir migrationmigration downstreamdownstream toto breedbreed theythey occuroccur inin considerableconsiderable numbersnumbers (even(even onon land)land) andand cancan causecause disruptiondisruption toto humanhuman activities,activities, e.g.e.g. recreationalrecreational andand commercialcommercial fishing,fishing, andand eveneven transport.transport. 2.2. TheyThey cancan carrycarry aa lunglung fluke,fluke,ParogonimusParogonimus westermanii,westermanii, whichwhich cancan affectaffect humanshumans ifif thethe meatmeat isis notnot cookedcooked properly.properly. 3.3. TheyThey burrowburrow intointo banks,banks, particularlyparticularly inin estuaries.estuaries. ForFor thisthis reasonreason theirtheir importimport isis bannedbanned inin thethe USA.USA. 4.4. TheyThey eateat anythinganything theythey cancan find.find. 5.5. TheyThey competecompete forfor resourcesresources withwith otherother aquaticaquatic animalsanimals andand maymay bebe aa threatthreat toto freshwaterfreshwater crayfish.crayfish. ControlControl ofof ChineseChinese mittenmitten crabscrabs inin EuropeEurope 1.1. TrappingTrapping duringduring thethe migrationmigration seasonseason –– has has beenbeen triedtried withwith successsuccess inin Germany.Germany. 2.2. CommercialCommercial exploitation?exploitation? LikelyLikely toto sellsell forfor aa highhigh price.price. ButBut wouldwould peoplepeople eateat themthem ifif therethere isis aa threatthreat ofof diseasedisease fromfrom thethe lunglung flukefluke?? MayMay wellwell bebe freefree fromfrom thethe parasiteparasite asas originaloriginal stocksstocks probablyprobably originateoriginate fromfrom larvallarval oror juvenilejuvenile stages.stages. AlsoAlso thethe climateclimate maymay bebe tootoo coldcold forfor thethe intermediateintermediate snailsnail host.host. CRAYFISHCRAYFISH

ProlongedProlonged broodbrood carecare isis oneone ofof thethe keyskeys toto thethe successfulsuccessful colonisationcolonisation ofof freshwaterfreshwater habitatshabitats byby crayfish.crayfish. HatchlingsHatchlings areare adaptedadapted forfor hanginghanging onon toto thethe mothermother byby morphologicalmorphological andand behaviouralbehavioural means.means. CrayfishCrayfish –– larvallarval developmentdevelopment encompassedencompassed inin thethe eggegg –– youngyoung hatchhatch asas miniatureminiature crayfish.crayfish. FirstFirst twotwo stagesstages attachedattached toto mother.mother. OnlyOnly 50-50050-500 eggseggs produced.produced. StageStage 33 juvenilesjuveniles graduallygradually becomingbecoming independentindependent ofof thethe mother.mother. TheThe marbledmarbled crayfishcrayfish oror MarmorkrebsMarmorkrebs –– the the firstfirst knownknown parthenogeneticparthenogenetic crayfish.crayfish. SexualSexual maturitymaturity atat 44 months.months. TwoTwo weeksweeks incubationincubation ofof eggseggs (50-120).(50-120). ReproducesReproduces continuouslycontinuously inin warmwarm water.water. TheThe mainmain reasonreason alienalien crayfishcrayfish werewere broughtbrought intointo EuropeEurope waswas toto compensatecompensate forfor nativenative stocksstocks lostlost fromfrom thethe mid-1800smid-1800s onwardsonwards byby thethe rapidrapid spreadspread ofof aa fungalfungal disease,disease, commonlycommonly knownknown asas crayfishcrayfish plague.plague.

CrayfishCrayfish werewere aa veryvery valuablevaluable cropcrop andand aa popularpopular foodfood itemitem inin thethe 1800s1800s andand earlyearly 1900s1900s andand theirtheir loss,loss, particularlyparticularly ofof thethe noblenoble crayfish,crayfish, AstacusAstacus astacusastacus,, waswas catastrophiccatastrophic forfor thethe industry,industry, e.g.e.g. exportsexports fromfrom SwedenSweden inin 19081908 werewere 9090 tonnestonnes (out(out ofof 200),200), butbut onlyonly 3030 tonnestonnes byby 1910;1910; inin FinlandFinland exportsexports declineddeclined fromfrom 1616 millionmillion individualsindividuals inin 18901890 toto 22 millionmillion byby 1910.1910. CatchCatch ofof noblenoble crayfishcrayfish fromfrom aa crayfishcrayfish farmfarm inin BavariaBavaria

TheThe noblenoble crayfishcrayfish –– part part ofof thethe culturalcultural historyhistory ofof EuropeEurope TheseThese daysdays theythey areare aa bitbit harderharder toto find!find! YoichiYoichi MachinoMachino searchingsearching forfor noblenoble crayfishcrayfish inin AustriaAustria inin 2004.2004. TheThe systematicsystematic spreadspread ofof crayfishcrayfish plagueplague throughoutthroughout EuropeEurope sincesince thethe 1860s1860s Spiny-cheekSpiny-cheek crayfishcrayfish –– 1890 1890 USA-Germany.USA-Germany. AnAn invasiveinvasive plague-carryingplague-carrying speciesspecies (18(18 countries).countries). CurrentCurrent distributiondistribution andand rangerange inin EuropeEurope

EnglandEngland BelarusBelarus

CroatiaCroatia Ukraine?Ukraine?

SerbiaSerbia CorsicaCorsica NativeNative narrow-clawednarrow-clawed crayfish,crayfish,AstacusAstacus leptodactylusleptodactylus–– an an invasiveinvasive speciesspecies fromfrom thethe easteast –– but but susceptiblesusceptible toto crayfishcrayfish plague.plague. GeneralizedGeneralized distributiondistribution ofof AstacusAstacus leptodactyusleptodactyusinin EuropeEurope SignalSignal crayfishcrayfishPacifastacusPacifastacus leniusculusleniusculus –– 1960s- 1960s- .Sweden. AA large,large, invasive,invasive, plague-carryingplague-carrying speciesspecies (22(22 countries)countries) GiantGiant signals!signals! SpreadSpread byby manman fromfrom SwedenSweden andand byby moremore USUS importsimports toto mostmost ofof WesternWestern EuropeEurope inin 1970s1970s andand ’80s.’80s. ComparisonComparison ofof aa noblenoble andand aa signalsignal crayfishcrayfish –– ecological ecological andand gastronomicgastronomic homologues?homologues? ComparisonComparison ofof aa nativenative white-clawedwhite-clawed andand anan alienalien signalsignal crayfishcrayfish AlienAlien takeovertakeover inin Britain!Britain! OneOne nativenative speciesspecies inin 1970s,1970s, butbut noble,noble, narrow-clawed,narrow-clawed, signal,signal, redred swamp,swamp, andand spiny-cheekspiny-cheek crayfishcrayfish nownow alsoalso present.present. DensityDensity ofof signalsignal crayfishcrayfish burrowsburrows inin anan EnglishEnglish stream.stream. TheThe highesthighest numbernumber areare atat thethe introductionintroduction sitesite (after(after Stanton,Stanton, 2004).2004). ItIt hashas takentaken thethe signalsignal 1717 yearsyears toto migratemigrate 1212 kmkm downstream.downstream. RedRed swampswamp crayfish,crayfish,ProcambarusProcambarus clarkiiclarkii –– 1970s- 1970s- .Spain. AnAn invasive,invasive, plagueplague carryingcarrying speciesspecies (8(8 countries)countries) SpreadSpread byby manman fromfrom SpainSpain andand throughthrough thethe aquariumaquarium andand restaurantrestaurant tradestrades inin WesternWestern Europe.Europe. Yabby,Yabby, CheraxCherax destructordestructor –– two two sitessites inin Spain,Spain, butbut alsoalso culturedcultured inin Italy.Italy. LiveLive specimensspecimens usedused inin SwissSwiss restaurants,restaurants, oneone specimensspecimens foundfound inin thethe wild.wild. TheThe futurefuture doesdoes notnot looklook goodgood forfor nativenative crayfishcrayfish inin EuropeEurope asas theythey areare beingbeing eliminatedeliminated byby alienalien crayfish,crayfish, andand perhapsperhaps ,crabs, withwith superiorsuperior competitivecompetitive abilities.abilities. AlienAlien crayfishcrayfish fromfrom NorthNorth AmericaAmerica carrycarry thethe crayfishcrayfish plagueplague fungus,fungus, AphanomycesAphanomyces astaci astaci,, toto whichwhich allall EuropeanEuropean crayfishcrayfish areare susceptible.susceptible. AlienAlien crayfishcrayfish continuecontinue toto spreadspread inin EuropeEurope andand withwith themthem soso doesdoes crayfishcrayfish plague.plague. NewNew alienalien crayfishcrayfish areare beingbeing introducedintroduced despitedespite thethe currentcurrent legislation.legislation. AsAs aa resultresult ofof accidentalaccidental andand deliberatedeliberate introductionsintroductions decapoddecapod diversitydiversity inin Europe’sEurope’s inlandinland waterswaters hashas moremore thanthan doubleddoubled –– but but atat whatwhat cost,cost, particularlyparticularly toto freshwaterfreshwater crayfish?crayfish?

ICSICS 20052005

NICSNICS 20052005 Watch out, we’re coming to a river near you! Me too!

ALIEN CRAYFISH ESTABLISHED IN THE WILD IN WESTERN EUROPE + – Eastern Europe/Near East * – * leniusculus -North America * clarkii -North America Also Orconectes immunis – North America Orconectes virilis – North America *Marbled crayfish – Unknown +Cherax destructor – Australia ?+ - Australia ?Orconectes rusticus –North America ?*Procambarus cubensis - Cuba *Proven carrier of +Susceptible to crayfish plague ?Probably not in the wild yet. NorthernNorthern oror virilevirile crayfish,crayfish, OrconectesOrconectes virilisvirilis –– presentlypresently onlyonly inin thethe Netherlands.Netherlands. AlsoAlso O.O. immunisimmunisinin oneone regionregion ofof Germany.Germany. TheThe rustyrusty crayfish,crayfish, OrconectesOrconectes rusticusrusticus–probably–probably thethe mostmost invasiveinvasive crayfish!crayfish! OneOne night’snight’s catchcatch ofof OrconectesOrconectes rusticusrusticus inin aa newlynewly invadedinvaded CanadianCanadian lake.lake. Redclaw,Redclaw,CheraxCherax quadricarinatusquadricarinatus–– culturedcultured inin ItalyItaly andand Israel.Israel. CanCan overwinteroverwinter inin coastalcoastal pondsponds inin thethe Mediterranean.Mediterranean. RedclawRedclaw cancan growgrow toto aa largelarge sizesize -- 500 500 gg IrishIrish CheraxCheraxsp.sp.––turnedturned upup inin thethe aquariumaquarium tradetrade despitedespite strictstrict bansbans onon imports.imports. TheThe marbledmarbled crayfishcrayfish oror MarmorkrebsMarmorkrebs –– the the firstfirst knownknown parthenogeneticparthenogenetic crayfish.crayfish. WildWild atat oneone sitesite inin Germany.Germany.

Top View