DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 428 964 SE 062 345
TITLE Newton's Apple Teachers Guides. Seasons 9-10-11-12: A
. Collection of Lessons and Activities. INSTITUTION Twin Cities Public Television, St. Paul, MN. SPONS AGENCY 3M, St. Paul, MN. PUB DATE 1995-00-00 NOTE 293p.; For season 13, see ED 412 068. AVAILABLE FROM Newton's Apple, 172 E. 4th Street, St. Paul, MN 55101;Tel: 800-588-6398 (Toll Free); e-mail: [email protected] PUB TYPE Guides Classroom - Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Architecture; Athletics; *Biological Sciences; Biology; Chemistry; Elementary Secondary Education; Geology; Hands on Science; Medicine; *Physical Sciences; Physics; *Problem Solving; *Science and Society; *Science Education; Space Sciences; Technology
ABSTRACT Newton's Apple is a PBS family science program thatexplores basic science through high-energy, hands-on demonstrations. This volumeis a collection of the teacher's guides from four seasons of Newton's Applewhich were originally broadcast from 1991 through 1994. Each of thefour seasons in the volume contains 26 lessons and a combination of supplementarymaterials, including family guides, transparencies, and indexes. Topics covered in Season 900 include Olympic sports, solar-powered cars,steroids, forensic science, cancer causes and treatments, Frisbee physics, sewer science, dinosaurs, domed stadium architecture, photosynthesis, tears, slinkyphysics, the Soviet space program, the color of the sky, acid rain,biomechanics of high jumping, medical quackery, microwave ovens, telecommunications,solar eclipses, hip replacement, and airbags and collisions. Topics featuredin Season 1000 include how television works, satellite technology,Hollywood stunts, household chemistry, election polls and surveys,electric cars, creating monster masks, ozone, oil spills, diet and nutrition, Antarctica, AIDS, glass recycling, cockroaches, broken bones, Omnimax movietechnology, archery, the Aurora Borealis, air pressure, traffic control, cryogenics, locks and dams, blood typing, diabetes, and galaxy mapping. Topicsdiscussed in Season 1100 include rock climbing, taste and smell, emergency rescue, black holes, memory, in vitro fertilization, newspaper production, explosions, jumbo jets, meteors, windsurfing, permafrost, spotted owls and old growth forests, carpal tunnel syndrome, archeology, mazes and puzzle-solving, firefighting, dairy farming, North American bison, heart attacks, underwater diving and the bends, compact discs, garbage,infrared light, Mount Rushmore, and virtual reality. Season 1200 explores hang gliding, karate, Arctic survival and nutrition, aircraft carriers, brain science, garlic, dinosaurs in the movies, bread chemistry, movie sound effects, the sun, dinosaur extinction, floods, the Internet, antibiotics, ethnobotany, the Hubble Telescope, a raptor hospital, photography, redwood trees, electricity, printing money, gravity, bridges, and earthquakes. (WRM) a a a
II
BEST COPY AVAIL U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS CENTER (ERIC) BEEN GRANTED BY is document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy 1 Newton's Apple Teachers Guides
Seasons 910 11 12
A Collection of Lessons and Activities
NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educationals materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.
These materials can be duplicated for educational purposes only.
(:) 1995 Twin Cities Public Television
'NEWTON'S APPLE® 3 Welcothe to Newton's Apple
Newton's Apple is the popular PBS family science program, broadcast on public television stations nationwide since 1983. Each program explores basic science through high-energy, hands-on demonstrations, featuring host David Hell, field reporter Peggy Knapp, and naturalist Nancy Gibson. Newton's Apple has answered thousands of science questions, ranging from "Why is the sky blue?" to "Why are flamingoes pink?" Comprehensive teachers guides have always accompanied the broadcasts of Newton's Apple, bringing the show's vivid demonstrations into classrooms at the elementary, middle and high school levels.
The teacher's guides are designed to accompany the Newton's Apple television program segments, but are also a rich stand-alone resource in the classroom. With over 100 subjects covered, they offer many ways to help students discover the wonders of science.
This volume collects the teachers guides from four seasons of Newton's Apple (seasons 9-12), which were originally broadcast in 1991 through 1994. Each of the four seasons in this volume has 26 lessons and a combination of ancillary materials (Street SmartsTM, Science Try Its TM, Family Guides, Animals, Transparencies, Season Indexes, Subject Indexes).
The programs featured in these guides are still being broadcast on many PBS stations. Call your local PBS station to fmd out when Newton's Apple airs in your area and refer to the subject by the show number in the subject index in the back of this book. Educators are free to videotape the programs and use those tapes in their classrooms for three years from the broadcast date. If you miss taping a segment, you can also order tapes of selected Newton's Apple shows (see below).
You can receive teachers guides for future Newton's Apple seasons for FREE by writing to: NSTA - Marketing Division 1840 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22201
For more information on how to order other Newton's Apple educational materials, including videotapes of selected programs, CD-ROM series "What's The Secret", Newton's Apple Multimedia Collection (interactive videodiscs), science kits, call or write:
Toll Free: E-mail: Address: 1.800.LUV.NEWT [email protected] Newton's Apple 1.800.588.6398 172 E. 4th St. St. Paul, MN 55101
Special Note: Because these are reprints of previous teachers guides, we are not able to include special inserts included in the original packets (e.g. the posters, videotape labels and stickers). So while the copy in the different sections of the materials refer to these added materials, they are not part of this book. TABLE OF CONTENTS
SHOW* SHOW* NUMBER PAGE NUMBER PAGE Season 9 9.1 Satellite Technology 1001 10.9 Welcome 9.2 Hollywood Stunts 1002 10.11 9th Season Index 9.3 Household Chemistry 1002 10.13 Past Seasons Index 9.4 Election Polls and Surveys 1003 10.15 Olympic Training Center 901 9.5 Electric Cars 1003 10.17 Luge 901 9.7 Monster Makeup 1004 10.19 Solar Powered Cars 902 9.9 Ozone 1004 10.21 Steroids 902 9.11 Oil Spills 1005 10.23 Murder Mystery 903 9.13 Diet and Nutrition 1005 10.25 Cancer Causes 904 9.15 Antarctica I 1006 10.27 Frisbee Physics 904 9.17 Antarctica II 1006 10.29 Sewer Science 905 9.19 AIDS 1007 10.31 Cancer Treatments 905 9.21 Glass Recycling 1007 10.33 Dinosaurs I 906 9.23 Cockroaches 1008 10.35 Dinosaurs II 906 9.25 Broken Bones 1008 10.37 Domed Stadium 907 9.27 Omnimax 1009 10.39 Photosynthesis 907 9.29 Archery 1009 10.41 Tears 908 9.31 Aurora Borealis 1010 10.43 Slinky Physics 908 9.33 Air Pressure 1010 10.45 Soviet Space 909 9.35 Traffic Control 1011 10.47 Sky Blue 909 9.37 Cryogenics 1011 10.49 Acid Rain 910 9.39 Locks and Dams 1012 10.51 High Jump 910 9.41 Blood Typing 1012 10.53 Medical Quakeries 911 9.43 Diabetes 1013 10.55 Microwave Ovens 911 9.45 Galaxy Mapping 1013 10.57 Telecommunications 912 9.47 10th Season Animals 10.59 Solar Eclipse 912 9.49 Science Try Its 10.61 Hip Replacement 913 9.51 Street Smart 10.63 Air Bags & Collisions 913 9.53 Transparency Master 10.65 9th Season Animals 9.55 Family Guide 10.67 Science Try Its 9.57 3M and Science Education 10.69 Family Guide 9.59 Credits 10.70 3M and Science Education 9.61 Credits 9.62 Season 11 11.1 Welcome 11.2 Season 10 10.1 Suggestions 11.3 Welcome 10.2 Newton's Apple Team 11.4 Suggestions 10.3 llth Season Index 11.5 Newton's Apple Team 10.4 Past Seasons Index 11.6 10th Season Index 10.5 Science Subject Index 11.7 Past Seasons Index 10.6 Rock Climbing 1101 11.9 Flow TV Works 1001 10.7 Taste and Smell 1101 11.11
* The show number corresponds to the season and the program. For example, 905 is the fifth program in the ninth season. Use this number to order a show or when asking your PBS station when they are going to rebroadcast it.
k 5 SHOW* SHOW* NUMBER PAGE NUMBER PAGE
Emergency Rescue 1102 11.13 Brain Mapping 1204 12.21 Black Holes 1102 11.15 Garlic 1204 12.23 Memory 1103 11.17 Movie Dinosaurs 1205 12.25 In Vitro Fertilization 1103 11.19 Bread Chemistry 1205 12.27 Newspaper 1104 11.21 Movie Sound Effects 1206 12.29 Bomb Squad 1104 11.23 Sun 1206 12.31 Jumbo Jets 1105 11.25 Dinosaur Extinction 1207 12.33 Meteors 1105 11.27 Floods 1207 12.35 Windsurfing 1106 11.29 Internet 1208 12.37 Permafrost 1106 11.31 Antibiotics 1208 12.39 Spotted Owl/ Ethnobotany 1209 12.41 Old-Growth Forests 1107 11.33 Hubble Telescope 1209 12.43 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 1107 11.35 Raptor Hospital 1210 12.45 Archeology 1108 11.37 Photography 1210 12.47 Mazes 1108 11.39 Redwoods 1211 12.49 Firefighting 1109 11.41 Electricity 1211 12.51 Dairy Farm 1109 11.43 Printing Money 1212 12.53 Bison Roundup 1110 11.45 Gravity 1212 12.55 Heart Attack 1110 11.47 Bridges 1213 12.57 The Bends 1111 11.49 Earthquakes 1213 12.59 Compact Discs 1111 11.51 12th Season Animals 12.61 Garbage 1112 11.53 Science Try Its 12.63 Infrared Light 1112 11.55 Street Smart 12.65 Mount Rushmore 1113 11.57 Transparency Master 12.67 Virtual Reality 1113 11.59 Family Guide 12.69 llth Season Animals 11.61 3M and Science Education 12.71 Science Try Its 11.63 Credits 12.72 Street Smart 11.65 Transparency Master 11.67 3M and Science Education 11.69 Credits 11.70
Season 12 12.1 Welcome 12.2 Suggestions 12.3 Newton's Apple Team 12.4 12th Season Index 12.5 Past Seasons Index 12.6 Science Subject Index 12.7 Hang Gliding 1201 12.9 Karate 1201 12.11 Arctic Survival 1202 12.13 Arctic Nutrition 1202 12.15 Aircraft Carrier 1203 12.17 Brain 1203 12.19
* The show number corresponds to the season and the program. For example, 905 is the fifthprogram in the ninth season. Use this number to order a show or when asking your PBS station when theyare going to rebroadcast it.
vi Seasons 9101112 Index
SUBJECT INDEX SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Acid Rain 910 9.399.40 African Elephants 1201 12.61 AIDS 1007 10.3110.32 Air Bags 913 9.53 - 9.54 Air Pressure 1010 10.4510.46 Aircraft Carrier 1203 12.1712.18 Antarctica I 1006 10.2710.28 Antarctica II 1006 10.2910.30 Antibiotics 1208 12.39 - 12.40 Archeology 1108 11.3711.38 Archery 1009 10.41 - 10.42 Arctic Survival 1202 12.1312.14 Arctic Nutrition 1202 12.15 - 12.16 Aurora Borealis 1010 10.4310.44
Bats 903 9.55 Bears 912 9.56 Polar 1112 11.62 Bends 1111 11.4911.50 Bison Roundup 1110 11.45 - 11.46 Black Holes 1102 11.15 - 11.16 Blood Typing 1012 10.5310.54 Bomb Squad 1104 11.23 - 11.24 Brain 1203 12.1912.20 Brain Mapping 1204 12.2112.22 Bread Chemistry 1205 12.27 - 12.28 Bridges 1213 12.57 - 12.58 Broken Bones 1008 10.37 - 10.38
Camels 908 9.55 Cancer Causes 904 9.159.16 Cancer Treatments 905 9.219.22 Caribou 1005 10.59 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 1107 11.35 - 11.36 Chimpanzees 1113 11.61 Cockroaches 1008 10.35 - 10.36 Collisions 913 9.539.54 Compact Discs 1111 11.51 11.52
vii SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Condors 1009 10.60 Cougars 1003 10.59 Cryogenics 1011 10.49 - 10.50
Dairy Farm 1109 11.43 - 11.44 Dams 1012 10.5110.52 Diabetes 1013 10.5510.56 Diet 1005 10.2510.26 Dinosaur Extinction 1207 12.33 - 12.34 Dinosaurs I 906 9.239.24 Dinosaurs II 906 9.25 - 9.26 Dolphins 1108 11.61 Domed Stadium 907 9.27 - 9.28
Eagles 911 9.56 Earthquakes 1213 12.59 - 12.60 Election Polls 1003 10.1510.16 Electric Cars 1003 10.1710.18 Electricity 1211 12.51 - 12.52 Elephants, African 1201 12.61 Emergency Rescue 1102 11.1311.14 Ethnobotany 1209 12.4112.42
Family Guide (season 9) 9.599.60 Family Guide (season 10) 10.671068 Family Guide (season 12) 12.69 - 12.70 Firefighting 1109 11.41 - 11.42 Floods 1207 12.35 - 12.36 Forests, Old-growth 1107 11.33 - 11.34 Fox, Red 1211 12.61 Frisbee Physics 904 9.17 - 9.18
Galaxy Mapping 1013 10.5710.58 Garbage 1112 11.5311.54 Garlic 1204 12.23 - 12.24 Glass Recycling 1007 10.33 - 10.34 Gravity 1212 12.5512.56
Hang Gliding 1201 12.9 - 12.10 Heart Attack 1110 11.47 - 11.48 SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Hedgehog 1206 12.61 High Jump 910 9.41 - 9.42 Hip Replacement 913 9.519.52 Hollywood Stunts 1002 10.1110.12 Horses, Miniature 902 9.55 Household Chemistry 1002 10.1310.14 Hubble Telescope 1209 12.4312.44 Hummingbirds 1103 11.61
In Vitro Fertilization 1103 11.1911.20 Infrared Light 1112 11.55 - 11.56 Internet 1208 12.37 - 12.38
Jumbo Jets 1105 11.25 - 11.26
Karate 1201 12.11 - 12.12 Komodo Dragon 1209 12.61
Lizards 1107 11.61 Llamas 909 9.56 Locks and Dams 1012 10.5110.52 Luge 901 9.79.8
Mazes 1108 11.39 - 11.40 Medical Quakeries 911 9.43 - 9.44 Memory 1103 11.17 - 11.18 Meteors 1105 11.2711.28 Microwave Ovens 911 9.45 - 9.46 Monster Makeup 1004 10.1910.20 Money, Printing 1212 12.53 - 12.54 Mount Rushmore 1113 11.5711.58 Movie Dinosaurs 1205 12.25 - 12.26 Movie Sound Effects 1206 12.2912.30 Mosquitoes 1104 12.62 Murder Mystery 903 9.139.14 Musk Ox 1002 10.59
Newspaper 1104 11.21 - 11.22 Nutrition 1005 10.25 - 10.26
9 ix SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Oil Spills 1005 10.23 - 10.24 Olympic Training Center 901 9.5 - 9.6 Omnimax 1009 10.39 - 10.40 Ostrich 1013 10.60 Otters, River 1109 11.62 Ox, Musk 1002 10.59 Owl, Spotted 1107 11.33 - 11.34 Ozone 1004 10.21 - 10.22
Penguins 1006/1012 10.59 Permafrost 1106 11.31 - 11.32 Photography 1210 12.4712.48 Photosynthesis 907 9.29 - 9.30 Pigs, Pot belly 913 9.56 Piranhas 1010 10.60 Printing Money 1212 12.5312.54 Polar Bears 1112 11.62 Porcupines 905 9.55
Raptor Hospital 1210 12.45 - 12.46 Red Fox 1211 12.61 Redwoods 1211 12.49 - 12.50 Reindeer 1102 11.62 Rhinoceros 1008 10.60 River Otters 1109 11.62 Rock Climbing 1101 11.911.10
Satellite Technology 1001 10.9 - 10.10 Science Subject Index (season 11) 11.7 - 11.8 Science Subject Index (season 12) 12.7 - 12.8 Science Try Its (season 9) 9.57 - 9.58 Science Try Its (season 10) 10.61 - 10.62 Science Try Its (season 11) 11.63. - 11.64 Science Try Its (season 12) 12.63 - 12.64 Season Index (season 9) 9.3 Season Index (season 10) 10.5 Season Index (season 11) 11.5 Season Index (season 12) 12.5 Sewer Science 905 9.199.20 Siberian Tiger 1207 12.62
1 0 SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Sky Blue 909 9.379.38 Slinky Physics 908 9.339.34 Snakes 1210 12.64 Solar Eclipse 912 9.499.50 Solar Powered Cars 902 9.9 - 9.10 Soviet Space 909 9.359.36 Smell 1101 11.11 - 11.12 Steroids 902 9.119.12 Street Smart (season 10) 10.63 - 10.64 Street Smart (season 11) 11.6511.66 Street Smart (season 12) 12.6512.66 Sun 1206 12.31 - 12.32 Surveys 1003 10.1510.16
Taste 1101 11.1111.12 Tasmanian Devil 1204 12.62 Tears 908 9.319.32 Telecommunications 912 9.47 - 9.48 Television 1001 10.7 - 10.8 Tiger, Siberian 1207 12.62 Traffic Control 1011 10.47 - 10.48 Transparency Master (season 10) 10.65 - 10.66 Transparency Master (season 11) 11.6711.68 Transparency Master (season 12) 12.6712.68
Virtual Reality 1113 11.59 - 11.60
Wallabies 1205 12.62 Wolverines 1007 10.59 Wolves 1111 11.62 Windsurfing 1106 11.2911.30
xi Free LN Educational Materials for Nn. Aab.
The Ninth Season of NEWTON'S APPLE Premieres October 1 991 on PBS.
Educational Materials Developed by the National Science Teachers Association Space, Science, and Technology Division.
Newton's Apple is a production of Twin Cities Public Television St. Paul/Minneapolis and is made possible by a grant from 3M.
3M 1 2 Innovation working for you- AR.
WELCOME TO THE The Newton's NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 900 Apple poster EDUCATOR'S GUIDE! features Isaac Newton in his orchard and highlights major We hope the first thing you will do upon opening these materials is to hang up the Newton's 9th Season Apple poster included at the end of this packet! This poster captures the philosophy of the segments. series and previews several major segments featured in the 9th season of Newton's Apple. It was designed especially to promote discussion in the classroom. The Newton's Apple series, and these educational materials, are based on the elemental process of discovery: Asking questions about the world around us will lead us to new understanding. Ask your students if they know what each of the background illustrations in the posterare. Revisit the poster when you discuss the various lessons dealing with each illustration. Although this guide was created to be useful to you even if you aren't able to view each Newton's Apple segment, we encourage you to assign your students to watch Newton's Apple when it airs in your area or videotape the program for classroom useor do both. In fact, we urge you to videotape the entire 9th season for future use in your classroom! The first page of the Guide is an index of the lesson pages, whichare organized according to the corresponding Season 900 Newton's Apple program in which each topicappears (e.g., "Dinosaurs: Finding and Dating" appears in Newton's Apple program #906). Each lesson page includes a general discussion about a major topic we're exploringon the series itself. We've also included related things to talk about in your classroom,a resource section and vocabulary. The back of each lesson page has a main activity along with several extended activities for you to do in the classroom or that your studentscan to do at home. You will notice that there are two special pages at the end of the lessonpages. One of these is about the menagerie of animals that will appear this season on Newton's Apple. The other page is a sampling of "Science Try Its," an exciting new segment premiering this season! "Try Its" are simple and proven scientific experiments your students can try at home with their parents, using common household products. The shorter segments that you will see in the Newton's Apple series (e.g., "Chats," "Science of the Rich and Famous," and David and Peggy "On the Spot")are not discussed in these teaching materials. However, we believe that viewing these lively and entertainingsegments on Newton's Apple will encourage even further discussion in your classroom! The final piece of the Educator's Guide is our take-home viewer's guide, "Catch It At Home." This page was written with your students and their families in mind. We hopeyou will photocopy this page and send copies home with your students. Newton's Apple is extremely proud of its record as a family show, and we want to continue encouraging parental and family involvement in the education of every youngperson. We hope you find these materials useful and fun! If you have any questionsor comments, please let us knowwe welcome your feedback! Also, please remember to fillout and return one of the reply cards you will find inserted after segment #904. This will ensure that your name will remain on the list to receive next year's Educator's Guide (Newton's Apple's 10th Anniversary!!).
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television, Made possible by a grunt from 3M. 13 Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers Association 3M Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you. SEASON 900 SEGMENT INDEX
Following is an index of your Newton's Apple Educator's Guide. For your convenience, the lessons in this guide are organized numerically according to the Newton's Apple program in which the corresponding segment appears. Just look in the upper right hand corner of each lesson page for the show number (i.e. #901, #902, etc.). On the reverse side of this page is a listing of the previous three seasons of Newton's Apple. These episodes will be rebroadcast throughout the year, and we hope you will continue to use them in your classroom.
Please check with Show #901 Show #904 Show #909 your local PBS Olympic Training Cancer Causes Soviet Space station for exact airdate and time. Center Frisbee Physics Sky Blue You can ask for a Luge program by its show number. If season 900 of Show #905 Show #910 Newton's Apple Show #902 Sewer Science Acid Rain doesn't appear in Solar Powered Cars the Fall 1991 Cancer Treatments High Jump schedule of your Steroids local PBS station, call them to find Show #906 Show #911 out when they plan to run it. Show #903 Dinosaur I Medical Quackeries Murder Mystery Dinosaur II Microwave Ovens
Show #907 Show #912 Domed Stadium Telecommunications Photosynthesis Solar Eclipse
Show #908 Show #913
Newton's Apple is a production Tears Hip Replacement of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Slinky Physics Airbags & Collisions
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace Science, and Technology Division.
...... 1 4 3M 9.3 Innovation working for you- NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 600 SEGMENT INDEX
SHOW 6.01 SNOW 604 SHOW 607 SHOW 610 SNOW 612 Skydiying Air Traffic Control Rockets Liquid Nitrogen Magnets Facial Symmetry Feet CPR Chat Dolphins Forest Fires Baby Orangutans Bell Curves Inventor's Fair Superconductivity Night Blindness Tracking Bears Aerosols Insects Lynx SNOW 602 ILM Movie Creatures SHOW 605 SHOW 608 SHOW 611 SHOW 613 Cholesterol Clouds Fireworks Synthesizers Horse Jumping Suntan Lotion Rube Goldberg Papermaking Maple Syruping Toys in Space Vulture Skin Itch Chat Gas Chat Wind Chill Dust Bunnies Home Runs Slow Loris Non-Stick Pans Toucan SNOW 603 Cold Remedies Serval Carnivorous Plants Microsurgery SHOW 609 Strobes SHOW 606 Insomnia Coordination Chat Marine Biological Electron Microscope Aardvark Research at Exponentials Woods Hole, MA Giraffe
NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 700 SEGMENT INDEX
SHOW 701 SHOW 704 SHOW 706 SHOW 708 SHOW 711 Roller Coasters Rain Forest Hawaii Special Milky Way Spinal Cord Quicksand Buoyancy Surfing Epilepsy Glue Jelly Side Down Pouring Catsup Volcanoes Inventor's Fair Dog Behavior Tiger Cold Remedies Luau Chat Cuttlefish Sugar Processing SHOW 712 SHOW 702 SNOW 705 Hawaiian Language SHOW 709 Cheese Bee Stings Caffeine Eel DNA Aging Bowling Monarch Butterflies Rube Goldberg Contest Appendix Chat High-Speed Elevator Autumn Leaves Chat SHOW 707 Parrot Chat Wolves Boa Doppler Effect Whale Watch Chewing Tin Foil Sloth Sunspots Seahorse SHOW 713 SHOW 703 Skunk Supercomputers Race Cars SHOW 710 Greenhouse Effect Spider Webs Marathons House Creaking Tropical Fish Celestial Navigation Owl Cataracts Chat Echidna
NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 800 SEGMENT INDEX
SHOW 801 SHOW 804 SHOW 807 SHOW 809 SHOW 812 Cartoons Demolition Derby Helicopter Desert Animals Violins Skateboards Stress Newton Judo Voyager Yo Yo's Topology Chat Koalas Salt & Ice Rube Goldberg Turtles Eagles Pigs Kinkajou SHOW 808 SNOW 802 SHOW 805 Dyes SHOW 810 SHOW 813 Juggling Kidney Transplants Pool & Billiards Hydro Power Glaciers Greenwich Mean Time Music & Emotion Cheerios in Milk Whitewater Rafting Termites Echoes Swans Cheetah Mold Alligators Flies Weather Proverbs SHOW 806 SHOW 803 Blood SHOW 811 Everglades Physics Circus Wildlife Census Tomorrow's World Fax Machine Eggs Recycling Chat Pronghorn Inventor's Fair Field Trip
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers Association 15 9.4 3M -Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for yoi SNOW NUMBER:
OLYMPIC TRAINING CENTER How can biomechanics help an athlete? David and Peggy travel to the Olympic What does it take to be an Olympic athlete? How important is Training training and practice for good performance? Do different sports Center. require special training programs? How can science help Olympic athletes?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION of hydrodynamics. Swimming Even non-Olympic exercisers Greenwood-Robinson, Scientists have developed many differs from land sports in that now have access to much new Maggie. "Touching Base devices to analyze every detail energy must be expended to technology: weekend joggers With the New Push-Button of an athlete's performance. overcome drag forces which or bikers can have a videotape Machines." Women's oppose forward movement of of their performance analyzed Sports & Fitness, Advanced sports technology employs high-speed an object through a fluid. for biomechanical advice. May 1989. Fitness clubs have stationary fingers, Laura. "Cool cinematography, force and The swimmer pushes down into torque measurement the water with the hand. The exercise equipment that offers School Days." Sports instant feedback on current and Illustrated for Kids, equipment, ergometos, water resists this motion, and February 1991, pp. 40-45. electromyography, wind this force, called drag, is average speeds, distance traveled and calories expended. Milton, Joyce. Greg tunnels, mathematical modeling transmitted through the Louganis: Diving for and many other devices. swimmer's arm to propel the Gold. New York: Athletes also employ swimmer through the water. If Things to Talk About Random House, 1989. biomechanics in their training. the swimmer curves the hand 1. Why would athletes want to see videos of how they Roessing, Walter. Biomechanics is the study of and arm, an additional force "Tommy Moe: Downhill how the laws of physics can be comes into play:lift. The flow perform? to the Olympics." applied to the human body. of water over the hand creates 2. What other applications Boys Life, The biomechanics of swimming the same kind of lift force does this technology have? January 1991, pp. 29. generated when air flows over Could it be used in physical Vandeweghe, Ernest M. were ignored for years because it was very hard to quantify an airplane wing. The goal of a therapy? and Flynn, George L winning swimmer is to Growing with Sports. results in a open pool. But with 3. Would you want to see Englewood Cliffs, NJ: the flume, a kind of treadmill maximize both the drag and the movies of your performance in Prentice-Hall, 1979. for swimmers, scientists can lift forces. This can be achieved gym class? Weintraub, Pamela and now bring high-tech with the assistance of the Teich, Mark. "Body and measurement and analysis to scientific measurements and SeouL" Omni, the Olympic swimmer. analysis made possible by the September 1988. flume. To understand how the flume helps the swimmer improve the "streamlining" of a stroke, involves a basic understanding VOCABULARY Cinematography The art or science of motion-picture photography. Advanced sports technology employs high-speed cinematography to assist athletes in their pursuit of better performance.
Newton's Apple is a production Kinesiology The study of the principles of mechanics and of KTCA Twin Cities Public anatomy in relation to human movement. Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Drag The retarding force acting on a body moving through a Educational materials fluid, parallel and opposite to the direction of motion. developed by the National Science Teachers LiftAn upward force resulting from decreasing the pressure on AssociationSpace the top of an object by increasing the velocity of the air flowing over Science, and Technology the top of it. Division.
16 9.5 3M Innovation working for you- SHOW NOMBIRI 901
LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION !
Capture your athletic prowess on film! TRY THIS... Invite a marathon runner or long- TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY sequence of these still-frames on a distance biker or Look into the future You can learn more about your single sheet of paper. swimmer to come and try to predict musculoskeletal system and improve 4. Invite your gym teacher or coach talk to your class. the kinds of your athletic performance by Ask them about technology sports to view the tape and help you analyze the issues of watching yourself participate in the biomechanics of your may be using then. sporting activities. pacing, fluid Will there be new performance. replacement, technologies or new mileage, sporting events? Materials 5. Compare your tapes to your speedwork and Can you create a Video camera classmates'. motivation. What new sport that uses Blank videocassettes is the longest both physics and ' Television Questions distance you've blomechanics? Videocassette Recorder (VCR) 1. After watching your performance, ever gone in any Write the rules for think of ways to improve your of these sports? the event and White Paper and Pencil How did you invite your friends techniques. How else could prepare for to compete. What 1. Decide on an activity like running, videotaping activities be useful? competition? How recent events have swimming or skating for your 2. What would you watch for in an did you feel after been added to the performance analysis. opponents tape? What might you the activity? What Olympic games? damage do you 2. Have friends or family members learn about your own winning think you could do videotape you as you exercise. strategies? without adequate 3. Use the still frame on your VCR to 3. What other Olympic biomech- preparation? look at specific points in the action. anical equipment would you like to Diagram the motion by tracing a try?
TRY THIS... Find out about the sports curriculum at your local university. See if they offer any classes or programs on kinesiology, exercise physiology, sports medicine, TRY THIS... biomechanics or the physics of sports. Ask Sometimes other people can put a lot of pressure on an them for course descriptions or typical athlete to compete and win. Think about the following assignments. Discuss these programs and information attributed to the father of an Olympic swimmer: try to do a few assignments with your "The greatest motivating factor in my son's life has been friends. Could these programs help you his mother and myself.... There was a point when I pushed improve your performance? him. ... Swimming isn't everything; winning is." How does this compare to De Coubertin's philosophy of the Olympics? Did this father really motivate the Olympian or did he have to motivate himself? What effects can parental or peer pressure have on athletes? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 17 AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.6 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for you SHOW NUMBER:
LUGE How do engineering and technology play a role in the Olympics? Peggy learns how gravity, friction and Would you like to take a ride on the luge? Why would athletes wind resistance want to analyze their movements? How important is the start of all play a role the race? What kind and amount of strength does running a luge in the sport of loge. require?
RESOURCES . DISCUSSION accident, and later, two other motion is balanced by the friction of air pushing against Freier, G.D. and The Olympic luge event was German lugers were severely the luge. Because of this air Anderson, F.J. introduced in 1964 at injured. friction, designers must use A Demonstration Innsbruck-Igis, Austria. The Several physical forces are Handbook for Physics demostrated by a luge event. aerodynamic principles to Teaching. College Park, word luge is French for "racing reduce the wind drag to a bare sled." Lugers careen down the One is friction, the force that MD: American Association minimum. Often they use tight course feet first while lying on slows down moving objects of Physics Teachers, 1983. rubberized suits, special their backs. The luge sled was when two surfaces rub together. Henry, Sara j. helmets with rounded face originally controlled by a hand- Of course, the ice on the luge "The Need for Speed." shields or smooth sleds held strap which guided the course minimizes the potential Women's Sport and designed with a low center of Fitness, Jan./Feb. 1991, front of the runner. Now luges for friction on the surface. gravity. pp. 58-59. are steered by the lugers Lugers attempt to further reduce Milgrom, Harry. exerting pressure on the sides the force of friction by using the First Experiments witb most slippery materials possible Things to Talk About of the car with their feet and Oftentimes, lugers are filmed on Gravity. E. P. Dutton & shoulders. to construct the luge itself. The Co., New York: 1966. high speed video that is then Sliders have limited visibility weight of the luger places Sklarwitz, Norman. pressure on the ice, melting it converted to computer graphics "80 M. P. H. on Ice", because of their body position to analyze performance. The combined with speeds of up to and creating a slippery layer of Boys Life, water that further reduces use of this technology is a trend Dec. 1990, pp. 36-37. 80 miles per hour. Hairpin friction. But there are rules in modern sports and in the Wallechinsky, David. turns in the course and rules Olympics. By knowing more requiring one of the four runs to about overcoming friction. In The Complete Book of the 1968, the German Women's about physics and how it affects Oblmpics. Crawfordsville, be run at night make this event their performance, athletes can Indiana: R. R. Donneley & one of the most dangerous in Olympic Team was disqualified for heating the runners on their modify their training and Sons Co., 1985. the Olympics. It is so practice sessions to improve sleds! Additional Sources of dangerous, in fact, that in 1964 their performance. What would Information a Polish-born British slider Another physical force involved you expect computer analysis U. S. Luge Association named Kazimierz Kay- with luge is gravOl. Gravity to tell you about your favorite Box 651 Skrzypeski was killed in a luge causes acceleration and helps sport? lake Placid, NY 12946 the luge move. The forward (518) 523-2071
VOCABULARY Friction The force that acts to resist the relative motion (or attempted motion) of objects or materials that are in contact. Air Resistance The force that acts on something moving through Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public the air. Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Weight The force on a body of matter due to the gravitational
Educational materials attraction of another body (commonly the earth). developed by the National Science VelocitySpeed together with the direction of motion. Teachers AssociationSpace AccelerationThe rate at which velocity is changing. The change Science, and , Technology may be in magnitude, direction or both. Division. 4.
18 3M 9.7 Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBER 901
CONSTRUCT A LUGE You can design your own luge and luge course. Try and fmd ways to make your luge car travel faster and then start racing!
MAIN ACTIVITY 4. Try to modify the cars or luges to TRY THIS... By applying the physical forces of make them go faster. Record and Videotape a friend friction, the force that slows objects graph the times of these modified playing a sport or down when they rub together, and trials. performing an activity. Using TRY THIS... gravity, which helps the luge 5. Discuss your modifications, accelerate, you can design super fast freeze frame or Split up into observations, and graphs. Select one slow motion, several groups and luges and exciting luge courses. car or luge for the course analyze the discuss how friction and invite other performance in helps us and how it Materials classes to enter a terms of physical hinders us in the Graph paper forces like gravity, things we do. See luge contest. Card board friction and drag. if you can find Help your friend pictures that Rubber bands improve his/her illustrate the effects Waxed paper performance. friction has on our daily lives. Butcher paper Aluminum foil Several toy cars of different shapes and sizes (Or, try to make your own luge with popsicle sticks, tongue depressers and glue) Questions Stop watch 1. What effect does a sharp curve have 1. Have the class discuss what kind on the speed of your vehicle? of course to build for your cars or 2. Should a luge course be designed TRY THIS... luge. Choose what kinds of variables so that the car's speed increases you want in your course, like the You can continuously? Should there be parts demonstrate the number of curves, angle of turns, of the course that level the luge out? effects of air elevation or length of the course. You Why or why not? resistance when it may want to add a drop hole so the interacts with car or luge could drop through to 3. What factors increase or diminish gravity. Construct another chute below. speed? a paper parachute and attach it to a 2. Once your class has chosen a plan, 4. Find out what drag means. Is large iron washer. divide into two teams. One team will there drag in water? What effect Hold another iron design and build the course, the other might it have on aquatic animals? washer in your will select the best cars or build a 5. What affects your speed when you other hand. Drop miniature luge. the parachute with are sledding? How could you find the washer and the 3. Once the chute is constructed and ways to go faster? Could you find solitary washer at the cars are ready, begin timing how better ways to control the turns? the same time. long it takes the cars or luges to Which washer reaches the floor complete the course. Run several last? Why? time trials and record your TRY THIS... observations. Graph the results. Sports like tobogganing and bobsledding are similar to the lege. Split the class into teams and have them investigate the similarities and the differences between each sport. Pay particular attention to how each sport allows for physical forces like gravity, friction and air resistance. Go sledding if there is snow in your area. Each team should prepare a report to present to the class. Newton's Apple is a production of ISTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 19 AssociationSpace, Science. and BEST COPY AVAILABLE 3M Technology Division. 9.8 Innovation working for you SHOW NUMBER:
SOLAR POWERED CARS How can the Sun help power a car? Peggy learns how a solar ear is made and What are the benefits and drawbacks of solar powered cars? follows the Would people save money and energy if more were on the road? General Motors Would you want to take a trip across the country in one? Solar Car Sunrayee.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION Solar-powered cars all get their research will continue to search fuel from the same placethe for alternative energy sources, Asimov,Lsaar.How Did Solar power comes from the We Find Out About Solar Sun. The cars use hundreds of including harnessing the Sun's energy of our Sun, a yellow energy to drive a vehicle. The Power? New York: dwarf star located 93 million photovoltaic cells to convert Walker and Company, sunlight into electricity. Each most exciting part of using solar miles from the Earth. It is a 1981. cell produces about onehalf power as an energy source is middle-aged, mid-size star that it is pollution free and Catherall, Ed. compared to the billions of volt of electricity. Solar Power. New Jersey: inexhaustible. If research Silver Burdett Company, other stars in the universe. When the Sunrayce teams design their electrical systems continues, one day solar energy 1982. The interior of the Sun is a they have to allow for variations may replace today's combustion Gadler, Steve and region very high in temperature engine cars! Adamson, Wendy W. Sun and filled with dense gases. in sunlight. The Sun's energy powers the car's motor and Power Facts About Solar The Sun's core is estimated to Energy. Minneapolis: charges a battery for use when Things to Talk About be approximately 27 million 1. How did the team approach Lerner Publications, 1980 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat and the Sun is hidden by a cloud. If a car is designed to put all of its to designing and building the Additional Sources of light from the Sun are produced energy toward driving and Northern Light car in the Information through a process called keeps nothing in reserve, it will Newton's Apple segment work? Sunrayce nuclear fusion. c/o General Motors stop completely in cloudy What was the biggest challenge Attn: Bruce McCristal Sunlight is an excellent energy weather. If too much energy is in the race? GM Building source and the future of using diverted to the battery, the 2. What other things already Detroit, MI 48202 solar power is very exciting. engine mns too slowly to keep use solar power for energy? (313) 556-2025 The Sun's energy can be used to up in the race. Electric Power Research heat and cool buildings, 3. What other sources of generate electricity, operate Engineers and scientists still energy are as pollution free as Institute have many questions and Transportation Program communication and navigation solar energy? What are these Office systems'and even power solar problems to tackle before solar energy sources used for? P.O. Box 10412 cars, like the ones in the power becomes an efficient and Palo Alto, CA 94303 economical way to fuel General Motors Solar Car U.S. Department of Sunrayce featured in the vehicles. But as the demand on fossil fuel resources increases, Energy Newton's Apple segment! Conservation and Renewable Energy 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. VOCABULARY Washington, DC 20585 SolarReferring to the Sun. Solar Collector An object that gathers the Sun's energy. Nuclear Fusion The process by which the Sun produces heat Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public and light. Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Fossil FuelsCoal, oil and natural gas. Substances that have been Educational materials formed by the decay of the remains of ancient plants and animals developed by the National Science in a sense they are a form of "buried sunshine." Teachers AssociationSpace Solar Panel A device that captures the Sun's energy so it can be Science, and 0 - Technology f used for heating and other purposes. Division. 3M 2 0 9-9 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBS!: 902
: START YOUR ENGINES!
You can build your own solar powered cars and race them just like TRY THIS... in the GM Solar Car Sunrayce! Discover how light and heat can be used as energy. TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 6. Try a few time trials to see who's Try filling one pie Investigate other Build a custom-designed vehicle car is fastest. How can you modify pan half full with u ses of solar propelled by photovoltaic cells. your car to make it go faster? white sand and power. Contact another half full your local utility with dark soil. Materials Questions Insert a company and ask 4 small solar cells them about solar 1. What would happen if you used thermometer in bootleg and cooling Small 1 1/2 volt motor more cells? Does placement of the oath pan with the systems. Compare propeller cells affect the power of the motor? bulb just below the surface. Record the costs of using 2. Does the arrangement of the cells solar power to 1. Place the solar cells side by side. the temperatures n atural gas and affect the design of your car? How for both pans. electricity. Prepare 2. Connect them in a series by could you arrange the cells to make Place pans at an an annual budget twisting the negative and the positive the car more efficient? equal distance under a lamp with and see which wire of one cell to the next cell. 3. Do you have any solar-powered energy source is the a 150-watt light most economical. 3. Attach the motor to the remaining items at home? Where else could bulb. Turn the positive and negative wires. solar cells be used at home? At light on and wait school? for five minutes. 4. Attach the propeller to the motor. Test the Observe how fast it turns. `Adapted with permission from temperature in 5. Design a custom body for the car. materials of the Science Weekly. both pans and record your Compare your's with your classmates'. findings. Are the pans the same temperature? What would happen if the pans were further away from 1he light? Now could scientists use this energy?
TRY THIS... TRY THIS... A radiometer is an instrument that Color can change the amount of light and heat that are measures radiant energy. See if your absorbed. Find out which colors are the most receptive. school has one you can use to study light. Paint a few tin cans different colors. Make sure you use What happens if it is put in front of a light matt paints or ones that aren't too shiny. Fill each can with source? If you block the light with your equal amounts of water. Using a thermometer, record the hand, what happens? What kind of temperature in ouch can. Allow them to sit in the sun for a energy do the moving vanes have? Why few minutes. Test the temperatures in the cans and then are the vanes black and white? What arrange them in a rainbow from coolest to hottest. Now powers the radiometer? that you know which colors are coolest, what colors will you wear in the summer from now on? What about the winter? What color would you pick to paint your house to save energy? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 21 9.10 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for you SHOW NUMBER:
STEROIDS Do athletes need to take synthetic steroids? David learns bow steroids are produced What effects do steroids have on the body? Are there differences naturally I. the between natural steroids and manufactured steroids? Would you body. risk your health to look better or be stronger?
RESOURCES . DISCUSSION Not all steroids are made from human sex hormones, they can also cause wasting of the Brancazsio, Peter J., Anabolic steroids are male sex hormones, nor are all hormones Sports Science: Physical hormones, or androgens, that made of steroids. Physicians testicles, impotence and Laws and Optimum promote muscle growth. Your use another steroid called negative changes in sexuality. Performance. New York corticosteroid, also known as Sometimes, when steroids are Simon and Schuster, body produces them naturally, but they can also be produced cortisone. This catabolic steroid used illegally, they are injected 1986. with needles. Sharing these synthetically in a laboratory. helps reduce swellings in the Goldman, Bob, Deatb in body. needles can also pass on the tbe Locker Room: Both men and women produce these steroids. Men produce Some people use anabolic Human Immunodeficiency Steroids, Cocaine and Virus, HIV, that causes the Sports. Tuscom The Body more steroids than women steroids to build their muscles Press, 1987. which tends to make men's and increase their endurance deadly disease AIDS. Meer, Jeff. Drugs & muscles larger and stronger. and speed. Since the 1950s, Sports. New York Synthetic steroids are very some athletes have used Things to Talk About Chelsea House Publishers, similar to natural ones. anabolic steroids to enhance 1. Have any athletes gotten in 1987. trouble for using steroids? What Physicians can use anabolic their performance in competitions. But using do they think about steroids Additional Sources of steroids as a treatment for a now? Information variety of conditions. In very steroids like this can cause side 2. Are other illegal drugs used President's Council on small and controlled doses, effects that are very serious. Physical Fitness and steroids can, among other Steroids can cause liver in sports? Sports disorders, stunted growth in 3. What other kinds of Department of Health and things, encourage people with Human Services muscle-wasting conditions to children and teenagers, hormones are there? How 450 5th Street, N.W. gain Weight, control certain personality changes, ulcerous important are these in the Washington, D.C. 200001 breast cancers, treat blood acne and high cholesterol levels. natural functions of the body? (202) 272©3420 disorders, heal severe bums Because steroids are made from Alzado, Lyle. "I LiecL", and relieve bone pain for synthetically-produced Sports Illustrated, people who have osteoporosis. testosterone, which imitates July 8, 1991. pp. 20-25. American College of Sports Medicine VOCABULARY (317) 637-9200 Muscle A tissue consisting of cells which have the power to contract. The contraction of muscles causes movement of joints. Cortisone A steroid hormone made by the cortex of the adrenal gland. It functions in cell metabolism, diminishes local inflammation and helps the healing of wounds. HormoneIn animals, an organic substance produced by Newton's Apple is a production AdillU endocrine glands which help coordinate body functions. of KTCA Twin Cities Public , Television. Made possible ,; Hormones may be cholesterol derivatives, e.g., steroid hormones; by a grant from 3M amino acid derivatives e.g., thyroxin; or polypeptides, e.g., insulin. Educational matenals They are secreted directly into the vascular system and carried by developed by the National Science blood to the site(s) of their activity. Teachers AssociationSpace, AnabolicInsofar as steroids are concerned, those effects Science, and Technology involving the synthesis of protein for muscle growth and reparation. Division.
0. 0 3M 1. 9.11 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMMI
FOR THE RECORD What's your opinion? Ask yourself and your friends and family what they think about the drug controversies surrounding sports today!
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 3.Competitive sports in elementary Interview several Before people can make rules and school create performance pressure people who are laws about certain activities, they for young students that may later active in sports, collect scientific data, evidence and lead them to use anabolic steroids. have arthritis or opinions. Here's your chance to state suffer from other 4.All junior and senior high school joint injuries. Find your opinion and compare it to other athletes should be tested regularly out if they have opinions at school, in the community, for anabolic steroid use. been treated with or at home. steroids for 5.Governments should encourage athletes to use anabolic steroids in inflammation. Materials TRY THIS... What kind of Paper Olympic competition so they have a steroids were they better chance of winning medals. Just like smoking, given? Did the Pencil overeating or steroids help their 6.A portion of the money made using drugs, conditions improve? 1. Use the statements below to collect from sporting events should be used steroids can be Were there any the opinions of five friends or family to treat athletes who have become habit-forming. Are side effects? members. dependent on anabolic steroids or you "hooked" on anything like 2. Read each statement aloud. Do other drugs. chocolate, soda, or you agree or disagree? Record your 7.Physicians and athletic trainers television? answers and your friends' answers who provide anabolic steroids to Whatever it is, try next to the statements. to stop doing it for athletes should lose their licenses to one week. What practice and have to pay large fines. does it feel like SPORTS OPINION POLL going without it? 1.All high schools should have Questions Do you act differently? Nave drug information programs for their 1. Are there any statements on which you replaced one athletes. everyone agrees? Disagrees? habit with 2.Major league sports teams must 2. Can you make a graph out of the another? TRY THIS... take a firmer stand against anabolic responses? What does this show you? Exercise and steroid use by athletes. 3. Who would benefit from knowing training is still the best way to be the results of your poll? How can you physically fit. make a difference? Learn ways you can improve your performance through practice. Exercise, practice, and then take the TRY THIS... President's Council Now strong ars you? Some people who do not have large on Physical Fitness or strong muscles can out perform people who do by using a and Sports test. little technology. Nave two people with brooms stand about 60 cm apart with the brooms held upright in front of their bodies. Grab the two brooms and try to pull them together. The two people holding the brooms can easily keep them apart. Now tie a rope securely to one broom and wind the rope around both brooms three or four times. Be sure the rope does not cross itself. Ask the broom holders to try to keep the broom apart while you pull on the rope. What happens? Were the broom holders suiprised? Where else have you seen technology like this in use? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 23 AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 9.12 Innovation working for you ...11=11 SNOW NUMBER:
k:Ate 903 A D MURDER MYSTERY How do forensic scientists help solve murders? Peggy and David Wirt investigate the What is the first thing the police do when they arrive at a murder "murder" of a scene? What kind of evidence are they looking for? How is loyal Newton's evidence gathered and stored? How important can crime scene Apple viewer. material be in court?
RESOURCES .DISCUSSION help the investigators evaluate When a piece of evidence is Brown, Robert J. Whenever a person is critical evidence like the angles found at the scene of the crime, 333 Science Tricks and murdered, the police initiate a of lethal blows and the investigators are always careful Experiments. thorough investigation into the. trajectory of bullets. The tools to keep it in a labeled and Pennsylvania: of criminal investigations sealed package until it can be Tab Books, Inc., 1984. crime, crime scene and friends and family of the victim. Each include computers, safely stored in the police vault. Sobol, Donald J. aspect of the investigation is sophisticated photographic It is only opened again when Encyclopedia Brown's equipment, lasers, microscopes the case goes to court. This Book of Wacky Crimes. important, but often it is the physical evidence of the crime and other scientific equipment. kind of evidence care-taking is New York Lodestar especially important in drug- Books, 1982. that catches and convicts the The study of both forensics and criminology require excellent related cases when drugs are Additional Sources of criminal. observation skills and seized. Regardless, it is against Information Criminal investigations involve the law to tamper with any kind a variety of scientific fields and objectivity. The first official State Bureaus of who arrives at the crime scene of evidence. Investigation complex instrumentation. Chemistry, physics and biology works quickly to seal off the Police investigative area and preserve the scene as Things to Talk About officers are used in combination when 1. What examples of forensic detectives and laboratory much as possible. Usually no Medical examiners one enters until the field science have you seen in technicians investigate a television mysteries or movies? Local and state crime labs murder. Special tests include investigator has had a chance to determining blood alcohol look about and collect every 2. Would you like to be a levels, using chemicals to make piece of evidence like hair and forensic scientist? Why or why almost invisible blood stains fiber samples, pieces of clothing not? very visible and typing blood to or other personal belongings. 3. Is there such a thing as a identify possible suspects. Only then do other police perfect crime? Geometry and trigonometry officers or medical personnel enter the area.
VOCABULARY Crimhiology The scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon. Forensic A science that deals with the relation and application of facts to legal problems. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Plaster of Paris A white powdery substance that swells when Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. mixed with water and sets rapidly; used in making casts and molds.
Educational materials Serology The scientific study of the properties and action of the developed by the National Science chemistry of the blood. Teachers Association-Space Trajectory The path of a flying object (or substance), which can Science, and Technology :4 be analyzed using basic laws of physics. Division. 2 4 3M 9.1 3 Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMIIIIR1 903
STEP RIGHT IN ! Learn how you can capture foot prints and simulate your own criminal investigation.
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY The orientation and Scene investigators are always on the placement of lookout for finger and foot prints. objects can be very These clues can be essential in important in identifying or eliminating murder criminal investigations. suspects. Learn about drawing to scale to Materials make your own Plaster of Paris representative Water TRY THIS... drawings. Measure Hair spray Nave a person your class room and very quickly run any large pieces of furniture In the 1. Divide your class into investigation into the classroom room. If one foot and criminal teams. Have the unexpectedly for "criminals" go outside and make about 10 seconds. equals one half They should be inch, how could you footprints in some soft soil. Have dressed in an draw the room on some people wear their shoes and graph paper. Ask unusual way. have others take them off. 4. Pour the Plaster of Paris into the Write down someone to lay everything you down in the room. 2. While the "criminal" team is prepared footprints. Pour slowly from remember about Using their height outside, the "investigation" team the sides and be careful not to disturb the person and location can should mix the Plaster of Paris with the area. including his/her you draw them into water. Try to keep the consistency size, hair color, your paper crime 5. Allow the mold to set. clothing, or other scene? thick so that the impressions can retain small details. 6. Have the investigation team try to details. Compare match the footprints to the correct your list with other 3. The "investigators" should then member of the "criminal" team. classmates. Now locate the "criminals" footprints and many clues could spray each with the hair spray. This you list? Now TRY THIS... Questions could you improve will keep the soil in place when you 1. What types of soil would tend to Coiled a couple of begin to make your mold. your observation pine cones or sea make better prints? skills? shells. Nave 2. Would an actual footprint or a several other print from a shoe or boot be more people select one and study it for two distinctive? Why? minutes. Collect 3. What conditions could keep the the pine cones or footprints from showing up very well? sea shells. Nave What properties does hair spray have everyone try to draw their that makes it useful for shoe printing? particular object. Look at the group of items. Can you identify yours? TRY THIS... After looking at Practice fingerprinting by using an ink pad and white pieces someone eise's of paper. Each finger should be rolled from side to side to drawing can you make a good print. Be careful with the ink and your identify their item? clothing. (If some of your friends do not want to take their fingerprints, be sure that you respect their privacy.) Compare everyone's fingerprints. What kind of differences do you see? Are there differences between your fingers' fingerprints? Newton's Apple is a production of ETCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a gram from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 25 AssociationSpace, Science. and 3M Technology 9.1 4 Innovation working for you SNOW NUMBER:
CANCER CAUSES Why do people get cancer?
David learns what cancer is and how it Do a lot of people have cancer? What does a cancer cell look develops. like? Can cancer be prevented? Who is at risk of getting cancer?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION AGENT OCCUPATION SITE OF CANCER Goldfarb, Ronald H. Ninety percent of cancers Ultraviolet Farmers, Sailors, Skin Cancer Growtb and Pro- develop because of complex Light Lifeguards, Everyone gression - Fundamental interactions between our Aspects of Cancer. Radon Underground Miners Lung Norwell, MA: Kluwer bodies, our lifestyles, our (example- uranium) Academic Publishers, genetic makeup and our 1989. environment. Scientists have Asbestos Asbestos workers, Lung Insulation workers Lafond, Richard. Cancer: discovered different factors that The Outlaw Cell. cause cancer. Research shows Benzene Workers who use glue,Marrow Washington, D.C.: that tobacco is estimated to varnishes, etc. (Leukemia) American Chemical cause 30 percent of all cancer Society, 1988. deaths, poor diet 35 percent, X-rays, Radium Radiologists Skin Oppenheimer, Steven B. reproductive and sexual "Advances in Cancer behavior seven percent, work- Biology." Tbe American related causes four percent and cell can become transformed The chart above identifies Biology Teacher, January, the environment itself causes 1987, pp. 11-15. into a cancer cell when certain several cancer-causing agents, three percent. Oppenheimer, Steven B. genes become activated. occupations where this "Tumor Suppressor Scientists believe that genetic Recent work in cancer biology exposure occurs and the types Genes: A Key to the changes, whether inherited or concerns the study of of cancers that can develop. Cancer Puzzle?" The acquired, are the basic cause of oncogenes, a specific gene that American Biology cancer. Some scientific theories participates in changing a Things to Talk About Teacher, January, 1991. do suggest that cancer may be a pp. 22-24. normal cell into a cancer cell.It 1. Can you develop cancer at hereditary disease because each is thought that an oncogene any age? Additional Sources of individual's make-up may make might be present in an inactive 2. Are some cancers more Information them more susceptible to form in normal cells and is deadly than others? American Cancer Society certain cancers. About 50 of the some way activated to create 1599 Clifton Road, N.E. more than 120 different types of cancer cells. 3. What substances are Atlanta, GA 30329 cancer occasionally run in carcinogens? What different As mentioned, the nature of a National Cancer Institute families. types of cancer may they cause? National Institutes of person's work or the working Health Bethesda, MD Most of the current scientific environment can also be a 20892 evidence indicates that a normal factor in developing cancer. Your school nurse Your family doctor VOCABULARY Carcinogen A substance or agent that encourages the growth of cancer cells.
Newton's Apple is a prmluction Carcinoma A cancer which is a malignant growth of epithelial of KTCA Twin Cities Public tissue or the tissue that forms the skin or blood vessels in an Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. organism (e.g., the surface cells of the skin and the inside of the
Educational materials blood vessels). developed by the National Science Sarcoma A cancer which is the malignant growth of connective Teachers Association-Space tissue. Science, and Technology LeukemiaCancer of the blood-forming tissues. Division.
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26 9.15 3M Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBER: 904
TAKE A CLOSE-UP! Learn about human cells by taking a close look at your own.
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY Countries frequently You will take a small have very different sample of the epithelial rates of cancer cells that line the inside incidence. Try to of your mouth. You'll detemnine which get a glimpse of how countries have high rates of rare scientists investigate cancers or high inside cells. rates of one specific . kind of cancer. Materials . "ta: Develop a data Microscope ... table which Slide and cover slip includes the now Flat toothpicks -^ country, type of cancer and cause. Charts and models of cells Medicine dropper Jar Iodine stain or methylene blue stain Abnormal Cell 1. Place a drop of stain on a Division (Cancer) microscope slide. Questions 2. Gently scrape the inside of your 1. How do the cells appear under cheek with the flat edge of a low-power and high-power lenses? toothpick. Outline the characteristics and 3. Dip this edge of the toothpick in highlight the similarities and the drop of stain on the slide. differences. 2. Why was the iodine stain 4. Take another toothpick and once TRY THIS... again scrape the inside of your cheek necessary for this activity? TRY THIS... Do some research Find out how the with the flat edge, and dip the second 3. Compare your cheek cells with on different invention of the toothpick into the stain. your classmates. Are everyone's cells environmental and microscope helped 5. Spread the stain and cheek cells the same? lifestyle factors scientists better around in a small area with the that cause cancer. u nderstand the 4. How long can cells live? What are Find out how structure of the cell toothpick and cover the slide with a examples of different types of cells pollution, tobacco and how that cover slip. and their life spans? and eating habits structure is altered 6. First look at the slide under the 5. If cells live for different lengths of can increase the by carcinogens. low-power lens of the microscope. risk of cancer. N ow is an electron time, how are new cells added? Are Make a list of microscope Focus carefully and record your all cells that die replaced? things you can do different from the observations. Now observe the slide that might kind of microscopes under the high-power lens. prevent cancer. you have in your science laboratory? TRY THIS... Find out how scientists, biologists and chemists determine if materials are carcinogens. Why are scientists concerned about asbestos and radon? Find out if your school has been inspected for asbestos. What kinds of precautions do people take when it is removed? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 27 Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9.1 6 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for yoir SNOW NUMBER:
FRISBEE PHYSICS How does physics play a role in Frisbee flying? David learns the many different ways How does a Frisbee fly? Why is a Frisbee shaped the way it is? that Frisbees What would it be like to compete in a world championship fly and the Fris* bee competition? How fast and how far can a Frisbee go? mysteries of disc physics.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION mass towards the center of the downward by the Frisbee's tilt, Horowitz, Judy and In the late 1940s Fred Morrison Earth at 10 meters/second. or angle of attack. Bloom, Billy. Frisbee, performed some experiments Once in the air,fft and angular Spinning the Frisbee when it is More Tban Just A Game with flying discs. Some of the momentum act on the Frisbee thrown, or giving it angular of Catch. Champagne, discs he experimented with giving it a ballet-type momentum, provides it with Illinois: Leisure Press, performance. Lift is generated 1983. were made out of metal while stability. Angular momentum is by the Frisbee's shaped surfaces a property of any spinning Johnson, Dr. Stancil E.D. others were formed out of a new material called plastic. In as it passes through the air. mass. Throwing a Frisbee Frisbee. A Practioners Maintaining a positive angle of Manual and Definitive 1955 the Wham-0 Company without any spin allows it to Treatise. New York: purchased the rights and molds attack, the air moving over the tumble to the ground. The Workman Publishing from Morrison. It wasn't until top of the Frisbee flows faster momentum of the spin also Company, 1975. the early 1960s when Frisbees than the air moving underneath gives it orientational stability, Tips, Charles. Frisbee by became the rage. Whamo-O's it. Under the Bernoulli allowing the Frisbee to receive tbe Masters, Millbrae, CA: former General Manager Ed Principle, there is then a lower a steady lift from the air as it Celestial Arts, 1977 Headrick provided the air pressure on top of the passes through it. The faster Frisbee than beneath it. The Additional Sources of organization and groundwork the Frisbee spins, the greater its Information for the growth of the Frisbee difference in pressure causes stability. craze. Today organized the Frisbee to rise or lift. This is Wham-0 the same principle that allows Sports Promotion competitions take place each Things to Talk About Department year around the world planes to take off, fly and land. 1. Does the thick rim of the P.O. Box 4 culminating in the World Another significant factor in the Frisbee affect its flight? San Gabriel, CA Frisbee Competition in Frisbee's lift is Newton's Third 91778-0004 2. What happens when you California. Law which states that for every (818) 287-9681 action there is an equal and throw a Frisbee straight up? International Frisbee Disc Two factors influence the flight opposite reaction. The Frisbee How do you aim a Frisbee? Association of a Frisbee, gravity and air. forces air down (action) and the 3. What other sports use spin P.O. Box 970-P Gravity acts on all objects the air forces the Frisbee upward for better performance? San Gabriel, CA 91776 same way, accelerating their (reaction). The air is deflected
VOCABULARY Gravity The force that makes objects move or tend to move toward each other.
Newton's Apple is a production Lift An upward force resulting from decreasing the pressure on of KTCA Twin Cities Public the top of an object by increasing the velocity of the air flowing over Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. the top of it. Educational materials Angular Momentum A rotating body's resistance to change in its developed by the National Science orientation and rate of rotation. Teachers AssociationSpace, Angle of Attack The angle formed by the tilt of the flying disk Science, and , Technology and the line parallel to the ground. Division.
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9.1 7 3M Innovation working for you- SNOW HILIIIARSR: 904
FLYING ON PAPER Discover the best conditions for Frisbee distance flying!
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY other teams. Record the averages in Learn more about By graphing the results of various your log and create a graph to the three axes of tosses you will be able to calculate the represent your data. motion. Stand with average distance you can make a your arms extended Frisbee fly and discover the best Questions straight out from conditions for distance flying. 1. What caused the Frisbee to fly the your sides like the farthest? The shortest? wings of a plane. Bend over at the Materials 2. What could be done to improve TRY THIS... waist and then Frisbee the flight of the Frisbee? Experiment What would it be bend backwards to Tape measure with your ideas to see if you can make like if you were a imitate pitch. Lean Paper it fly farther. Frisbee? Would your body from side Pencil you like to live on to side to simulate 3. What would the best weather a Frisbee or travel a roll. Now rotate 1. Divide your class into equal teams. conditions be for distance flying? How around the world or twist your body might strong winds affect the distance on one? Write a at the waist to do a Take turns throwing the Frisbee. a Frisbee could fly? Why? story about the yaw. What other 2. Measure the distance from where kinds of moves can you you began to toss the Frisbee to experiences you imitate? Which might have. What ones are the where it hits the ground. Record your would you do if hardest to do? distances in a log. there was a strong 3. After everyone has recorded the storm coming? distances of a few tries, calculate N ow would you the average distance of n avigate? your team's throws. 4. Compare your average to the
TRY THIS... Find out about the similarities and differences between a Frisbee and an airplane. What makes heavier than air devices like helicopters, jets, single engine planes and rockets lift? Build a paper airplane and fly it. TRY THIS... What physical Invite a couple friends to help you calculate the velocity and forces affect its acceleration of a Frisbee toss. Take turns acting as the time flight? keeper, data recorder and tosser. Use a stop watch to time how long the Frisbee is in the air and a tape measure to determine the distance it travels. Record the data from each toss. Try calculating different kinds of throws like ones into the wind, with the wind and across the wind. Which direction works best? Does a fast flying Frisbee travel farther than a slower one? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a gram from 3M. BESTCOPYAVMLABLE Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 29 Association-Space, Science, and 9.18 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for you. SHOW NUMBER:
SEWER SCIENCE Where does sewage go?
Peggy takes a journey down her kitchen Where does our drinking water come from? What happens to drain to waste water and sewage after it goes down the drain? Why is it explore the important to treat wastewater before it returns to the environment? sewer system. Does all sludge need to be destroyed, or can it serve a purpose?
RESOURCES . DISCUSSION treatment only removes about Things to Talk About 50 percent of the pollutants 1. What are the potential "Water, Water Clean water is one of our most dangers if waste water and Everywbere," Filmstrip precious natural resources. Yet found in wastewater and most sewage treatment plants must sewage are not properly treated? from the National every time we flush a toilet, Geographic Educational use a second stage of treatment. 2. Did you know that by Services (800) 624-8301. pour oil down the drain or clean with strong household In secondary treatment, effluent turning off the tap while you Water Quality chemicals, we contaminate our and sludge are exposed to brush your teeth, you can save Curriculums, American one to two gallons of water? Waterworks Association, supply. Before wastewater can oxygen in an aeration tank. 6666 W. Quincy Avenue, be released into our waterways, Here, valuable microorganisms How else can you conserve Denver, Co 80235 it must go through a process consume the organic matter and water at home, school, or work? called sewage treatment to be even some of the poisonous or Additional Sources of 3. During the making of the decontaminated. toxic materials. Then chlorine Newton's Apple segment on Information is added before the water is A network of underground sewers, we learned that a small Environmental Protection released into the waterways. car engine was once found in Agency pipes collects the millions of Office of Water Programs gallons of waste material Sludge from both primary and the water in a waste treatment Washington, DC 20460 created by a community. When secondary treatments is plant. How do you think the (202) 382-5700 the waste and water arrive at pumped into oxygen-free engine got there? Adopt A Stream the sewage treatment plant, digestion tanks and then dried. 4. Where does your drinking Izaak Walton League of large objects are filtered out This processed sludge is often water come from? What do you America, Inc. with screening devices. The used as a fertilizer or as fuel. now put down the drain, that 1701 North Fort Meyer flow of the wastewater is then Sludge contaminated with toxic you might think twice about, Drive, Suite 1100 material must be incinerated or Arlington, VA 22209 slowed to allow the sludge to knowing you may have to drink buried in a landfill. (703) 528-1616 settle. Oils and grease are that water after treatment? skimmed off the surface of the One way or the other, water effluent sewage. The effluent is returns to the environment. then treated with chlorine to kill That is why sewage treatment is specific microorganisms that so important. cause disease before the water is returned to the waterways. This process is called primary treatment. Unfortunately, this VOCABULARY Sewer A subterranean conduit to carry off sewage and sometimes surface water, like rain. SludgePrecipitated solid matter produced by water and sewage treatment processes. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible Microorganisms An or3anism of microscopic or ultrarnicro- by a grant from 3M. scopic size. While some promote disease and must be killed by
Educational materials chlorine in sewage treatment, others are necessary in removing developed by the National Science organic matter and some toxic materials from liquid sewage. Teachers Association-Space EffluentWaste material, such as liquid industrial refuse or Science. and Technology sewage, discharged into the environment. Division. 30 3M 9.1 9 Innovation working for you- SNOW HUMBER: 90 5
SETTLE DOWN ! Find out how sediment forms and deposits.
MAIN ACTIVITY Questions TRY THIS... You will observe what happens when 1. What was different about each Adopt a stream in different sized particles are settled in sample taken? your community water. You can create a model 2. What did you notice about the (see the izaak Walton League in sedimentation tank to see how sludge samples in each cup? How would and effluent are separated. the Resources you remove the oil from the mixtures section). Learn in #3 or #4? about the Materials: chemicals used on 3 cups of dirt 3. Can you remove the dirt from the lawns or farms in 1 cup of sand bottom of the aquarium without your neighbor- 1 cup of pebbles mixing it with the liquid on top? hood. Determine 2-5 small rocks (1 inch in diameter) 4. How are your observations similar how these 1 gallon of tap water fertilizers affect to what happens in ponds and your stream. Are Salad oil streams in nature? there any other Turkey baster sources of Eye dropper pollution that TRY THIS... 4 clear plastic cups could harm it? Take an inventory numbered #1 to #4 of the products in your home. Which Small aquarium ones are poisonous Bucket or toxic to plants and animals? 1. Mix the dirt and water in a bucket. Contact a sewage Fill the baster with the mixture from treatment plant to the bucket and put it into cup #1. find out how these Record your observations. products affect the waste streams at 2. Put the sand, pebbles and rocks the plant. Try to into the bucket. Fill the cup marked find some #2 from the bucket and record your alternative products TRY THIS... that are not observations. Find out how many harmful to the 3. Pour salad oil into the bucket. Fill gallons of water environment. the baster from the middle of the your toilet, bathtub, washing mixture in the bucket and place its machine and contents into cup #3. Take a baster dishwasher hold. full from the top of the bucket and put Record the number it in cup #4. Observe cups #3 and #4. of times each one is used in a day. 4. Without mixing the contents of the Does your family bucket, pour the remainder of the use more water on mixture into the aquarium. What weekdays or on happens after an hour? Five hours? weekends? List One day? One week? ways your family could safely conserve water. TRY THIS... Take a field trip to your local waste treatment plant. Investigate how sludge from waste treatment is stored or recycled. Is it put in a landfill, used for fertilizer or incinerated? Find out if and why these ways are controversial. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed 31 by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.20 Technology Division. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Innovation working for you SNOW NUMBER:
CANCER TREATMENTS Is cancer curable? David explores some of the most common What different kinds of treatments are available for cancer? methods for What are the dangers or side effects of these therapies? How treating cancer. often do patients get treated? Are these treatments expensive?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION Accelerator and betatron Prevention and early diagnosis, however, will probably Hyde, Margaret 0. and The effectiveness of any kind of machines beam these rays at the continue to be the most Hyde, Lawrence E. cancer treatment depends on a patients. effective ways to control cancer. Cancer in tbe Young: number of factors including the Chemotherapy and There are a few strategies you A Sense of Hope. type of cancer, or malignancy, immunotherapy are called Philadelphia: can use to lower your risk of the location of the disease and systemic treatments because Westminster, 1985. cancer. Eat a diet low in fat and the extent that the cancer has they can act on cancer cells high in fruit and grains, refrain Additional Sources of spread to other areas of the throughout the body. Information: from tobacco products and body. Chemotherapy uses a variety of Students With Cancer: anti-cancer drugs that keep the avoid too much exposure to the A Resource for the Most cancers are usually treated ultraviolet rays of the sun. with a combination approach. malignant cells from Educator. US Department multiplying. Effective of Health and Human The main cancer treatments Things to Talk About Services, National Cancer include surgery to remove the treatments involve finding the best combination of drugs to In the Newton's Apple segment Institute, Bethesda, MD. cancerous cells, radiotherapy, there are several people who National Cancer Institute chemotherapy and treat the patient. Immunotherapy, also called have or have had various forms Office of Cancer immunotherapy. of cancer. Some people may Communication biologic therapy, involves 9000 Rockville Pike Surgery and radiotherapy are different types of treatments not know eactly how to treat Bethesda, MD 20892 local treatments. Both are used that rely on manipulating a someone who has cancer, especially at school. Talk about Cancer Information early in the treatment of cancer patient's immune system. A Services or in combination later with relatively new approach to how you would want to be treated if you were diagnosed 1-800 4 CANCER other treatments. They work cancer treatment, with cancer or some other CANDLELIGHTERS best when the cancer cells have immunotherapy procedures illness. Would you want to talk FOUNDATION not spread too much within the increase the body's natural 2025 Eye Street, NW, body. Surgery may even be ability to destroy malignant about your illness and share Suite 1011 your feelings with your friends? used after the cancer has cells. Washington, D.C. 20006 advanced to relieve some of the symptoms and reduce the mass of malignant cells. VOCABULARY Radiotherapy uses X-rays and radium to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy Treatment of a disease by use of a chemical compound that will affect the particular pathogen involved, either by causing its destruction or by preventing its multiplication. MalignantDescribes an abnormal growth which can often spread to other areas and may eventually cause death, e.g. a cancer. Tumor A lump in the body, without inflammation, it is caused by an abnormal growth of cells.It may be due to the presence of an Newton's Apple is a production of KTGA Twin Cities Public infectious organism or it may occur spontaneously. In the latter Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. case it can be benign or malignant. Educational materials BenignDescribes an abnormal growth which does not spread. developed by the National Science Cancer The growth of abnormal cells in epithelial , or in Teachers AssociationSpace connective tissue. The growth increases with time and eventually Science, and Technology may cause death. Division. 3 r) 3M 9.21 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBER: 905
GROW! STOP GROWING! With just the right combination you can control the growth of a foreign substance.
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 3. Make sure the experimental group Find out how a You can simulate how cancer of foods are kept under the same patient's state of develops by growing molds and then conditions as the control group both mind has an effect finding ways to control their growth before and during the activity. Treat on the progress of like cancer researchers do when they the food in each of the five the disease and the develop new treatments for cancer. experimental jars with ten drops of success of the treatment. Contact penicillium. The jars should be left your local hospital Materials open. to see if you can Several slices of white bread 4. Observe what happens to the food visit an oncology Orange sections TRY THIS... ward. Learn about over a period of several weeks. Strawberries Check the jars each day for changes Conduct a support groups and Jack or cheddar cheese activities for people and record your observations. What classroom panel with cancer. What Cantaloupe pieces effects does the penicillium have on discussion of is the purpose of 10 small glass jars the mold growth on each food? different points of these programs? Penicillium view concerning Are they part of the Eye dropper 5. Analyze both the experimental effective and medical treatments and control groups. Prepare a report ineffective cancer treatments. Find of cancer? 1. Separate the jars into two groups summarizing your findings. out if other of five each. One set will be used for countries have the control group of samples which Questions different cancer will not receive any special treatment. 1. How does your experiment with treatments than The other group will be used for the growing mold compare to how the United States. experimental group. Label each scientists try and control cancer Why might U.S. growth? What medications can be physicians choose group's jars as "control" or not to use these "experimental". used for controlling cancer growth? other treatments? TRY THIS... 2. Put a piece of 2. What type of foods contain molds Discover how the each of the five that are not harmful? Are other moldy study of genetics foods into the five foods harmful and cancer-producing? and the discovery control jars and 4. What types of experimental of DNA made then into the five significant conditions are necessary to find contributions to the experimental jars. cancer cures? early detection of Label each jar 5. What branches of science are cancer and helped with the name involved in the search for cancer to develop of the food cures? treatments for that is in it. malignant cells. What other diseases and treatment have been discovered as a result of these scientific advances? TRY THIS... Invite an oncologist or cancer specialist from your community to come to your class for a discussion of cancer treatments. Find out which kind of cells are affected by chemotherapy. When might radiotherapy be chosen as a treatment? Learn how early detection of cancer is important to successful treatment. Ask the doctor about steps you can take to prevent cancer. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed 3 3 by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.22 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for you SHOW NUMBER:
DINOSAURS I Finding and Dating
Peggy helps unearth a Diplodocus din- When you find something old, how do you know what it is or osaur skeleton; what it was used for? How long did dinosaurs live on the earth? David finds out How does that compare to how long man has been around? How how the bones are dated. do scientists excavate fossils?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION solid and hard characteristics. (chrono=time, metric=measure- ment) which include Carbon-14 Arnold, Caroline. Paleontology is the science of Sometimes softer parts, such as and Potassium-Argon dating. Dinosaur Mountain. discovering and analyzing ribs, bones or skin can be found The third dating method looks Clarion, 1989. fossils to decipher the history of if they have been protected at the Earth's magnetic field and Norman, David. life on earth. Most often a fossil from rapid decay and its patterns in history. When Dinosaur. Knopf, 1989. is the hard part of an animal like mineralization. these fields are preserved in Parker, Steve. How the its bones, teeth or shell. To excavate a fossil, scientists rock, they leave a pattern that is Dinosaurs Live4 Plaza Sometimes, the fossil is just the establish coordinates over an unique for each span of Joven-Circulo, 1987. hard parts and sometimes it is excavation site. Using a variety geologic time. "The Dinosaur Hunters." the hard or soft parts hardened of techniques from dynamiting Film fromBBCTV. by minerals. and digging, covering the entire Things to Talk About "How Big Were the area in a plaster cast for Dinosaurs." Film/Video Paleontologists invented a 1. In the Newton's Apple special calendar called a transport to laboratories and segment, a group of students from the Wonder World cleaning with small picks and of Science Series geological time chart to outline discovered the complete the history of the Earth. During brushes, they preserve the skeleton of a Diplodocus Museums to Visit most of the Mesozoic dinosaur's fossils. dinosaur in Wyoming. Were The Science Museum of erabetween 200 million and Dating the fossils is an they surprised? Minnesota 60 million years agogreat important aspect of the 2. What kind of rock preserved St. Paul, MN animals called dinosaurs were scientist's work. There are the fossils? Denver Museum of the dominant land animals. three ways paleontologists Natural History 3. What "accidental" Dinosaur fossils are often found determine the age of a fossil. Denver, CO One is studying how deeply the discoveries have you made? National Museum of when rock is mined, when How important do you think nature exposes them by land fossil was buried. Another is Natural History using chronometric techniques "accidents" are in science? Washington, DC movements and erosion, during Dinosaur National scientific excavations and by Monument amateur fossil-hunters, who Jensen, UT stumble onto something VOCABULARY curious. Skulls and teeth are Element A substance made of identical atoms, which cannot be more frequently found than made into simpler units by a chemical process, but can other parts because of their spontaneously change through radioactive processes. Excavation To remove soil by digging. FossilThe evidence of the past existence of an organism. Fossilization can occur as actual remains; petrifications, where the original organic matter is replaced by minerals like quartz, calcite Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public and pyrite; molds or casts of organisms; carbonized traces of plants Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. found in rock or tracks, trails and burrows.
Educational materials Diplodocus A giant herbivorous dinosaur which lived 213 to 144 developed by the National Science million years ago. Teachers AssociationSpace, Sedimentary Rock Formed of fragments transported over time Science, and , Technology from their source and deposited by water. Division.
4 3M 9.23 Innovation working for you- SNOW9 NUMBER 6
Investigate ways paleontologists discover and analyze fossils to TRY THIS... decipher the history of life on Earth. Imagine that you are a reporter writing an article TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 1. Prepare the boxes for the dig sites. at a fossil dig site. Describe what the Imagine that you You and your fellow students will 2. Attach string over the top of the paleontologist are in a time work cooperatively as "paleon- box containing your group's dig site at machine and can would do first, visit the time tologists" to investigate and excavate six inch intervals with thumb tacks to second, third, etc., dinosaurs lived. "fossil" bones in a miniature classroom represent your coordinates. Letter or at the excavation dig site. Prepare several boxes as dig number string locations (see Figure A). site and the Write a story that procedure that the describes what you sites (approximately five students per 3. Dig and brush carefully to locate see, hear, feel and scientist might box) by compacting successive layers and remove any "fossils." Record the follow when the do. You may also of soil and placing bones within soil want to illustrate locations of where you found the fossils are layers. Exchange dig site boxes so bones on a paper diagram that has the assembled at the your work. laboratory. each group is working on a different same coordinates as your box. You box than they prepared. also should record the depth of the find. Materials: Bones and/or pieces of bones (or Questions you could use pieces of a puzzle) 1. How is the classroom dig similar to Pencil and paper and different from a scientific dig? Magnifying lens Small cardboard or wooden box 2. Why are coordinates important to a TRY THIS... dig site? (minimum of two feet long by two Draw different TRY THIS... feet wide by one foot deep). 3. Why do you think fossils are more dinosaurs and Small hand shovels identify their Investigate often found in sedimentary rock Paint brushes formations? approximate size sedimentation. and weight. List Shake water, soil, Soil String the dinosaurs on a small pebbles and chart and compare rocks inside of a Thumb tacks physical closed jar that you characteristics like can see through. feet, mouths or Allow the jar to A heads. stand for a day, then observe the layers that form. What is the bottom layer? What is the 1 . top layer? Why is .1 --I.'''. 1 there a difference t.-- 1 A . I 1 - between the two 1 . 1 .1.,''''. 4...... "..... layers? ...... - .....1. nr.. I8 ...... -- 1 ... I ...... -."--1 1 - ,....a. .''' 1 -i r: I I i i 1 .. I I I I 1 ...S.. I , lilt/PT/Of/N/87g
W...!.:11l11111(Pettkii
Figure A
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 35 Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.24 31VI Technology Division. Innovalion working for ya SNOW NUMBER:
DINOSAURS II Assembling a Dinosaur
David and Peggy follow the process of Where do scientists find dinosaur bones? Why would someone assembling a want to rebuild a dinosaur? Why are people so interested in Diplodocus dinosaurs? dinosaur skeleton.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION and the underside is also all the pieces are identified, a Videos: The rocks where fossils are covered and protected. After model of the animal is built to found can be soft and crumbly the plaster sets, the fossil is assist the scientist in rebuilding "Tbe Dinosaur Age," numbered and examined to the entire skeleton. Then a FA PHENIX. or very hard. Often both the rocks and the fossilized bones determine what structural part large metal framework is "Dinosaurs - Puzzles of the animal has been welded together to support the from the Past," NGS contain minerals that help protect the bones from recovered. fossilized bones. The bones are "Dinosaurs: Tbe Terrible then free mounted to the Lizards," AIMS. weathering. Exposed bone, Back in the laboratory, each however, is sometimes very bone is cleaned and framework. If a simpler mount "The Dinosaur Hunters," is desired, scientists will fasten BBC TV. fragile. To prevent the bones strengthened. Knowledge of from breaking, paleontologists, today's animals' skeletons can the fossils to a slab and use a Museums to Visit: the scientists who study help the scientists investigate bas-reliefmounting. Bas-relief Denver Museum of dinosaurs, use certain the dinosaur's remains. By mountings display the fossil as Natural History, procedures to protect a fossil comparing features of bones, a it was buried. Either method Denver, CO during its excavation and paleontologist may be able to preserves the dinosaur's Field Museum of Natural shipment to the laboratory. identify the fossil and its structure for further observation History function. Bones along the and research. Chicago, IL Once a specimen has been carefully exposed and back, from the skull or in the LA. County Museum of jaw are very distinctive and Things to Talk About Natural History examined for minerals, it is 1. What kinds of rock preserve prepared for removal. First, the often used to identify the fossil's Los Angeles, CA remains. fossils the best? National Museum of fossil is brushed with a type of glue or plastic and then covered Most or all of the skeleton can 2. What do we learn about the Natural History dinosaurs when we assemble Washington, DC with strips of wet paper and then be pieced together if burlap dipped in Plaster of Paris enough bones have been their skeletons? for protection and gupport. The found. Paleontologists may 3. What other tests might a most critical part of this have to estimate the size and paleontologist want to perform preparation is when the fossil shape of missing bones to on fossil remains? has to be carefully turned over complete a full skeleton. Once
VOCABULARY Paleontologist A scientist who analyzes fossils to decipher the history of life on earth. Dinosaur An extinct animal from a group, mostly terrestrial, of carnivorous or herbivorous reptiles. They appeared about 230 million years ago, and flourished 40 times longer than the time Newton's Apple is a production elapsed since our own ancestors emerged. of KTGA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible Mesozoic Era The age of dinosaurs. Broken down into three by a grant froM 3M. periods: the Triassic Period (248-213 million years ago) marked the Educational materials developed by the dawning of the age of dinosaurs; the Jurassic Period (213-144 National Science million years ago) formed the middle of the age of dinosaurs; and Teachers Association-Space the Cretaceous Period (144-65 million years ago), marked the last Science, and Technology and longest part of the Age of Dinosaurs. Division. 3G 3M 9.25 Innovation working for you- SHOW HUMBER, 9 o
: BUILD YOUR OWN DINOSAUR You can create the same kind of models scientists use in their study of fossils!
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 4. Dip newspaper in the plaster of TRY THIS... Create a dinosaur's Using similar techniques of m6unting Paris and begin vrapping it around You can build a world. Investigate that paleontologists use, you will your framework. If you want to add real animal how their structure, create a scale model of your favorite details like feathers, scales or other skeleton. Save the function and dinosaur. Make sure you know as features, try carving them into the bones from a behavior were chicken dinner. adapted to their much as you can about the dinosaur structure while the plaster is drying. you choose to assemble. Carefully boll and environment. 5. Once the plaster is completely bleach the bones Make a chart that dried, paint your dinosaur to make it and analyze which highlights their Materials look as realistic as possible. parts belong name, type, style of Various lengths of 3 cm and together. Using a locomotion, choice 6 cm-wide lumber 6. Start a "dinosaur zoo" for the framework, begin of food, habitat Saw class's models. rebuilding the and methods of Hammer chicken by gluing protection. Does Questions its bones together. fossil evidence Nails 1. How does your model compare to You may want to show what Light wire or plastic mesh look at drawings dinosaurs needed Newspaper the actual height, size and weight of a of chickens and to survive? What Plaster of Paris real dinosaur? Calculate ratios of your their skeletons to are the theories Trowels comparisons. help you. about what may have happened to Paint 2. How did your procedure for the dinosaurs? assembling a dinosaur compare to the 1. After gathering information and work of a paleontologist? What things pictures, select your favorite dinosaur. did you do that was your own idea? 2. Begin building a framework for 3. What kind of environment did your dinosaur model out of the wood, your dinosaur live in? What did it eat? TRY THIS... hammer, and nails. Find out who its enemies were. You may want to build a diorama of its Learn more about 3. Now cover your framework with environment as a place to put your paleontologists mesh to begin creating the dinosaur's model. and their structure. discoveries. One of the first major fossil finds was discovered by Mary Ann Mantell in 1822. Discover how this find e\\\\\\\\\ TRY THIS... revolutionized the 1\11 Write a dinosaur riddle and see if study of fossils. (/ your classmates can solve it. Here's lust one example: I was the 11/1 k \\\ biggest dinosaur that ever lived.I \\\ was over 240 meters long and weighed as much as 50,000 kilograms. I had a long tail, long \\\\' neck and nostrils on the top of my \\ head. I also had very small eyes and legs like tree trunks to support my body. I spent most of my time eating plants. What am I? \ (The answer to this riddle is Brachiosoures) Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 37 AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.26 Technology Division. Innovation worlik for yoi SHOW NUMBER:
DOMED STADIUM What keeps inflated stadiums up?
Peggy explores the physics and What is so unique about the Metrodome? How does it remain engineering necessary to standing? Was it easier and more economical to build than a keep a domed standard stadium? What other similar structures could an stadium from architect design? Are there other stadiums like the Metrodome? collapsing.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION although only three usually But designers have found other Berry, Donna A. If you have ever bounced operate at one time. A extremely practical uses for air- A Potpourri of Pbysics around on a "moon jump" at computerized pneumatic supported structures. They are Teaching Ideas. the fair or slept on an air system continually monitors the used for temporary buildings College Park, Maryland: mattress, then you know that air pressure and engages extra and small sports facilities. The American Association of 100-horsepower fans when the most exciting design is for Physics Teachers, 1987. fabric filled with air can support hundreds of kilograms of air pressure drops. These fans hazardous waste clean-up sites. Additional Sources of can blow air into the structure The air-supported covers Information weight. This same principle is used at the Hubert H. at about 100,000 cubic feet per prevent the sites from emitting Air Supported Structure Humphrey Stadium, also called minute. While positive air toxic material into the Committee pressure keeps the Metrodome environment. HAI the Metrodome, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. up, 26 cables are connected to 345 Cedar Street the fabric to keep the entire Things to Talk About Suite 800 The stadium is an air-supported structure in place. 1. What kind of structures St. Paul, MN 55101 structure. The structure is (612) 222-2508 Full-sized, air-supported sports would lend themselves to covered with 10 acres of teflon- inflated support? Foundation for coated fabric. This flame- stadiums are no longer being Architecture built in the United States. Too 2. How would you make an Attn: Rolaine Copeland retardant coating on the outside is strong enough to protect the many problems with wet snow air-supported structure? One Penn Center at conditions and inadequate Suburban Station fabric from ultraviolet radiation 3. Have you visited an inflated Philadelphia, PA 19103 from the Sun, air pollution, acid heating systems have had structure? Are there any where (215) 569-3187 rain and other sources of architects reconsider the design you live? of large fabric-enclosed Metrodome Stadium physical damage. structures. Cable-supported or Attn: Steve Macki The stadium has 20 electric air 900 South 5th Street tensile structures are currently Minneapolis, MN 55415 fans to maintain a positive air the preferred design for (612) 332-0386 pressure inside the structure, stadiums. Thermo-Flex Hazardous Waste Structures Atm: Jim Roesner P.O. Box 1184 Salinas, KS 67402 VOCABULARY (913) 827-7201 Pneumatic Moved or worked by air pressure. Adapted for holding or inflated with compressed air. Tensile Strength The greatest longitudinal stress a substance can
Newton's Apple is a production tolerate without separating. of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible Teflon A modem polymer or plastic containing resins used by a grant from 3M. especially for molding articles and for coatings to prevent sticking. Educational materials developed by the Ultraviolet RadiationElectromagnetic radiation situated beyond National Science Teachers the visible spectrum (light) at its violet end; abbreviated as UV AssociationSpace radiation, it can damage materials exposed to direct sunlight for Science, and Technology extended periods. Division.
3 8- 9.27 3M Innovation working for yotr SHOW NUMBER: 907
Find out how moving air can support weight in different conditions.
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY D raw a line on a You can observe the balloon and then effect that moving air blow it up as much has on inflatable as you can. See materials. Discover what happens to how important the balloon if you change its changing conditions environment. Try are on an inflated putting it in the structure and how freezer for an hour moving air can and then in the Sun support it. or another warm place for an hour. H ow do these Materials 5. Turn the fan on low and measure different conditions Small fan with high and low settings the bag again. Turn the fan on high affect the balloon? and a protective covering and measure once again. Record both Besides 5 five-gallon plastic trash bags observations. temperature, what Masking tape 6. Try adding more holes or larger other conditions Cloth tape measure might have an holes to the bag. Thumb tacks TRY THIS... effect? ALWAYS REMEMBER TO TURN Pencil Conduct a "rip Paper THE FAN OFF COMPLETELY EACH test" on a variety TIME YOU REMOVE AND REPLACE of everyday 1. Tape the open end of the trash bag THE BAG. DO NOT PUT YOUR materials. Try around the front of the fan. FACE OR HEAD IN THE PLASTIC tearing nylon, BAGS! mylar, cardboard, 2. Turn the fan on low. After the bag and paper towels. inflates, measure its widest part. Which ones are Record your observations. Questions easiest to tear? TRY THIS... 1. How did the bag feel when it was Which ones are the 3. Turn the fan on high and measure Contact a local car inflated at the lowest setting? When hardest to tear? dealership and ask the bag again. Record the new the fan was on high? How are each of them about air measurements. these materials 2. How did the holes change the way used? Why would bags. (Or watch 4. Now turn the fan off and remove Newton's Apple's the bag inflated? they need to be the bag. Using the thumb tack, poke tear-resistant? show #913!) How 3. Which holes affected the bag the do the same a number of holes in the bag. Record principles apply? the number of holes you made. most, the large ones or the small ones? Investigate the Retape the bag to the fan in the same effectiveness of manner as before. both air bags and seat belts. Would you want air bags in your car? TRY THIS... Have some fun with your hair dryer. See if you can keep different kinds of balls floating in the air! Try using cotton balls, Nerf balls and super balls. Or make your own light-weight balls out of tissue paper and aluminum foil. Which materials float the best? Why? Are the balls difficult to control? What other *Meets could you use with the hair dryer? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant front 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 31/ Association-Space. Science, and 9.28 Technology Division. 3 9 Innovation working for you SNOW NUMBIR:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS How do plants make food?
David learns why plants are green and how What happens inside plants when the sun is shining or when it water is is raining? How do plants in the desert survive? How important transported in are plants to our environment? What might happen if there plants. were none?
RESOURCES .DISCUSSION for energy; some is stored as But every year, over 28 million acres of tropical forest are cut Bonnet, Robert L & Keen, Of all the organisms in the starch; and some is built into a and then burned to clear land Daniel G. Botany: natural world, green plants are more complex substance, like for farming. Deforestation is 49 Science Fair Projects. the only ones that manufacture plant tissue or cellulose. Blue Ridge Sununit, PA, also blamed for the ",greenhouse their own food. This process is Fortunately for us, plants often Tab Books, 1989. effect" (global warming) which called photosynthesis and produce more food than they results from the build-up of "How Green Plants Make begins when light strikes the need, which they store in stems, and Use Food s." carbon dioxide and other gases. Minneapolis, MN: plant's leaves (both sunlight roots, seeds or fruit. We can obtain this energy directly by University of Minnesota and artificial light can power Things to Talk About this process). Cells in the eating the plant itself or its Films, 1984. 1. The Newton's Apple segment plant's leaves, called products, like carrots, rice or Education/Research on photosynthesis talks about a chloroplasts, contain a green potatoes. Photosynthesis is the Systems, Inc. Project few of the implications of rain Learning Tree: pigment called chlorophyll first step in the food chain forest destruction for people Supplementary Activity which interacts with sunlight to which connects all living things. around the world. What are Guide for Grades K 6, split the water in the plant into Every creature on earth other possible implications? The American Forest its basic components. depends to some degree on Council, green plants. What do you think should be Washington, DC, 1988. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf done? through holes called stomata The oxygen that is released by Additional Sources of 2. How is the carbon-oxygen and combines with the stored the process of photosynthesis is Information cycle between animals and energy in the chloroplasts an essential exchange for all Local foresters plants like a battery that powers through a chemical reaction to living things. Forests have been our biosphere? Greenhouse managers produce a simple sugar. called the "lungs of the earth" Garden shops because animals inhale oxygen 3. Why is the term "food chain" The sugar is then transported Conservatories and exhale carbon dioxide in a good metaphor? Would the through tubes in the leaf to the metaphor "food web" work as Nurseries the process of breathing, and roots, stems and fruits of the plants take in carbon dioxide well? plants. Some of the sugar is and give off oxygen in the used immediately by the plant process of photosynthesis.
VOCABULARY Chlorophyll A green substance which gives leaves their color. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight which a plant uses to make food. Chloroplast A plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public where photosynthesis and starch formation occur. Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. PhotosynthesisThe formation of carbohydrates in the Educational materials chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light. developed by the National Science Stomata A very small hole in the surface of a leaf. Oxygen and Teachers AssociationSpace carbon dioxide from the air enter through the stomata; oxygen, Science, and Technology carbon dioxide and water vapor leave through the stomata. Division.
410 3M 9.29 Innovation working for you- SHOW HUMBER: 907
Discover what happens if you change the patterns of a plant's light source.
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY It is the year 2040 Without enough sunlight, plants and you are a cannot use the process of research scientist. photosynthesis to produce food. The amount of sunlight that Materials reaches the earth has been reduced Small shrub, tree or house plant because of some *Cardboard or aluminum foil major event like *Scissors pollution, volcanoes Paper clips or global fires. Farmers are asking 1. Pick a shrub, tree or houseplant you for help to save their failing crops. that you can use for an Figure out ways experiment. that you might 2. Using the cardboard or help. aluminum foil, cut out some geometrical shapes like a circle, square or triangle. Make sure your shapes are big enough to make a patch that will cover nearly half of the Questions plant leaf. 1. What has happened to the 3. Paperclip each shape on a leaves? Describe the different leaf. effects that the lack of 4. If you use a house plant, place it sunshine has on leaves. What has or TRY THIS... near a south, west or east window hasn't happened in the different parts Take a trip to a TRY THIS... were it will get plenty of sunlight. of the leaf? local greenhouse Design a way that Make notes about the weather each, to observe how 2. What is the best environment for a they raise plants. you can make grass day and add them to your house plant? Why? grow faster. Mark observations. Find out how they off two 3. Where have you seen effects like use light, water or 10 cm x 10 cm 5. After four days, remove the shapes these in nature? other elements to boxes of grass and from the leaves and observe each of increase growth vary the amount of the leaves that had a shape covering 4. Where would you expect to fmd and productivity. light each square it. fewer plants outside because of a lack gets. Now did light of sunlight? affect the grass? 6. Compare the areas on the leaf that What other changes were covered with the shape to other could you make parts of the leaf. that would help grass grow faster? TRY THIS... Discover if plants need soil for photosynthesis. Try growing a sweet potato just in water. Put the bottom third of the potato in a glass or jar of water. If you need help keeping the rest of the potato out of the water, you may want to insert toothpicks in the potato so that they rest on the rim of the glass. Add water every two to throe days to keep the water level the same. Make sure the potato receives a lot of light, and watch it closely. Do roots start to grow in the water? Will the potato be able to sprout leaves or produce potatoes? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.30 Technology Division. ai Innovation working for you SHOW HUMBER:
TEARS Why Do We Cry?
David explores the reasons we cry and talks What does it feel like after you've been crying? Are the tears we with someone cry when chopping onions different from the tears weshed whose while watching a sad movie? Do we produce tears when we're tearducts don't function. asleep?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION nasolacrimal tear ducts next to Syndrome. During the daytime, the bridge of your nose. From she must put special eye drops Frey, William H. and Tears flow from tear glands into there, they are channeled into (artificial tears) in her eyes Lanseth, MurieL Crying, your eyes through tiny tear your nasal cavity where they are about every hour. Think about tbe Mystery of Tears. ducts. The tear glands are swallowed or blown out with the things you do and the Minneapolis: Winston located under your upper lids, Press, 1985. other nasal fluids. If there are places you go where your eyes and when stimulated, produce too many tears, they will need protection. How would Kapit, Wynn and Elson, tears to form a thin film over overflow your lower lid and run they change if you had Dry Eye Lawrence M. The your eyeballs. Every time you Anatomy Coloring Book. down your cheeks. Syndrome and had to use eye NY: Harper and Row, blink the film spreads over your drops that often? What would it Some people have to help 1977. eyes to keep them moist and feel like to do something very stimulate the production of free of dust and other irritants. often that other people don't Additional Information natural tears. This disease is Sources: Whether you are awake or even have to think about? asleep, happy or sad, this salty called Dry Eye Syndrome or Frey, William H., M.D. Sjogren's Syndrome. People 2. If Dry Eye Syndrome goes Tear Research Expert fluid is always flowing from the tear glands. who have diseases like untreated it can cause St. Paul-Ramsey Medical rheumatoid arthritis or lupus blindness. What other Center Besides protecting your eyes, often have this condition. They seemingly insignificant things, 640 Jackson Street the tear glands produce more must use artificial tears up to such as not being able to cry, St. Paul, MN 55101 fluid when your eyes are every 10 to 15 minutes, and could result in such dramatic Sjorgen's Syndrome irritated. These extra tears are apply other medications to their results? Foundation, Inc. called reflex or irritant tears. 29 Gateway Drive eyes before going to bed as part And, when something makes 3. Humans are the only animals Great Neck, NY 11021 of the treatment to improve the you happy or sad, your tear that cry emotional tears. Do (enclose self-addressed condition of their eyes. stamped #10 envelope) glands will produce emotional you think these tears have any other biological purpose? What A local opthamologist tears. Used tears then drain Things to Talk About down into two tiny openings on might this purpose be? 1. In the Newton's Apple Contact lens maker the brim of your upper and or wearer segment on tears, a woman 4. What does someone who's lower eyelids at the inner edge talked about having Dry Eye been crying look like? Human physiology of your eyes, which lead to the laboratory, university or medical center
VOCABULARY Lacrimal GlandThe glands which produce tears. Reflex TearsAlso called irritant tears, these are extra tears which Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public the tear glands produce when your eyes are irritated. Television. Made passible by a grant from 3M Emotional TearsExtra tears that the tear glands produce in Educational materials response to an emotional reaction. developed by the National Science Sjorgen's SyndromeAlso called Dry Eye Syndrome is caused Teachers Association-Space, when the tear glands are damaged and produce an inadequate Science, and Technology amount of tears. This also affects saliva glands. Division. ft 42 3M 9.31 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBIRI 908
TEARS AND BLINKING Find out how much your eyes work in a minute of blinking!
MAIN ACTIVITY In this activity, you will determine the average number of times humans blink in one minute and the range of TRY THIS... how the number of blinks per minute varies from one person to another. Should people try not to cry over onions? When Materials: peeled or cut, Stopwatch or clock with a second onions release a hand chemical that reacts Pencil/paper with tears on the Chart for data collection surface of your Lacrimal eyes. The chemical Gland reaction produces 1. Ask at least 10 people to help you sulfuric acid which gather information (data) on blinking. irritates your eyes. You will want to observe everyone Lacrimal Interview friends, under the same conditions. This is Excretory family and called controlling the variables. You duct neighbors to see should control for time, temperature what methods they use to keep from and location. crying. Do they cry 2. Count how many times each or try not to cry person blinks in a minute. Enter your when they peel or data in a chart (see Figure A). slice onions? Questions TRY THIS... 1. How does your data compare to Experiment with 3. Add the number of blinks from all Most animals that other vegetables the people you observed. Divide the other studies done by your class? live in air produce and fruits to sum by the total number of people determine if 2. What might happen if people blink tears to keep their peeling, slicing, or observed to determine the average twice as much as the average? If they eyes moist. Many number of blinks. have eyelids and chopping any of can't blink at all? lashes that also them makes you 4. To find the range, look for the help protect their cry. 3. Why do you blink? What might person with the lowest number of cause you to blink more often? Are eyes. Read about blinks and the person with the most these the same reasons your different animals like turtles, owls blinks per minute. The difference classmates or family have? How are between the fewest and the most is and snakes and their reasons different? find at least three called the range. For example, if that do not have George had five blinks and Juanita eyelids. How do had 13, than the they protect their Name of Length of Total Blinks perAdditional Subject ObservationBlinksMinute Observations range is from eyes? 5 to 13.
TRY THIS... The act of shedding tearsis referred to as "weeping" or "crying." a. What do the followingphrases or tears mean? Weeping Willow Read it and Weep A Weeping Wound Brought Tears to His/Her Eyes The Weeping Wall Cry Baby Figure A To Have a Good Cry Crying Your Heart Out Crocodile Tears b. Write a poem about, or draw a picture of, a weeping sky. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M..
Educational materials developed 4 3 by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 31111 Technology Division. 9.32 Innovation working for yo SNOW NUMBER:
SLINKY PHYSICS How do toys work?
David discovers that the slinky and many other Who invented the Slinky? How does it walk down stairs? Is it as toys aren't as simple as it looks? What other kinds of tricks can a Slinky simple as they perform? Are there other toys that work the same way? may look.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION But once it is started down the diameter of the coils and the stairs and gravio., affects it, the height of the step must be Ardley, NeiL Muscles to When the Slinky's inventor potential energy is converted to considered to completely Machine. New York: Richard James, a naval engineer, the energy of motion or kinetic understand why a slinky moves Glouchester Press, 1990. and his wife decided to energy and the Slinky gracefully as it does. Hewitt, PauL Conceptual demonstrate their new toy at Physics, 2nd Edition. Gimbels Department Store in tumbles coil by coil down the James originally developed the New York: Philadelphia in the early 1940s, stairs. Slinky for the Navy as an anti- Addison-Wesley, 1991. they feared that no one would The physical properties of the vibration device for ship Milgrom, Harry. First buy it because it was so simple. slinky determine how quickly it instruments. When the Slinky Experiments with They were so worried they gave moves under the influence of failed to work for the Navy, it Gravity. New York: became one of the most E.P. Dutton & Co., 1966. a close friend a dollar to buy gravity. Although its movement one. An hour and a half after may look simple, from a successful toys of all time! Panati, Charles. Extraordinary Origins of the first demonstration, they had scientific point of view the Everyday Things. New sold a total of 400 Slinkys! motion is quite complex. As the Things to Talk About York: Harper & Row, slinky moves down the steps, 1. Why can't a Slinky go The Slinky, whose design has upstairs? Would it work on a 1987. been modified only once to energy is transferred along its length in a longitudinal or circular staircase? Is there any Additional Sources of crimp the ends for safety, difference between plastic and Information remains the same today as it did compressional wave, which resembles a sound wave that metal Slinkys? at Gimbels. Not only is the Toys in Space Program travels through a substance by NASA CORE Slinky an excellent toy, its action 2. What are all the factors that transferring a pulse of energy to Lorain County Joint also demonstrates a variety of might make one slinky move Vocational School physical forces and principles. the next molecule. How quickly faster than another? Which 15181 Route 58 South the wave moves depends on the factors are the most important? The Slinky, like all objects, tends Oberlin, OH 44074 spring constant and the mass of How would you test your to resist change in its motion. the metal. Other factors, such as answers? Because of this inertia, if it were the length of the slinky, the placed at the top of the stairs it would stay at rest without moving at all. At this point it VOCABULARY has potential or stored energy. Longitudinal Wave A wave in which the vibration is in the same direction as that in which the wave is traveling, rather than at right angles to it. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Transverse Wave A wave in which the vibration is at right angles to the direction in which the wave is traveling. Waves in the stretched strings of musical instruments, upon the surfaces of liquids, and the electromagnetic waves which make up radio waves and light are transverse. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible Inertia A property, or quality, that tends to keep objects in by a grant from 3M. motion in a straight line, or to keep objects at rest motionless, unless Educational materials either one is acted upon by an outside force. developed by the National Science FrictionThe force that acts when two surfaces nib against each Teachers AssociationSpace other. Friction always acts to slow movement and if no other force Science, 'and Technology is applied, it will bring motion to a stop. Division.
4.4 3M 9.33 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBORI 908
Find out how you can convert potential energy into kinetic energy! TRY THIS... United States soldiers who used TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY Questions radios during Collect as many You can overcome an object's inertia 1. Does the number of twists in the combat in Vietnam dominoes as you and watch physical forces act on it as rubber band affect how far the model tossed the Slinky can. Line them up it moves. You will also be able to goes? What would happen if you into trees to act as in some creative create energy transfers. used a longer rubber band? a makeshift patterns. Push the antenna. Pecan first domino to start 2. Can you modify the design of your harvesters used a chain reaction of Materials toy so that it can travel faster? Could the Slinky to help falling dominoes. Empty spool of thread you design it to go around corners? collect the pecans How is the energy Small rubber band about the same and increase transfer similar to length as the spool 3. What happens if you run the toy production. Now the operation of a Metal washer on a sloped surface? Does this affect do you think they Slinky? Can you Tack or pin the speed of the toy? did it? Find other find information ways Slinky. have about domino Match stick been used by competitions? Paper industry. What Draw some Pencil uses can you find examples of the for your Slinky? elaborate designs 1. Slip the rubber band through the used in these hole of the empty spool. competitions. 2. Attach the end of the rubber band to the end of the spool with the tack or pin. 3. Pull the loose end of the rubber band through the metal washer. TRY THIS... 4. Slip the match stick Select five of your through the open end of favorite toys. the rubber band. Wind These might include the rubber band yoyos, hula hoops, roller skates, tops, around the match stick marbles or any toy several times until balls. The Slinky is there is no slack left in an example of the rubber band. energy moving along a spring, but 5. Let go of the match stick and other toys transfer watch what happens! momentum from one object to another. Experiment with the motion of each and TRY THIS... examine how With your hands held horizontally, potential energy is hold each end of the Slinky so that converted into it forms an arch. Move one of your kinetic energy. hands up. What happens to the coils of the Slinky? if you repeat that action but quickly return your hand to its original position the coils move very quickly. How do the connections from one coil to another affect the speed a Slinky moves? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 4 5 AssociationSpace, Science, and 3M Technology Division. 9.34 Innovation working for you SHOW NUMBER: 909
SOVIET SPACE How does the Soviet space program differ from ours? Newton 's Apple cameras follow a group of What is the history of the Soviet space program? Why do their American high space vehicles look identical to NASA's? How many different school students solutions to scientific challenges are there? What might the next on a tour of the Soviet space space missions explore? program.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION human to orbit the Earth was one expedition aboard the Mir, National Science Teachers Achievements in space Soviet cosmonaut, Yuri the cosmonaut team of Musa Association-Space, exploration have had an impact Gagarin. He flew in the Vostok Manarov and Vladimir Titov Science and Technology on science and technology I spaceship for one circuit of the spent a total of 366 days, 18 Division. around the world. The study globe in April 1961. During the hours and seven minutes in Future Voyagers, 1742 1960s, many Soviet cosmonauts spacethe current world's Connecticut Ave., N.W. and exploration of space is a Washington, DC quest for excellence and and American astronauts record. 20003-2140 adventure, as well as a thirst for mastered space flight. Only In recent times, the Soviets have unlocking the secrets of the U.S. astronauts achieved the opened up their space program Additional Information goal of landing on the faraway Sources unknown. to more and more cooperation Moon. with other nations. They also NASA CORE The first decade of space Lorain County Joint exploration was marked by In 1975, The Soviet Union and want to commercialize their Vocational School many Soviet and American the United States worked space program to help reduce 15181 Route 58 f irsts. In October 1957, the together to link their respective its cost. In upcoming years, South Oberlin, OH 44074 Soviets launched Sputnik I, the spaceships above Earththe U.S. astronauts and Soviet Challenger Center for first artificial satellite to circle U.S. Apollo and the Soviet cosmonauts are expected to Space Science Education Soyuz 19a historic first in once again fly together in 1101 King Street, the Earth. A month later, Sputnik II rocketed spaceward space cooperation. space, forging friendships that Suite 190 could lead to a joint mission to Alexandria, VA 22314 .carrying a dog, Laika, the first Today, U.S. space shuttles the distant dunes of Mars. Visions of Exploration space traveller to orbit our routinely take astronauts on planet. In following years, voyages in Earth's orbit to Past, Present, Future Things to Talk About USA Today dozens of American and Soviet experiment in microgravity. (800) USA-0001 satellites were launched, with The Soviet Union uses their 1. How would your body several probes exploring even Space Station Mir to study the change if you were to spend a more distant regions of space. effects of long durations of year in microgravity? Would weighlessness on the you be able to balance and run The real challenge of space as well? exploration was to rocket cosmonaut space travellers. people into space, and then Built of many modules, the Mir 2. What other activities might toward the Moon. The first was first launched in 1986. On be affected by microgravity?
VOCABULARY Kaliningrad The Soviet space mission control center. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Cosmonaut A Soviet space traveller. Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Microgravitya state where the effects of gravity are barely
Educational materials noticable, also known as weightlessness, found in orbit. developed by the National Science "Fat Face" The effect of fluids shifting in a body due to a Teachers AssociationspJcs weightless environment. Science. and Technology Star CityThe Soviet cosmonaut training compound. Division. 46 3M 9.35 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBER: 909
TOYS IN SPACE How does gravity affect the operation of toys?
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 1. Work with each toy to see how it Compare the United You will observe the responds to gravity and States' Space physics of selected toys motion. Try different Program with the on Earth, and predict actions with each toy Soviet Union's. the physics of the like flying the plane or Find out about both programs from same toys in a pushing the car 1957, when the microgravity backward and Soviets launched environment like forward. TRY THIS... Sputnik, and 1958, that of the space 2. Write down The U.S. space when NASA was shuttle. program uses a lot formed, (including your predictions of Space travellers have what you think would of acronyms, or joint ventures) to initials, to describe the present. Create to learn to live, work happen if you played various parts of posters or pictorial and play in a with these toys aboard the space program. time lines of space weightless environment. the Space Shuttle Do you know what history to share In April 1985, the Space Discovery. these acronyms with the class. Shuttle Discovery stand for? Now 3. Match can you find out? transported 11 your f amiliar toys into the predictions ESA weightlessness of with what MMU space for the Toys In Space happened on the "Toys In Space" SRB Project. This project was known video. EVA simply as TOYS (Testing Of Youth NASA Science). The TOYS Program 4. Talk about the reasons these UV included a selection of toys like those activities might be valuable to space exploration. Now make a list of below. Find as many of these toys as more acronyms TRY THIS... possible. and their Questions meanings. Try to Find out more Materials 1. How might you change each toy to about Star City. Toys In Space video (available from stump your friends Divide the class work better in space? with your new list. into two groups NASA CORE, see resource section.) Paper airplane 2. Will a toy car go backward in with one space? If so, why? representing the Yoyo Soviets and the Set of ball and jacks 3. What might happen if someone other the Slinky blew on the paper airplane in space? Americans. What Magnetic marbles kind of questions Wheelo would the cosmonauts and Wind-up car astronauts have for Paddleball each other? What Metal top does each team like Gyroscope TRY THIS... and dislike about Flipping mouse ("Rat Stuff') Design your own spacesuit for a lunar mission. First, find the others' space out about the space suits of both the Americans and the program? Soviets. Then split up into small groups to work on your own design. Create drawings and write a proposal of what you team's suit should look like. Compare your design with the other teams and discuss the differences. What materials would build the best spacesuit? What would make a good visor? What are important human characteristics to keep in mind while designing the suit? You may want to try to construct part of your suit, like a glove, visor or boot. Or, you might want to construct the entire suit in miniature. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed 4 7 by the National Science Teachers Association-Space, Science, and 9.36 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for you SHOW NUMBER:
SKY BLUE Why is the sky blue?
David finds out how the atmosphere Where does color come from? Why isn't the sky blue at night? Is makes different the sky always the same shade of blue? What does the sky look colors. like on the Moon?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION dust, gas molecules like oxygen horizon level travels through could redirect sunlight and more atmosphere than sunlight Asimov, Isaac. Why is the sky blue? People How Did We Find Out scatter it in many directions. entering overhead. Most of the have been asking this question shorter wavelength light has About Sunshine?. for centuries. The generally Sunlight is a form of visible light New York: Walker and that contains all of the colors. been scattered out, allowing Company, 1987. accepted scientific explanation When it is scattered, it is longer wavelengths of light to for blue sky was first proposed reach our eyes. When particles Bohren, Craig F. by Lord Rayleigh, a British perceived by the human eye as Clouds in a Glass of Beer: having a specific color. When of dust provide additional Simple Experiments in physicist and mathematician of opportunities for scattering, Atmospheric Physics. the late 1800's. sunlight encounters gas molecules in the atmosphere, sunsets have a red glow. The John Wiley and Sons, Rayleigh's theory was unique. high frequency blue light is brilliance is often enhanced in 1987. He agreed with other scientists the sky by clouds. Gallant, Roy A. of the time that dust and other scattered out first. The most intense blues are usually seen Rainbows, Mirages and large particles in the Sundogs: Tbe Sky as a between 10:00 a.m. and Things to Talk About Source. New York: atmosphere could scatter light, 1. What kind of color do you and that when this occurred, 3:00 p.m. on cloudless days, if MacMillian, 1987. we look at the sky about 45 see at night? What does the sky the spectral colors red and blue degrees above the horizon with look like when the Moon is full? Additional Sources of were revealed. Rayleigh also Information our with our backs to the Sun. 2. What happens to light and agreed that no light was the color of the sky during an NASA Goddard Spaceflight absorbed by large particles, but As the Sun begins to set, the sky eclipse? Center, laboratory for he took this concept of at the horizon often appears to Atmospheres be red. Sunlight entering at the Room 16 Code 10 scattering in the atmosphere Building 21 one step further. Greenbelt Road Rayleigh concluded that as light Greenbelt, MD 20771 traveled from the Sun to an VOCABULARY (301) 286-5002 observer, it encountered WavelengthThe distance from the top of a crest of a wave to the Weatherwise Magazine molecules, mostly of nitrogen top of the following crest. This measurement applies to waves of all Heldref Magazine Good Apple, Inc. and oxygen, in the atmosphere. kind. The length of a wave is inversely proportional to the P.O. Box 299 Rayleigh then calculated a frequency of the wave. Carthage, IL 62321 mathematical formula that Frequency The number of wavelengths which pass a point (217) 357-3981 demonstrated that, even in an during one second. Edmund Scientific Co. atmosphere without smoke and 101 E. Gloucester Pike SpectrumFor sunlight and other white light, the spread of colors Barrington, NJ seen when the light is passed through a prism: red, orange,yellow, (609) 573-6250 green, blue and violet. (Some definitions also list the color indigo between blue and violet). Blue A color whose hue is that of the clear sky or that of the Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public portion of the color spectrum lying between green and violet. Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. WhiteLight, such as sunlight, that is a combination of all the
Educational materials colors. developed by the National Sckrue Hue A graduation of color; the attribute of colors that permits Teachers Association-Space them to be classed as red, yellow, green, blue or an intermediate Science. and between any pair of these colors, Technology Division. 48 3M 9.37 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBER: 909
TRY THIS... WEATHER OR NOT? Find two pairs of How does a change in weather affect the color of the sky? polarizing sunglasses or pieces of polarizing filters. TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY Questions Between 10 a.m. Over the course of By keeping daily records of weather 1. How did the sun's angle in relation and 3 p.m., look a month, look for conditions, you will be able to study to the horizon affect what you saw at at the sky, AWAY examples of how particles in the atmosphere each viewing point? How was it FROM THE SUN, sunlight that has scatter light and change the color of different on sunny and rainy days? through the been scattered. the sky. glasses or filter. Note the conditions 2. What did you notice about the Place the second that might have brightness of the thick and thin pair of glasses or caused the sunlight Materials clouds? piece of filter in to be redirected. Log book front of the first. Examples might Weather news or reports 3. When and where did you see the Rotate the include dew on a most intense colors? How might the polarizers and spider's web, oH on 1. Begin a two to four week log to cloud cover have contributed to what look through them the ground after a record your daily observations of the you observed? again. How has rainstorm or light the image been through a sky where you live. 4. Did the hue and and the intensity altered? chandelier or glass 2. Choose two times per day that you compare to what you expected at the ornament. will record your observations in the time you begin the activity? log. Always look at the sky with the NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY INTO sun behind you, and choose two THE SUN WHEN YOU ARE areas of the sky to monitor. Your EXPLORING THE SECRETS OF observation points should be at a 45 LIGHT! degree angle above the horizon. Never look directly into the sun! TRY THIS... 3. Decide what words you will use to B uild your own spectroscope to study the colors of the spectrum. You will need a covered shoebox or oatmeal box describe the different hues you may and a piece of diffraction grating (available through see. Pick a number to correspond to E dmund Scientific Company listed in the Resource section) the intensity of the various hues. that measures five centimeters by five centimeters. Cut a TRY THIS... Include descriptions of the clouds and two and a half by two and a half centimeter square in one Make a variety of their brightness. end of the box. Tape the diffraction grating over the hole. liquid suspensions. la the other end of the box, make a vertical slit about three Add equal amounts 4. Write a brief description of what centimeters long and no more than one centimeter wide. of flour, baking you see at both observation points Look through the slit at the light of a lamp. Continue soda, sugar and each time you observe the sky. looking through the slit while rotating the box 90 degrees. salt to 100 Include your notes about the weather Look through the slit at other light sources like florescent milliliters of water. at the bottom of each day's entry. bulbs, halogen street lights, or at the sky AWAY FROM THE Put a penny in SUM Compare your observations. several plastic cups and then pour equal amounts of the mixture into Fill in the each cup. Shine a correct flashlight into the colors cup. What do you see? What happens if you vary the amount of the dry ingredients?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9.38 3M Technology Division. 4 9 Innovation working for yot SNOW NUMBER:
ACID RAIN What causes acid rain?
Peggy travels to the Wolf Ridge How does acid rain damage the environment? Is acid rain Environmental harmful to people? How does the acid get in the rain? Is there Learning Center any way to stop the damage it causes? to learn about acid rain.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION death of forests and damage from sulphur dioxide can still affect the environment. Gay, Kathleen. Acid Rain. Acid rain is considered by many buildings and monuments. It is New York: Franklin people to be one of the most even harmful for human beings. Although places like the Watts Co., 1983. serious environmental problems Acid rain is caused by pollution. Adirondacks in New York have McCormick, John. Acid of our time. It is a global Pollutants like sulphur dioxide been seriously damaged Rain. New York problem that is gradually and nitrogen oxide stay in the because the lime in their soil is Glouchester Press, 1986. affecting our world. The term atmosphere and eventually so easily dissolved by acid rain, Miller, Christian C. and acid rain was coined by Angus react with the moisture in the there are ways to bring it under Berry, Lousie A. Acid Smith when he wrote about air. When this polluted control. When both the United Rain: A Sourcebook for moisture falls to the ground, it is States and Canada began Young People. New York industrial pollution in England. Simon and Schuster, Some rain is naturally acidic called acid rain. The source of reducing the amount of sulphur 1986. because of the carbon dioxide these pollutants is not only from dioxide released into the air, fresh water lakes and ponds in USA Today, Earth Today, (CO2) in air that dissolves with burning fossil fuels, but from parts of Canada showed some Volume 5. Number 1. rain water and forms a weak both motor vehicle and Washington, DC: acid. This kind of acid in rain is chemical manufacturing improvement. Gannett, 1990. actually beneficial because it exhaust. helps dissolves minerals in the Sulphur dioxide is unlike other Things to Talk About 1. Have you seen examples of soil that both plants and animals kinds of acid pollution because acid rain damage in your area? need. it does not react with moisture until it has been taken long What other parts of the world Recently there has been some have been affected by it? Are concern that the acidity of rain distances by the wind. Even worse is that rain and snow are any other governments dealing caused by man has increased with the problem? over the last several decades. not the only ways the 2. How could you help stop Acid rain attacks wildlife, crops environment can be damaged and lakes. It can cause the by air pollution. Dry fallout acid rain?
VOCABULARY Acid A substance that has a pH less than 7.0. Acid Rain The popular term used for wet and dry acid deposition. Base A substance with a pH of more than 7.0. Ecology The study of the relationships of living things to one another and to their environment. Environment The aggregate of surrounding things, conditions or Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public influences. Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Indicator A substance such as litmus that shows whether a
Educational materials solution is an acid or a base. developed by the National Science SnertAcid snow. Teachers Association-Space, pH Scale A logarithmic scale (ranging from 0-14) that measures Science, and Technology acidity. Division. 3M 9.39 Innovation worithig for you- SNOW HUMBER: 910
TAKE THE LITMUS TEST
With a simple test you can discover what acids you use everyday. TRY THIS... Watch the TRY THIS... newspapers for MAIN ACTIVITY 2. Add 10 ml of lemon juice in A; 10 two weeks and clip Compare the Using a special kind of paper called ml of ammonia in B; one gram of out any articles on ingredients on the litmus paper, you will test some baking soda to C, and 10 ml of cola to air, water or land labels of various common solutions. Litmus or pH D. pollution. What antacids. Do they are people doing paper is an indicator paper that turns 3. Dip a separate piece of litmus have any common different colors depending how acidic about these ingredients? Are paper into each container. Compare environmental these products acids or basic a solution is. your results to the color chart problems? If this or bases? When do included with your litmus paper. is a global issue, you use these Materials how can everyone products? What Measuring cups work together to other acids and Questions Water 1. Were you surprised by the pH help the bases are found in 4 glasses or jars environment? medicine? level of the cola? What about the What can you do? Lemon juice ammonia? Ammonia Baking Soda 2. Can you name other acidic Cola soft drink solutions? What about base or alkali Litmus paper solutions? 3. What happens if you mix an acid 1. Put 250 ml of water in each glass and a base together? What does the or jar. Label the jars A, B, C and D. litmus paper look like?
TRY THIS... Put a piece of chalk into a jar of vinegar. Observe what happens to ,17.%,1,%\.%, the chalk. Put a ,.., piece of limestone into another jar of .0 0. vinegar. What . e_s, ,0 ,10%- 1. happens to the liquid? Are any gasses being t\'\%\ \ %.%\ released? Could Nt\ acid rain have the same effect on buildings and roadways? TRY THIS... Choose throe of the same size and type of plant for an experiment. Make sure that they are in the same size pots and have equal amounts of sunshine and liquid. Over a one to two week period, water plant A with just water, plant B with water and lemon juice and plant C with water and baking soda. Record your observations. Which plant looks the healthiest? Is there any damage to the plant that received baking soda? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 51 9.40 3M Technology Division. Innovation worimg for ya SNOW NUMBER:
HIGH JUMP How do high jumpers set new records? David learns how physics helps high Would you like to be able to jump higher? How do you feel when jumpers break y ou figure out ways to improve your performance? What are the records. benefits of combining science with sports?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION curved path that leads up to the must be on a vertical line with Chase, Sara B. Moving to The jump style called the bar. At that point, the jumper is the point of suspension, above Win: Tbe Pbysics of "Fosbury Flop" dramatically actually leaning away from the or below it. Sports. New York Julian revolutionized the high jump. bar, allowing for the centrifugal The ideal high jump position Messner, 1977. Dick Fosbury's movement force that will pull him or her involves draping the body over Ecker, Thomas. Basic technique involves racing into a vertical position for the the height of the crossbar at the Track and Field jump. Biomecbanics. Mt. View, toward the bar in a curved peak of the jump. California: Tasnews Press, approach, lifting off with the left The lift-off requires the jumper 1985. foot, pivoting the right leg to overcome gravity by Things to Talk About Laws, Kenneth. Tbe backwards and sailing over the launching directly upwards 1. How would you practice Pbysics of Dance. bar backwards, stretching the while pushing against the balancing your center of New York Schirmer back and flipping the legs ground. The greater the force gravity? Why do you need to go Books, 1984. upward. In 1968, Fosbury set a applied to the ground, the over the bar backwards? How Additional Sources of personal and Olympic record of greater the force that returns to does the center of gravity affect Information seven feet and four inches - a the jumper. different animals when they are Trainers from Local full two and a half inches higher Bar clearance requires careful jumping? Fitness Centers than the 1964 Olympic record. management of the human 2. In the Newton's Apple School Coaches By 1980, 13 of the 16 Olympic center of gravity. The center of segment on the high jump, Tom high jump finalists used the Sports Clinics or DoCtors gravity is that point where an Ecker said that the high Fosbury Flop. object balances perfectly. The jumper's center of gravity All three phases of the high force of gravity pulls down always follows a parabola. Is it jump require allowing for and vertically and is concentrated at the same for a ball, a pen or a using different physical forces. each object's center of gravity. shoe? Why or why not? The approach involves For an object to remain accelerating the body along a balanced, the center of gravity
VOCABULARY Gravity The force that tends to pull any two objects together. The force of gravity is usually large enough to be noticed only when one of the objects is massive, such as the earth. Center of Gravity The point at the center of an object's weight distribution where the force of gravity acts. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public BalanceStability produced by even distribution of weight on Television. Made possible each side of the vertical axis. by a grant from 3M
Educational matenals Mass The amount of matter an object has. developed by the National Science Weight The force of gravity pulling on an object's mass. Teachers AssociationSpace Parabola The mathematical curve that describes the flight of any Science, and - Technology thrown or tossed object (e.g., a jumper, a cannonball, or a ball). Division. r 3M 9.41 Innovalion working for you- SNOW NUMSR 910
Experiment with biomechanics to improve the height of your jump. TRY THIS... Go to a basketball Questions game and watch MAIN ACTIVITY how the players You can jump higher, too. 1. What, ways can athletes combine lift-off and use Experiment with different positions, their knowledge of physical forces to their center of TRY THIS... styles and techniques to fmd ways to improve their performances? What gravity for Bend over and jump higher. ways can technology be used in this balance. Talk witf pick up something kind of research? the coach and ask from the floor. Materials how players can Describe how your 2. Why is the curved approach used improve their center of gravity 2-3 feet of butcher paper in high jumping? Are there any other styles by changes. Stand Colored chalk track events that use it? consolidating against the wall. Tape physical forces in Without letting 3. How can high jumpers get the best one direction. your feet or 1. Tape the paper up on the wall so it use of their leg muscles? How could What happens If buttocks move is about two feet above the jumper's they add more power to the lift-off? the players are away from the head. blocked by the wall, try to pick 4. Find out what the "stretch reflex other team when something up. 2. Take turns standing with the right mechanism" is. How is this helpful to jumping up with What happens? shoulder perpendicular to the sheets jumpers? Is it helpful in any other the ball? Now are of paper. Hold a piece of chalk in sports? forces used during free shots? your hand. 3. Jump from a standing position and mark the paper with the chalk at the high point of your jump. 4. Experiment with different jumping styles to see if you can jump higher. Suggestions: TRY THIS... Start your jump from a squat Observe other sports that use position, with your arms physical forces. above your head. Look at pictures or Start your jump from a squat films of sporting events. Can you position, using your arms to find the athlete's pump. center of gravity in Start your jump from a standing Cootlw of Gravity the pictures or in position, then squat, then jump. the freeze frame shots of the film? Take a running start then jump. Invite a karate instructor to your Tiy your own style, using combinations of the above class and ask him TRY THIS... to discuss the suggestions, or using your own "physics of jumping techniques. Try some experiments with the karate". Now do balance beam in the gym. Take karate experts 5. Record the success of the different some friends and try balancing on combine their styles you tried. the beam. Discuss what is centers of gravity involved during a balancing act. withmomentum? Try balancing by holding a pole horizontally in front of you. Does this affect how you stay on the beam? What happens if you use a shorter pole? A longer pole? Now do tightrope walkers use their center of gravity when performing feats on the wire? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 53 AssociationSpace, Science, and 3N Technology Division. 9.42 Innovation working for y SHOW HUMBER:
MEDICAL QUACKERIES Can this machine cure me? David explores numerous medical Have medical quackeries always been around? How can a quackery consumer know if they are buying a good product? What do gadgets. doctors think about these "treatments"? Can these products cause harm?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION government? Most medical and a food, drug, device or cosmetic are all forms of medical Consumer Reports Books. The word quackeg usually advertising experts say no. In Health Quackery: fact, today's medical quacks, quackery. These products use brings to mind old-time fast- human hope, fears and Consumers Union Report talking medicine peddlers who fraudulently earning millions of on False Health Claims, ignorance to make a profit. conned their listeners into dollars, would be the envy of Worthless Remedies and Only critical examination and buying cure-all bottled syrup. It early practitioners. As fast as Unproved Therapies. medical research debunks the careful consideration by reminds people of flowery and New York: Holt, Rinehart quack claims, con artists invent consumers can limit the success & Winston, 1980. curious advertisements of practitioners of these quack promising miracles like "Certain profitable new packaging that "Quackery: It's Alive and simply draw on the latest words alternative therapies. Well but Threatening cure for all contagious diseases Your Health and without drugging the system!" in medicine, like electronic and hormonal, or with references to Things to Talk About Pocketbook." Mayo Clinic But as Abraham Lincoln said, "It new discoveries of wonder 1. Have you ever bought Health Letter, 1988, is true that you may fool all of something only to find it PP. 1-8- the people some of the time, drugs. There is also an "Dangerous Doctors and explosion of less threatening, doesn't live up to its advertised you can even fool some of the claims? How did you feel when Phony Cures." Redbook people all of the time, but you yet still fraudulent, methods of Magazine, October 1990, self-medication from diet and you realized you had been can't fool all people all of the pp. 54-59. cold remedies to hair restorers taken? time." "Health Fraud Racket". and wrinkle removers. 2. How should producers of University Film & Video. Have these alternative medical quackeries be Minneapolis: University treatments gone the way of Quack medicine refers to any punished for misleading of Minnesota. horse-drawn wagons, put out to worthless treatments while people? pasture by medical advances medical fraud implies an intent Additional Sources of to deceive the consumer. False Information and the regulations of the or misleading health claims for Federal Trade Commission Health Care Fraud Bureau of Consumer Protection Washington, DC 20580 (202) 326-222 VOCABULARY FraudIntentional deception in order to induce another to part with something of value or to surrender a legal right. Quack Someone who pretends to have medical skill or resource. Mountebank To beguile or transform by trickery.
Newton's Apple is a production Alternative Treatment A substance or technique used in treating of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible something or someone that is other than the normal course of by a grant from 3M. treatment. F.ducational materials developed by the Placebo A medication prescribed for the mental relief of the National Science patient rather than for its actual effect on a disorder or an inert or Teachers AssociationSpace innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments Science, and , Technology testing the ability of another substance. 5 4 3M 9.43 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBIR 911
READING BETWEEN THE LINES Discover ways you can evaluate the medical products and treatments you see advertised on TV and radio and in magazines and catalogs.
TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY list of problems with no side effects? Contact your local Some promoters sincerely believe in Does the promoter claim to be the consumer protection their quack products while others only person who can help? agency and ask if deliberately deceive consumers for any quack remedies 3. Make a list of all the suspicious profit or fame. Learn how to protect claims you find. Analyze each TRY THIS... or devices are yourself and your family from these popular in your statement to see if there are any real The next time you area. Survey your worthless products. facts in it. Describe what you think have the hiccups, try some of these friends and families Materials makes the product sound legitimate to see if any of the folk cures. Place Tabloid newspapers and what makes it appear misleading. your two little products they use Magazines are actually quack 4. See if you can find several different fingers in your remedies. Where Mail order medicine catalogs types of products or treatments. Post ears and hold your do they find these Natural health magazines breath. Or, hold your advertisements and analyses in both of your ears products? Do they . Health-related mail offers the classroom. Compare yours with know they may not tightly closed and be legitimate your classmates'. have someone else 1. Look through the materials you give you a drink ol medical have collected. Pay particular treatments? If so, Questions water. You also why do they keep attention to ads for aspirins, cold 1. What kinds of problems can quack could try wearing using them? remedies, vitamins, weight-loss and some nutmeg medical products and treatments around your neck. weight-gain products, hair restorers create? Could they delay someone and cosmetics. Have you heard of from seeking legitimate medical help? other ways that 2. Create a check list of questions to 2. Look at a few advertisements for you can cure the use in evaluating each advertised hiccups? Make a legitimate medicines. Do these ads list of folk TRY THIS... product. Try to determine if each use any of the same selling claim about the product or treatment medicine cures for Sometimes medical techniques? What are the best ways to other common quackery seems to is believable or if it sounds suspicious. tell which are real medicines and ailments like work by relying on Does the advertisement contain words quack ones? warts, baldness the placebo effect. like secret, revolutionary, ancient, and nosebleeds. Gain a better overnight, miracle or breakthrough? 3. Some medical quacks have Can you find understanding of Has the promoter promised never to legitimate credentials and others have information on the how this effect reveal the secret of their product? self-proclaimed or mail order origins of these folk techniques? works. Which of Does the advertisement claim there is education degrees. How could the following would you investigate someone's you call placebos: a conspiracy among doctors to a pill made of keep the product off the credentials? If you sugar; penicillin to market? Does the found them to be cure pneumonia; advertisement illegitimate, chicken soup; a claim that it can what would warm bath; and a cure a long you do? Teen Age Mutant Din la Turtle bandage. Can you find other examples of placebos?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.44 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for yot SHOW NUMBER:
MICROWAVE OVENS What is the science behind microwave cooking? David explores how microwave ovens work, How does a microwave oven cook food? Why doesn't the and how they oven get hot? How does special packaging speed up the cooking interact with times? Why shouldn't you put metal objects in a microwave foods and packaging oven? materials.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION the molecules of waterhave a paperboard as a heat susceptor. This surface absorbs Asimov, Isaac. How Did Microwaves are a form of positive and negative end, in microwaves, and becomes a We Find Out About electromagnetic energy, like the same way a bar magnet has miniature "frying pan" to brown Microwaves? New York: light waves or radio waves, and a north and a south pole. When Walker, 1989. or fry the foods in the package. occupy a part of the microwaves at the right Farley, Dixie. "Keeping frequency bombard food, they electromagnetic spectrum. Things to Talk About Up with the Microwave Microwaves are used to relay cause the polar molecules to Revolution." FDA 1. Have you eaten microwaved long-distance telephone signals, rotate at the same frequency, Consumer, March 1990. food in the last 24 hours? television programs and millions of times a second. All pp. 24:17. Listened to the radio? Made a computer information across this agitation on the molecular Hibler, Michelle. "The level creates friction, which long distance telephone call? Perils of Plastics." the earth or to a satellite in space. They are even used for a heats up the food. Because What do all these activities have Canadian Consumer. microwaves don't interact with in common? March, 1991. pp. 20-24. type of medical treatment called molecules of glass, plastic or diathermy. 2. Why might you want to "Microwave Popcorn." paper, only the food is heated. Canadian Consumer, The microwave is most familiar rotate foods cooking in a microwave oven? What foods 1989. pp. 30-35. as the energy source for Metal containers can produce would cook best in a micro- Klenck, Thomas. "How it cooking food. Every dangerous arcing in a wave? What foods might not Works: Microwave microwave oven contains a microwave oven. However, cook well at all? What kinds of Oven." Popular magnetron, which generates many food packages actually Mechanics, September, contain thin films of metal that containers would you not want 1989. pp. 7-8. microwaves at just the right frequency to interact with the speed the cooking process. For to use in a microwave? Why? "Safe for Food?" molecules in food and heat it example, new packaging 3. How long are microwaves? Canadian Consumer. techniques use metalized March, 1991 pp.19-20 directly. How long are light waves? polyethylene terephthalate Radio waves? Other Resources: All wave energy changes (PET) film laminated to polarity from positive to Food Safety Hot Line negative with each cycle of the United States Department wave. In microwaves, these VOCABULARY of Agriculture polarity changes happen 1-800-535-4555 RadiationThe spreading of energy by electromagnetic waves. millions of times every second. Home Economics Teacher Food moleculesespecially Conduction The transfer of heat by molecular motion from a source of high temperature to a region of lower temperature, tending toward a result of equalized temperatures. Convection The mechanical transfer of heated molecules of a gas or liquid from a source to another area, as when a room is warmed by the movement of air molecules heated by as radiator. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible MoleculesThe smallest particle of any compound that has the by a grant from 3M chemical properties of that compound. Materials are considered to Educational matenals be made of molecules held together by attractive forces. developed by the National Science Susceptor A material, usually a thin, metalized film inside the Teachers Association-Space, packaging of microwave foods, which converts microwave energy Science, and 0 Technology into heat energy and promotes the browning of foods. Division.
5 G 3M 9.45 Innovation working for you- SHOW RUMORS
COOKING BY THE NUMBERS ! See the differences in how microwave ovens and conventional ovens heat different substances.
MAIN ACTIVITY 6. Pour 250 milliliters water into one ---= Although both microwaves of the oven-safe containers. Measure and conventional ovens and record the temperature of the ultimately use thermal water. Make sure that the energy to cook food, the temperature of this water is the same = molecules in the food temperature that you recorded for the respond differently when water that you put in the microwave exposed to an energy oven. source. 7. Pour 250 milliliters of sand into one of the conventional oven Materials containers. Measure and record the TRY THIS... Microwave oven temperature of the sand. The sand, Different waves Conventional oven too, should be the same temperature affect the human 500 milliliters of water as the sand used in the microwave body. Ask your 500 milliliters of sterile sand oven. school nurse aboui 2 microwaveable containers waves used in the 2 oven-safe containers 8. Place both containers in the study of human physiology. Invite Thermometer preheated oven. Heat the two pans for about 10 minutes. Remove both a radiologist to *Use safety measures with the ovens. your class. Ask containers from the oven. Quickly him/her about measure and record the temperature brain waves and 1. Pour 250 milliliters of water into of both the water and the sand. X-rays. TRY THIS... one of the microwaveable containers. Investigate Measure and record the temperature 9. Develop a table that lists your biorhythms. How Many terms are results. used in describing of the water. are they measured? lectromagnetic 2. Pour 250 milliliters of sand into a waves. Investigate Questions the following terms: similar container. Measure and record 1. What was the temperature change wavelength, the temperature of the sand. of the water and the temperature amplitude, cycle 3. Place the container of water in the change of the sand in each oven? and frequency. How microwave oven and run the oven at Which material had the greatest can these terms be increase in temperature for each type used when its highest power setting for two describing a stone minutes. Remove the container of of oven? Why do you think these dropped into a tray water. Measure and record the new results happened? of water? water temperature. 2. How would your results change if 4. Place the container of sand in the the water was left in the conventional microwave oven and run the oven at longer? Try it! its highest power setting for two 3. What kinds of food cook best in a minutes. Remove the container of microwave oven? In a conventional sand. Measure and record the new oven? What are you basing your temperature of the sand. choices on? 5. Preheat the conventional oven to about 100 degrees Celsius or 200 degrees Fahrenheit. TRY THIS... Purchase several microwaveable products and dismantle the packaging. Compare the packages. How have theories of energy absorption been combined with cooking? Do any packages look like they might release adhesives into the product at high temperatures? Do any use heat susceptors? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed BEST COPYMALE by the National Science Teachers 5 7 AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.46 3NI Technology Division. Innovation working for ya SNOW NUMBER*
TELECOMMUNICATIONS New frontiers in electronic communications. David goes to AT&T's Bell Laboratories to How does a telephone work? How fast do sound and light travel? learn about the How could fiber optics improve our telecommunications? Are ever-changing any fiber optics in use today? world of tele- communications.
RESOURCES DISCUSSION other end, these variations are to on the telephone and have instant access to the latest Billings, Charlene W. Alexander Graham Bell turned back into sound. Fiber Optics: Brigbt New Because lasers can be information stored in libraries, invented a talking machine that all without leaving your home! Way to Communicate. used pulses of electricity to modulated with highly complex New York Dodd Mead & patterns much greater quantities Other industries benefit from Company, 1986. carry sound through copper wires and called it the of information can be fiber optics. Physicians use Burkig, Valerie. telephone. Soon after, he tested transmitted. them to examine areas of the Pbotonics, Tbe New body instead of performing Science of Light. Hillside, the photophone, another talking Stringing electrical cables or New Jersey: Enslow machine that used a beam of optical fiber cables from place surgery. In industry, fiber Publications, 1986 sunlight to carry voices from to place is very expensive. optics aid workers in repairing Whyman, Kathryn. Ligbt one place to another. Although Because the new optical fibers jet engines, nuclear reactors and and Lasers. New York he had high hopes for the can handle so much more other complicated machinery. Glouchester Press, 1986. future of his photophone, it information than traditional In the future, fiber optics will be used to control lighting, Additional Sources of depended on a constant source telephone wires, it has become Information of sunlight and proved to be more economical to replace heating, air conditioning, impractical. conventional wires with the security systems and other types AT&T Bell Laboratories of machinery. The most Media Relations Not until the invention of lasers new technology. Room 1L422 interesting uses of fiber optics and optical fibers did Bell's And, fiber-optic commun- are yet dreamed about! 101 JFK Parkway dream come true. In the mid- Shorthills, NJ 07078 ications are not limited to 1970s, researchers began telephone conversations. They Things to Talk About Optical Fiber Source: pumping pulses of laser light Edmund Scientific can even be used to transmit 1. What are the differences through thin glass fibers to complex information, like between sunlight and laser Company move information. Light is 101 East Glouchester Pike television or data between light? Barrington, Nj 08007 actually a sequence of computers. As fiber-optic vibrations. Scientists discovered cables interconnect our area, it 2. Would you want a A local cellular telephone "videophone"? company how to vary these patterns of will be possible to see and vibrations and convey Audiologists purchase items from distant 3. What would Bell think about information. When a stores, participate in classes or fiber optics? What new uses for conversation occurs over a meetings happening across the fiber optic technology can you telephone system that uses world, see people you're talking think of? optical fibers, the vibrations of your voice are converted to the pattern of the laser. At the VOCABULARY LaserLight Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A device which produces a light which is highly directional and travels in a narrow beam. Newton's Apple is a production of KTGA Twin Cities Public Optical FibersStrands of material through which light can travel; Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. analogous to the way water travels through a hose.
Educational materials Fiber Optics A branch of physics based on transmission of light developed by the National Science through fibers of glass or plastic. Teachers AssociationSpace Modulate To vary the amplitude, frequency or phase of a carrier Science, and Technology wave or signal in telephony, telegraphy, radio or television. Division. 58 3M 9.47 Innovation working for you- SHOW. HUMBER: 912
AMAZING LIQUID LIGHT Light always travels in a straight line, doesn't it?
MAIN ACTIVITY of the jar uncovered. Be careful not to TRY THIS... Light does travel in a straight line but spill the water. If needed, place tape Investigate ways there are times when it doesn't. Light over the holes until the pieces are light is used in can be inside a curving stream of wrapped together. communication. water because the path of the light Learn more about 5. Now get ready to "pour" light. Morse code and TRY THIS... changes direction as it is reflected Turn the lights off and tilt the jar so internally by the water. Discover how see if you and Lasers are used all the water flows out the largest hole your friends can around us. Find as fiber optics use this principle. into a large container. send messages to many of their uses each other in the as you can. Where Materials dark with a are lasers used in Questions Tall, clear and slim jar with a lid 1. What happens if you stick your flashlight. How the supermarket? Newspaper are holograms Ask your doctor finger in the water stream near the jar? created? about laser Flashlight Down further on the stream? surgery. How is it Hammer different than large nail 2. Was the light contained in the standard surgery? Large container stream or did it shine out like a lamp? Try to attend a laser light show to 3. What would the light look like if see energy waves 1. Make two holes in the jar lid with you used colored water? the hammer and the nail. Make a become art. 4. How is the curved flow of the large hole near one edge and a water similar to light pulses in fiber smaller hole near the opposite edge.. optics? What are the differences? TRY THIS... 2. Fill the jar three quarters full with Energy moves from water. 5. What does total internal reflection one place to mean? another in waves. 3. Turn on the flashlight and Tie a long piece of hold it to the bottom of the jar rope to a tree or a so the light shines into the pole. Make your jar. own waves by shaking the rope 4. Wrap the jar and up and down. TRY THIS... the flashlight What energy Laser light is together in the moves when you contained in an newspaper. shake the rope? optical fiber What other because of internal Leave the lid materials could reflection. A you use to make periscope uses the waves? (See the same principle but Newton's Apple with mirrors instead "Slinky Physics" of optic fibers. for extra hints!) How could you use Light waves are two mirrors to look the fastest waves around a corner? we know about. How fast do light waves from the Sun travel to the Earth?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed 5 0 by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.48 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for yow SHOW NUMBER:
SOLAR ECLIPSE Why don't eclipses happen more often? David learns how the orbits of the Moon Have you ever seen a solar eclipse? Why did early man fear them and the Earth so much? How often do solar eclipses happen? When is the next can produce an one? What would you see if you were on the Moon during an eclipse. eclipse?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION the Sun. The Sun and the Moon blocked by the Moon. People Aveni, Anthony. Eclipses have frightened, cover approximately the same outside this path, in an area Skywatcbers of Ancient mystified and puzzled man area of the sky so that they known as the penumbra, will Mexico. University of since antiquity. The Chinese appear to be the same size in see a partial eclipse, where the Texas Press, Dallas, 1980. believed that an eclipse was the sky. Moon only hides a portion of Dyer, A. "When Worlds caused by the celestial dragon During a "new Moon" phase, the Sun. Align." Astronomy, eating the Sun. the Moon is positioned between VoL 19, No. 7, pp. 62-73, Things to Talk About July 1991. Tablets found in northwestern the Sun and the Earth. However, not every new Moon 1. If you didn't know anything Gingerich, 0. "The Mexico show that the Mayan about eclipses, and, in the Making of a Prize Indians began making eclipse produces a solar eclipse, because the orbit of the Moon is middle of the day, the sky Eclipse." Sky & Telescope, predictions and keeping records suddenly grew dark enough to July 1991, pp. 15-17. 2000 year ago. Even today, slightly tilted with respect to the orbit of the Earth around the see the stars, what might you Littmann, Mark and people travel great distances to think had happened? Wilcox, Ken. Totality: witness this celestial alignment Sun. Only when the Moon's Eclipses of tbe Sun. that brings awe and orbit brings it into direct 2. What happens when the University Press, 1991. wonderment to all who see it. alignment between the Sun and Earth lines up between the Sun Additional Sources of the Earth will the Moon's and the Moon? Would other Information A solar eclipse occurs on Earth shadow fall on the Earth. The planets in our solar system have when the Moon blocks the shadow is called the umbra, eclipses too? American Astronomical Sun's light due to the relative Society and during a solar eclipse 3. How would the Earth look 2000 Florida Avenue, NW positions of the Earth, Moon sweeps darkness in a band 300 and Sun. to an astronaut in Earth's orbit Suite 300 kilometers wide across the during an eclipse of the Sun? Washington, DC 20009 The Sun is 400 times larger than Earth at 1700 kilometers per Of the Moon? (202) 328-2010 the Moon and the Moon is 400 hour! People inside the umbra Astronomical Society of times closer to the Earth than will see the Sun completely the Pacific 390 Ashton Avenue San Francisco, CA 94112 (415) 337-1100 Astronomy Magazine VOCABULARY 21027 Crossroads Circle Shadow The dark area formed by an object which blocks light. A Waukesha, WI 53187 shadow is formed because light travels in straight lines. EclipseThe darkening of a heavenly body when it moves into the shadow of another heavenly body. An eclipse of the Moon is seen when the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon: an eclipse of the
Newton's Apple is a production Sun is seen when the shadow of the Moon falls on the Earth. of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible Umbra The area in a shadow from which light is completely cut by a grant from 3M. off. Educational materials developed by the Penumbra A lighter area between the umbra and the edge of a National Science Teachers shadow; some light reaches it because the source is not small. A AssociationSpace very small light source forms an umbra only; a large source form an Science, and 0 Technology umbra and a penumbra. Division. 6 0 3M 9.49 Innovation working for you- SHOW HUMBER: 912
SEE IT FOR YOURSELF !
Build a projection camera so you can safely observe the next solar TRY THIS... eclipse. You can also use this camera to study the Sun when there's See how much you not an eclipse! can tell about an object from its shadow. Shine the TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 7. If you can't find the right size ice light of an overhead or slide Turn the beauty of Because of the intensity of the Sun's cream container, use two sheets of projector on a an eclipse into light, it isn't safe to look directly at the white cardboard. Put a small pinhole wall. Turn your words. Imagine Sun during an eclipse. That's why in one. Stand with you back to the back to the light that you are on the you'll need to build a projection sun and hold the sheets about 60-80 and have a friend Space Shuttle camera to protect your eyes. Once cm apart, with one in each hand. hold an object up Discovery. Write a in front of the poem that describes you've built the camera in this activity, Project the Sun's image through the you will be able to observe the pinhole on the other piece of light. Can you what you see. For guess what it is? inspiration, look for contacts of an eclipse. cardboard. How much of your pictures, slides and ideas about an films of recent Materials Questions object are based missions. Share Two, five-gallon ice cream 1. What causes the image to appear on size? How can your poems and you make an apple discover the containers on the projection surface? . Aluminum foil as big as a beach different ways 2. What happens when you move the ball? people interpret the White paper projection surface closer to you? beauty of a solar Tape Further away from you? eclipse. Pin 3. Why is it unsafe to view the Sun 1. Cut a three cm hole in directly? one end of the ice cream container. 2. Tape the piece of aluminum foil over the hole. Put a small pinhole in the center of the f oil. This is where the sunlight will TRY THIS... enter. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY B ecome a human AT THE SUN THROUGH THE eclipse. Team up into groups of four PINHOLE! or five people. 3. Cut a larger viewing hole far H ave one person enough below the pinhole to allow play the Sun, one observation without blocking the Sun. the Moon and one the Earth. Simulate 4. Tape a piece of white paper at one how an eclipse end of the other ice cream container. occurs. Have the Then tape the two open ends of the other team container together. members stand in the umbra and 5. Hold the projector so that the Sun penumbra. Try a is behind you and over your shoulder. lunar eclipse too! The sunlight that comes through the TRY THIS... .pinhole should fall on the viewing Have some fun with shadows and silhouettes. Using a screen at the opposite end of the bright light source like an overhead or slide projector, shine container. the light against the wall. Tape a piece of construction paper on the wall. Stand between the wall and the light .6. DO NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT until your shadow covers two-thirds of the construction ME SUN THROUGH THE paper. Have a friend trace your silhouette on the paper. PINHOLE! Decorate a bulletin board with everyone's profile drawings. How are shadows formed? Do Me same principles of an eclipse work in your classroom? Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and 3M Technology Division. 6 1. 9.50 Innovation working for you SNOW NUMBIRs
HIP REPLACEMENT How do artificial implants work in the body? David learns how orthopedic surgeons are How important is the hip for walking? Why would someone replacing need their hip replaced? Would an artificial hip interfere with diseased joints. any normal activities? How long will a new hip last?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION surgeon will examine the During the hip replacement patient and take X-rays of the procedure, the head of the Parker, Steve. Skeleton. The hip joint is located where hip joint. A common cause of femur is removed and replaced New York: Knopf the upper leg bone or femur joint pain in middle or old age with a titanium prosthesis or Publishers, 1988. meets the pelvis. At the tip of is osteoarthritis which causes small metal ball. The new metal "Guide to Making Model the femur is a femoral head deterioration of the cartilage femoral head is made stable by Joints."Journal of which is ball-shaped to fit into Biological Education, and the growth of bone spurs. attaching it to a metal stem an opening in the pelvis called which is inserted into the thigh Reston, VA: National the acetabulum. This ball and When cartilage can no longer Association of Biology cushion the joint and is bone. The acetabulum is then Teachers, Winter, 1985. socket mechanism at the hip replaced by a metal cup. While must be stable enough to bear combined with the additional bone material, the grinding of the range of motion after Additional Sources of the weight of the upper body Information bone against bone becomes recovery from the surgery does and rotate freely enough to give American Academy of very painful. not match that of the original the femur a free range of hip, the constant pain of bone- Orthopedic Surgeons motion. The bones of the The practice of orthopedic Parkridge, IL 60068 surgery has evolved through the to-bone contact is permanently. (800) 346-2267 acetabulum and the femoral relieved. head are separated by both centuries from just physical Arthritis Foundation cartilage and a syrup-like manipulation of the Information Line musculoskeletal system to actual Things to Talk About P.O. Box 19000 lubricant called synovial fluid 1. Why do doctors use titanium replacement of muscles, bones Atlanta, GA 30336 which surrounds it to cushion for replacements? (800) 283-7800 the bones and keep them from and cartilage with synthetic Evergreen Publications rubbing together. materials. Total hip 2. What other joints can replacement has been used in orthopedic surgeons replace? "Total Hip Replacement" When walking and other simple Brochure movement requiring rotation of the United States since 1971. 3. Do you anyone who's had a P.O. Box 996 the hip become painful, or Today, hip replacement has joint replaced? Aberdeen, SD 57402 become a routine operation when a hip joint is traumatized (800) 237-9646 with artificial hips designed and 4. Would you want this or dislocated, an orthopedic manufactured by computer. procedure? Why or why not?
VOCABULARY Acetabulum An opening in the pelvis in which the femoral head fits into to create a joint. Newton's Apple is a production Cartilage A hard, but flexible tissue in the skeleton. of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible It nourishes by a grant from 3M Synovial Fluid A thick fluid found in movable joints. and lubricates the cartilage covering the joints. Educational materials developed by the National Science Orthopedics The correction or prevention of skeletal deformities. Teachers AssociationSpace, Prosthesis An artificial device to replace a missing part of the Science, and , Technology 01= body. Division. 62 3M 9.51 Innovation working for you- SHOW HUMBER:
HIP AND SEEK
B-y taking a close look at animals' skeletons you will see how your TRY THIS... pelvis and femur work together for movement. Find out how much we rely on joints to move. Try MAIN ACTIVITY Questions walking without Other animals' joints work similarly to 1. What happened when you added bending your ours. By investigating their skeletons the oil? How did sanding the ball joint knees, eating we learn about the placement and without bending change the motion of the femur? your wrists and functions of our own bodies. What do you think happened to the TRY THIS... writing with only cartilage? one bent finger. Interview a physical Materials 2. What other joints did you find? Can you think of therapist about other joint orthopedic surgery. Owl pellets (available from science Was the movement the same? How do they help supply stores) challenges? hip replacement Tweezers 3. Could you rebuild the whole patients recover? Paper towels skeleton? How could you display it? Are there special Vegetable oil (See Newton's Apple's "Dinosaurs: techniques used to Sand paper Assembly" for extra hints!) build muscle tone or recover motion? 1. Place the owl pellet on a paper towel. Gently pull it apart with the tweezers and your fingers. 2. Separate the bones and sort them by size and shape. Look for the ball joints of the hind legs and the sockets of the hip bones. Compare the size of the femur of your pellet with your classmates'. 3. Fit the femur into the socket. Move the leg around in the socket. Add a few drops of vegetable oil and move the ball and socket again. Use the TRY THIS... sand paper to sand down the ball end of the femur and try it in the socket Look for evidence of man-made joints again. in common objects. 4. Look for other joints that connect to Make a list of all form the skeleton. you find. Does the joint restrict or enhance their movements? What human joints are similar to a door hinge? TRY THIS... Explore the hip's range of movement with a friend. Ue down on the floor face up and bend one of your knees to your chest. Have your friend measure and record the distance from the middle of your kneecap to the end of your nose. Now rotate your knee toward the middle of the body and measure the distance to the other kneecap. Finally, rotate your knee away from your body and measure back to the other kneecap. Repeat these procedures again but this time lift your leg of the floor and stretch it out to the side. Measure from the ends of both big toes. Switch places with your friend so you can compare your measurements. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed 6 3 by the National Science Teachers BEST COPYAVAILABLE Association-Space, Science. and 9.52 3M Technology Division. Innovation working for you SNOW NUMBIRs
AIR BAGS & COLLISIONS How do airbags prevent automobile injuries? David learns how ear safety belts and alr Do you always buckle your seat belt when you are in the car? bags can save Why do cars have headrests? Would you want to have air bags in your life. your car? What other safety equipment is built into cars?
RESOURCES DISCUSSION stopped, and serious injury is As the driver or passenger is thrown into the bag, it applies a Keller, Maryann N. often the result. If the Moving objects have restraining force. Even though "Better Safe Than Sorry." momentum. Newton's First passenger is restrained by a Motor Trend, January seatbelt, their momentum is this entire process happens in Law of Motion says that unless only 1/25th of a second, the 1990, p 122. an outside force acts on an reduced more gradually by the constant and smaller force of added time is enough to Knepper, Mike. "Proper object, the object will continue the belt acting over a longer prevent serious injury. Restraint." Home to move at its present speed Mechanix, September period of time. Seatbelts can and direction. Automobiles Air bags are not intended to 1989, pp. 72-77. reduce the impact of a consist of several objects, replace seat belts. They are part passenger to one-fifth of the Spencer, Peter L "The including the vehicle itself, the of a supplemental restraint Trouble With Air Bags." passengers inside and any other impact suffered by the body of system. Seat belts are still Consumers' Research, the car. January, 1991, pp. 10-13. loose objects in the vehicle. necessary because air bags only Unless the objects inside the car Passive restraint laws, work in front-end collisions of Additiomd Sources of combined with an interest in airmore than 10 miles per hour. Information are restrained they will continue moving at whatever speed the bags have made vehicle safety a Only a seat belt can help in side National Highway Traffic car is travelling even if the car is selling feature on automobiles. impacts, rear-end collisions, Safety Administration An air bag is made of a coated side swipes and secondary (800) 424-9393 stopped by a crash. fabric and is stored in a module impacts. Changing or stopping an Local Department of mounted on the steering wheel. Motor Vehicles object's momentum requires a Things to Talk About force acting over a period of Crash sensors, which activate Local automobile dealers upon impact at speeds of 10-15 1. How does an air bag time. If momentum changes miles per hour, are mounted in resemble a parachute? How is it Driver's Education instantly, as in a car crash, the Instructors several locations on the car different? force is very, very great! If the momentum can be changed chassis. 2. Is it possible to invent a over a period of time, even a In a crash, the sensors ignite a springy car that would absorb fraction of a second, much less chemical, sodium azide, which the impact of accidents by itselP force needs to be applied with releases harmless nitrogen gas Why can't air bags help when a less damage or injury. to instantly inflate the bag. car is rear ended? In a head-on collision, if a passenger flies into the dashboard of a car, their VOCABULARY momentum is instantly Momentum The product of the mass and the velocity of an object. VelocitySpeed in a certain direction (e.g., a car travelling along a straight road with a speed of 70 km/hour also has a velocity of 70 Newton's Apple is a production km/hour. A car traveling at 70 km/hour round a bend in a road has of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible a velocity that is continuously changing as the road is not in a by2grant from 3M straight line. Educational materials developed by the Force A push or pull which causes acceleration, or a change in National Science the shape of an object, or a reaction. A force is measured by the Teachers AssociationSpace, change in momentum produced in one second. A force cannot be Science, and Technology seen, only its effects can be seen. Division. 6-1 3M 9.53 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBER:
EGG PITCHING
You can rmd ways to throw eggs at high speed and TRY THIS... not have them break! Design a few posters that promote seat belt TRY THIS... MAIN ACTIVITY 4. Experiment with different speeds use. Hang them See if you can find Design ways to cushion an egg that is and distances to see how far and how up around the other examples of thrown through the air. Using the fast you can throw the egg without school to promote impact protection theories behind air bags in breaking it. automobile safety. devices. Where are Why would parents automobiles, find the best way to want to put small they most common? protect it from impact so you can Why do you use Questions children in safety pads for throw it faster and further. 1. What happens to the egg's seats in the back gymnastics? What momentum? What would happen if seat of a car? about helmets and Materials you were dropping the egg on a knee pads? Do Four-six raw eggs concrete floor? they transfer Flat bed sheet (twin size works momentum? 2. How could you cushion the egg best!) itself? Would that transfer the Two broom stick handles or dowels momentum of the egg? Needle Thread 3. Would a parachute attached to the egg provide enough cushion to keep 1. Turn under the bottom edge of the it from breaking? How high could you drop an egg attached to a TRY THIS... sheet about 10 cm. Sew the flap up and insert the broom stick handles parachute? Toss a balloon filled with water into the top cuff and the one you have 4. Does the size of the sheet make a into the air. Stop just sewn. difference in your experiments? What and analyze what 2. Have four classmates hold the if you pulled the sheet taut? happens when you corners of the sheet out horizontally successfully catch TRY THIS... the balloon. What to the ground. ways have you 3. Have a fifth student take aim, wind People have different opinions helped transfer the up and pitch the egg up and over momentum? about mandatory onto the sheet. seat-bolt and air- bag use. In fact, this discussion often includes bicycle and motorcycle helmets for safety, too. Divide your class into two debating teams and discuss the following question: Can a society that believes in individual decisions regarding safety issues require individuals to use devices that may save their lives in an accident?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the National Science Teachers 6 5 AssociationSpace, Science, and 9.54 Technology Division. Innovation working for you Naturalist Nancy Gibson I. ANIMALS back in season The Newton's Apple Menagerie nin with mom weird and wonderful
S't animals. MINIATURE HORSES SHOW #902 Just A Little People have been able to breed certain species of plants and animals to create completely new twists on the original. From miniature poodles tominiature goats, chickens and horses, people arefascinated by smaller versions of animals. Visit a local horse farm or petting zoo to observe both miniatureand standard sizes of animals. Why would people want to breed certain characteristics into animals? What about plants? Look into bonsai trees. Visit a florist or PORCUPINES SHOW #905 botanical garden to see how these trees are grown. Fabled Feats Many people believe the myth that porcupines can BATS SHOW #903 throw their quills. A porcupine will raise its quills Bat Artistty when threatened but it cannot throw them. Because Think of what a pear-nosed bat, mouse-eared bat, the quills are loosely attached to their skin, they come long-eared bat, horse-faced bat, horseshoe bat, dog- off easily when their enemies brush up next to them. faced bat, funnel-eared bat, sucker-footed bat, tomb How do you think this belief started? Find out what bat or leaf-shinned bat might look like. Try to draw a animals prey on porcupines. How do they conquer few. Compare your drawings to pictures of these the quills? bats. How close did you come? Pick your favorite bat and investigate CAMELS SHOW #908 how it lives, what it eats and list its enemies. Would a Super Shoes Camels have soft fleshy pads on the bottoms of their bat make a feet that keep them from sinking into the soft sand good pet? Why when they walk. Their large feet spread their weight or why not? over a larger area, which also makes it easier towalk in desert areas. The next time you are at the beach or in the snow, try walking on snowshoes. If you can't find any snowshoes, try making your own out of tennis rackets or cardboard. Get a feel for how a camel walks. Is it easy or hard to do? Would having four legs make it any easier?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Citis Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 66. Educational materials developed by the 3M National Science Teachers Association 9.55 Innovation working for yotr -Space, Science, and Technology Division. LLAMAS SHOW #909 EAGLES SHOW #911 spit In Your Eye! Eagle Eyes Most llamas spend their days feeding on shrubs, When you look at an object, both of your eyes focus mosses, lichens and grasses. Although they are on it at the same time. This way of viewing is called usually docile, watch out when they get upset! They binocular vision and helps you judge distances. will spit or actually vomit on an intruder. Camels, Although some birds, like owls, also have binocular vultures and vision, an eagle's eyes are located on either side of its other animals head. Positioned in this manner, each eye focuses do the same independently so that the eagle can see two images thing. What at the same time. This kind of vision, or monocular other ways do vision, gives the eagle a wider field of vision. See if animals use to you can change your visual perspective. Make a warn you to patch and cover one of your eyes. Now try playing stay out of catch with a friend. How do your perceptions of their way? distance change? What happens when you try to Draw pictures throw the ball? of other interesting ways (
animals get their ; ' points across.
. .,
BEARS SHOW #912 A Frightful Sight When you are out in the woods alone, coming up on a bear can be pretty scary. What lures bears to camp sights? Contact a state park authority to see if there have been any bear sightings. What do they suggest you do if you are surprised by a bear? Learn more about the lifestyles of bears. Do they like to POT BELLY PIGS SHOW #913 come into the open? Hit The Road' How long do they Pot belly pigs make excellent pets because they are hibernate in the winter? domesticated and bred to live with people. Other Where do they like to kinds of pigs do not adapt well as pets. Wild or farm live? Which wild bears pigs kept as pets may become aggressive or grow are a threat to people? sick and die. Take a trip to a local pig farm. Observe Which ones are not? how the pigs live. Are they clean animals? What kinds of food do they eat? What are the differences between pigs, shoats, gilts, sows and boars?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materiaLs developed by the 6 7 National Science Teachers Association 9.56 3M Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for yoir Now you can do SCIENCE TRY ITS Newton's Apple Tiy these experiments and see what happens. Then try to guess why it at home! happens. Compare your results to the results on the back of this page.
TRY IT!! Float a Paperclip TRY IT!! Pop a Penny How? Bend a paperclip into an "L" How? Place an empty soda pop shape. Use this clip to gently lay bottle in the freezer for at least an another paperclip on the hour. Remove the bottle from the top of the water in a glass. freezer and wet the top. Place a What happens? Why? penny on the top. Grasp the sides of the bottle, and wait. What happens? Why?
TRY IT!! Inflate a Balloon in a Bottle TRY IT!!Balance the Hammer How? Fill a bottle with hot How? Tie a string in a loop and slip it over a ruler. water and a bowl with cold The other end should twist into a loop and slide over water. Let them sit for one the handle of a hammer resting at the end of its rubber minute, then empty the bottle. grip. Place the ruler's edge with the hammer head Stretch a balloon over the open underneath on the edge of a table. The hammer end of the bottle and immerse the handle should rest against the other end of the ruler. bottle in the cold water. What happens? Why? What happens? Why?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 6 Educational materiah developed by the National Science Teachers Association 9.57 Innovation working for you- -Space, Science, and Technology Division. TRY IT!! Pick up a Jar of Rice with a Knife TRY IT!! Boil Water without Heat How? Fill a plastic jar with rice, How? Fill a glass three-quarters full with water. Place carefully jab a knife into the rice five a handkerchief over the top of the glass and hold it on or ten times. The rice will settle a bit, with a rubberband placed around the rim of the glass. then add more rice. Continue until Push down on the center of the handkerchief until it no more rice can be added. Then touches the water (the experiment works best if the quickly jab the knife into the handkerchief is slightly wet). Keep your fingers rice and lift. pressed on the handkerchief and turn the glass What happens? Why? upside down. The water will remain in the glass. Now, pull the handkerchief tight, so that the concave shape disappears. What happens? Why? Is it really "boiling"?
The Science behind "SCIENCE TRY ITS"
Why Does the Paperclip Float? Why Does the Hammer Balance on the Edge of the Table? The surface of the water bends around the weight of the All objects have a center of gravity that acts as if all the weight of paperclip like stretched rubber. This is because water has the object were balanced there. The center of gravity of the ruler suace tension. is in the middle, but the hammer moves the center of gravity of the system to under the table's edge which keeps it from falling. Why Does the Penny Pop? Your hands warm the air inside the bottle which then expands. Why Does the Water Appear to Boil Without Heat? It can only escape by moving the penny and cracking the ice Surface tension prevents the water from seeping through the around the rim. The build up and release of air causes the handkerchief. When you straighten out the handkerchief, the popping, as long as ice remains between the penny and bottle. water drops down to a new level, reducing the pressure in the air space at the "bottom" of the glass. The higher air pressure Why Does the Balloon Inflate in the Bottle? outside the glass forces air to penetrate the handkerchief and The warm water heats the bottle which, in turn, heats the air bubble through the water. But it's not really boiling! inside the bottle after the water is poured out. When the bottle is placed in the cold water, the air inside cools and contracts, Why Are You Able Pick Up The Jar of Rice With the Knife? causing outside air to be drawn in, pulling the balloon in and The rice gets more and more packed down by repeated stabs inflating it inside the bottle. from the knife until the rice is so compact that it presses against the blade of the knife with enough force to overcome the pull of gravity on the jar.
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.
Educational materials developed by the 6 9 National Science Teachers Association 9.58 3M Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you CATCH IT AT HOME!
Newton's Apple is proud of its record as an educational show, but the series is also fun and exciting family viewing! We developed this special guide to the major 9th season segments so you can "catch Newton's Apple at home" with your family and friends.* Of course, in addition to the segments listed here, you'll also see our short features, like David and Peggy "On the Spot," "Science Trivia," "Science of the Rich and Famous" and much more! Also, don't miss our newest feature, "Science Try Its" simple, but surprising, experiments you can do at home!
SHOW 901 SHOW 904 Olympic Science Special Cancer Causes Physiology Frisbee Physics Biomechanics Luge SHOW 905 Psychology Sewers Cancer Treatments Host David Nell, Field SHOW 902 Porcupines Reporter Peggy Solar Cars Knapp, and Naturalist SHOW 906 Nancy Gibson return Steroids in Season 900 to Dinosaur Special answer your science Miniature Horses questions. Mapping the Dig Site SHOW 903 Dating the Bones Murder Mystery Assembling a Diplodocus Bats Continued on next page...
* Please check with your local PBS station for exact airdate and time. If season nine of Newton's Apple doesn't appear in the Fall 1991 schedule of your local PBS station, call them to find out when they plan to run it. If you call to ask for a particular show, refer to it by the show number listed above (i.e., #901 for the "Olympic Science Special").
We've also listed some SEWERS fun and interesting Show #903 Take an inventory of the products in Newton's Apple is a production 47.441IIV activities built of KTCA Twin Cities Public , your home. Which ones are Television. Made possible around the segments poisonous or toxic to plants and by a grant from 3M that you can do with animals? Contact a sewage Educational rnatenals treatment plant to find out how developed by the your family and National Science these products affect the waste Teachers friends. Have fun!!! streams at the plant. Try to find Association-Space, Science, and some alternative products that are Technology 4 not harmful to the environment. Division.
--wor,11 7 0 9.59 3M Innovation working for you- CATCH IT AT HOME!
Continued from previous page...
SHOW 907 SHOW 911 TEARS Domed Stadium Medical Quackeries Show #908 Should people try FRISBEE PHYSICS Photosynthesis Microwave Ovens n ot to cry over onions? Interview Show #904 Golden Eagles friends, family and Invite a couple of SHOW 908 n eighbors to see family members or Tears SHOW 912 what methods they friends to help you use to keep from calculate the Slinky Physics Telecommunications crying when they velocity and peel or slice acceleration of a Camels Solar Eclipse onions. Experiment Frisbee toss. Take Bear Cubs with other turns acting as the SHOW 909 vegetables and time keeper, data fruits to determine recorder and Soviet Space Special SHOW 913 if peeling, slicing tosser. Use a or chopping any of stopwatch to time Why is the Sky Blue? Hip Replacement them makes you how long the cry. Frisbee is in the air Llamas Airbags and a tape Potbelly Pigs measure to SHOW 910 determine the distance it travels. Acid Rain Record the data from each toss. Try High Jump calculating different kinds of Goats throws like ones into the wind, with DINOSAUR SPECIAL the wind and across the wind. Show #906 Which direction You and your family can build a real works best? Does animal skeleton. Save the bones from a a fast flying chicken dinner. Carefully boil and bleach Frisbee travel the bones and analyze which parts farther than a belong together. Using a framework, slower one? begin rebuilding the chicken by gluing its bones together. You may want to look at drawings of chickens and their skeletons to help you.
SOLAR CARS Show #902 MEDICAL QUACKS Color can change the amount of light and heat that are Show #911 absorbed. Find out which colors are the most receptive. The next time you or a family member have the Paint a few tin cans different colors. Make sure you use hiccups, try some of these folk cures. Place your matt paints or ones that aren't too shiny. Fill each can with two little fingers in your ears and hold your equal amounts of water. Using a thermometer, record the breath. Or, hold both of your ears tightly closed temperature in each can. Allow them to sit in the sun for a and have someone else give you a drink of water. few minutes. Test the temperatures in the cans and then Have you heard of other ways that you can cure arrange them in a rainbow from coolest to hottest. Now the hiccups? Ask your parents or grandparents that you know which colors are coolest, what colors will you about folk-medicine cures they may have heard of, wear in the summer from now on? What about the winter? or used, for other common ailments like colds, What color would you pick to paint your house to save warts, baldness and nosebleeds. energy?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed by the 71 National Science Teachers Association 9.60 3M -Space. Science. and Technology Division. Innovation working for you. I 3M AND SCIENCE EDUCATION Scientists and engineers at 3M have developed innovative school outreach programs designed to interest elementary, junior, and senior high students in science, and to encourage them to pursue careers in science. The 3M Technical Teams Encouraging Career < Of Horizons (TECH) program provides opportunities for students to meet and interact with 3M scientists'and engineers. Volunteer 3M technical " employees visit, by invitation, the classroom carrying the message to *rnwhftwAsiiiio students that significant career opportunities await them if they keep their options open by studying math k and science. The 3M Visiting Wizards program trains 3M employees and provides them with hands-on science activities to take into their own children's classroom. "Science is fun. Wouldn't you like to be a scientist, too?" Would you like to set up your own school outreach programs? For more information about the 3M TECH and 3M Visiting Wizards programs, call 3M at 612/733-8936.
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National Science Teachers Advisory Board KTCA/Newton's Apple Association-Space, Science, and Council of State Science Supervisors David Heil, Host Technology Division International Technology Educators Association Peggy Knapp. Field Reporter Helenmarie Hofman, Ph.D., Director National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Nancy Gibson. Naturalist Caroline R. Benson, Associate Director National Middle School Association Richard Hudson. Executive Producer Robin K. Lewis, Editor National Science Teachers Association Kathryn Scott, Series Producer National Association of Elementary School Principals Kristian Berg, Segment Producer Writing Team Marie Domingo. Segment Producer Jane Benesch. Consultant, MD Leslie Kratz, Segment Producer Judy Braus. Consultant, VA Carrie Maloney, Segment Producer Elizabeth Frick, Ph.D.. Lynne Reeck, Segment Producer President. Educational Systems. MN ' 3M Kathy Kraemer, Associate Producer Melody Hall. Middle School Educator, GA Don Larson Gary Leatherman. Associate Producer Kathleen A. Lundgren. Barbara Kaufmann Jeff Nielsen, Associate Producer Science Museum of Minnesota Bruce Gengnagel Amy Kenefick, Production Assistant David Parisian. Science Educator. NY Liz McMahon Meighan Maloney, Production Office Coordinator Sidney Sitkoff. Ph.D.. Science Educator. CA Judy Parker Leola Daniels, Researcher Will Shapira Joel Dossi, Production Manager Content Review Panel Lynae Berge, Promotion and Outreach Coordinator Don Aldrich, Engineer, CA 3M / Newton's Apple Georgia Gould, E.G. Ashburn. Ph.D., Western Maryland College. MD Education Committee Director of National Promotion, KTCA Judy Braus. Environmental Educator. VA Bob Barton John Huizinga Leonard David. Space Data Resources, DC Harvey Berwin Mary Hurlocker KTCA/Design Group Peggy Dix On, Ph,D.. Physics Educator. MD Sue Butzer Patty Konsti Bob Hoffmann, Design Director Martin Dukes. MD, Medical Consultant, DC Yvonne Cadwallader Gary Kwong Tom Fisher, Designer Richard King, U.S. Department of Energy. DC Mary Chilinski Walt Lager Judy Patt. National Institute of Health, MD Peggy Dingman Gene Steele. Chair Willa Ramsey. Ph.D., Physics Educator. CA Marvin Russell, Ph.D.. Science Educator. KY. Raymond Rye. Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, DC Judy White. National Zoo. DC 73 BEST COPYAVAILABLE 31IM 9.62 Innovation working for yo 4 FR DU ATIONAL MAT R ALS 1.
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Educational materials d -veloped with th - National Science Tt=chers ASsociadonSpace.-kn and Technology Diyision.
Newton's Appl is a froductkut of 41Pok. EWA Twin 0:Wes Public Tel -vision St. Paul/Minneapolis and ts made posAbl by grAnt rom 31I. 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 Apple, V.,(Wcatots ofNeWton'savailab\e DeaT spotlsotstotoaX(e seties. totthe Asratiotal.ate00-sed at314 tosWe we sciefItliic aasstootornatetOsisdesigo.ed.of itselt . Dear Teachers: ttlese Apple just aco11.edkon.sciertcethe NeWton'sivot witheosich The National Science Teachers Association, stvdetAts fascitation.Oswill through the Newton's Apple project staff, is bx.It a rnatet }Teat facts, these corning again pleased to be a partner with KTCA-TV, hope the youtse1t. \lie atIfttvg ao4tot St. Paul/Minneapolis and 3M in association asscootostudetvts a }Tout with this innovative television series. The --tot creation of the interest in science is what draws DeSicaotle I,.'D Chaltrnat learners and teachers of all ages to this series in Office order to find out the whys, hows, and whats of Vc.ecutve the workings of the world. Newton's Apple atdCl-ilg successfully meets the goals put forth by the association in its education goals of science 3141%try education and informal life long learning. Supporting learners and teachers through the Newton's Apple television series is a privilege.
An 1 aBill G. Aldridge(Pc Executive Director Greetigs n National from Science This the Teachers season Newton Association weoffer :s Apple toexp/ore you Team! withsegments and Lights, theearth your and on the fromstudents Antarctic.a full Alaska pole a iportancemchanceFromhalf-hour Oil topo/e our specialSpill, Some of studio, Northern prett ozone we on the cassroom!l y dramaticandthe tacke sciencethreat the As of AIDS. yoU've foryour weinvitegrown these you toexpect andyour over season studentsthe is years, toextendourTenthInaddition,to join in a special since us in invitation this ten wewould years foryou like ofmaking to jOin scienceus fun!
c%-.4)1 -DavidHeil Host irNs 41-4c. These educational materialswere # 75 printed on recycled paper.II 0 SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THE NEWTON'S APPLE EDUCATOR'S GUIDE
Welcome to the Newton's Apple Educator's Guide. To assist you in using Newton's Apple in your classroom, we've developed detailed lessons around26 major topics we explore on the 10th Anniversary season of the series. Each lesson includesINSIGHTSabout the topic, CONNECTIONSto encourage classroom discussion,RESOURCESandVOCABULARY. There is also aMAIN ACTIVITYand several 41111EMEINI activities related to each topic.
FOLLOWING THE LESSON PAGES, YOU WILL FIND FOUR SPECIAL PAGES.
First, apage devoted to the intriguing animals featured in the 10th season.
Second, a page with fun "Science Try It" experiments your students can do at home. cird rtivygi,lv-Third,try to stump your students with our %= "Street Smart" quiz.
%bunk get your students' families interested in science by sending home with them the Newton's Apple at-home viewer's guide.
THESE FOUR PAGES WERE DEVELOPED ESPECIALLY FOR YOU TO PHOTOCOPY AND SHARE WITH YOUR STUDENTS.
Our guide is designed Please check with The last item to accompany the your local PBS 10th anniversary dQI station for the you'll find in the season ofNewton's exact airdates and packet is our ciApple,which will air times in your viewing area. If the in the Fall of 1992 on your local PBS 10th season doesn't appear inyour special edition station. Each lesson page is PBS station's Fall 1992 schedule, numbered in the upper right-hand please call them to find out when 10th-anniversary corner according to theNewton's they plan to run it. (You can ask poster. We hope Appleshow number in which that when they are airing a specific topic appears (i.e., Show #1001 for the program by its show number). you'll help us "Behind the Scenes Special"). .131P celebrate by hanging this up in your classroom. We are pleased to announce that we've extended our off-air record Please duplicate these materials to rights for educational purposes to share with your colleagues and three years. We encourage you to P.S. Don't forget to send (and share with your colleagues) students! ecordNewton's Appleoff the air to the mail-in reply card included in the materials so you'll _Ise in your classroom. continue to receive our free materials for future seasons!
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. BEST COPY AVAILABLE 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science 1 0.3 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science. and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- MEET THE NEWTON'S APPLE TEAM: Host David Heil, Field Reporter Peggy Knapp, and Naturalist Nancy Gibson. They're all dressed up and ready to celebrate Newton's Apple's 10th anniversary (and Sir Isaac's 350th birthday)!
DAVID HEILreturns for his fifth for discovery. Since his youth, he has NANCY GIBSON(pictured at season as host of Newton's Apple. An avid continued to regard the natural and right) has been Newton's Applds residen outdoorsman and naturalist, David brings technological worlds we live in as a rich naturalist since the series' inception in to the series an adventurous spirit to resource for learning, inviting millions of 1982. Her interest in and dedication to match his rich background in the viewers each week to join him in his wildlife and the environment, however, professional fields of science and favorite pastime of playful exploration. goes far beyond her duties on the show. education. Formally trained in biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics, Since 1987, Nancy has worked as a freelance public relations consultant to David has conducted both laboratory and PEGGY KNAPP(pictured at left) is field research and has taught science to now in her seventh season as field environmental causes, working with suc groups as the Freshwater Foundation, th learners of all ages. He is recognized reporter for Newton's Apple. Peggy has nationally as a creative conference diverse experience in television. In International Wolf Center, the U.S. Fores planner and presenter, as well as a January of 1991, during the Persian Gulf Service, and many others. Prior to 1987, published author and public speaker on crisis, she hosted Kids Ask About War, a Nancy was the public relations manager popular science and the joy of learning. national award-winning PBS special the Minnesota Zoological Gardens. In examining children's fears and concerns addition to her current freelance work, In addition to hosting Newton's Apple, about the war. She is also a Nancy is involved in numerous David is the associate director of the reporter/producer for Network Earth for environmental civic and volunteer Oregon Museum of Science and Industry Turner Broadcasting System. activities. in Portland. There he directs the National Peggy was born and raised in Washington Nancy's love for animals started when sl- Science Outreach Network, an innovative state. She was active in sports as a child, program that develops and circulates was growing up in rural Ohio. As a chik but when an injury sidelined her, her small interactive science exhibits for she brought home all kinds of animals, attention turned to theater and acting. She from foxes and raccoons to snakes and museums, schools, and public libraries attended Evergreen State College, nationwide. skunks. In a way, she has been able to majoring in theater, and developed her continue this practiceby bringing A native of the Northwest, David grew up improvisational skills at the Brave New unique and fascinating animals into in a small town with a city park that was Workshop in Minneapolis. Peggy's viewers' homes and explaining how the: perfect for a curious kid with a bent for ebullience, wit, and inquisitive mind animals are an important part of the wor exploration. Winding trails, dense natural communicate science in a way everyone around us. areas, and a creek full of crawdads can understand. provided David with a terrific playground 7"/ BEST COPY AVAILABLE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. WI ENCOURAGE Educational materials developed with the National Science DUPLICATION FOR Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. EDUCATIONAL USE! 10.4 Innovation working for: SEASON 1000 SEGMENT INDEX
Following is an index for your Newton's Apple Educator's Guide. For your convenience, the lessons in this guide are organized numerically according to the Newton's Apple program in which the 4*140 segment appears. Just look in the upper right hand corner of each Cow lesson page for the show number (i.e., #1001, #1002, etc.). On the reverse side of this page is a listing of the previous three seasons of Newton's Apple. These episodes may be rebroadcast on your local PBS station throughout the year, and we hope you will continue to use them in your classroom.
Show 1001 Show 1005 Show 1010 How TV Works Oil Spills Aurora Borealis Satellite Diet and Nutrition Air Pressure Technology Show 1006 Show 1011 Show 1002 Antarctica I Traffic Control Hollywood Stunts Antarctica II Cryogenics Household Chemistry Show 1007 Show 1012 AIDS Locks and Dams Show 1003 Glass Recycling Blood Typing Election Polls and Surveys Show 1008 Show 1013 Electric Cars Cockroaches Diabetes Broken Bones Galaxy Mapping Show 1004 Monster Makeup Show 1009 Ozone Omnimax Archery
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Newton s Apple b J production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Fducational materials developed with the National Science 10.5 Teachers Association-Space Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 700 SEGMENT INDEX
SHOW 701 SHOW 704 SHOW 706 SHOW 708 SHOW 711 Roller Coasters Rain Forest Hawaii Special Milky Way Spinal Cord Quicksand Buoyancy Staling Epilepsy Glue Jelly Side Down Pouring Catsup Volcanoes Inventor's Fair Dog Behavior Tiger Cold Remedies Luau Chat Cuttlefish Sugar Processing SHOW 712 SHOW 702 SHOW 705 Hawaiian Language SHOW 709 Cheese Bee Stings Caffeine Eel DNA Aging Bowling Monarch Butterflies Rube Goldberg Contest Appendix Chat High-Speed Elevator Autumn Leaves Chat SHOW 707 Parrot Chat Wolves Boa Doppler Effect Whale Watch Chewing Tin Foil Sloth Sunspots Seahorse SHOW 713 SHOW 703 Skunk Supercomputers Race Cars SHOW 710 Greenhouse Effect Spider Webs Marathons House Creaking Tropical Fish Celestial Navigation Owl Cataracts Chat Echidna
NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 800 SEGMENT INDEX
SHOW 801 SHOW 804 SHOW 807 SHOW 809 SHOW 812 Cartoons Demolition Derby Helicopter Desert Animals Violins Skateboards Stress Newton Judo Voyager Yo-Yo s Topology Chat Koalas Salt & Ice Rube Goldberg Conte Turtles Eagles Pigs Kinkajou SHOW 808 SHOW 802 SHOW 805 Dyes SHOW 810 SHOW 813 Juggling Kidney Transplants Pool & Billiards Hydro Power Glaciers Greenwich Mean Time Music & Emotion Cheerios in Milk Whitewater Rafting Termites Echoes Swans Cheetah Mold Alligators Flies Weather Proverbs SNOW 806 SHOW 803 Blood SHOW 811 Everglades Physics Circus Wildlife Census Tomorrow's World Fax Machine Eggs Recycling Chat Pronghom Inventor's Fair Field Trip
NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 900 SEGMENT INDEX
SHOW 901 SHOW 903 SHOW 906 SHOW 909 SHOW 912 Olympic Special Murder Mystery Dinosaur Special Soviet Space Telecommunications Physiology Bats Mapping the Dig Site Sky Blue Solar Eclipse Biomechanics Dating the Bones Llamas Bear Cubs Luge SHOW 904 Assembling a Psychology Cancer Causes Diplodocus SHOW 910 SHOW 913 Frisbee Physics Acid Rain Hip Replacement SHOW 902 SHOW 907 High Jump Airbags Solar Cars SHOW 905 Domed Stadium Goats Potbelly Pigs Steroids Sewers Photosynthesis Miniature Horses Cancer Treatments SHOW 911 Porcupines SHOW 908 Medical Quackeries Tears Microwave Ovens Slinky Physics Golden Eagles Camels
Newton's Apple is a production of ETCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 79 Educational materials developed with the National Science 3111 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 1 0.6 Innovation wort* for ; SHOW NUMBER 1001 HOW TV WORKS 'Aiiik4141111la What's involved in making 71/ programs?
How does Newton's Apple get from the studio to my television? How does my television set receive sound and light energy? David, Peggy, and Nancy conduct a "formal" investigation of how television works.
Segment length: 27:00
INSIGHTS When the program is broadcast, sending the audio to the Behind-the-scenes at Newton's the electronic signals are sent to speaker and the video to the Apple, a team of performers, the station's transmitter. Here, picture tube. The video signal producers, directors, engineers, the signals are converted to is then separated into signals for and editors work feverishly to electromagnetic waves. This each primary color. Each color produce a 30-minute, award- transmitter first produces a signal has its own electron gun winning program But how do powerful carrier wave onto that sweeps across the inside of the scenes that are shot in the which both the video and audio the picture tube and excites the studio and on location get signals are placed. The carrier more than 300,000 phosphor converted from live action to wave is at a specific frequency, dots coated on the television videotaped entertainment? which you tune in on your TV tube. The picture emerges as dial. These waves are emitted the guns quickly.scan the entire To understand how television by the station's antenna and are screen to create an image of works, you need to know about received by the antenna at your David in lifelike color. light, sound, and home. electromagnetic waves. Simply put, a television camera turns When you turn to your PBS CONNECTIONS the light and sound of live channel, you select the frequency on which the 1. Eighty-nine million homes in action into pulses of electricity the U.S. have televisions for that are transmitted from the Newton's Apple transmitter is broadcasting. The television entertainment. List all the television station in waves, and possible uses of TV. are then received by your receiver sorts out that frequency telev ision Your TV reverses from among the others, allowing 2. How long has television the process by turning only the signals specific to that been around? Who invented it? electromagnetic waves back channel to come through. How are television and radio into light and sound, allowing The receiver also separates the technology similar? . I you to see the images. audio from the video signal, Using Newton s Apple as an example of this process, light VOCABULARY bounces off of David and enters antenna conducting metal used to receive or send electromagnetic the television camera The signals camera changes the light into channel a group or band of frequencies that carries a television electronic video signals. transmission Simultaneously, the microphone picks up the sound electromagnetic waves that have electrical and magnetic of David's voice and changes it properties (i.e., visible light, X-rays) to electronic audio signals. To frequency the number of cycles or complete waves transmitted in produce the electronic color one second signals, the camera separates David's image into the three phosphor a substance that emits light when struck by electrons primary colors of light: red, transmitter a device that broadcasts electrical impulses in the form blue, and green of waves
Newton s Applc i. a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Telcylsion M ide possibk bywant from 3M. 3M Educational m awl ils des doped with the National Science 1 0.7 Tcachers Assort umnSpace Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBEI I I COLOR MY WORLD Discover how a television creates multi-colored images by using only three primary colors.
MAIN ACTIVITY 413111a3:13111 Turn on a color television set and the Videotape your own version of Newton's Apple. Divide the class into screen lights up with tiny red, blue, "production teams" and have each team select a science question to and green dots. Because the dots are explore. Individuals can be assigned the specific responsibilities that go close together and change quickly, into making a television show: researcher, producer, director, performer, an ACME= our brain mixes these colors together and videotape technician. Combine all the segments into one program to produce an incredible assortment and invite another class in for the official viewing. Invite a television-repair person to visit your class of colors. Mix colored lights together and bring along a and see what happens. broken television set. Talk about and label the Materials many different colors can you get various parts of the red, blue, and green 100-watt from only three colored lights? television set and learn floodlamp lightbulbs OR red, blue, 4. Stand about halfway between the more about how your and green cellophane gels screen and the spots and wave your CIMEEEDEMII own television works. (available at art supply stores) to hands back and forth. What happens Take a magnifying glas place over white or clear bulbs to the colors on the screen? and look closely at a 3 clamp-on photo floodlamp or Note: The same procedure can be show playing on your spotlight receptacles OR 3 standard television set. Do you flashlights done with students holding flashlights see the phosphor dots? standard projection screen OR a and aiming the beams at a central Where else might you large sheet of white paper or fabric point on the screen. However, it may find the concept of tiny taped to a wall be harder to create the colored dots forming images? shadows using this method. Which of your example 1. Set up the different-colored uses the colors of light spotlights so that they are all aimed at Questions and which uses the a central spot on your screen. (Try 1. Why do the colors on the colors of pigment? clamping them on the backs of three projection screen change when you chairs or a table top, positioned about move your body in front of them? Television flashes a six feet back from the screen.) How might this relate to electron guns in a television set turning on and off? series of images so fast 2.Make the room as dark as possible that your eye sees them and turn on the spotlights, adjusting 2.Television isn't the only medium as one moving image. them so that the combination of their that uses color-blending to create full- Make a flickerbook to light produces a whitish color on the color images. How does this same help understand this screen. principle relate to the printing of color idea. Take a small pad pictures in newspapers, or the of paper stapled 3. Turn off the red spotlight. What processing of satellite images of the together at one end. color is evident now? Repeat by earth? Draw a series of simple turning off the blue and green spots images, such as a seed while leaving the others on. How growing. Working from the last page to the first, draw the images with incremental differences. When done, flip through your book from the last page to the first.
.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 81 EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 1 0.8 31111 Teachers AssociationSpace. Science. and Technology Division. Innovation working for yo SHOW NUMBER I I SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY How are satellites used to transmit TV shows?
What are satellites used for? How do satellites get into space and how do they Peggy gets an stay there? What will future satellite explanation of technology bring? satellite technology from Isaac Newton himself.
Segment length: 4:37
RESOURCES INSIGHTS Satellites are sent into space and equator; the satellite orbits the Baylin, F. (1986) The post-World War II era placed in orbit in one of two earth at the same speed as the Satellites today: The ushered in the development of ways. The first way is with an earth is turning, giving the complete guide to satellites and their launch expendable rocket that satellite the appearance of satellite television. systems, and with it, the launches the satellite out of the being stationary. Indianapolis, IN: earth's atmosphere. A smaller Howard W. Sams. communications revolution. In Low earth orbits vary with the 1958, the "space race" began rocket attached to the satellite type of satellites and their Damon, T. (1989) when the Soviets launched then places the satellite into the primary purposes. The uses of Introduction to space: Sputnik. The first American proper orbit. The second way satellites in low earth orbit may The science of space communications satellite, of getting a satellite into space is range from scientific research to flight. Malabar, FL: Telstar 1, was launched in 1962. on board a space shuttle. After Orbit Books. surveillance. It could handle 600 telephone the shuttle reaches a low earth orbit, astronauts release the Molniya orbits are highly Additional sources of conversations simultaneously. elliptical and are used primarily Today, over 200 international satellite. The shuttle backs Mformation: away and a transfer engine on by Soviet communications Estes Industries communications satellites, satellites. 1295 H Street similar to the Intelstat VI family, the satellite places it in its Penrose, CO 81240 can carry 33,000 telephone calls proper orbit. Satellites will continue to grow (educational materials, at once. This capability will Satellites orbit the earth in popularity, complexity, and including computer again be exceeded with the primarily in four ways: polar uses, limited only by the software for Apple He development of future satellites. orbits, geosynchronous orbits, imaginations of those involved systems) in the technology. Isaac Newton first discovered low earth orbits, and molniya NASA how gravity keeps satellites in orbits. Education Division orbit when he observed how In a polar orbit, a satellite orbits Mail Code F CONNECTIONS Washington, DC 20546 the moon orbits the earth. Any the earth from pole to pole. It 1. What do satellites allow you object, be it the moon or a covers different parts of the to see "live" on TV that you U.S. Printing Office communications satellite, is earth as the earth turns beneath would not see otherwise? What Superintendent of pulled toward the earth by the it. This orbit is used for Documents are some current events that force of gravity. But, if it is observing the weather and you have seen on TV either as Washington, DC 20402 moving fast enough and is (request Subject mapping earth resources. they happened or shortly after? moving perpendicular to the Bibliography Index Most communications satellites 2. Why do communications- *297: Space, Rockets, pull of gravity, it falls in a are put into a geosynchronous curved path and circles the satellite orbits need to be so far and Satellites) orbit. This kind of orbit from the earth? earth. Although it's always positions a satellite over the Smithsonian Museum's falling, it stays in orbit. (It's Air & Space similar to a ball on a string: if P.O. Box 53261 VOCABULARY Boulder, CO 80301 you swing it fast enough, it will (periodical) travel in a circle around your digital describes a system or device in which information is hand.) If a satellite does not transferred by electrical "on-off," "high-low," or "1/0" pulses move fast enough, it eventually elliptical having the form of a closed oval-shaped curve spirals closer and closer to the earth and burns up in the gravity the force that tends to pull any two objects together earth's atmosphere. orbit a closed path followed by a satellite
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.9 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 82 Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBE 1001 DIGITAL ART Combine art and science in this communications experiment.
MAIN ACTIVITY 4EEEIBIEEIE1 You will learn how digital images are Find out about the parts of an electromagnetic wave: wavelength, made, and how signals are sent and height/amplitude, frequency, cycle, nodes, etc. Use a piece of rope (15- received. to 20-feet long) to demonstrate how electromagnetic waves are generated. Lay the rope out on the floor and have two people hold eact Materials end. Have one person move the rope side to side in quick motions; you graph paper, 5 squares to the inch have generated "waves," specifically, transverse waves. Stop the motioi OR plain paper on which you have and the waves will stop in their form along the floor. Measure the drawn lines vertically and wavelength, amplitude, and frequency. Sketch what horizontally, creating 5 squares to you see. the inch pencils CLIMECIESIMI 1. Pair your students; one will be the Find out about space "sender," the other the "receiver." laws, specifically those 2.Distribute graph paper to each governing student, and have each student draw a geosynchronous orbits. 10"x 10"square on the paper. (This kind of orbit is highly preferred, and 3. Within this 10 "square, have the for that reason, a sender draw a simple picture. The branch of the United receiver should not be able to see Nations governs the what the sender has drawn. placement of satellites in 4. Direct the sender to "read" this area of space.) her picture to the receiver, How is geosynchronous using a digital code: If space divided up? How , 40.,.... Questions a sqUare is blank, the .4...... ,...NW is it determined who ...... e.. I . . . 4.... ; . ..:. ...si4...... 70.7. 1. What was the most Take a tour of a local sender says, "Zero"; if ...... W...... Air ...... gets what? What if two -.... difficult part of the activity to do? the square is filled in, ..,.... station. Find out from sponsors wanted the 2.Can you think of a better way to the broadcast engineel same area in space? the sender says, "One." Using this code, start with the top row transmit and receive information? how they receive How could a conflict be television programs ar and read from left to right. 3. Describe how a digital image is resolved? transfer them to cable. 5.The receiver, upon hearing this formed based on your experiment. This field trip will help code, transfers the information to his 4. Can you figure out how the you understand how 10 "square on his graph paper. information is coded electronically? Newton's Apple gets ti 6. At the end of the first row, the (Hint: Using a light switch on the your local PBS station, sender says, "End row 1," and repeats wall, assign a number to the switch and ultimately, to youi television at home or this at the end of each row. when it is on. Assign a different number when the switch is off.) school. 7.At the end of the 10th row, look at the picture on the receiver's paper. 5. What are some other devices or Check the results to see how accurate systems that communicate this way the transfer was. using ls and Os? 8.Change roles and repeat steps 1 through 7. Try this activity using larger or more complex drawings.
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WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USD Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.10 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for y SHOW HUMBER
'4) HOLLYWOOD 9.?4PO .11*0 *-1111° STUNTS x- What is the physics behind movie stunts.? ce
T- - How do scientific principles "protect" stunt performers as they perform ?I David "goes 4e- dangerous feats? What kinds of protective Hollywood" as he applies the ft#s gear do stunt people use? Why is timing so important in stunts? principles of tP*. science to learning about movie stunts.
Segment length: 11:30
INSIGHTS designers use devices that they must practice a lot; and Hardly a movie made today is stretch out the time it takes to they must wear the right without some kind of amazing stop a body's momentum. protective gear. Even with all stunt work We all are held These devices -soften the this knowledge and training, breathless when a person falls blow," so to speak, both however, stunt people can get out of a 20-story building or figuratively and literally. The injuredthe scientific when a heart-stopping car longer the period of time used principles they use to their chase ends in a spectacular in changing the momentum, the advantage can be just as crash While these may seem to less force will be released upon effective against them. be spontaneous events, every impact. Air bags are one of the devices used because they slow moment of every stunt is CONNECTIONS carefully planned and down the impact of the falling body by allowing the body to 1. What are some of the ways controlled by the scene that the human body naturally directors, who have an displace a large volume of air. absorbs energy during exercise? understanding of the basic The greater the displacement, scientific principles at work. the slower the final impact, and 2. Why is it important that stunt the less chance of injury. For people fall on their backs In falls, bodies obtain their very long falls of several instead of face down? speed because of the net hundred feet, stunt people often acceleration due to the forces of use decelerators: long elastic 3. What properties should a gravity and air drag On the ropes that serve as a brake to material have in order to reduce earth, the acceleration rate of a limit the maximum velocity. impact or to prevent a stunt free-falling body is 32 feet per person from being injured by second per second of fall (9.8 In addition to having the proper fire? meters per second squared). equipment, stunt people must This means that for each second know about human anatomy; I I the body is falling, its velocity increases 32 feet per second, up VOCABULARY to a limiting velocity of acceleration the rate at which the velocity of a moving object approximately 125 miles per changes over time : I hour drag the retarding force acting on a body moving through a fluid, AI 1 As the velocity of a falling body parallel and opposite to the direction of motion increases, so does its momentum Momentum is force a push or pull that causes a body to accelerate or change : calculated by taking the mass of shape a body and multiplying that gravity the force that makes objects tend to move toward each : I I I number by its velocity. When other two things crash, it's the rate of insulator a material that blocks the flow of heat energy from one change of momentum that determines the forces (or region to another "wallop") and does the damage. mass the amount of matter a body or object contains; a measure of the inertia of a body or object To reduce the chances of damage or injury, stunt velocity the speed of a body moving in a certain direction.
Newton s Apple is produchon of KTCA Twin Cities Public TelevisionMade_ possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Fducattonal material developt..d with the National Science Tc.achers Associatton-Space Science. and Technology Division. 10.11 Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBE 1002 CHILL OUT! Find out how insulation can keep heat in and out.
MAIN ACTIVITY TRY THIS. Test several different materialS to see Experiment with how different types of bungee cords and springs could which are the best insulators of heat be used as decelerators. Attach a large weight (e.g.,a pail full of sand 411:301320E111 energy. Find the material that will with a lid on) to one end of a cord or spring and let it freefall. Try to What types of protective take the longest amount of time to quantify your experiments by attaching a spring scale to the gear developed for stunt upper end and measuring the maximum force. What properties make for the best people have been heat up and the least amount of time results? incorporated into our to cool down. daily lives? Which Materials types of protective seconds it takes for the thermometer sports gear use the 3 cups polystyrene-foam packing to go up 10 degrees. Record this on same principles as air peanuts bags and decelerators? 2 wool socks your chart as "time up." How might you modify 3 cups sand 6.When you hit the 10-degree mark, this equipment so that it empty 1-lb. coffee can with lid turn off the hair dryer and time how is even better at long Celsius lab thermometer many seconds it takes for the reducing the force of watch with a second hand OR a temperature to go back down to the impact? stopwatch starting point. Record this on your paper and pencil chart as "time down." (The scissors temperature may continue to rise after portable 1000-watt hair dryer removing the heat source. Record this on your chart as the "maximum 1. Set up a log sheet as suggested temperature.") here: 7.Repeat the experiment again using Starting Time Time Maximum the sand and foam peanuts in place of Material Temp up 100 down 10° Temp the wool socks. Wool Questions 1. Based on your experiments, which Polystyrene foam materials would make the most Sand effective liner to protect a stunt person from heat? Why is it necessary for the material to heat up slowly and cool 2.Stuff the woolen socks inside the down quickly? can. Put the lid back on the can. 2.Did any of the materials get 3. Using scissors, poke a small hole in significantly hotter after you turned off the lid. Slip the thermometer through the heat? What would cause this to the hole until it is about half-way into happen? the can. 3. What 4.Allow the can to sit for five other minutes. Then read the temperature materials on the thermometer and record this as could you your "starting temperature." test? 5. Begin heating the outside of the can by moving the hair dryer slowly around all sides of the can. Using a watch or stopwatch, start timing the experiment now. See how many
,W7%..VE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATWN FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 3M Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. 10.12 Innovation working for yo SHOW NUMBER , HOUSEHOLD _...- 7;;"7-41.A dr CHEMISTRY How can common items found at home be --1 used in chemistiy experiments? 7 a What is a chemical reaction? How can I do chemistry experiments at home? What David learns about chemistry is pH? How can I tell if something is an from some al...0541, acid or a base? household items and some uninvited guests.
Segment length: 7:15
INSIGHTS (H70 or From is both an acid The cabbage-juice mixture used Chemistry is the study of the and a base. As its chemical in the Newton's Apple segment ways various substances are put formula indicates, pure water contains compounds that together and their reactions has equal concentrations of H+ change color as the pH under different conditions. It is (hydrogen ions) and 0F1- changes. Therefore, it can be a science that involves all of (hydroxide ions). When the used as an indicator to show one's senses seeing, hearing, concentrations of those two different levels of the pH scale. tasting, feeling, and smelling. ions are equal, a substance is Litmus paper, which turns red for acidic solutions and blue for o D o called neutral. When there are Chemistry is the study of basic solutions, or the pH kits matter Matter can be found in more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, that substance used to test aquariums, can also three basic "states' or forms: be used as indicators. liquid, such as water, oil, and is an acid. The opposite saliva, solid, such as wood, condition (more hydroxide bone, and stone, or, gaseous, ions) makes a material a base. CONNECTIONS such as oxygen, helium, and Whether a compound is an acid 1.Bea chemist at home. What methane or a base is indicated by its pH are acids used for in your home? o or "power of hydrogen," which The basic building blocks of How are bases used in represents the amounts of acid matter are the elements.' household items? Elements cannot be broken or base in a solution. Pure water is neutral, and so registers 2. What are some of the signs down into simpler matter. 7 on the pH scale. The lower of a chemical reaction Whether in nature or in the occurring? What kinds of laboratory, two or more the reading below 7, the more acidic a solution is. The higher chemical reactions happen elements combine chemically to when you cook? form a compound The the reading above 7, the more pH combined form may have bagic a solution is. The of different properties from the lemon juice is about 2.3 original elements For example, acidic; the pH of seawater is when the element oxygen, a about 8.3basic. gas, combines chemically in one way with the element hydrogen, VOCABULARY also a gas, one compound that compound a substance made up of atoms of more than one can be formed is water. As a element liquid, it looks and behaves element a substance composed of only one kind of atom differently from the gaseous forms of hydrogen and oxygen. formula a combination of chemical symbols and numbers that A chemical change has caused represents the different atoms in a molecule, and that shows which this difference elements are contained in a compound and their relative amounts Two large and important ion an atom or group of atoms canying an electrical charge groups of chemical compounds matter what things are made or composed of; can be solids, are acids and bases Water liquids, gases, or plasma
Newton J Apple s a producuonf KTCA Twin Cities Public I I Television Made possible bv a grant from 3M. 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science Teacher, AssociationSpacc Science, and Technology Division. 10.13 Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBEI 1_002 ACID OR BASE? Use indicator paper to find out what's acidic, what's basic.
MAIN ACTIVITY 4111113:131 You can identify some everyday The juices of certain plants, such as red cabbage, can be used as a pH substances as being acidic, basic, or indicator. Chop some red cabbage in a blender (keep the lid on and you neutral. You will learn how to test for fingers out while the blades are moving). Place the chopped cabbage in 4,1=1:011= pH levels. water and heat until the water turns a deep purple. Pour off and save Investigate the effect the liquid. Saturate paper towels with the purple liquid solution and that oxygen has on the Materials allow to dry. Cut the dried towels into strips to use as indicator paper. darkening of fruit. Cut universal indicator paper (If you don't plan to use the paper strips immediately after they dry, an apple in half. place them in plastic bags and put in your freezer to avoid odor.) Sprinkle a crushed small paper cups vitamin C tablet over the wooden sticks cut surface of one of the labels Questions halves. After one hour, newspaper or paper towels 1. Which substances were acidic and observe, compare, and substances to be tested: water from which were basic? contrast the color of the your school; water from home; 2.Why did the indicator paper untreated apple half lemon, orange, and grapefruit change color? with the color of the half juices; acetic acid (vinegar); apple that was treated with juice; catsup (diluted); ammonia 3. Test some soil samples mixed with vitamin C. What gas do (diluted 1 part ammonia to 10 parts water. Is your soil acidic or basic? you think is reacting to water); borax; soft drinks; milk of 4.Dissolve dish soap in water and the apple? (Hint: magnesia; sodium bicarbonate test it. Test again using laundry vitamin C is an anti- (baking soda) detergent. oxidant.) 5.What effect 1. Put some of each substance into a do you think small cup and label the cups stomach acid according to their contents. has on some 2.Group the students and provide of the germs that each group with some of the testing enter our digestive CIIIMMEEM substances. tract? Observe the effect that salt has on the 3. Direct the groups to test each temperature of water by substance with small 1" strips of adding one cup of water indicator paper. (Place the end of a and three tablespoons different indicator paper strip in each of salt to a can that is cup and observe the color changes.) filled with crushed ice. Have the groups record their findings Why does the outside of on a chart. the can first become 4.After the findings are recorded, covered with water arrange the substances according to droplets? Why does the their pH levels, from the strongest acid water on the outside of to the strongest base. ACID OR BASE? the can eventually Substance indicator paper change acidic/basicl freeze? Discuss the 5. Students can compare the color three states of water. changes seen in the segment to their School water own results from the activity. Note: Many foods with high sugar content Lemon juice indicate an acid reaction on indicator paper. The yeast cells functioning in a sugar solution Vinegar cause this response. Sodas
Etc.
ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA TWin Cities Public 8 7 DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USTI Educational materials developed with the National Science 3111 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 10.14 Innovation working for y SNOW NUMBER
ELECTION POLLS AND SURVEYS What is the validity of polls?
What factors affect the accuracy of a survey? What effect does random David learns the sampling have on predicting the outcome science and math of an election? How does sample size of conducting affect the margin of error of polls? polls and surveys. Segment length: 9:30
INSIGHTS technique used in lottery Bias also becomes a factor by Reading or hearing about the drawings in which numbered the way in which the questions results of a public opinion poll balls are randomly selected. are written and presented. The has become a common The drawback is obvious: If the wording of the questions and everyday experience for many. population is large, the the choices of the answers must Everyone from political mechanics of taking the sample be structured so that all . 0 candidates to toy manufacturers become unwieldy. Today, questions and answers are of seems to be trying to find out computers can be used to equal value. what people are thinking by generate a table of random numbersan electronic version polling the general population. CONNECTIONS The question is, can any of of "shaking up the balls." these surveys be trusted? The second important factor in 1. What is the relationship between the size of a sample While many people don't think surveys is bias, which can creep into the selection process of the and the margin of errorin a of surveys as being scientific, survey? Why does increasing the implementation and person who is to answer the questions, or into the design of the sample size give better interpretation of surveys results? belongs to a branch of the questions that are to be mathematics called statistics. asked. Selection bias usually 2. Most political opinion polls Professional statisticians use occurs when a part of the target are conducted through very strict rules in designing and population is inadvertently telephone surveys of likely evaluating these surveys, much excluded. One example would voters. Discuss if this kind of like a physicist uses specific be selecting individuals from a selection results in a biased techniques to collect data from town by drivers' licenses. Since survey. What criteria would an experiment some people don't drive, they you use to select individuals would be automatically from your town for a survey The two most important aspects excluded from the target that didn't have any selection of conducting an accurate population. bias? survey involve random sampling and bias Random sampling is a technique used to ensure that each member of a VOCABULARY specific target population has margin of error the plus or minus range of variation that the an equal chance of being survey answers will have with respect to the true answers, if the selected There are a number ofentire population were asked the same questions ways to get a random sample. random sampling the process of selecting individuals from a A simple method would be to population so that each member of the population has an equal put into a hat many pieces of chance of being included in the survey paper on which are written the names of the people in the selection bias the exclusion, often unintentional, of certain target population From this members of a target population because of the way the selection sampling, a certain number of process has been established or conducted names are literally "pulled out statistics a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, of a hat " This is the same interpretation, and presentation of numerical data
Newton Apple is a producuon of KTCA Twin Cities Public I Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with the National Science 3M Teachers AssociationSpace Science, and Technology Division. 10.15 Innovation working for you- SHOW NI1MBE 1003 POLL POSITION Learn the ins and outs of being a pollster.
MAIN ACTIVITY Conduct the polling so that the two 411:121MIESIM You will discover how bias in groups of students don't know that they are getting separate Recently, there has bee questioning affects the outcome of a a debate on whether questionnaires. 43112111EIBMI poll. By asking two sets of questions, news organizations Gather together a you might get two different 3. Compile the results of the two should release the number of survey conclusions. polls and graph the results. results of election exit questions from polls from the East Coa magazines and journals. Materials Questions of the United States Analyze each of the pencil 1. How did the results of the two while residents of the questions for bias. Try plain paper surveys differ? In which survey were West Coast have yet to rewriting the questions graph paper the answers more predictable? vote. Some people say so that they have little this influences the 2.What elements of bias may have or no bias in them. 1. Prepare two questionnaires that election outcome, while entered into the selection of the will poll your schoolmates about their others say there is no students in this survey? favorite foods to have in the school harm. What's your lunchroom. Design one set of 3. When professional research firms opinion? questions with a minimal amount of conduct surveys, they often ask for bias (e.g., "On Mondays, which would the same information two or three you rather have: pizza, hamburgers, times, each time worded differently, or fried chicken?"). Design the second during the course of the survey. Why 4:13:03211111111 set of questions so that they place might they do this? Put yourself in the substantial bias (e.g., "Wouldn't you position of a corporate rather have pizza for lunch instead of market-research a boring hamburger?"). specialist. Your company has just come 2. Select one grade level to be polled up with a new fast-food and get permission to poll two idea but before you classrooms, one with the bias survey CEEEIFEILIBM spend millions of dollars and the other with the unbiased one. How is probability promoting it, you want related to polls and to get some idea as to surveys? Place 50 whether or not people pennies in a shoebox are going to eat it. with a lid and shake Develop a market them up. In theory, 25 research poll that not of the coins should con only describes the up "heads." Count product, but targets them and see if the specific parts of the numbers are close. population. Repeat the experiment four times and average the results. Compare the average values to the predicted values. How is the number of trials related to population size in surveys?
Fried Chicken Hamburger Pizza BEST COPY AVAILABLE
..W;I ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public OUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! 8 9 3111 Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.16 Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for yi SNOW NUMBER
AO ELECTRIC CARS " How can a car run on electricity alone? - *VIP What ever happened to the decades-old idea of an electric car? What are the newest designs for electric cars? What powers an electric car? What are the Peggy goes advantages and disadvantages of an around in circles electric car? trying to find out what fuels an electric car.
Segment length: 5:50
INSIGHTS to store and transport; and it has The electric-vehicle industry Electric cars offer many a very high energy content per continues to grow. By the year advantages when compared to unit of weight. Batteries, by 2000, any manufacturer who gasoline-powered cars. Electric comparison, have a low energy wants to sell gas-powered cars cars run without burning content per unit of weight. in the state of California must gasoline, and therefore, Several hundred pounds of also have electric cars available. produce no exhaust pollution. batteries are needed for some The cost of an electric car is They are relatively quiet during electric cars. These batteries approximately $17,000. Many normal operation and nearly store as much energy as a single "do-it-yourselfers" are silent when idling, therefore, gallon of gasoline, which converting their gas-powered o they produce much less noise weighs only about five or six cars to electric cars, thus saving pollution than gasoline- pounds. In addition, an electric money. powered cars vehicle gets only about 100 Our dependence on the internal miles to a charge and can take combustion engine is costing us Electric cars don't have many of hours to fully recharge. the parts that gasohne-powered in many ways, including cars doparts that need There are developments in monetarily and environ- continual upkeep at best, and electric cars that might eliminate mentally. Electric vehicles can that often fail (e g , fuel some of the disadvantages. bring us cleaner air and greater injectors, carburetors, mufflers, One example was seen in the energy independence. Newton's Apple segment. This II I distributors, water pumps, etc.). II I style of car is fueled by There are no tune-ups or oil CONNECTIONS :1 changes for electric cars. electrical metal strips laid within I I I Required battery maintenance is the roadbed. Electrical energy New technologies can have far- minimal There is no emission- is provided from a central reaching impacts on our control system, which is one of source through the metal strip. society. What are the the most complex and These electric cars do not consequences of a. wider-use of expensive parts of a car that require a battery source, only an electric cars in the U.S.? :I: uses gasoline Most of the electric motor. Environmental? Economic? components in an electric car Political? Safety? are electrical or solid-state, with no moving parts The overall VOCABULARY costs for maintaining an electric battery an electric cell or a group of connected cells that furnishes car average about 30% of that an electric current for the transfer of energy for gas-powered cars. electricity a form of energy that can be transferred by the So, if electric vehicles are so movement of electrons and protons great, why don't we see many electric motor a machine for converting electrical energy into around? There are several mechanical energy reasons for this, the primary one being the relative efficiency of photovoltaic a solar cell that changes light energy into electric gasoline as a fuel Gasoline is energy fairly inexpensive to produce; recharge to supply with chemical energy again, as a battery for because it's a liquid, it's cheap conversion to electrical energy
Novton s Appk is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 9:0 Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educ.monal matimals doteloped with the National Science 10.17 3M Teachers Association-441c,, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBS 1003 MAKING THE CONNECTION Investigate how different materials can produce electrical energy.
MAIN ACTIVITY Test different substances to determine whether they can produce an electrical current.
Investigate the various PART I solar-electric-car races that have been held Materials PART II over the last few years. #6 dry cell Compare the differences knife switch OR push button Materials and similarities of a compass lemon solar-electric car with a 15 feet of 28-gauge (or finer) vinegar battery-electric car. insulated wire orange juice Write a report on your wire from Part I findings. 1. Wind the insulated wire about 10 compass from Part I times around the compass at the copper strip approximately north- and south-pole markings. The 3/4"wide and 5" long compass should be rotated so that the zinc strip approximately 3/4"wide compass needle is also aligned in a and 5" long north-south direction. wide-mouth glass jar 2.Connect the wires in a complete 1. Carefully squeeze or roll on a hard circuit. surface the unpeeled lemon until it 3. Use the knife switch or push feels very soft. Be careful not to break Search literature about the history of science button to close the circuit only for a or puncture the skin. Push the copper moment at a time. and technology for CAUTION: Leaving the circuit closed will and zinc strips into the lemon. information about result in a short circuit with the wires 2.Wrap the ends of the wires from scientists who discoven becoming very hot! the compass galvanometer around the ways of making and CIELIZIEEM 4.Now make your own batteries metal strips as illustrated. What improving batteries. Imagine you are a using household items and test them happened to the compass needle Develop a chart that member of a debate in the next investigation. Use the when the circuit was closed? Was the includes the inventor ar team and you need to "compass" galvanometer to detect an compass needle deflected? What does the contribution. Includ convince your audience electric current after constructing it in that indicate? such scientists as that electric cars are steps 1 through 4. Alessandro Volta, better than gasoline- 3. Now repeat the procedure using a Gaston Plante, Georges jar of vinegar and then a jar of orange powered cars. Do Questions Leclanche, and Thomas research and present juice. Be sure to wash the metal strips Edison. issues such as pollution, 1. What happened to the compass with water before testing a new reliability, maintenance, needle when the circuit was closed? substance. operating costs, etc., to 2.How do you know that the support your arguments. deflection of the compass indicates a Questions current flow? Try showing that a 1. What would happen if you used a straight wire can also cause the non-conducting liquid, such as milk? compass to deflect when near a What needs to be present to cause a current-carrying wire. current to flow? 2.Look at and identify the parts of a battery. What components in your circuit correspond to these parts?
BEST COPY AVAILABLE 9 1 ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Pub!ic DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.18 3111 Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for yi SHOW NUMBER I MONSTER MAKEUP How is an actor transformed into a monster using makeup? What special materials and mixtures are used to create monster masks for the It's movie-magic a time as Peggy movies? How are the masks made to gets a make- appear so lifelike? What's the secret to over!
making a monster face so scary? Segment length: 6:00
INSIGHTS Jack Pierce and Maurice Lon Chaney Sr., the one Since the earliest days of Seiderman were two famous constant that all makeup artists Hollywood, movie fans have makeup artists who worked in use is time. To create the most been enthralled by the the 1930s and revolutionized lifelike characters, layer after transformations made by actors the movie business. Both men layer of makeup is applied; when they don makeup to studied human anatomy in an each layer must be allowed to become out-of-this-world effort to make their non-human dry before applying the next. characters In those early days, characters more lifelike. In During the filming of Elephant a makeup artist had to be as Frankenstein, Pierce Man, actor John Hurt needed 13 much a scientist as an actor, transformed Boris Karloff into different appliances and eight experimenting with materials the mummy and the monster, hours in the makeup room to not nearly as sophisticated as and he turned Bela Legosi into prepare for each day's shoot. we have today the gruesome Count Dracula. Seiderman perfected the The first true makeup magician human-aging process so well CONNECTIONS was Lon Chaney Sr, , often that he successfully created 37 1. Why is it important that called the "man of a thousand distinct looks for Orson Wells in makeup artists study and faces " Doing all his own work, Citizen Kane. Whereas their understand human anatomy? Chaney used materials such as predecessors used wax as their How could knowledge of fish skin, mortician's wax, and primary makeup ingredient, geometry help a makeup artist? grease paint to accent his facial both Pierce and Seiderman had 2. How is color used to features for different parts. At the advantage of working with highlight certain features to one point, he even cut off the latex rubber, invented in 1929. make the characters look more tips of cigar holders and Latex had many advantages realistic? inserted them into his nose to over wax because it didn't crack appear more authentic for a and could be applied in thin 3. In what ways have advances character role coats to make the skin more in movie makeup been applied for use by the general public? One of the most important lifelike. makeup artists, Max Factor, was Even though things have come also a chemist He developed a long way since the days of makeup that would not melt under the hot lightsIn 1914 he invented "Supreme Grease VOCABULARY Paint" that helped reduce the appliance a device most commonly made of latex rubber that is . glare of the makeup under the applied to the body or face to build up a specific feature harsh lighting on the set. In chemist one trained in the science of dealing with the compo- 1937 he developed Pancake sitions, structures, and properties of substances makeup, which not only became the industry standard latex a type of rubber that dries quickly and stays flexible; a for use in color films, but material often used to simulate skin revolutionized the entire Pancake makeup a Max Factor trade name for a cosmetic in the cosmetics industry semimoist cake form
Newton s Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public_, 92 1 Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.19 3M Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NIMBI
YOU'VE GOT THE LOOK! Use science, math, and creativity to transform your face.
MAIN ACTIVITY 413:12E111111 Create your own "creature feature" Movie-makeup artists do more than just work on monster faces. They a using makeup. To get a realistic yet often responsible for making actors appear as though they have just be fearsome look, you must employ through a horrible accident. Experiment with making fake blood by CEXIIMIME some geometry, build on your using a variety of household items like catsup, powdered-drink mixes, You can create anatomy, and design the proper color and cornstarch. One recipe combines one ounce of red food coloring authentic-looking scars contrast. with one pint of clear corn syrup. To this, add one or two teaspoons of by using unflavored yellow food coloring and about an ounce of water (recipe from D. Smith powdered gelatin. Mix booksee RESOURCES). about one teaspoon of Materials gelatin with one assorted makeup items including teaspoon of hot water. mascara, lipstick, powder, rouge, Stir uritil gooey and and pancake foundation Questions apply to the body assorted appliances, such as 1. How can you modify the quickly to prevent artificial fingernails and teeth, wigs, expression on your face by changing hardening. Try to make etc., available at costume shops some of the angles of the nose, the scar as irregular as sketch pad eyebrows, and mouth? aralinnEll possible. To make a drawing pencils and pastels 2. How did you build on your own Poll your friends on w bloody scar, add some tape measure anatomy to create a new feature or their favorite movie red food coloring, and camera and film look? monsters are. What touch up with face aspects of their makm powder when dry. 3. How does lighting affect your new 1. Start your creation by making a made them particularl life-size drawing of your face, look? Is there a big difference in dim light as compared to bright light? scary, gross, gruesom carefully measuring the placement of or funny? Collect still your eyes, nose, mouth, etc. 4. How can you modify the color photos or videotapes 2.Sketch the type of look you want contrast in your makeup to highlight movie monsters and by drawing in angles, hair, teeth, and your features? assemble a "rogues color contrast. Write down the steps gallery." What 4XEDIZOMMI that you will follow to build your face. techniques did the Find a makeup book n makeup artists use to that describes what was 3. After you have drawn the type of create their creatures? done in the movie Wile features your monster face will Big Man to age the title have and have written down the character, played by procedures you will follow, begin Dustin Hoffman. For applying makeup and appliances example, foggy contact on your own face or the face of a lenses were used to friend. Modify your steps if things make the actor's eyes don't go as planned so that you will lose their bright, have a formula for recreating the youthful appearance. face in the future. Once you have What changes occur on finished your creation, take a a person's face as he or photograph of your creature. she ages from 20 years old to 80 years old?
BEST COY AVAILABLE
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE Educational materials developed with the National Science ar 10.20 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for SHOW NUMBER OZONE How do CFCs destroy ozone in the earth's atmosphere? What is ozone? Is it harmful or beneficial? Is there really an "ozone hole" in the atmosphere? Can it be repaired? David climbs up through the layers of the a_....:401Fr atmosphere to explore an environmental concern.
Segment length: 8:00
INSIGHTS might be contributing to the area. In September, sunlight Ozone is a gas, a form of problem. After being released, returns to the Antarctic and oxygen, that is found in the either during the manufacturing triggers a chemical reaction, layers of the atmosphere, most process or from consumer use, causing chlorine to convert predominantly in the CFCs reach the stratosphere. ozone to normal oxygen. stratosphere Here, 90% of the There, chemical reactions break Measured ozone levels usually atmosphere's ozone is apart the CFCs. The chlorine are lowest in October. distributed in a ratio of five then breaks down the ozone. A November brings a breakdown ozone molecules to every single chlorine atom can in the vortex that allows the million molecules of other destroy 100 thousand molecules ozone-rich air to combine with oases This minute distribution of ozone. the thinning ozone. Wind serves as a shield that helps The degree of ozone depletion currents carry this mixture over screen the sun's rays by has followed an annual cycle the southern hemisphere and absorbing some of the that corresponds to the amount carry the "hole" over other areas ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. of sunlight that reaches the of the earth. Depletion of the ozone in the Antarctic. The cycle begins every year around June when atmosphere can have severe CONNECTIONS consequences on earth. Plants, the vortex winds develop in the 1. What can we do to help animals, and humans all suffer Antarctic. Cold temperatures when exposed to higher levels produced by these winds create "close" the ozone hole? of ultraviolet rays Food crops polar stratospheric clouds that 2. In 1992, representatives of have stunted growth, marine capture the floating CFCs. For countries from around the phytoplankton can die off; and the next two months, a reaction world gathered in Rio de humans are more vulnerable to occurs on the cloud surface that Janeiro for what was called the skin cancer frees the chlorine in the CFCs Earth Summit. What resolutions but keeps the chlorine Atmospheric research in the concerning ozone depletion contained within the vortex came out of this meeting? mid-1980s indicated a serious thinning of the ozone shield, upsetting a natural balance VOCABULARY between oxygen and ozone in chlorine a chemical element important in the destruction of ozone I the stratosphere This thinning was evident from satellite chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) chemical compounds made up of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine IS pictures and showed up as a dark area, thus the term "ozone ozone a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen ' hole" was coinedIt was stratosphere the layer of the earth's atmosphere just above the I -6 apparent to scientists studying troposphere; extends from 15km to about 50km above the earth I 4411 the ozone depletion that chemicals called total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) an instrument chlorollourocarbons (CFCs), flown aboard the NIMBUS-7 spacecraft that provides high- used in spray cans, refrigerators resolution mapping information about atmospheric ozone content and air conditioners, foam, ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) high energy electromagnetic waves plastics, and cleaning solvents, that lie beyond the purple end of the visible spectrum 9 4 Newton Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public , Television Madk possible by a grant from 3M. Educational matenals developed with the National Science 10.21 3M Teachers AssociationSpace_ Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NIMBI
TAKE A LOOK! Analyze and interpret the same ozone TOMS images as those used by NASA.
MAIN ACTIVITY CEIMIZIESIIII=MM1MI Before information about ozone is Create on videotape or audiotape a "news program" about the ozone released to the general public, situation. Be as factual as possible. Include information about what the scientists spend many hours analyzing ozone layer is, its importance, materials and actions that are believed tc CEEEMIMIMI ozone data from earth and space. contribute to ozone depletion, and actions students could take to help Invite a dermatologist to Here's your chance to be an ozone- improve the situation. Share this with your science class or ask speak to your class. research analyst. permission to air it as a public service on school-wide television. Ask for information about the effects of exposure to ultraviolet Materials NIMBUS-7 TOMS Images: The expect in images taken during radiation. What is the November, December, and January? meaning of SPF on sun- Twelve Octobers. Order one for lotion packaging? Is each two students by lithograph 4. How important is the use of color there a time when name and number (HqL-308) from: in these images? exposure to ultraviolet NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 5. Based on the October images, radiation is helpful? Greenbelt, MD 20771 what predictions can you make for What about tanning (301) 286-8955 ozone levels in 1995? Justify your salons? paper predictions. pencil Note: Instructor may wish to make photocopies 6. What information might appear in of the TOMS lithographs so that the information a news article reporting this data? on the back is not available until students have How could it be presented to help the interpreted the data. general public understand its importance? 1. Divide students into research- analyst pairs. 2. Discuss why the Dobson Unit key will be important and note the range 111113111211! of the value for each color°. (If paper Contact Goddard Space copies have been made, allow time Flight Center in for the students to color in the key.) Greenbelt, Maryland 3. Use the questions below to analyze and the Aeronomy this data and to formulate predictions. Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Find out Questions about the different 1. Which year had the lowest ozone methods of gathering concentration? Which had the data for ozone research. highest? Did the level always drop What types of from year to year? Explain possible spacecraft are used? What types of reasons for this. airplanes? How often 2.What is the geographic location of are expeditions sent to the thinnest concentration? The the pole? How do they thickest? Why might this be? Have gather data? What are maps or globes available to aid in plans for future answering these questions, or expeditions? superimpose lines of longitude arid Highest Lowest latitude on the TOMS maps. ozone A ozone 3. Why were the images taken in density density October? What differences would you
9 5 .WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.22 3111 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innnvalion working for SNOW NUMBER II OIL SPILLS How do you clean up an oil spill?
What parts of the environment are
di.5. AP 'Pp affected by an oil spill? How does the ecosystem work to help clean up an oil spill? What technology is available to help Peggy gets a clean up an oil spill? What can humans progress report do to prevent oil spills? on the clean up of a one of the most well-known oil spills, the Exxon Valdez.
Segment length: 9:30
INSIGHTS Cleaning up an oil spill is no Acts of nature and acts of When an oil spill occurs, often small task. Exxon to date has humans contribute to the due to a ruptured oil tanker or spent over two billion dollars on likelihood of oil spills. Nature's leaking oil rig, people around the Valdez cleanup operations. fury may twist a ship, rupture a the world are awed by the There are many methods used storage tank, or prevent damage to the environment. to clean up the oil, including cleanup operations. Human Many oil spills are caused by cold- and warm-water washing, factors such as poor judgment, human error, but there also are storm-berm relocation, and lack of organization, and quest naturally-occurring oil spills, manual removal. for fossil fuels can lead to such as seepages from oil Nature is sometimes capable of decisions that trigger accidents. deposits beneath the ocean handling the oil on her own floor Regardless of their terms. The spreading out of the CONNECTIONS origins, oil spills have an impact oil slick increases its surface on the environment area, allowing many natural 1. Automobiles are an obvious connection to our dependence The initial impact of an oil spill processes to begin. Low- to medium-weight crude will start on petroleum products. What on the environment is familiar other things do you use or to those who hear about the to evaporate. Solution emulsification and photo- come in contact with that are event and see its effects on the related to fossil fuels? evening news a film of oil chemical oxidation also assist spreading across the surface of in the cleanup. All of these 2. What are some of the things the body of water, oil-stained processes, however, require that could be done to reduce beaches and shorelines; much time. the risks of oil spills? waterfowl and marine mammals coated with oil, struggling to VOCABULARY survive, and the carcasses of wildlife latenng the shoreline. cold-water washing the pumping of seawater through a hose to remove the oil that is then flushed down to the waterline, trapped The environment sustains some by booms, and recovered by skimmers I III of its most visible damage I I. II within the first few days or emulsification the process of dispersing one liquid in a second months of the spill But what immiscible liquid are the long-term effects of a evaporate to change from a liquid to a vapor large spill? Some evidence suggests that the oil from the oxidation the act or process of combining with oxygen Exxon Valdez spill may have photochemical a change occuring because of exposure to light entered the food chain, and that storm berm the material deposited above the high-tide line during the crude oil itself could storms continue to wreck havoc with the environment Since oil floatsstorm-berm relocation the mechanical exposure and relocation and crude sinks, both the of oiled storm berms into the tidal zone to allow natural tidal surface and the bottom of the flushing and to enhance biodegradation ocean ecosystem could be warm-water washing the application of heated seawater at affected for a long time. moderate pressure to move oil
Newton s Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Telev ision Made possible by a grant from 3M. 96 Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.23 3M Teachers AssociationSpace. Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBEI 1005 OIL SLICK Use a small-scale model of an oil spill to observe its effects on the environment.
MAIN ACTIVITY CEMEE1 L. BEIIIIIIIMMI111111 You will create an oil-spill simulation, Conduct a debate that represents the concerns of the people or and observe the characteristics and organizations that are affected by an oil spill like the Exxon Valdez. effects of an oil spill. Record your Interests may include government, oil companies, the shipping industry, Inill=i1= observations by keeping track of how citizens living in the area, fishing industries, the tourism board, and Bring in a few stuffed the oil spill changes in size and environmentalists. Divide into teams to research and prepare the various animals, ones that won't appearance. sides of the issue. Focus on specific questions, such as: "Should the shrink. Put some salad government relax environmental restrictions and encourage off-shore oil oil on them to simulate exploration in U.S. coastal waters?" Find actual position statements from what happens when Materials organizations to use in your arguments. wildlife gets covered large shallow pan with oil from a spill. Try water different ways of dirty automotive oil cleaning the animals. drinking straw OR electric fan 6.Using the straw, lightly blow on Use dish detergent, string the spill to spread it out; record laundry soap, carpet observations and repeat every five cleaner, water, hair 1. Pour water into the pan so that it is minutes. If your spill covers the entire dryers, towels, and 2/3 filled. Gently pour a small pan, start over. (If you use an electric other devices to assist in amount of oil into the pan. fan for this step, exercise caution.) the clean up. Devise the 2.Loop the string around the "oil 7.Now, shake or vibrate the pan to most efficient way to spill." create light wave action; record your clean them. 3. Mark the length of the string, observations. measure it, and record the length on a Additional observations could be data table. made by making a "shoreline" of sand 4. Wait five minutes, repeat the string and rocks. Note the effects of oil on measurements, and make any these materials. observations. Questions 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for a total 1. Left alone, did the oil spread out in Fill your room with of six readings. confetti, polystyrene- an organized way? How did the oil foam packing peanuts, spread? or popcorn. Develop an 2.How did you promote the spread ingenious way (or use a of the oil? What kinds of conditions fan) to distribute the were you simulating? material all over the room to illustrate how 3. What effect did the wave action haphazard and have on the spill? uncontrolled a spill can be. How can the "spill" be cleaned up quickly and efficiently? What kind of organization or chain of command is needed? Have vacuum cleaners, brooms, and bags available for the cleanup. Now that the mess is cleaned up, what do you do with the material?
BEST COPY AVAILABLE ,WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! o 31111 Educational materials developed with the National Science 7 1 0.24 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for yot SHOW NUMBER
DIET AND NUTRITION What is the nutritional value of different foods? What are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates? What is a calorie?How is David gets some n utritional advice good nutrition like a balancing act? to help answer every mother's question, "Are you eating right, H oney?"
Segment length: 6:50
INSIGHTS Obtaining the right proportion nutrients you need, while eating no more calories than your "You are what you eat." There's of nutrients is critical to our body expends. a lot of truth to this old cliché. health. Eating the right number What we eat and how much of calories is just as important. Ideally, our caloric intake plays a big role in how healthy CONNECTIONS we feel Culture also plays a should equal the total amount of energy our bodies need for 1. What influences you the role in how we feel about our most in what you eat? Friends? bodies Although healthy growth and repair. Using a calorimeter, nutritionists have Television? Family patterns? bodies come in a variety of Societal ideals? shapes, many Americans hold calculated the caloric energy of ideal body images few can particular foods. This 2. How might the diets of your match Teenagers are information, and the product's grandparents or great- particularly susceptible to the ingredients, are listed on most grandparents differ from yours? myth of the perfect body, e.g., a food packages. Whose diet do you think is/was thin body, or a muscle-bound Keeping your body healthy is a healthier? physique personal balancing act. The For many teenagers, this is the goal is to get the essential time of rapid growth, yet the rate of eating disorders such as VOCABULARY anorexia nervosa and bulimia anorexia nervosa an eating disorder involving a psychological for this age group have loss of appetite, often resulting in self-starvation increased at alarming rates. Understanding basic nutrition bulimia an eating disorder involving binging and purging of food and accepting our individual calorie the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a bodies are critical steps to good kilogram of water 1°C health calorimeter an instrument that measures the energy found in Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, food; a closed box containing a kilogram of water, an instrument to vitamins, and minerals are the burn food, and a thermometer basic nutritional building blocks carbohydrates sugars and starches made mostly by plants and that provide the fuel our bodies used by the body as primary sources of quick-energy food 1 need to function and perform. : Carbohydrates, such as breads, fats a group of nutrients found in solid and liquid form that is used cereals, and sugar, are our main as food or stored in the body as a slow-burning energy source 0 source of quick energy. Fats, minerals 20 known nutrients that are found in trace amounts; whether solid or liquid, are our include magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur pnmary slow-burning energy sources Proteins, both proteins chief building material of the body, manufacturing muscles, bones, hair, and more; comprised of a variety of amino complete and incomplete, are the body's chief building acids, all of which contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen materialsEssential vitamins vitamins essential nutrients that are needed to sustain life; 13 and minerals are also found in vitamins have been identified: A, C, D, E, K, and eight parts of many of the foods we eat. vitamin B
Newton's Apple na producnon of KTCA Twin Cities Public Televmon Ma& possible by a grant from 3M. 98 3M Educational matenals deccloped with the National Sci.ehce 10.25 Teacher. Associauon-Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBS 1005 LUNCH AT FAST-FOOD FREDDY'S Find out the nutritional value of fast-food.
MAIN ACTIVITY One fast-food meal, heavy in calories and fat, can be balanced by eating other nutritious meals during the day. Does advertising But, too many fast-food meals can influence your choices of throw your body out of balance. You foods? Record on audio will figure out the nutritional values of tape or videotape a foods to understand the nature of a food commercial. As a healthy diet. class, listen to or watch the tape, and then Materials discuss the commercial's nutrition-information pamphlets effectiveness. Buy the from national fast-food restaurants advertised food and graphic of Fast-Food Freddy's cash study the nutritional register label on the package. Is calculator (optional) restaurant. Remind students to pay it really as good as the description or illustration of the commercial says it is? particular attention to the amount of food pyramid fat and calories for each food item. calorie-count information for males Have students present their menus to and females by age group the class and explain their choices. 1. Select some students to collect Questions nutrition information from their 1. What fast foods do you eat favorite fast-food restaurants. Or, regularly? What are the calorie and fat refer to the Resources section for contents of these foods? What books that contain this information. satisfying substitutes might you 2. Share the cash-register graphic choose that have less fat and fewer CECEEIZEIIM with your students and ask them to calories? Compare the nutritional order their favorite lunch from Fast- 2.If you ate a fast-food lunch value of meals from Food Freddy's. Make a list of each everyday, what would you various cultures. order. have for breakfast and KEY Calculate the total 3. Using the fast-food restaurant's dinner to make your = fats calories and nutritional entire daily-food A = sugar: content of a typical nutrition information, have students determine the approximate number of intake well- American meal. Look balanced and through ethnic calories, fat, protein, and carbo- nutritional? cookbooks and create hydrates from their imaginary lunches. dinner menus that reflect 4. Review the food pyramid. Which Chinese, Mexican, and foods should eat the most of on a Italian meals. Tally the daily basis? Which foods the least? total calories and nutritional content of 5.Referring to the fast-food nutrition these dinners. Which pamphlets, ask students to reorder meal might be the their lunch from Freddy's, substituting healthiest? foods with fewer calories and fats. 6. Divide students into groups. Assign each group a popular fast- food restaurant and determine a nutritional meal using the actual nutrition information from that
ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 9 9 UPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! WDE Educational materiaLs developed with the National Science 10.26 3111 Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for y SHOW NUMBER
ANTARCTICA I Af Why do scientists go to Antarctica? * 2, SP What is it like to explore a new frontier? How do you get to Antarctica? What kinds of organisms inhabit Antarctica? What is it like to live in Antarctica? David goes south to learn about the place where everything is north.
Segment length: 27:47
INSIGHTS surrounding Antarctica support the world. And, once there, Exploration of new or rarely- thriving plant and animal life. they must endure a "roughing- explored frontiers often Almost 14 times the number of it" lifestyle: living in darkness requires remarkable courage, plankton grow in Antarctic during the months of May determination, and endurance. waters as compared to tropical through August, and in almost These characteristics, as well as waters. Animals inhabit the continuous light from others, were needed by the coastal areas in great numbers, November through February; early explorers of the coldest including sea birds, fishes, dressing for subzero and most desolate continent on penguins, seals, whales, and temperatures; protecting earthAntarctica krill. equipment and instruments Scientists who arrive on the from cold weather; and living in Robert F Scott of Great Britain, close quarters. the second explorer to reach Antarctic continent aboard C- the South Pole, described a 14s are the explorers of today. bleak and uninhabitable region Their areas of research are CONNECTIONS varied: the ozone "hole" in the in his journal He wrote, "... atmosphere over the continent; 1. Read the journals or diaries One knows there is neither tree of Antarctic explorers, both past nor shrub, nor any living thing, the glacier dynamics on it; the minerals under it; or the life and present. Will Steger and nor even inanimate rocks Ann Bancroft are two modem- nothing but this terrible limitless forms around it. Regardless of their areas of expertise, they all day explorers whose names are expanse of snow " Scott was in connected to Antarctica. Find a race with Roald Amundsen of must prepare for the challenges of Antarctica, not the least of out more about their Norway to become the first adventures. person to reach the South Pole. which is getting therenine Amundsen reached the Pole in hours from New Zealand in 2. Imagine you were Robert F. December 1911Scott arrived planes without enough fuel to Scott seeing Amundsen's flag. there one month later to find a make a return trip, or crossing What would you write in your black flag tied to a part of a Drake Passage from Chile, some journal? What would you want sledgeproof that Amundsen of the most dangerous waters in to explore in the Antarctic now? had reached the South Pole firstScott and his companions VOCABULARY died on the vast continent trying to return to their home base. Antarctic pertains to the region of, at, or near the South Pole Scientists now know, after much Antarctica the continent that surrounds the South Pole further exploration, that krill a type of shrimp-like animal belonging to the class Antarctica is much more than Crustacean; a Norwegian word meaning "whale food" the bleakness described by McMurdo Sound the destination of Captain Scott's ship, the ScottIts topography includes "Discovery"; located on the western side of Antarctica, now the site mountains and mineral deposits. of the U.S. base, McMurdo Station There are algae, moss, lichens, a few kinds of grasses, and even Palmer Station U.S. base on the Antarctic peninsula some microscopic animals and plankton microscopic plants and animals found in the upper layer insect-like creatures The seas of marine and fresh-water habitats
EST COPY AVAHA Newton b Apple Is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public LE 3m Telecision Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with the National Science- 10.27 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBE I I LET'S EXPLORE! Explore an "unknown" place and experience the excitement of an expedition.
MAIN ACTIVITY PARTI Expeditions are part of our daily lives. 1. Divide Most likely, our expeditions are more students CIECEIMEENEIN into small Invite an explorer to "routine" than traveling to the South visit your class. (Your Pole, but regardless of their simplicity, "expedition definition of "explorer" daily expeditions help us discover groups." Have can be quite broad, "new" information. In this activity, them draft a including those who you will learn how to successfully Planning Guide for Expeditions,using challenge their design, develop, and execute an the one shown here as a model. environments by expedition. 2.Brainstorm, as a class, possible mountain climbing, A minimum of two or three days will destinations for the expeditions (e.g., scuba diving, hang be necessary to develop this activity. the boiler room, the kitchen of the gliding, etc.) Have the cafeteria, the chemistry-supply room, explorer bring the athletic-equipment room, etc., or, equipment, artifacts, Materials white cotton material a destination outside the immediate and pictures of her or school area). his adventures. felt markers paper 3. Establish how much time each pens/pencils expedition team will have and let decorations such as fringe, etc. them plan their own expedition by rope 111121EIEEMI following the Planning Guide for To simulate the cold of first aid kit Expeditions. the Antarctic, turn the hats, gloves heat off in your sunglasses, suntan lotion PART IL classroom during the PLANNING GUIDE FOR EXPEDITIONS 1. Before or on the selected coldest part of the expedition day, have each team share winter. Dress I.Expedition destination with the class where they are going appropriately for this A.Establish a point of departure and expected point of arrival. and what they hope to find. Let the change in weather! If B. Generate a planned route, complete with a map. expedition begin! (Make sure the you live in a warmer C. Estimate a time frame and create a timeline. proper individuals on the school staff climate, reverse these II.Expedition protocol and community have been alerted that conditions and pretend A.Outline the objectives of the expedition. your explorers will be entering their your expedition takes B. Determine what data will be collected and how it will be territory.) you to the desert. recorded 2.Have each team report back to the C. List items that will be included in the final report. class about their expeditions, using D. Discuss how to minimize anticipated risks. written, oral, or videotaped E. Before traveling to your destination, get permission from presentations. appropriate authorities. III. Expedition organization Questions A.Select a "chief scientist" for the expedition. 1. Was the expedition a successful B. Assign expedition duties to all members. one? What makes an expedition C. Design an expedition flag. successful? D. Draw an expedition map. 2.Review the general planing guide E. Compile an equipment list; gather the equipment. for expeditions. Does it need to be IV. Optional planning phase modified? How did this help make A.Solicit financial support or arrange for donations of supplies the expedition run smoothly? and/or equipment. 3. What types of people become B. Plan budget. explorers? What characteristics must C. Arrange for publicity. they have? D.Obtain sponsors. 1 01 ;E ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.28 31IM Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for yc SNOW NUMBER
* ,:ei ANTARCTICA II ....G___ _.,.. Why is Antarctica so important to our planet? .- _=-- "=_ - -....., 0 What kinds of resources are unique to Antarctica? What scientific considerations go into writing the treaties that govern Antarctica? Why is it important that David learns countries work together to preserve the about the importance of ...:01111pr continent of Antarctica? Antarctica and the scientific research being done there.
Segment length: 27:47
INSIGHTS part of the International CONNECTIONS Antarctica is a six million Geographical Year (IGY). The 1. Antarctica has physical square-mile area locked in an scientists concentrated their characteristics much like the ice ageIts waters team with studies on such fields as moon and Mars, and may be the more life than a tropical rain meteorology, oceanography, site of pre-space-exploration forest, and its coast plays host to earth magnetism, gravity, preparations. How could the some of the most magnificent auroras, cosmic radiation, exploration of Antarctica be a animals in the world Icebergs glaciology, seismology, and model for space exploration? sunspot activity. Continued the size of Connecticut break 2. "From space, I saw Earth loose from floating ice shelves research included geology, is biology, and mapping. indescribably beautiful with the that are larger than France, and scars of national boundaries chill the ocean waters for Since the close of the IGY, it is gone." (Muhammad Ahmad thousands of miles apparent from the influx of Faris, Sryia) "The first day or so The continent has become an scientists, support personnel, we all pointed to our countries. international science laboratory visitors, and tourists that the The third or fourth day we were where scientists study its Antarctic continent no longer pointing to our continents. By weather and climate, enjoys the protection of the fifth day we were aware of isolation. Concern about the I oceanology, and geology. From only one Earth." (Sultan Bin this frozen world, people may possible effects of the human Salman al-Saud, The Kingdom one day obtain food, water, and presence on Antarctic of Saudi Arabia) These living space We are only now ecosystems, the need for comments are those of beginning to realize the protecting birds and marine astronauts (quotes taken from profound effects that Antarctica mammals, and the peaceful use The Home Planet, edited by has on our environment and of the continent has resulted in Kevin W. Kelley). How might way of lifeThis continent several treaties, signed by they relate to Antarctica? holds 75% of the earth's fresh countries concerned about the future of this fragile continent. I water, a possible resource given the depletion and pollution of fresh water elsewhere on earth. Antarctica may hold the key to understanding food chains, and VOCABULARY the role of plankton in those ecosystem a large group of plants and animals (biotic community), chainsIt is possible that these plus its non-living (abiotic) environments (temperature, moisture, small organisms form the base rock, water, etc.) of the ecosystems that support all living things food chain an an-angement of organisms showing how each oraanism feeds on the one before it One of the first joint efforts at studying Antarctica dates back geology the science that studies the physical history of the earth, to 1957 when scientists from 12 especially as it is found in rocks countries took part in a one- oceanology the science that studies marine resources and year, wide-scale program as technology
1 u 2 Newton s Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television Made possibk bY a grant from 3M. 3M Educational materials deseloped with the National Science 10.29 Teachers Association-Space Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBI 10 6 WHO'S IN CHARGE HERE? Write your own treaty of governance for Antarctica.
MAIN ACTIVITY Questions Ideas about who is in charge, who 1. What were some of the common owns or governs, and how laws are characteristics of the old treaties you enforced in Antarctica will be looked up? CrEEECINIMI discussed by teams of students. What 2.What do you think is the most Some different steps or do you think should happen in parts of a food chain important element of any treaty? Can Antarctica? includes producers, a treaty work if there is no enforcing primary consumers, body? secondary consumers, Materials and decomposers. For paper Antarctic example, green plants pencils Research SOUTH AFRICA are considered a copy of the United Nations Moon Stations GERMANY RUSSIA producers. Krill, which Treaty OR the Antarctic Treaty of eat the green plants, are 1956 OR the new Antarctic treaties UK considered primary on the use of living and non-living consumers. Baleen resources OR other treaties found in ARGEN11NA whales and large fish, your library which eat the krill, are secondary consumers. 1. Read the treaties you have selected What are the with your students. decomposers? Can you 2. identify other food Divide into groups. Have each chains? group make a list of and discuss the issues involved in developing or settling the Antarctic. Should we ever use the Antarctic and its resources, or should we keep it as a world park? Will people be allowed to settle there? If it is settled, who will own the continent, its animals, and its CEEEKCIDEMII minerals? What will the laws be? What is the life cycle of How will problems be handled the penguin? How are thousands of miles from most other penguins adapted to the countries? How might a treaty help harsh Antarctic climate? answer these questions? RUSSIA Are their feathers, 3. Divide the list of concerns among beaks, and wings of any members of each team and have each value for their survival? member collect information about that (Refer to the ANIMALS concern and how it might be TRY THIS... section of this packet for addressed in a treaty. Within 50 years, the ground-water stations in Saudi Arabia may be dry. more information about Some people are promoting a novel idea for getting fresh water to this penguins.) 4. Now, have each team write their "Treaty for the Development, Use, or region: Tow an iceberg from the Antarctic to the Middle East. Does this Settlement of Antarctica." sound crazy? Think about the feasibility of this idea. How would you g, an iceberg to the Middle East? Take ice cubes and float them in a tub of 5. Have each team present their treaty room-temperature water. How fast do they melt? Now, work in pairs ti proposals to the class, as if the class figure out a way to protect your ice cube from melting. See which pair were the United Nations. The class can prevent an ice cube from melting for the longest period of time. may debate the points of each treaty (Remember, the closer to the equator you and your iceberg would get, by questioning the presenting team. the faster it would melt.) 103
_WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public lEST COPY AVAILABLE DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 311 EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.30 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for 1 SHOW HUMBER AIDS What is acquired immune deficiency - syndrome? jr Why is it so difficult to find a cure for the AIDS virus? How does the human immune system work? How is AIDS David takes a a journey into the transmitted? human body to 8!..:tIOrr- learn about the immune system.
Segment length: 9:35
INSIGHTS T-cells and incorporates itself through the blood system by The world has now entered the into them. Then HIV either sharing needles, and perinatally second decade of dealing with reproduces so quickly that it from mother to child. In the acquired immune deficiency destroys the host cell, or it United States, the first decade of syndrome (AIDS) According to causes the genetic machinery to HIV infection occurred the Centers for Disease Control, reproduce copies of itself, so primarily among intravenous- the AIDS virus was first named that it can send out more virus drug abusers, people who had in 1982, and the human particles to attack other T-cells. received blood transfusions, immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV doesn't always act quickly; homosexual men, bisexual was identified in 1984. It is it can hide out in the body and men, and all of their sexual important to make the not reproduce immediately. partners. In this second decade, distinction between the two But once in the body, HIV stays "heterosexual transmission will acronyms, AIDS and HIV: Once there forever, using the host cell become the predominant mode infected by the HIV virus, a as an HIV "factory." of HIV transmission throughout person may not develop the Eventually, the body's supply of the world," according to the disease AIDS for years. The T-cells becomes depleted until World Health Organization. incubation period for the immune-defense system is developing AIDS vanes from severely weakened and CONNECTIONS susceptible to infection by one year to 10, though experts What do people fear most about disagree on this "opportunistic" pathogens, such AIDS? Why is there such as Pneumocystis carinii, a The segment shows what confusion about AIDS? Does serious respiratory infection, happens in a normal immune the AIDS epidemic resemble and malignant growths like system versus an immune others in our past (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma, a vascular- Iit system infected with HIV. Hansen's disease, tuberculosis, type cancer. Under normal conditions, polio)? Have other diseases disease-causing agents HIV is transmitted from an generated as much fear and (pathogens) attempt to invade infected person to a healthy loathing? the body, inducing an immune person in three basic ways: response from T-cells, B-cells, through sexual intercourse, and macrophages T-cells process the foreign body so that VOCABULARY 1 I it can be recognized by the B- cells, which in turn produce B-cells a group of lymphocytes (white blood cells) that helps the antibodies that grab the body manufacture antibodies, or actually manufactures the pathogens, pin them down, and antibodies themselves mark them for destruction by the macrophages More and macrophages "scavenger" cells in the immune system that engulf . II more defenders descend upon and destroy an invading virus the attacking virus until the pathogens specific organisms (that may be cellular) with invasion is neutralized. biological, chemical, or thermal agents that cause disease HIV acts differently than most T-cells a group of lymphocytes (white blood cells) that control and pathogensIt seeks out the regulate the immune-defense system
Newton s Apple is a production of ICTCA Twin CitiesPublici.,Li 4 Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.31 Teachers Association-Sp.ice Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBE I I ' LET'S PLAY CARDS Find out how HIV is transmitted, and perhaps more importantly, how it is not transmitted.
MAIN ACTIVITY TRY THIS... A great deal of myth and mistaken The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has published a list of information surrounds the subject of recommended precautions to be used by health-care professionals with how people become infected with their patients. Invite a health-care professional who understands and CEDENEMEMIII HIV. To clarify the specific ways that uses the precautions on the job to demonstrate and discuss them in your Work with a language HIV is transmitted and to dispel some classroom. Ask the health-care provider what he or she feels is the arts or social studies of the myths, create a card game. greatest risk when dealing with any patient. Is he frightened about teacher in your school to catching the virus? Has she ever treated someone with the virus? Stress stage a debate about that the precautions work both waysprotecting both patient and health AIDS and education. Materials care professional alike. Some possible topics 3"x 5 "cards include: Should box communities provide crowded elevators; hugging; shaking free needles and 1. On one card, print an actual or hands; laundromats; clothing; condoms to high-risk plausible risk factor associated with telephones; drinking glasses; eating populations? Should the transmission of HIV. On the next doctors and dentists be utensils; giving blood; receiving a card, print an unlikely or implausible blood transfusion (Current screening required to be tested for risk factor. Continue until you have as HIV/AIDS? Could there procedures make blood transfusions Create an advertising many cards as you wish. Put the cards almost risk-free.) ever be a reason at in the box. campaign aimed at your school to have persuading young students screened for 2. Have each student pick a card Questions people, to protect the virus? Do condoms from the box, read it aloud, and place 1. Have any of these issues regarding themselves against make sex safe, or safer? it in one of two piles or mount it on a the transmission of HIV/AIDS infection by HIV. Divid( bulletin board using these two appeared in the news? the class into groups an headings: Risk factor and Not a risk 2.How do misconceptions about the have each group aim ih factor. contagiousness of AIDS or any other advertising at one of Examples of risk factors: sharing disease get started? Is fear about these target audiences: needles with anyone; mixing of blood contagion in general necessarily grades kindergarten CI =UM= through 3rd, 4th throug There currently are negative? What problems could be between persons (as in some rituals of 8th, and 9th through several HIV vaccines caused by misunderstanding the scraping the skin to mingle blood); 12th. Plan radio and being tested. The most sexual intercourse; medical situations contagion factor of AIDS? television spots, as well common vaccines involving blood when no barrier as print materials, available today consist precautions have been taken; being including posters, of doses of the born to a mother who has HIV/AIDS; articles in the school pathogen so mild they tattoo shops (if needles are reused); newspapers, and public cannot cause the acupuncture (if needles are reused) service announcements. disease itself, but strong Work with a language enough to bring on an Examples of activities that are not arts teacher on the finer immune reaction in the likely to be risk factors: cat bites; points of persuasion. body. Study some of sharing food with a person infected the diseases for which with HIV/AIDS; eating food handled, vaccines have been prepared, or served by someone developed: smallpox; infected with HIV/AIDS; being yellow fever; rabies; coughed on; mosquito bites; bites influenza; polio; from lice, flies, and other insects; malaria; measles; swimming pools; toilet seats; wet human mumps; rubella; towels; sweat; saliva or tears (Saliva immunodeficiency diphtheria; and tetanus. and tears have the virus present, but it virus WM) appears to break down and there have been no known cases.); urine;
BEST COPY AVAILABLbm
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GLASS RECYCLING What happens to my glass bottles after I put them in a recycling bin? What is the step-by-step process of recycling glass? Can a brown bottle David finds out how his soft-drink become a green bottle after recycling? bottle ends up on Does recycling save money? How is it the grocery-store better for the environment? shelf again. Segment length: 5:13
INSIGHTS broken pieces are crushed, Ten to twelve percent of the Given the overcrowding of our sorted, cleaned, and prepared glass used in the United States is landfills and the impact they to be mixed with other raw recycled. Much of the glass have on the environment, fewer materials in the glass-making used is not recycled. According and fewer landfills are being process. The cost savings of to the Earthworks Group, about built Of the ones that are, very recycling is in the use of energy. 28 billion bottles and jars are tight regulations are imposed. When glass is made from thrown away every year. That's Communities across the country scratch, high temperatures are enough to fill both towers of are reacting to this by needed to melt and combine all New York's World Trade Center developing and encouraging the ingredients. Since cullet every two weeks. the use of recycling programs. melts at a lower temperature, the more of it you add to a The goal is to preserve our CONNECTIONS natural resources and save batch of raw materials, the less 1. What kind of recycling precious space in our landfills. energy you will need to melt it. program do you have at your Recycling glass is not only cost- Jars, bottles, and other school or home? containers are some of the efficient; it benefits the 2. Some recycling doesn't everyday objects made from environment in several ways. include destroying the old glass that can be recycled. Not Glass produced from recycled product to make a new product, all glass is recyclable. Glass glass instead of raw materials rather, it involves reusing the found in light bulbs, cookware, reduces related air pollution by old product in a new way. and window panes is made by 20% and related water pollution What kinds of things are good incorporating ceramics with the by 50%. Throwaway bottles candidates for reuse? (e.g., milk glassThis type of glass is not consume three times as much cartons, detergent bottles and recyclable because doing so energy as reusable, returnable boxes, clothing, toys) would introduce impurities into containers. And, recycling glass the recycling process. reduces the space in landfills that would otherwise be taken Once the glass is picked up by a up by used bottles and jars. recycling truck, it is separated by colors Amber and green ' I I i glass is made by adding a coloring agent during the VOCABULARY original glass-manufacturing cullet pieces of glass, ordinarily discarded, that are added to new process, this color cannot be material to assist in the melting and making of new glass removed Therefore, brown bottles can only make other raw materials crude or processed materials that can be converted by manufacture, processing, or combination into a new and useful brown bottles product When the glass is taken to a manufacturing or recycling sand fine-grain, loose, granular quartz used in making glass plant, it is broken up into soda ash commercial sodium carbonate used as a raw material for smaller pieces called cullet. The making glass
1.06 Newton s Apple Is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television Made possible bv a grant from 3M. 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.33 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBEI 1007 LESS VOLUME = MORE SPACE See how compacting a container affects how much space it takes up.
MAIN ACTIVITY CEEEILLEIM You will fmd out how the volume of a Stores used to sell soft drinks in returnable glass bottles. Some states container can be measured. Using currently require that a deposit be paid on beverage containers; this five . your calculations, you will see the to ten-cent charge is reimbursed when the container is returned to the CIECINCOMME significance of compaction as it relates store. Other states have programs that encourage consumers to recycle Develop a glass- to landfills. the containers. Discuss or debate these practices. Which one do you recycling project for think is most effective for encouraging people not to throw away your classroom, school, recyclable materials? or home. Discuss what Materials procedures need to be glass, aluminum, and plastic soft-. established, what drink containers (with tops or lids) products you want to of various volumes, shapes, and sizes Questions recycle, how they will 1. Which type of container had the be collected and large pail pan or tray least volume for a given size? The recycled, and how the greatest ? project will be water organized. Determine graduated cylinders (250 ml or 2.Which compacted container had what your community larger) the greatest volume? The least? already does for sand 3. Which type of compacted recycling. Start a new tape measure container could you fit more of in a community project or calculators (optional) landfill? add to the existing one. paper and pencils 4. Which type of container was the 1. Divide your students into three easiest to compact? Why? groups. Each group will have the task of figuring out how to get the most containers into a 2-foot square area (your "landfill"). 2.Have each group select one type of Track for one week the container to conduct its tests on. type of glass you throw away or put into the 3. Each group can use any method it recycling bin. Track the can think of to find out how much total number of pieces volume its container has, i.e., how and the color of the much space the container would take glass. Develop a chart up in a landfill. Using the materials to record this provided, have the students calculate information. Learn how the volume of the containers and to calculate the record their findings on a data sheet. percentage of brown, (Some ideas for calculating volume green, and clear glass include immersing the container into a that you throw away. bucket of water and measuring the Expand this activity by "overflow"; filling the container with counting other garbage sand and measuring that amount; or you throw away or using a measuring tape and recycle. calculating the container's dimensions.) 4. Next, have each group compact its container to its smallest form and repeat step 3.
W;E ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 107 EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 310 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for yl SHOW HUMBER
COCKROACHES 'Or How do they get into our houses and how can *4' we get them out? What makes our homes such inviting places for cockroaches? How do they survive? What makes them so adaptable? David goes to How can we prevent a cockroach new depths to invasion, and if we have been invaded, explore the life ..;444pr of a cockroach. how can we get rid of them? Segment length: 7:36
INSIGHTS cockroaches can live for three used instead of highly-toxic Cockroaches We humans months without food and one sprays. Although an IPM is a consider them the "rats of the month without water. safer approach for the insect world," yet cockroaches Although cockroaches preen environment, following it could be considered one of the regularly, they are still probably won't enable you to most successful creatures on suspected of transmitting oet rid of cockroaches earthEntomologists have diseases such as salmonella, completely. Remember, found fossilized cockroaches dysentery, and typhus. They cockroaches have been around that are more than 300 million are also suspected of causing for 300 million years. They are years old Amazingly enough, allergic reactions in half of the sure to be around for a long these fossilized cockroaches 17 million people afflicted with time to come. look very similar to the ones asthma. scurrying around in our yards Have cockroaches appeared in CONNECTIONS and homes today .your home? Implement an 1.Most cockroaches originated There are over 4,000 species of Integrated Pest Management in Africa. Now they are found cockroaches As one of nature's (IPM) program. First, start by in all parts of the world. How recyclers, they are often found making the site less attractive to might this spread of eating natural forest debris. A cockroaches by storing food in cockroaches have occurred? few find their way into our tight containers and maintaining 2. You have just found kitchens, basements, and high sanitary standards. Then, bathrooms, coming up through if you must use pesticides, read cockroaches in your home. the drains, sneaking in through the warning labels carefully. What will you do? cracks, or Gamed in on grocery Traps and boric acid can be bags These cockroaches are I I usually looking for warm, moist, dark places to call home. VOCABULARY Cockroaches, by design, are antennae a pair of sensory feelers on the head of an insect survivors They are nocturnal, making them hard to spot. If bacteria microscopic organisms that, in this case, aid in a they are discovered, their flat cockroach's digestion bodies make it easy for them to boric acid a medical antiseptic; a powder that acts as an escape into small crevices. insecticide for cockroaches Their antennae and cerci help cerci small nerve endings on the back of a cockroach that can them detect changes in vibrations and air pressure, detect changes in air pressure and movement making a difficult to even step entomologists scientists who study insects on them Cockroaches are nocturnal active at night omnivorous They eat anything from dog food to plaster. omnivorous eating both animals and plants; in the case of Internal bacteria help cockroaches, eating almost anything cockroaches digest these palpi sensitive appendages attached to the oral part of a cockroach unusual mealsIf necessary, enabling it to pre-taste food
Newton s Apple is a production of kTCA Twin Cities Public 108 Television Made possible by a grint from 3M. 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.35 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation worth% for you- SHOW NUMBS 1008 CAUGHT ONE! Design a cockroach trap. See if you can catch one.
MAIN ACTIVITY CEEEEL:111 Are cockroaches your invisible Get out the calculators. A female German cockroach reproduces four to neighbors? Make a guess as to where eight times in its life cycle, laying seven to eight egg cases, each case yoti might find them. Design your containing 35 to 40 eggs. About how many offspring might one female own cockroach trap, or team up with German cockroach have? Divide students into groups to solve the your classmates. Then set out on an problem. Give each group a package of kidney beans to predict how expedition to trap a cockroach. many cockroaches their female would produce. Put all the beans together to see the effects of cockroach reproduction. Materials wide-mouth container container lid with holes 4. Where in your school, home, or community might cockroaches be masking tape OR black paint OR black construction paper hiding? Select a site, get permission, 1332100.[EM then go and set up your trap. Place What repels a petroleum jelly the trap on its side. Create a miniature cockroach? Experiment cardboard strip OR wooden tongue ramp using the cardboard strip or by putting a piece of depressor bread in one end of a food for cockroach bait tongue depressor, extending the ramp box and adding a from the floor to the container. cockroach. How long 1. Coat the outside of your container 5. If you catch a few cockroaches, does it take for the with masking tape, black paint, or quickly screw the lid on tightly. You cockroach to start eating construction paper to make the inside don't want any cockroaches to the bread? Then, place of your container dark and inviting to escape. Notify the building authorities a piece of peeled garlic a cockroach. of your discovery. into the box. Observe. Is the cockroach 2.Smear a wide band of petroleum jelly around the inside of the container Questions attracted to the garlic or 1. What plan would you suggest to just below the neck. repelled by it? Try bay help get rid of the cockroaches at your leaves or cucumbers. 3. Add bits of food to the container specific site? What experiments can Does your cockroach for cockroach bait. say "No thanks!" to you devise to see how well your plan works? IIMECIDEM these? Experiment with Find out how smart a other foods. 2. Compare your cockroaches with cockroach can be. those caught by your classmates. Are Design a cockroach they the same types of cockroaches or maze. Start with a are they different? Try to identify baking pan half-filled them. with water. Build a maze using several 6-oz. cans and strips a cardboard. Arrange II cans in the pan and place the cardboard strips on top of the car to create two pathway One pathway leads i the cockroach's home, the othi leads to a dead-end. Put your cockroach at the start of the ma: and observe.
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BROKEN BONES What can cause a bone to break?
What function does bone play in the human body? What are the different parts of a bone? What happens when a bone breaks? How does a splint protect a fracture? How David gets does a cast aid in bone repair? wrapped up in a sc...0111pr cast to learn R10 about broken bones.
Segment length: 7:30
INSIGHTS will stabilize the injured area bone, including osteoporosis, 0 The human skeletal system is and prevent the bones from rickets, and osteoarthritis can designed to support the human shifting until further treatment is cause bone deterioration or body, offer it protection, and available. Splints are used to fragility. This can increase the provide a means of locomotion. immobilize an area. They can likelihood or severity of a bone Bone is the essential framework be made from cardboard, fracture. to which muscles are attached. newspapers, sticks, or any other rigid material. : Bone is constructed in layers. CONNECTIONS The outside layer is known as When a cast is needed, the doctor first checks that the 1. What are the effects of the penosteum This is where nutrition on bones? blood vessels and nerve cells bones are in correct alignment are located The next layer is to promote proper healing. A 2. Invite an orthopedic surgeon the compact bone This area cast is then placed over the to your classroom to discuss has collagen and crystals of fractured area to immobilize it, some of these topics: high- calcium and phosphorus. The allowing the bones to grow technology materials used in next layer is of spongy bone, back and heal in the desired joint replacements; the effects with shock-absorber qualities. configuration. of aging on bones; and the Then the medullary cavity, filled Although fractures are an healing process of bones.
9 with marrow, forms the inside unfortunate occurrence, most of 3. Have you ever broken a of the bone This layered-tube us can take precautions to avoid bone? What did it feel like? architecture allows the bone its them. There are certain What was it like to wear a cast? compressional strength, while diseases, however, that make keeping it very light some people more susceptible However, forces on bones are to fractures. Diseases of the not always compressional. Lateral forces, twisting stresses, VOCABULAR and powerful impacts may cast a device used to immobilize an area or fracture for an cause the bone to break, or extended period of time fracture There are two types of fracturesclosed and open. A collagen protein found in skin, tendons, bones and teeth closed fracture occurs when the compressional strength describes the resistance of a material to skin is not broken An open compressive stressa compressing or crushing force fracture is when the skin has marrow the soft tissue found inside bones been broken and involves an open wound This type of osteoarthritis a degenerative joint disease of unknown origin fracture is more serious because causing pain and decreased joint motion of the mcreased risk of infection osteoporosis a general progressive loss of bone tissue resulting in and shock caused by blood loss weak skeletal strength and damaged tissue rickets a childhood disease characterized by soft, deformed bones Keeping the broken body part caused by a failure to absorb calcium due to inadequate vitamin D stationaryimmobilizing it or sunlight
Newton J Apple Is a production of.KTCA Twin Cities Public TLILvisionMade possibk by a grant from 3M. 110 Educational matenal, developed with the National Science 10.37 3M Teachers AssocutionSpact., science. and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBEI 1008 TAKE A BREAK! Why is it important to immobilize a fractured bone?
MAIN ACTIVITY TRY THIS... Observe how to splint a fractured Not all broken bones are treated in the same way. New medical limb, and learn the importance of techniques have improved the outcomes for those with broken bones, immobilization in the treatment of including better healing and increased mobility. Research the different CEDEEEMEIMI broken bones. You will also methods for treating injured bones, such as the uses of different types of Go to a butcher shop experience the sensation of limited casts, the application of electronic equipment to relieve pain, or the use a and ask for some bones movement created by a splint or a artificial materials to create replacement bones and joints. with the joints attached. cast. Use these as a visual aid to learn about the construction of the bone, Materials joints, tendons, and Red Cross First Aid Workbook OR Questions another guide on splinting broken ligaments. Draw 1. List other types of materials that bones pictures or write can be used for splinting. summaries about the cardboard for splints structure of bones. triangular bandages made from torn 2.Discuss possible ways people may (Bones can spoil, so sheets or fabric scraps break a bone. make sure you newspapers 3. Which is easier to splint, the arm or refrigerate them!) padding for splinting the leg? any other type of material that can be used for splinting
1. Review the first-aid resources for information and diagrams on how to splint arms, legs, and fingers. 2.Demonstrate the proper procedures for splinting an arm.
Obtain two different X- 3. Pair up and practice rays of a broken bone: splinting each other. one of the bone before Try using different materials the cast was applied to splint the arm. and one of the healed 4.When the arm splint is bone. Study each X- completed, repeat steps 2 and 3 ray. Is the break visible for the leg splint and the finger splint. in the X-ray? Does the bone change in size or appearance after it has healed? (It may appear TRY THIS... thicker in the area of the Have a chicken dinner and save the bones. Wash them and clean off an; break.) Arrange for a remaining meat. Let them dry thoroughly. Place half of the bones in a trip to the X-ray jar of vinegar and store the other half in a dry area until needed. The department of an area bones in vinegar should sit for three to four days. At the end of this time hospital, or invite an drain the vinegar. The bones that were submerged in the vinegar should orthopedic surgeon to be flexible compared to the bones that have been left to dry. Compare visit your classroom to the two different sets of bones, making sure you have an ample supply o help in this study of each type. What is the difference between the two sets of bones? Find X-rays. out what causes a bone to be hard. Why isn't one bone hard? What important mineral does the vinegar deplete? What other parts of your body are made of this type of material? 111 .W....WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.38 3111
Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for371
Mk OM IN. SNOW NUMBER S.
10? 41'S OMNIMAX How is a giant-screen movie made and
-41. projected?
What makes giant movie film so different? How does the film stock differ from the film used in a conventional movie? What David gets a technology has been developed to wide-angle view of filmmaking accommodate this large-scale film? when he visits a ew large-screen projection facility.
Segment length: 5:40
INSIGHTS average feature of 34 to 45 high-speed film flexibility and IMAX® and OMNIMAX® are minutes is 48 inches in diameter helps prevent shredding. To counterpart motion picture and weighs 150 pounds, so keep the projected image systems using state-of-the-art heavy that two people must steady during projection, each technology to project huge load it into the projector. frame is positioned on fixed : images of tremendous clarity. The secret to creating the clear, registration pins, and the film is The projected picture, which is big-screen imagery of the IMAX held firmly against the rear element of the lens by a D up to 10 times the size of a and OMNIMAX theaters begins conventional screen, extends with the film itself. The vacuum. The resulting picture I beyond the human peripheral specially-designed IMAX and and focus are steady and clear. vision on all sides and puts the OMNIMAX cameras photograph The future of IMAX and viewer in the middle of the the largest frames ever used in OMNIMAX rests in the scenes as it zooms between motion pictures: 70mm wide development of computer microcosmic and macrocosmic and 15 perforations per frame animation and 3-D technology, viewsIt tends to have compared to a standard 35mm, already underway. subliminal effects on the 4 -perforation motion-picture viewers as well, often giving frame. The large film size is them the feeling of motion necessary because the image is CONNECTIONS sickness, as if they were actually projected over such a large 1. Modem planetariums use taking part in the event they are area. domed theaters for projecting watching The projection process also astronomy multimedia illusions. O The first giant-screen IMAX requires special adaptations. To what other uses could showing premiered at EXPO '70 The high performance and planetariums and their special D in Osaka, Japan The IMAX reliability of IMAX and light, sound, and motion effects be put? I ID image is projected on a vertical OMNIMAX projectors come flat screen that is eight stories from the unique way the film 2. Ask your students if any of I:I high and 70 feet wide. The loops, or "caterpillars," through them has been to a giant-screen sister OMNIMAX system them. This "Rolling Loop" movie. What were their premiered in 1973 This system projector advances the film experiences? projects images to fill 86% of a horizontally, instead of surrounding dome screen. The vertically as does a regular film OMNIMAX screen is four stories projector. This gives the super high and 76 feet in diameter, with views of 180 degrees that wrap around a tilted tier of VOCABULARY seats The projected images fill animation a motion picture made by photographing successive the entire field of vision, positions of inanimate objects to create the illusion of apparently creating a three-dimensional spontaneous lifelike movements (3-D) illusion of being mm a metric measure that is .001 of a meter, or approximately .039 transported through any inches environment Eighty-four speakers project music and peripheral lying at the outside or away from the center part sound The movie reel for an subliminal below the threshold of consciousness
Newton Apple Ls a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 11 Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 10.39 Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBER 1009 MAKE A FLICKERBOOK Create your own version of an animated movie.
MAIN ACTIVITY 2.Have each student think of a irEENCEENIEN Animation is made possible because simple story he or she would like to Find out about our eyes perceive two slightly illustrate. planetariums, then visit different pictures, one after the other, 3. On the back side only of each one. What technology 4CIEDNEMEMI as a moving image. It is a is used to create realistic Explore the differences page, draw a picture (close to the cut physiological fact that an image is edge of the paper) in which the action otherworlds, between animal and registered onto our retina, remaining landscapes, and human eyes. Is there is slightly different than the action in there for a bit even though the source the previous picture. When the skyscapes? How are any connection between planetariums similar to the "fish-eye view" that of the image is out of view. The eye picture story is finished, hold the book can register 12 pictures per second as OMNIMAX theaters? some animals have and in the one hand and flip the pages How are they different? the domed images in an separate images, so if the pictures from front to back with the thumb of OMNIMAX theater? appear more quickly than this, the eye the other hand. perceives them as moving pictures. Motion pictures appear at the rate of Questions 24 photographs (frames) every 1. Are there certain actions or second. pictures that are particularly well- Films today consist of a strip of suited to this technology? Are there transparent acetate with a series of certain actions not well-suited to this 41151:111:1711M1 small, sequenced frames, each device? Arrange a visit to a local representing a visual record of a 2.What happens if you flip through motion-picture theater or moment in time. When the series of the pictures too quickly? Too slowly? an IMAX theater to tour pictures is projected rapidly onto a the projection booth, or screen, the illusion of continuous IDStandard film ask a theater owner or action is created. frame: 35mm manager to visit your Before motion pictures were invented, classroom to answer people created the illusion of moving some questions about pictures by drawing a slightly different theater projection. How image on each page of a book, and many rolls of film are then flipping through the book with a there in a two-hour film? 0 0 000 0 0 0 000 00 000 0 Why are so many films thumb. The pictures appeared so about Iwo hours in quickly that the eyes "saw" a steady length? How do movie movement. The first "flickerbook" theaters avoid a "break' appeared around 1890.. in projection when they Invite your students to create a small ' :::,.# switch projectors? What ...:4:4".;IN, .....tr flickerbook. .1Or.i. changes have occurred =,«.., g.,044:,:, in the technology in the 4..... 11 .2 .t.....:"?... Materials :.. ..4.11.7 last five years? What pencil, pen, or markers wi .1 477 changes do they predict? paper, needle and thread, and ZV 41; '.. .4*1...W. How does standard . 'A...! .51- --e.trn**0.7. staples OR a small bound notebook 1,4 'Lk; 44'.,e(*.t....1... i projection differ from Oft .4SH '...I..is../1 OR a pad of removable sticky notes IP:$.4... ' ' P}Prps'ire::. .. .; I i what the students saw in ., t ,.y t1 ...... s . , A t.: the segment? . 1. If you are making your small I " -::;* P . ...Z..: "0 0 I 0 - '.7-.:-" books from scratch, use the paper, 15V, needle and thread, or staples to create IA-...., e some books of your design. If you are using a notebook or a pad of sticky notes, these can be your "books." 0 D 000 0 0 000 0 0 0 000 0 Giant-screen film frame: 10mm
,WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materiaLs developed with the National Science 113 3M Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 10.40 Innovation working for you SNOW NUMBER
ARCHERY How has technology changed the bow and .a -7-=4-- an-ow through the centun:es?
What kinds of advances have been made in the design of the bow and arrow? What are the different parts of a bow and David explores arrow? What is the human element of the physics and technology of TS* being a master archer? shooting a fTe',4 straight arrow. 7.14-3 Segment length: 8:07
INSIGHTS Bows initially were made from Arrows have undergone an The use of the bow can be one material, usually wood, and evolution of their own. Early traced back to the earliest were called self-bows. These arrows were made of wood and civilizations, as witnessed in bows had difficulty handling the were fletched primarily with the writings and drawings from all forces and stresses placed on feathers of such birds as eagle, over the world Drawings, them when they were drawn. crow, goose, and turkey. Most biblical wntings, and ancient The stresses would cause the of today's arrows are still made cultures make references to this bows to break. Early hunters of wood, but some are made :I I tool and weapon The bow and developed the use of wood, from aluminum, fiberglass, and arrow have shaped history, horn, and sinew, glued together graphite. They are often whether it be on the plains of in layers to increase the bow's fletched with feathers, although the ancient Roman and Greek tensile strength. These bows some have more modem battlefields, the defeat of the were called composite, because spinwings or plastic veins. French army at Crecy in 1346, they were made of two or more different materials. Today's or the expansion of the CONNECTIONS American West And, the sport bows are a combination of wood, fiberglass, lightweight 1. What other kinds of sporting of archery is considered one of equipment have changed with the oldest traditions metals, and high-technology materials. The evolution of the the introduction of modem Today, archery is classified into bow continues with the recurve materials? Are all the changes two areastarget and field. design, the use of pulleys, and for the better? Target archery requires archers the latest in engineering 2. A bow is a simple machine. to shoot a specific number of research that makes the bow What other sports incorporate arrows at different distances, more efficient and easier to use. the use of machines? with set targets that have established valuesField archery includes an open-field VOCABULARY target range where archers fletch to modify an arrow in a way that assists in the stability of : shoot different arrows at flight (e.g., adding feathers to the tail) different targets or different distances around a course. This kinetic energy the energy of motion, equal to half an object's simulates the type of shooting mass multiplied by the square of its speed (1/2mv2) experienced while hunting. machine a device for multiplying forces or changing the direction Other field-archery sports of forces include archery golf, roving, potential energy energy that is stored and held in readiness by an and bowhunting object by virtue of its position The bow is a simple machine, a recurve the bending of the ends of the bow away from the archer; two-arm spring The archer acts as a lever to help distribute the forces on the bow stores energy by bending the bow This potential energy is sinew tendons and other animal parts that have a high tensile transferred to the arrow in the strength and a large spring constant form of kinetic energy when the tensile strength the ability to withstand the forces that produce arrow is released stretching
Newtons Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public I Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 114 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.41 Teachers AssociationSpact., Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBEI 1009 ARROWS R US! Find out which design factors contribute to the best bow and arrow.
MAIN ACTIVITY You will learn the differences between self-bows and composite bows. Explore which types of arrows CLOOMMEME fly best, and identify and describe the Invite a member of the parts of the bow and arrow. local archery club or archery team to speak CAUTION: Safety precautions should be followed when using any kinds of bows about archery and arrows. Adult supervision is equipment and safety. recommended. Ask your guest to bring in bows and arrows to Materials allow students to get a various-size rubber bands first-hand look. How do 6" plastic drinking straws archers prepare for removable sticky notes competition? What are the human components scissors of shooting a bow and arrow? Purchase a toy PART I bow and arrow made of Make a bow following these soft foam and hold your directions: own competition. 1. Notch a small "v" in each end of a straw. 2. Place a rubber band over the ends 3. Record all the information that of the straw, as in stringing a bow. went into designing your arrows. 3. Hold the straw and draw back on Test your arrows by holding the angle the rubber band as an archer would. constant and measuring which one flies the farthest. The use of different 4. What happened if you drew too far rubber bands is likely to give different alEICEMEM back? Record your observations. results, so try large ones and small Construct your own 5. Diagonally roll a sticky note from ones, thick ones and thin ones. arrows! Use a piece of the plain side to the glue side. Insert it dowel stick (12" long) down the middle of the straw. Questions for the shaft. Use 6.Draw back on the rubber band 1. What types of bows did you make cardboard to design and Part I? Which one had greater shape tail feathers or again and record your observations. strength? other methods of fletching. Personalize it 2.What kinds of materials used on with a crest. Have a PART LI actual archery equipment was the competition, awarding Make an arrow following these rolled paper simulating? directions: the most artistic efforts, 3. What type of rubber bands worked the most aerodynamic 1. Use 6" straws for arrows; fletch best? arrow, the arrow with with paper and cardboard. longest flight, and the arrow that best 2.Create several different arrows, represents the paying attention to tail-feather TRY THIS... information given in the construction, weighting, and notching. Research the history of archery and the development of the bow and segment and the lesson, arrow. Divide into teams or groups and focus on particular regions of to name a few. Don't the world or particular time periods in which the bow and arrow played forget to display them. an important role. Present the results of your research to the class.
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 113 DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 3111 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 10.42 Innovation working for yi SHOW NUMBER AURORA BOREALIS What creates these shimmering celestial lights?
What causes the northern lights? When are they most visible? What creates the Peggy travels to different colors? What do the auroras Alaska to learn look like from space? about the science _...... dEgr and beauty of the northern lights.
Segment length: 9:35
RESOURCES INSIGHTS give off red and green light, communications. By studying Akasofu, S.I. (1982) The Folklore is nch with depending on how high they the auroras, scientists can learn aurora: New light on an explanations for the stunning are in the ionosphere. Nitrogen more about the solar wind and old subject. Sky and night-sky lights, the aurora molecules give off blue and how it affects the earth's Telescope (Dec): 534. borealis. Various cultures have violet light. 'atmosphere. Akasofu, S.I. (1989) explained them as dancing The northern lights are always The dynamic aurora. spirits or blood raining from the moving, like giant curtains of CONNECTIONS Scientific American clouds. Aurora was the Roman light weaving and swaying (May): 90. goddess of the dawn. Boreal is across the sky. This is caused 1. What are some examples of a Latin word, meaning "north." by the constantly changing how we have used the sun's Maran, S.P., ed. (1992) power? How might we use The astronomy and Thus, the northern lights. In the interaction between the solar astrophysics Antarctic, the lights are called wind and the earth's magnetic plasma power in the future? encyclopedia. the aurora australis, or field.It is not unusual for the 2. Artificial auroras were New York: Van southern lights. solar wind to generate 100,000 created on a recent NASA Nostiand Reinhold. The source of the auroras is the megawatts of electricity in a shuttle mission. How did they do this? What might this lead to Additional sources of sun. The sun gives off high- three-hour auroral display. This information: energy charged particles (also can cause temporary later that could be used on earth? NASA called ions) that travel out into interference with power lines, Education Division space at speeds of 200 to 440 radio and television broadcasts, Mail Code F miles per second. A "cloud" or and satellite-to-earth Washington, DC 20546 gas of such ions and electrons is VOCABULARY NASA called a plasma. The stream of Johnson Space Center plasma coming from the sun is aurora rapid and irregular displays of colorful lights in the night Media Services known as the solar wind sky, created when the solar wind causes beams of electrons from Houston, TX 77058 the magnetosphere to strike the upper atmosphere, causing atoms As the solar wind interacts with (auroral photographs) and molecules to glow the fringes of the earth's NOAA, E/GCI, Dept. 883 ma,gnetic field, the particles are electromagnetic spectrum arrangement of electromagnetic National Geophysical "shocked" into flowing around waves according to wavelength Data Center the earth. Some of the particles ion an atom or group of atoms carrying an electrical charge 325 Broadway are trapped by the earth's Boulder, CO 80303 magnetic field. They follow the ionosphere part of the earth's atmosphere containing electrically- (303) 497-3000 charged particles that reflect radio waves. (print materials, slides, magnetic lines of force down to satellite images) the ionosphere.The particles magnetic field a region of space wherein a detectable magnetic strike the gases in the force exists at every point Community resources: ionosphere, causing them to plasma a state of matter in which all of the particles are electrically University astronomy glow, the same way electrons charged department passing through the gases in a solar corona the sun's upper atmosphere where the solar wind is Meteorologists neon tube make a neon sign light up. The colors correspond created to the different gases in the solar wind charged particles, mainly protons and electrons, that ionosphere. Oxygen atoms flow out from the sun and sweep out into space.
,,, WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 116 DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible bY a grant from 3M. -.0'.../ EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 3M Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. 10.43 Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBEI
ALL CHARGED UP! Find out how to turn on the light.
MAIN ACTIVITY TRY THIS... Use some common materials to Invite your friends to a "northern lights" party. Give each person a pack c discover if ions conduct electricity. wintergreen-flavored round candies. (Do not use the sugar-free kind.) Go into a very dark room or outside at night. Ask each person to bite down arrinallriEni Materials on two or three pieces of candy. (Keep your mouth open as much as Mythology and folklore beaker possible during this experiment.) Does the candy appear to sparkle and are used to explain glitter as you bite down on it? Stress in sugar crystals is creating an many natural 1 meter of insulated bell wire electric field! These fields are taking outer electrons from molecules, geographical features distilled water recombining them with electrons, and giving off light. What colors can you and/or events of nature. 2-1.5-volt dry cells see? Does having braces on your teeth make a difference in the result? Create a time-travel 3-volt flashlight bulb (microlamp) story, play, or dance, paper towels which reveals the 1/2 cup sugar "ancient" belief about a 1/2 cup salt natural phenomenon; wire cutters to strip insulation from 4131111ESIM along with the related wires The solar wind is always scientific theory or blowing. Solar storms principle. Some ideas 1. Cut the bell wire into three pieces Questions that make sun spots alsc for natural events and strip 1 cm of insulation from the 1. Ions conduct electricity. Wliat was give the solar wind mort include lightning, solar end of each piece. it that freed the ions? How do you energy. A stronger and lunar eclipses, and know? solar wind shifts the rainbows. 2. Connect the two batteries with one auroras from the Arctic wire. 2. Which solutions or mixtures did to positions at lower 3. Connect one end of the remaining not produce ions? latitudes, such as where wire to a battery; connect the other 3. How is this similar to the process most people in the end to the flashlight bulb. Attach the that creates the northern lights?To United States live. third piece of wire to the second the process that creates fireworks? Watch for possible battery and to the bulb. auroras where you live. Do a library search of CEIMIEME11111 4. Cut one wire in the circuit between old newspapers to see if Make a Miniature earth the bulb and battery; remove 1 cm of the aurora has ever beer and its magnetic field by insulation. visible in your town. covering a bar magnet 5.Place two bare ends of the wire When? How often? with some modeling into a beaker filled halfway with clay, and then forming the clay into a sphere. distilled water. How does the light react? Keeping the magnet /- \ upright, place the clay- 6.Dry off the ends of the wire; pour earth model on a table. 1/4 cup of the salt on a paper ,, Cut a strip of cardboard towel. Put the wire ends into , ,, to represent the the salt. How does the light // /, equator, wrap it around react? the model, and tape the ends. Sprinkle iron 7.Clean and dry the ends powder or filings on the of wire again, sprinkle a few model. At what point grams of sugar into the water, do the lines build up? Is and place the ends of the wire there a pattern? How into the water/sugar mixture. What do you think the filings happens to the bulb? would continue toward 8.Replace the sugar water with plain the southern pole? distilled water. Add the salt. Does the light react?
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant front 3M. 117 EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 3M Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. 10.44 Innovaiion working for yoi SHOW NUMBER
AIR PRESSURE What is air pressure and how can its force be measured?
Can we measure the force with which the air is pressing on the earth? What does a drinking straw have to do with air A football team, pressure? How does a barometer work? a giant drinking What would happen to us in a vacuum? straw, and a collapsed tank of water help David understand air pressure.
Segment length: 7:00
INSIGHTS mercury up the tube. Normal CONNECTIONS Even though we can't feel it, air air pressure can support a 1. Before viewing the segment, is constantly pressing down on column of mercury about 760 have some of the students us with a tremendous force- mm high. When atmospheric present a classroom 14 7 lbs per square inch pressure drops, the force of the demonstration using the (100,000 newtons per square air pushing on the dish isn't as TRY THIS activity involving the meters), to be exact! This was great, so the column of liquid bottle of soda or juice and a graphically demonstrated in falls and we have a "falling straw (see other side of this 1654 when Otto von Gueicke, barometer." When the page). Why can't you get the Burgmeister of the town of atmospheric pressure increases, liquid out of the bottle using the Magdeburg, Germany used a the mercury rises, thus a "rising straw when the top of the bottle vacuum pump to remove barometer." is sealed? almost all of the air from the We use air pressure all the time 2. What would happen if you space between two half-meter when we breathe. When our tried to use a really long straw diameter hemispheres. The air diaphragm moves down, air is to pull water from the ground to pressure holding them together pushed into our lungs from the the top of a five-story building? was so strong that two teams of outside, expanding the volume Would it work? horses couldn't pull them apart; of the chest cavity. The when air was let back in, the diaphragm doesn't "pull" air in; 3. How do changes in hemispheres fell apart easily. it expands the volume of our atmospheric pressure relate to I I weather patterns? Air pressure is created by the lungs, and the air pressure fills weight of the earth's the volume. atmosphere Although we can't see air, the gas molecules still have mass, and gravity acts VOCABULARY upon it aneroid barometer a device for measuring air pressure which I I. The air pressure changes daily uses an air-tight box instead of a tube of liquid due to the heating and cooling atmospheric pressure the force per unit area exerted by the of the earth's surface When air atmosphere at any, point within the gaseous envelope surrounding gets warm, it expands, becoming less dense, and the earth therefore pushes with less force a push or pull that causes a body to accelerate or change pressure We can measure shape changes in atmospheric pressuregravity the force that makes objects tend to move toward each by using a barometer. Some other barometers use long glass tubes filled with mercury inverted in a mass the amount of matter a body or object contains; a measure of dishAir pressing down on the the inertia of a body or object surface of the dish forces the vacuum a space from which all of the air has been removed
BEST COPY AVAILABIE 118 Nieewn Appk Is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Tekvision Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Educational materials deeeloped with the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace Science. and Technology Division. 10.45 Innovation work.mg for you- SNOW NUMBEI INHALE! EXHALE! Find out about the connections between air pressure and breathing.
MAIN ACTIVITY Questions 1. How do the parts of the model You will construct a model of the Take an unopened can relate to the human respiratory human lung and identify the of your favorite soft processes and mechanisms involved system? (The inner balloon is the drink or juice and puncl iiraiMEMMi in breathing. You will explore the lung, the funnel is the chest cavity, only one hole in the top Put a straw in a bottle relationship of changes in air pressure and the lower balloon is the Try to pour some of the of soda or juice and seal and the ability of the "lung" to diaphragm.) beverage into a glass the top of the bottle "breathe." and observe what around the straw with 2.What is the maximum amount the happens. Why do you modeling clay so that no inner balloon can be inflated? Can need to punch two hole air can get in or out. Materials you explain how differences in air in the top of a can to gf Now try to take a drink large glass or clear plastic funnel pressure allow the balloon to inflate? a decent flow? through the straw. How 9"round balloon 3. What would happen to the ability does this experiment 6"round balloon of your model lung to be inflated if 3 large rubber bands relate to the design of a you were to poke a duct tape mercury barometer? small hole in either scissors the funnel or in the lower balloon? 1. Carefully insert the wide end of the 6" balloon into the neck of the funnel and pull the lip of the balloon over the edge so that the balloon is securely fastened inside the funnel. This is the "inner balloon." Inner balloon 2.Cut the neck off the 9" balloon and stretch it completely over the wide end of the funnel. Wrap two or three rubber bands around CFCCECIESM the edge to hold it firmly in Fill a plastic tumbler place. Reinforce with duct with water and place a tape. This is the plastic coffee-can lid "diaphragm balloon." over the top. Holding 3. Pull down on the the lid on tightly with diaphragm balloon and your fingers, invert the observe what happens tumbler, and then let go to the inner balloon. of the lid while holding Can you predict what Diaphragm balloon on to the bottom of the will happen when you push glass. (Do this over a up on the diaphragm balloon? sink or dish pan!) Observe what happens 4. Rest the bottom of the funnel on a table top and try to inflate the and repeat the 4 experiment with inner balloon. What happens? Try EEEM:011 different-size glasses. inflating the inner balloon when the Build a pair of Magdeburg hemispheres by placing two same-size toilet How can you explain lower part of the funnel is under plungers "face to face" and squeezing out as much air as possible. (Or, the results? water. Does it still work? get some pressure disks used to carry sheets of glass, available at hardware stores.) How much force is holding them together if the air presses down at 14.7 lbs. per square inch? (Hint: Find the surface area of one plunger in square inches; multiply by 2, and then by 14.7. Don't be surprised if your answer is as much as 600 lbs.!)
110 WE ENCOURAGE Newion's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science 3N Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 10.46 Innovation working for yt SHOW HUMBER
TRAFFIC CONTROL How can technology help alleviate traffic jams? What causes a traffic jam? How can traffic-management systems ease traffic When Peggy gets congestion? What will future systems for stuck in bumper- managing traffic be like? to-bumper traffic, 1!....:Alr she goes looking for some answers about traffic management.
Segment length: 7:00
INSIGHTS where necessary. A section of metropolitan areas. The rest of The popularity of the Interstate 394 in Minneapolis is the system uses speed sensors, automobile in the United States about to become the largest live an electronic compass, and a is reflected in some incredible traffic laboratory in the world, small computer. When the statisticsFrom 1950 to 1986, using 38 cameras atop poles driver punches in an address or the U S population increased every 1,000 feet to collect data destination, the computer by 60%, while the number of that is fed to a monitor. This responds by showing the map automobiles grew by 257%. information will be monitored on a visual screen, and During this same time period, by a computer that can interpret providing information about the new highway construction traffic conditions and, ideally, distance in miles and the declined The result? Gridlock! implement a plan to alleviate direction to be traveled. the tie-ups. One example is the Hollywood Freeway, built to handle Congress has recently CONNECTIONS 120,000 cars a day by 1970; in appropriated federal funds to, in part, promote a new family of 1. Why are we so dependent 1965, it was handling nearly on the automobile? Do other twice that amount In Los technologies for traffic management, known as industrial countries have similar Angeles, rush-hour traffic traffic problems? crawls along at 35 mph; if Intelligent Vehicle/Highway nothing is done to improve Systems (IVHS). Several 2. Our society places a great conditions, by 2010, traffic will innovative systems are being deal of emphasis on be moving at 11 mph. This studied; some, like an individualism and freedom of kind of congestion was the automobile navigation system, movement. Sometimes, subject of a Federal Highway are already on the market. individual rights may conflict Administration study, which These navigation systems use with community goals of found that recumng congestion compact discs (CDs) to store smooth traffic flow and minimal maps of all U.S. interstate congestion. How can the two (e g,daily rush hours) along urban freeways during 1987 highways and several be reconciled? caused 700 million vehicle I I hours of delay Non-recurring VOCABULARY congestion (e g , accidents or road work) resulted in over 1.2 Dates indicate when the word was first recorded in the Englith million vehicle hours of delay. language. The costs of national traffic freeways expressways with fully-controlled access (1930) congestion are estimated at gridlock a traffic jam in which a grid of intersecting streets is so $100 billion annually, including completely congested that no movement is possible (1980) lost productivity and accidents. highway a main direct road (before the 12th century) Traffic management can significantly reduce some of ramp metering a method of controlling the flow of traffic onto a these vehicle hours of delay by freeway by requiring motorists to wait on the ramp until a green detecting and responding light allows them to proceed promptly to incidents and rush hour an ironic phrase defining that period of the day when accidents, and rerouting traffic demands of traffic or business are at a peak (1898)
Newton s Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 12 0 Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.47 3M Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBE 1011 TRAFFIC WATCH Predict, count, and project traffic patterns in your community.
MAIN ACTIVITY 4. Divide the students into By studying traffic flow on a local pairs or groups. Have freeway or highway, you will learn them write their how to control variables, formulate a predictions about what model, hypothesize, measure, predict, kind of traffic they will Traffic engineers study and interpret data about traffic. encounter before many of the issues setting out. Then, 4X1:11=1.1 concerning traffic go count traffic! Some traffic signals art management peak Materials timed to help clear periods and recurring one or more safe spots to view 5.When the data congestion and keep th congestion; accidents freeways or highways have been collected, fill arteries moving at a and other incidents; paper in the master chart regular pace. Ask special events; pencils with the appropriate someone you know wh construction- and chart for data collection information. What has a driver's license tc maintenance-work stop watch did each group drive you down a stree zones; inclement device to measure the speed of a observe? How in your community that weather; and moving car, e.g., a radar gun does the might have timed catastrophic events. (optional) information signals. Can you figun Invite a traffic engineer from each out the optimum speed to your class to discuss CAUTION: View traffic from safe locations. group vary? for traveling with all traffic in your An adult should be present at all times green lights? Some community. How does when students are observing traffic. You may want to coordinate this activity with streets have signals your community your local Department of Transportation. Questions timed so that cars don'i "encourage" traffic to 1. If your always get a green ligt space itself more evenly 1. Ask students to think about the students were Why would traffic during the day? issues and variables in designing a study of traffic patterns. Brainstorm as providing data to engineers want to time a class, or divide up into groups. Li a highway the lights this way? engineering 2.From your master list of ideas, L,department, how often design the parameters of the study would they have to (e.g., At what times will traffic be repeat their counts? Is counted? Why those times? For how L., there a way to automate many minutes will it be counted?). this process? How might 3. As the study is being designed, such a plan a chart on which to record system CIOCIZEInE your data. work? t., Statistics abound when looking into traffic 2.How would issues. For example, in 1900 there were 8,00( you project autos and trucks in the United States; in 1929, today's traffic count there were 23,000,000 vehicles; and in 1981, to future traffic there were 160,000,000 passenger cars, truck flows? and buses. Work with your librarian to find more statistics. How many miles of roads are there in the United States? How many additional miles are added each year? How many accidents were there 10 years ago in you metro community? How many were there last year? How many cars per person are there in China? How does this compare with the ratio i the U.S.? In your family? Design several graphs to present your information.
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CRYOGENICS ) A91 0 Is cgogenics sciencefact or science fiction?
al.-- Can the human body be totally frozen for a long time and then resuscitated? Can any animals survive subfreezing Tek temperatures? What is the future of David finds out Atto, how some cryogenics? creatures can survive a deep- tP:4 freeze.
7.1,1 Segment length: 7:00
RESOURCES INSIGHTS point where they can function Scientists know of only one mammal, the Arctic ground Karow, A.M., and D.E. Cryogenics is a branch of normally. In addition, ice in the squirrel, that seems to be able Peggy, eds. (1988) The physics concerned with very blood vessels "captures" the biophysics of organ low temperatures how to water content, making it to tolerate ice crystals in its bloodstream during a cuopreserralion. New produce the lowest impossible for the blood cells to physiological state that falls York: Plenum Press. temperatures possible (below survive. Other types of cells are somewhere between Marchand, P. (1987) minus 30°C), and what effects also damaged during freezing. hibernation and freezing. Life in the cold. these low temperatures have on Frostbite is a common malady Hanover, NH: organisms or materials. The caused by cold temperatures; Scientists are studying the University Press of prefix ciyo is derived from the frozen skin and blood cells are "cryoprotectants" of these New England. Greek word kiyos, meaning damaged from the dehydration animals to see whether they due to freezing. McClintock. P.V.E. "cold." have application for the (1984) Mailer al low Scientists have discovered, freezing of human organs for The person considered by most transplants. So far they have lemperalare. New to be the originator of modem however, that some varieties of York: Wiley and Sons. been successful in freezing only experimental science, Francis frogs and turtles can actually single cells (e.g., sperm cells) Storey, J.M., and K.B. Bacon, died as a result of a survive being frozen. When and corneas for transplants. Storey. (1990) Frozen spontaneous experiment he these animals sense ice on the and alive. Scienlific was conducting on the effects outsides of their bodies, their American (Dec): 92-97. of low temperatures. In 1623, livers produce extra glucose (blood sugar), which floods into CONNECTIONS Storey. K.B. (1990) while traveling on a cold and their cells to protect the cell 1.Look up information about Life in a frozen state: snowy day, Bacon decided to scientists finding a frozen Adaptive strategies for "experiment" to see whether from freezing and from damage. natural freeze This also holds the cell's shape mastodon that still had some snow would delay the meat and skin intact. tolerance in putrefaction of flesh. He stuffed so it doesn't collapse upon amphibians and a fowl with snow to observe the itself. Nucleating proteins 2. Discuss the pros and cons of reptiles. The American effects. In the process, he "guide" water out of the cells, using cryogenics to preserve a JoIrrnal of Physiology: allowing the water to go in human for some future time. 559-568. caught a sudden chill. Over the years, this turned into acute between the cells and the bronchitis, which contributed to organs. This allows the water to his death in 1626. freeze, but in small pieces, without "spears" that could Although some animals are able puncture the cell membrane. to lower their body temperatures during hibernation, most animals, like people, cannot tolerate freezing VOCABULARY temperatures within their body cryobiology the science of the effects of low temperatures on tissues. Normally, when an biological systems organism is exposed to below- cryosurgery surgery using cryogenic techniques, as in wart freezing temperatures, ice forms removal and comeal transplants in smaller blood vessels and hibernation inactive state of some animals in winter either bursts the blood vessels or stretches them beyond the liquification the conversion of a solid into a liquid by heat
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FLIES CAN SURVIVE! Discover that the common housefly can survive temperatures below freezing.
MAIN ACTIVITY Questions CIECEEMEM You can experiment with common 1. How did the activities of the flies Conduct an experiment houseflies to discover that they are change after being in the freezer? to compare frozen plant adapted to survive freezing How long did it take for them to tissue to fresh plant CIECKKOMMi temperatures. Fruit flies or resume their "normal" activities? tissue. Select a variety An alkaline battery will mosquitoes can also be used to 2. of plant tissue: roots, retain its stored energy Compare the changes in the provide comparisons. houseflies with those of the fruit flies stems, and/or leaves. longer when kept at a Can you observe any low temperature. Why or mosquitoes. Materials differences between the will it last longer? How 3. Could other insects survive in the a net for catching flies cell structure of the is the preservation of a same way? Do a literature search to frozen and fresh tissue? battery's stored energy a small gauze-sided container for find out. similar to the housing the flies preservation of food 4. Visit a local Museum of Natural products? 1. Using a net or a large piece of History or biology department of a nylon stocking or gauze, catch several local university. Interview the houseflies alive. scientific staff to fmd some answers! 2.Carefully transfer the, flies into a container that has gauze or fine cloth mesh sides. 3. Place the box containing the live flies into a freezer (or the freezer compartment of a refrigerator) and keep them there overnight. 4. The next day remove the box and observe the flies. Record your findings. Are they active? Does their CFEEEEMEM level of activity change? Freeze a thin film of 5. Capture some live fruit flies that water on a microscope often congregate around pieces of slide. Examine the ice ripe fruit. (Or, catch some crystals under a mosquitoes.) Experiment to microscope. Describe the shape of the ice determine whether these insects can crystals. How do you be frozen and still survive. think an ice crystal CAUTION: Several states do not permit would affect a cell vertebrates to be banned in any way. For example, frogs are vertebrates and may membrane, which is like not be experimented with if harmful or ACTIVITY LEVELS OF HOUSEFLIES AFTER FREEZING the flexible skin of a lethal results occur. It is recommended ELAPSED TIME OBSERVATIONS balloon? that you use only insects for this activity.
After 5 min.
After 10 min.
Etc.
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LOCKS AND DAMS
- How does a lock and dam make an -71 unnavigable part of a waterway navigable? r- Why are dams sometimes necessary? How do locks and dams work? What are some Peggy finds out how the flow of of the effects of a lock and dam system on the mighty 1!.... the river's environment? Mississippi can be altered with the push of a button.
Segment length: 8:00
INSIGHTS make water supplies more from the first lock (using gravity) until the water level is Much of our folklore has useful. Dams have many explored the possibility of functions: diversion dams even with second one. The downstream gate is opened to "escaping" on the river. Before control the supply of water to allow the vessel into the lower .1 the advent of the car, many a prevent floods; storage dams lock, and the process is youth dreamed of traveling reserve water for use during dry cross-country by water. Today periods; power dams generate repeated. The lifting and lowering of vessels, some there are 25,500 miles of electricity; and navigation dams weighing up to 60 tons, is done navigable inland waterways in provide navigable waters. without a great use of energy. the United States, the Some river areas may be Mississippi River, featured in the unnavigable by commercial segment, accounts for boats and barges because of CONNECTIONS approximately 9,000 miles of shoals, rapids, waterfalls, or low 1.Dams and the resulting water. The riverbed itself may this system reservoirs change wildlife change in elevation, which may Equally appealing to youth is habitats. Are all the environ- prohibit reliable and econom- building a pint-size version of a mental changes negative? ical navigation. Finally, some dam by piling up sticks and 2. How important is com- debris to alter the flow of rivers have been dammed. A lock can help make navigation mercial navigation by water in rainwater that is running down the U.S.? How does it compare street-side curbs toward sewer possible in each of these situations. to trucking and railroad drains Dams are fascinating transportation? Are some The technology of locks looks and useful, ruins of the world's products not suited to waterway complex, but the principle is oldest dam in Egypt along the navigation? Nile date to 2,700 B C.(It was simple: The river is an inclined 37 feet high and 348 feet long.) plane whose water moves in 3. If a dam were to be built in More recently, the United States and out of locks by gravity. your area, how would your has built more than 5,000 dams, Think of locks as a flight of economy be affected? What Japan has built about 2,000, and "water stairs" going up and kinds of jobs would be India has more than 1,000. down a hill. Water is drained available? Universally, humans need water, but nature delivers water VOCABULARY in imperfect amounts due to floodplain the relatively broad, flat valley floor built up by an climate and weather (Humans active river and periodically submerged with floodwater also contribute to problems of water availability, for example, gravity the force that tends to pull any two objects together deforestation can create desert- lock a short channel or a waterway divided into steps by watertight like climates in places where gates at either end water was once abundant.) Pascal's law a law stating that a confined fluid transmits externally- Some areas have too much applied pressure uniformly in all directions, without change in water, some not enough, and some have both conditions at magnitude different times Because of this watershed the area drained by a river or stream into the place irregularity, dams can be built to where a dam will be built
Newton s Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 124 Television Made possible b) a grant from 3M. 3M Educational matenals developed with the National Science 10.51 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation worlemg for you- SHOW NUMBE 1012 UNDER PRESSURE Pascal's law is demonstrated in this water-pressure demonstration.
MAIN ACTIVITY CEOZEMENIMIMMEMEIMEMEIMIE A cubic foot of fresh water weighs Do some research about some of the world records for subjects pertainin 62.4 pounds. Water weighs more than to locks and dams: the dam with the greatest volume; the largest dam; CEMIZIESEMI a heavy wood such as oak, but half as the highest dam; the longest dam; the largest reservoir; the earliest- much as bricks. The point is, of known reservoir; the most damaging dam disasters; the greatest numbei Map the largest river of locks on any one waterway; the largest set of locks; the deepest locks near your school. Are course, that as the elevation of water there locks and dams on behind a dam is increased, the height the river? Report on the and density of it causes high pressure geography and geology at the bottom of the dam. In this of the river, paying activity, you will observe what 3. Fill both cans with water, and then specific attention to the happens to the flow of water when it tear off the tape on the can with the location of the locks and is under pressure. horizontal holes. Observe what dams. How far could happens. Materials you go on an inland- 4. Now, remove the tape from the water journey? 2 tall empty juice cans nails can with the diagonal holes. Observe what happens. adhesive tape Questions 1. Punch three holes horizontally at CEEMIESEM 1. What happened when the tape the bottom of one can, about 1/2"to Visit a beaver dam. was removed from the can with the 3/4"apart. Cover the holes with What similarities are horizontal holes? (All the streams are adhesive tape. Ask your students to there to dams the same length because, according to predict what will happen when you constructed by humans Pascal's law, water pressure at a given 413111511[01.11 fill the can with water and remove the Why do beavers depth is the same in every direction.) A cubic foot of fresh tape: Will any of the streams be construct dams? What water weighs 62.4 longer than the others? 2.What happened when the tape materials do beavers pounds (1 kilogram per was removed from the can with the use? 2.Punch three holes diagonally in the liter). To understand the diagonal holes? (The longest stream side of another can. Cover the holes concept of how dense of water shoots from the bottom hole with adhesive tape. Ask your students water is, calculate the because the deeper the water, the to predict what will happen when you weight of a waterbed. greater the pressure.) Call a waterbed store to fill the can with water and remove the find out the amount of tape: Will any of the streams be 3. Would this same principle of water water contained in a longer than the pressure work with a balloon? Try it! super-single-size others? 4. What household devices or waterbed, a queen-size appliances use the principle of water waterbed, and a king- pressure to function? size waterbed. 0111111W
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125 BEST COPY AVAILABLE
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BLOOD TYPING What makes different blood Ives different?
Is all blood the same? How can you tell what your blood type is? What are the different substances that make up your blood and what functions do they fill? David gives a pint of blood and finds out about blood typing. N.14-3 Segment length: 7:45
INSIGHTS blood of one individual, when type-B blood can take B or 0. By simply looking at a sample mixed with the blood of This makes type-0 blood the of human blood, it wouldn't another, might cause hemolysis, universal donor. Blood donors seem like anything more than a the visible clumping of red and recipients must be typed red liquid The truth is that cells. This observation resulted and matched very carefully blood is a complex fluid made in the establishment of blood before transfusions are given. up of many different typing: the distinction of four blood groupsA, B, AB, and 0. components, each with a CONNECTIONS specific job The first analysis of These different blood types are 1. Why is it important for blood was carned out by caused by the presence of a hospitals to have a ready supply Marcello Malpighi in 1661, who chemical markeran antigen of many different blood types? a.I discovered that much of blood on the surface of the type-A and What kinds of tests are done on is composed of large red cells type-B red blood cells. When blood donations before they are that have no nucleus These mixed with the wrong blood used in transfusions? cells are called erythrocytes, type, these antigens are picked and we now know that they are up by antibodies that cause the 2. Why is it important to know responsible for gas exchange cells to clump. Someone with your own blood type? within the tissues of our body. type-AB blood can receive any 3. For how long can different type blood with no ill effects, I D Almost 200 years later, Joseph blood components be stored? Davaire discovered that blood while people with type-0 blood What use does each of the I I I also has large white cells that can only take their own type. components have? move about like amoebas. People with type-A blood can Outnumbered by red cells by a receive A or 0, and people with ratio of 650 1, these white cellsleukocyteshelp protect VOCABULARY our bodies from foreign agents, agglutination the clumping together of blood cells in response to such as bactena and viruses. In a specific antibody addition to red and white cells, most human blood contains antigen any substance that will trigger an immune response by a platelets and proteins that help host organism clot the bloodAll three of antibodies compounds produced by plasma cells that react with these components can be specific antigens invading a body separated from the blood after plasma the fluid portion of blood that contains proteins and salts, donation and used for different and in which blood cells and platelets are suspended purposes platelets cell fragments in blood that cause clotting The first successful human blood transfusion was proteins essential constituents of all living things that are either accomplished in 1818 by James made by the body or assimilated from food BlundellIn 1900, Karl transfusion the process of giving blood from one individual to Lanstreimer observed that the another
Newton s Apple ts a production of ETCA Twin Cities Public Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 10.53 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers AssocsationSpace, Science. and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SHOW NUMBS 1012 WHAT'S YOUR TYPE? Find out how your blood type fits in with that of the general population.
MAIN ACTIVITY Questions By classifying blood types, you can 1. Are the blood types evenly find out what type of blood is most distributed throughout the group or common among your students, and does one type dominate? Expand the 4XELICEIDEMI whether this information is similar to population to include other classes or Obtain prepared national statistics. the whole school and see if the microscope slides of distribution changes. From your data, blood from at least five Materials can you predict the general blood different organisms, group distribution for your region? such as a frog, a pig, a removable sticky notes cat, a cow, and a graph paper 2.Which blood type has the most human (available from pencils potential donors in your group? most large science- Which blood type is most limited supply houses). Make 1. Have each student find out his or when it comes to donors? detailed drawings of her blood type by asking at home, 3. Does the blood-group distribution what you observe on consulting a birth certificate, or for your class/area match the national each of the slides and reviewing a recent blood test. distribution? What factors might compare how the 2. Pass around the note paper and influence the local patterns of blood structure of blood cells have each person record his or her types? varies from one animal blood type on a separate sheet. to another. Collect the notes and post them on a wall, sorting them by groups to form a simple bar graph. TRY THIS... 3. Record the number of individuals You can get an idea of how blood is separated into its various in each group. components by using centrifugal force to separate chocolate milk. Try to relate the different components of chocolate milk to the different 4. Based on the class population and components of blood. Use powdered chocolate-milk mix to make about the information in the segment, a cup of chocolate milk. Punch or drill two holes on either side of a CrEERZIEBEE calculate how many potential donors clean, plastic, one-liter soda bottle about two inches down from the top Take a field trip to a are present for each blood group. and pass a wire or rope through the holes; securely tie local blood center or (For example, those with type-A the ends of the wire or rope together. Pour about medical laboratory blood can receive blood from either half of the freshly-made where blood work-ups type-As or type-Os.) chocolate milk into the are done. Arrange for bottle. Tighten the cap on the technicians to the bottle and swing the demonstrate how blood bottle around (in an area is typed and centrifuged clear of people!) by the into its various rope or wire components. BLOOD-TYPE FREQUENCY for 30 IN THE UNITED STATES: seconds. Percentage of Type Population A 40% After spinning, 10% compare the chocolate milk in the AB 4% bottle to the reserved O 46% mixture.
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DIABETES 219at is type I diabetes?
What are your chances of knowing 1C11"4--"Ed1- someone with diabetes? What is happening in the body of someone with .4 type I diabetes? What are the symptoms Peggy travels to of diabetes? the Mayo Clinic to learn about diabetes.
Segment length: 6:08
INSIGHTS to type I diabetes. Type II Promising medical Diabetes mellitus and its diabetes, in which the body advancements may make life complications affect over 12 makes insulin but not enough, for those with diabetes easier million people in this country is associated with advancing and less restrictive. Pancreatic that's one in 20 Americansand age and obesity. transplants and Islets of five million adults don't even Almost all cases of type I Langerhans transplants might know they have the disease. diabetes occur before the age of eliminate the need for insulin 40, with a peak incidence of injections for some patients; The segment shows Dane, who computer-controlled blood- has type I diabetes, the kind of around age 14. However, of all the people who have diabetes, sugar monitoring and insulin diabetes in which the pancreas administration may improve the secretes little or no insulin. only about 10% are type I;the rest are type II. Many people day-to-day lives of many people Dane's body breaks down who have diabetes. carbohydrates into glucose, but with type II diabetes don't have because he doesn't have to inject insulin, but can control CONNECTIONS enough insulin, the glucose it by eating properly or taking Consider this statement from can't leave the bloodstream and medications that stimulate Diabetes Management: The get into his body's cells. The insulin production. Both types Balancing Act (see blood carrying this excess sugar of diabetes, however, require RESOURCES): "Diabetes, in the passes through the kidneys and balancing acts: Diet must be end, plays no larger a part in varied; food intake must be causes an increased loss of the lives of...people than they body fluidsThis need for scheduled; and sugar have chosen to give it. They replacement fluids leaves Dane consumption must be moderate. choose instead to live their lives feeling excessively thirsty. To in balance." feel good and live an active life, Dane injects insulin twice a day, VOCABULARY tests his blood sugars, and beta cells the cells in the Islets of Langerhans that make insulin balances his diet and exercise. carbohydrates any of a group of compounds that share a general The cause of type I diabetes is biochemical structure containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; not known for certain. The includes sugars and starches greatest evidence points to an glucose the sugar derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates autoimmune process that and starches that the body uses for fuel destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. It is diabetes mellitus a disorder characterized by the inadequate unclear whether diabetes is production or utilization of insulin inherited, but a is believed that insulin a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic some individuals may be islets that enables sugar in the blood to enter the body cells genetically susceptible to getting diabetesIn these Islets of Langerhans clusters of cells that compose the endocrine susceptible individuals, an portion of the pancreas and secrete insulin environmental factor such as a pancreas a large elongated gland situated behind the stomach; viral infection may trigger the secretes pancreatic juices, insulin, and glucagon for the regulation autoimmune process that leads of carbohydrate metabolism
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IT'S NOT MY FAULT! Find out more about the causes of diabetes.
MAIN ACTIVITY 4XLIECIEEEII This card game will help students List on the board the following famous people who have or had diabetes understand the cause-and-effect relationships of diabetes, that those Bret Michaels, rock vocalist CIMINCEOMM Jackie Robinson, major-league baseball player with type I diabetes are not Ernest Hemingway, writer Many people who have responsible for having diabetes, and Mary Tyler Moore, actress any kind of permanent that there is treatment. Wade Wilson, professional football player disease or ailment don't like to be labeled with Materials Are there more? Are there famous people with epilepsy? Arthritis? the name of the disease. 3"x 5" notecards OR a pad of Learning differences? Does this information matter? They may prefer to say, removable sticky notes "I have diabetes," pencils or pens 4. RULES: Any member may trade a rather than, "I am a diabetic." Why is this card with a member of another team. semantic difference 1. On separate cards, list plausible There can be only one member per important to consider? causes of diabetes, symptoms, team on his or her feet at any one How might this be statements for understanding it, and time. Set a time limit, or play until one extended to "epileptics," treatments, along with some team gets a complete set of cards and "paraplegics," or inaccurate ideas about the causes of wins. The winning team must explain "asthmatics"? diabetes. Use the INSIGHTS and the statements on its set of cards. VOCABULARY sections as resources for your listings. Here are some Questions examples: 1. Why is it important to realize that I ate too much sugar. type I diabetes is not caused by a person's actions or by "catching it"? White blood cells didn't attack a What health problems are a direct germ that got into my body, so the result of individual behaviors and germ was able to attack my choices? pancreas. 2.If you had diabetes, what would I didn't behave in class. you have to do differently? What if My stomach stopped making you had just taken your shot of insulin CIEICEIMMEM insulin. and had eaten your dinner, and then I am overweight. you were invited out for pizza? What Invite some people who if you were so tired, you wanted to have diabetes into your I caught it from another diabetic. sleep until noon on Saturdays? classroom to view the segment with the class. Islets of Langerhans are clusters of If possible, your guests cells found in the pancreas that might be willing to show secrete insulin how they inject insulin 2.Make enough cards so that there is and test for blood-sugar one for each student. You may levels. duplicate information on more than one card, but do not make more than Islet of three cards with any one fact. Langerhan 3. Divide the class into four teams. Have each student chose a card and take it back to his or her team. The objective is for each team to gather a set of cards that correctly explains how diabetes comes about, its symptoms, and treatment.
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Ile GALAXY _ MAPPING Why make maps of the galaxies?
4111_ What new technologies are being used to map the galaxies? Is there a pattern to David finds out where galaxies are located? Why would how scientists we want to map the galaxies? make maps of the cosmos.
Segment length: 8:35
INSIGHTS dough carries the raisins farther thin, curved walls that surround Edwin Hubble's proof that the and farther apart from each huge, nearly empty voids. How universe is dynamic and that other, but the size of each raisin empty the voids are and how our Milky Way is not the lone does not increase. In the same they arose, no one yet knows. I galaxy provoked a renewal of way, space expands the The "Great Wall" of the universe questions and theories. distance between galaxies in is the largest structure known to Understanding the positions, the universe, but the galaxies humans, yet its size, 500 million distances, and distribution themselves do not get larger. light years by 200 million light patterns of other galaxies not We are on the threshold of new years, poses a challenge to only provides mapping discoveries about the galaxies. cosmological theories. No one information, it gives perspective Using the latest technology, can explain how, if only known on what the earth's relationship Margaret Geller and John forms of matter and known is to the overall universal plan; Huchra are able to analyze forces were at work, such a it provides clues about the "slices" of the universe. If the large structure was formed in earth's origin, and it gives a type ball of raisin-bread dough the time since the Big Bang. I of structure to an indistinct represents the universe, Geller Newer technologies and concept and Huchra so far have mapped continued research promise to The Doppler effect can explain only four very thin slices of introduce new insights into the the red shlfts found in the light bread slices that don't even go universe. from galaxies According to the all the way through the loaf. Doppler effect, the more that Their mapping illustrates a CONNECTIONS light is shifted to longer definite pattern to galaxy wavelengths (meaning toward distribution. Galaxies appear to What is your vision of a galaxy? Of space? Of the universe? the red end of the spectrum), be positioned in a network of the faster the source of the light is moving away from the observer Edwin Hubble found VOCABULARY that the farther away the galaxy, Big Bang a theory of the origin and evolution of the universe (This the more its light is red-shifted. theory holds that approximately 2 x 10'° years ago, all matter in the This means that the farther the universe was packed into a small agglomeration of extremely high galaxy, the faster it is moving density and temperature. It exploded, sending matter in all away from usIn other words, directions and giving rise to the expanding universe.) the universe is expanding. Doppler effect a change in the frequency and wavelength of Consider the universe as a huge sound, light, or radio waves as perceived by an observer, caused by ball of bread dough, speckled the relative motion of the source of the waves or the observer throughout with raisins, each raisin denoting a galaxy. There galaxy a closed gravitational system of stars, their satellites, nebulae, and dust, that is spinning and traveling through space is no definite boundary or edge, however light year the distance that light, traveling at 186,000 miles per second in a vacuum, travels in one year, or about 5.9 trillion miles As this model universe is baking in the oven, yeast is making the red shift a shift toward longer (redder) wavelengths in the dough expand The expanding spectrum of light from an object
Newtons Apple IS a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 13 0 31111 Educational matenals developed with the National Science 1 0.57 Teachers AssociationSpace Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for you- SNOW NUMBE 1013 A NEW VIEW See for yourself what a difference a 3-D map can make.
MAIN ACTIVITY You will observe models of constellations and galaxies from 411IMMEMEM different vantage points to see how I. Do you have a things look different when viewed manually-adjustable from different locations. 2`fi camera? Begin a 11 collection of your own Materials constellation photos. A constellation and galaxy maps camera shutter held drawing paper 18"x 24 " .7 open for 10 to 15 pieces of cardboard 18 "x 24" 1.* seconds will record most black paint OR construction paper of the brightest stars in a string ?;- constellation. An tagboard exposure of longer than markers 15 seconds will record aluminum foil the stars as streaks and scissors r. * trails. Why? What is happening to the earth? Point the camera both PART I north and south and 1. Divide the class into teams of four. take some pictures. 2.Have each team choose a favorite What will be the pattern constellation or galaxy and make a Questions of the trails? paper map of it, using the acquired 1. Lie on the floor and look up at constellation maps as guides. your "night skies." Stand up and observe your creations from different 4133303.0E. PART 11 locations in the room. Stand on a ladder and look "down" into your Find a book that 1. Make a three-dimensional (3-D) describes the common model of your chosen constellation or constellation. Which vantage point compares with the paper map? constellations. Try to galaxy. Start by transforming the find them in the night Would your conclusions change cardboard into the unknown "dark sky. Consider how the matter" of space by painting or depending on your vantage point? patterns of stars reflec CEMEMMEM Would you recognize the constellation Use a large balloon to covering it with construction paper. the mythological name from the different vantage points? given to them. represent our universe. 2.Determine the location on the Randomly place cardboard and size of stars needed to 2.What types of technology still need adhesive stars on the create a 3-D model of the chosen to be invented to help us "see" more deflated balloon. constellation. of the universe? Slowly inflate the balloon. What do you 3. Use foil, tag board, string, and notice about the markers to create 3-D star models. distances between the Attach hanging stars to the cardboard stars as the universe by using varying lengths and expands? Do the sizes thicknesses of string. of the stars change? Is Demonstrate the Doppler effect by placing a battery-operated buzzer 4.Suspend the completed 3-D maps inside a hollow whiffle ball. Attach a 4- to 5-foot-long cord to the ball. there an edge to this from the classroom ceiling. universe? A center? Is Carefully swing the ball around in a circle above you head. Your the expansion infinite? Note: Your finished project will illustrate classmates should be able to note an apparent change in the pitch of the only an approximation of the placement of buzzer. Take turns being in the center so that everyone can hear that th the stars.It would be impossible, using pitch does not change. In what part of the circle do you hear different these materials, to make something to scale. sounds/pitches?
.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 131 DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! 3111 Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.58 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. Innovation working for ANIMALS The Newton's Apple Menagerie
MUSK OX SHOW 1002 PENGUINS SHOWS 1006 AND 1012 Naturalist Nancy Tuxedo birds Gibson, Host The bearded one David Neil, and Eskimos called the musk ox omingmak, which Sometimes mistaken for small porpoises, Field Reporter means "the bearded one." A survivor of the ice penguins are actually birds that appear to Peggy Knapp age, this animal of the Arctic steppe and tundra "fly" through the ocean. They weave in and meet some fas- provides people with a source of meat, warm out of the water, swimming at speeds of up cinating animals clothing, and horn used for weapons and to fifteen miles per hour. Describe an ocean in season ten. implements. The coat of the musk ox allows it environment. List some of the dangers to face Arctic blizzards without shelter. It has penguins may encounter. Discuss how the coarse, long guard hairs and a thick inner coat following adaptations might contribute to of soft, fine wool called quiviut. The quiviut the success of penguins living in and near completely covers the animal except on the the ocean: short stiff flippers instead of lips and nostrils. It is prized for its softness, wings; small, hard, densely-packed light weight, and ability to protect against cold feathers with shiny slightly-bent tips; a and frost. Musk oxen have keen sight, hearing, black back; a white belly; feet that radiate and smell. How do all these adaptations excess heat from the soles; a salt gland its thick coat, its keen senses, its horns that excretes excess salt; solid bones; and help the musk ox survive? a pointed tail.
COUGARS SHOW 1003 WOLVERINE SHOW 1007 Super sleuth Devil bear Long muscular legs, a flexible backbone, powerful Wolverines are members of the weasel family, which neck muscles, a long tail for balance, large eyes that includes otters, mink, and fishers. The Eskimo called illow as much light as possible to enter, and sharp the wolverine the "evil one"; early European settlers retractable claws make the cougar an effective in North America nicknamed it "glutton" or "devil predator. Cougars are at the top of the food chain. bear." Wolverines are able to travel far. In the winter, Their efficient hunting skills help keep the their large, wide feet become overgrown with frost- populations of other animals stable. free hair, making perfect "snowshoes." Studies have Observe a cat hunting for prey or playing with a toy. shown that males generally stay within a Look carefully at the tail, paws, head, ears, and legs. 164-mile radius, but from time What position do cats hold before pouncing on prey? to time, travel What do cats do to the prey after they have caught it? greater distances
'.;11,N; CARIBOU SHOW 1005 4 Antlers, antlers everywhere , Caribou are the only deer in which both males and females have antlers. Antlers are the fastest form of bone growth known. It is actual living tissue. The blood-rich covering on the antlers is called velvet. Velvet is the only regenerating skin found among mammals. If an antler is injured while growing, it will heal, but will grow back deformed. Every year when Look at a map that includes your home or school. a new antler is grown, the deformity is repeated. Why What could a wolverine come across if it hunted for do animals have antlers or horns? What happens to food within a 150-mile radius of your school or home? male and female antlers in the fall and winter?
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Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR 3M F.ducational materials developed with the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. EDUCATIONAL USE! 10.59 Innovation working for you- RHINOCEROS SHOW 1008 OSTRICH SHOW 1013 Hunted for its born Megabird The rhino has become the symbol of the plight of vanishing The ostrich is the largest living bird. The female, on alternate animals. Fewer than 11,500 are left in the world today, down days, can lay up to a dozen eggs. Each egg is six to nine inches from 73,000 in 1970. Despite its massive size, its thick "coat of long, five to six inches in diameter, and weighs up to 3.3 lbs. armor," and a horn up to four feet in length, it is defenseless from The shell is a quarter of an inch thick. It would take up to forty poachers and habitat destruction. Hunters often kill a rhino only minutes to hard boil an ostrich egg! However, as large as the eg for its horna prized possession in the Far East where one horn is, it's actually small in relation to the ostrich's could bring fifteen hundred dollars. The horn is considered by size. many to have medicinal value, and is also used for carving Complete the following math problem. If an jewelry and other objects. adult ostrich weighs 260 lbs and lays a 3.3 lb Learn about the people egg, what percent of the adult's weight is the who live in the African weight of the egg? Of the adult kiwi, who and Asian nations with weighs 3.75 lbs and lays a 1-lb egg? Of the rhino populations. Why adult hummingbird, who weighs .05 ounces would a village allow and lays a .01-oz egg? Which one lays the poaching? What benefits might there largest egg in proportion to its size? (A kiwi, a be? How might poaching be small relative of the ostrich, lays the largest egg stopped? What can you do to stop in proportion to its size. The egg is 25% of the poaching? weight of the adult bird. The hummingbird egg weighs about 20% of the adult's weight. The ostrich CONDORS SHOW 1009 egg weighs On the brink of extinction about 1% of the adult's The California condor is an American vulture. It is the largest weight ) living flying bird. Its body structure lacks the dash and strength of typical birds of prey. And, its beak is so weak, it is unable to tear flesh until it has partly rotted. This is one of the reasons it eats carrion. What other adaptations do tondors have for eating dead animals? Eating poison-contaminated carcasses, loss of habitat, and slow rate of reproduction have led to their rapid decline. Only with captive breeding has the condor survived. It costs about one million dollars annually to operate the condor- breeding project. Is this money well spent?
PIRANHAS SHOW 1010 Fang! Would you swim with piranhas? Children in South America do. Although doing this is rarely dangerous, the children know not to swim in a river when water levels are low and food is in short supply for the piranha. Natives of the Amazon Basin use piranhas in a variety of ways. They remove their teeth and jaws before cooking them for food; they use the fish in cultural rituals; and they make tools from the teeth. Design a tool that could use piranha teeth. RESOURCES: In North America, some people keep piranhas as pets, although Wildlife Conservation, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, NY 10460 ZooLife, Ingle Publishing Co., 11661 San Vicente Blvd., Suite 402, this is illegal in many of the United States. Predict what would Los Angeles, CA 90049 happen if a piranha were released into a body of water near your The Endangered Species Update, The School of Natural Resources, home. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115. E-ST COPY AVAILABLE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. ENCOURAGE Educational materials developed with the National Science DUPLICATION FOR 3NI Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. EDUCATIONAL USE! Innovation working for yi SCIENCE TRY ITS' Try these experiments and observe what happens. Then tty to guess why it happens. Compare your results to the results on the back of this page.
Now you can do Newton's Apple at home!
TRY IT!Oobleckh TRY IT!Density Stacker How? Mix one and one half cups of cornstarch with How? Pour one-third cup of syrup one cup of water in a bowl. Slowly dip your finger into a glass jar followed by into the gooey mixture; then try slapping it hard with one-third cup of cooking oil. your hand or a heavy spoon. What happens? Why? Then pour in one-third cup of water. Drop in a piece of plastic, followed by a grape, followed by a small cork. What happens? Why?
TRY IT! Fire Extinguisher TRY IT!Dancin' Raisins How? Place a short candle, a slightly taller candle, How? Fill a glass or bottle and a small dish or small glass filled half full with carbonated with baking soda in the bottom water. Drop three to four of a large bowl. Light both v-/ raisins into the water. candles. Then pour Wait. What happens? vinegar into the dish of Why? baking soda. Observe the foaming reaction. What happens to the candles? Why?
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Newton's Apple is a production of ETCA Twin Cities Public
Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. .WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR 3M Educational materials developed with the National Science 10.61 Teacher,: Association-Space. Science, and Technology Division. EDUCATIONAL USE! Innovation working for you- TRY IT! The Submariner TRY IT!Egg in a Bottle How? Fill a plastic bottle with water. Attach a small How? Drop three lit matches into a glass bottle that piece of clay on the arm of a plastic pen cap. Place has a narrow neck (an apple cider jug works well). the cap in the bottle so it floats and seal the bottle Quickly place a peeled, hard-boiled egg on the tightly. Squeeze the sides of the bottle. What mouth of the bottle. What happens? Why? happens? Why? .
The Science behind "SCIENCE TRY ITS"
What prevents the ooblekh from splattering? Why do the raisins bob to the surface? The molecules in ooblekh are very large compared to, for Carbonated water contains dissolved carbon dioxide gas that instance, molecules of water. When slapped quickly, they collects on the irregular surfaces on the raisins. Once enough entangle themselves preventing any splattering. In this way the gas has collected, it will actually lift the raisins to the surface mixture behaves more like a solid. where the gas is released into the air, causing the raisins to sink Why do the different liquids stack in layers? once again. The liquids have different densities. The most dense (syrup) will Why does the pen cap sink when you squeeze the sides o be at the bottom, the least dense (oil) will be at the top, with the the bottle? water in between. Each object will sink to the level of the liquid By squeezing the bottle, you increase the pressure inside, thus that has a greater density than the object. The object will then forcing more water up into the pen cap. The added water in thi float on that layer. cap increases its weight and causes the cap to sink. What extinguishes the candles? Why does the egg go into the bottle? When vinegar reacts with baking soda, carbon dioxide gas is The flames heat the air in the bottle. As the heated air expands, produced. This gas is heavier than air so it sinks to the bottom of some of it escapes out the bottle. When the matches go out, tht the bowl and slowly begins to fill up the bowl as though it were air inside the bottle cools and contracts, thus creating a lower water. When the level of carbon dioxide has risen to the level of pressure inside the bottle than outside. The greater pressure the flame, the flame will go out from lack of air. outside the bottle forces the egg into the bottle. 135
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 31.4. ..W;ENCOURAGE Educational materials developed with the National Science UPUCATION FOR 10.62 Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. EDUCATIONAL USTI Innovation working wirejel jit g i 4,01 ,,7, .1.------gi..a s'.---4-1:*%11..:los *IMO morit ' 011111 * WO 11104.1101111" i*ar4110reOlk IS Ow'. I wall i *WI 0 ."0"140,10,slow A yr-0i I,ommill,* ea risr,011. :41 00 sok Is 1yaw -- Iwoxi sl 1110. 11;14P.-"'w,r ,...... vi-ra 116.7 gm gel13: -1.N -"11114a 11 VolivIt.1260etee-1* -- ---low' ,, isdim le It woo SWI Now you can do tVilftrift, rawAB* ft S IILLI,V40, Tit is, sallo",,,!:w0.1 re 101 OILViosaffROA Newton's Apple Or41111""" +et/ 1160 it I, 111-....imei1. MI . Pt Ifi 'Is. Ivo°%Igo 1.1i of home! -a'. f N 11vi.... so -w ow0 AImrsti mil, vol .6.---art NIAr" Is -'1111/0"-^11 MOW stlibe,..'...s,, li, 1,.....0850,'0 U. 6: /&00010111misspall.' 10011.1111.00110Alin I ;"--- Ai100;100.1111.01000 TM %wig dimovolissosies "a° re1010.- HOW MUCH DUST DOES AN AVERAGE HOME COLLECT IN A YEAR? A. 3 pounds B. 10 pounds WHY DON'T C. 40 pounds SLEEPING BIRDS D. 127 pounds FALL OFF THEIR PERCHES? A. They have a good sense of balance. B. They have special brains. HOW MANY VOLTS CAN AN ELECTRIC -. Clenching the branch is a relaxed state. EEL DISH OUT? D. They have a drill-like appendage that anchors A. 20 volts them to the perch. B. 120 volts C. 650 volts D. no volts, they WHAT IS THE FASTEST ANIMAL produce watts ON EARTH? A. the gazelle B. the cheetah HOW MANY MUSCLES DO WE USE C. the zebra WHEN WE D. the porpoise STAND? A. 4 B. 2 C. none, it's so easy WHAT MAKES A JUMPING BEAN JUMP? D. 300 A. a tiny creature in the bean B. little legslittle, tiny legs C. the soul of the bean D. something like popcorn
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Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. W;E ENCOURAGE 4 DUPUCATION FOR I U.03 3M Fducational materials developed with the Nati6nal Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science. and Technology Division. EDUCATIONAL USE! Innovation working for you- Sleeping Birds? tfr-X-V:14 Int.'zeta For birds, clenching is a relaxed position. They have flexor :11, Igt1%7 tendons in their talons that respond to the pressure of a branc by automatically gripping. Unlike birds, humans would have tatqirNesar to' continuously concentrate on flexing their muscles in order to hang on, and it just doesn't seem worth it to sleep on a stici A Tm Fastest Animal? The cheetah can catch both the gazelle and the zebra. The sure-footed cheetah is able to achieve an incredible 60 miles per hour, accelerating at the rate of a sports car. However, it cannot maintain that speed for long. It's simply too fast to last Jumping Bean? Inside each bean is a tiny moth larva. The bean, which is real a seed from a weed originally found in Mexico, is a temporary home to the moth larva. Warmth stimulates the larva to jump and jiggle. It's great at parties, a real crowd pleaser. Dust? The average home collects about 40 pounds of dust per year. The dust material is composed of many kinds of solids carried in the air. Although it's annoying in the home, dust particles do help raindrops to fall and contribute to the beautiful colors seen at twilightsomething to think about when you're dustin for the hundredth time. Electric Eel? This six-foot-long South American beast can deliver up to 650 volts and can stun a horse at 20 feet. Yes, it cameas a shock to us, too. Muscles? We use an incredible 300 muscles in the simple act of standirq And we have more than twice that many (639 muscles have been named) in our entire body. Furthermore, there aremorc than six billion muscle cells, each thinner than a human hair but capable of supporting a thousand times its own weighttruly pumped up! 137 BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. ENCOURAGE 1 0.64 Educational materials developed with the National Science DUPLICATION FOR 311 Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. EDUCATIONAL USE! Innovation working for TRANSPARENCY MASTER
Show 1001 How TV Works
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RUSSIA Hints: Make a copy of the original. Use a thennofax or a copier to make the transparency. 10.65 3M Add color with a marker, color film, etc. Innovation working for you- TRANSPARENCY MASTER
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139 More Hints: Use a unique pointer to draw attention. Direct the audiences's attention by turning the projector on and off. 10.66 31V1 Use a piece of paper to hide what's to come. Innovation working for yi 4-() CELEBRATE WITH US AT HOME ! lek
4#. Join our celebration of Newton's Apple's 10th anniversary by tuning in at home! This take-home page is a guide to the major segments explored in our 10th Anniversary Season and our special animal row segments.* You and your family will enjoy learning about science through Newton's Apple's unique and entertaining style. In addition to the segments listed below, you'll also see our short features, like Peggy "On the Spot," "Science of the Rich and Famous," "Street Smart," and "Science Try Its" simple yet surprising experiments you can do at home and much, much more!
SHOW 1001 SHOW 1003 Behind-the-Scenes Election Polls and Surveys Anniversary Special Electric Car *How TV Works Cougar Newton's Apple Studio Tour Control Room/Editing SHOW 1004 Satellite Technology Monster Makeup Ozone SHOW 1002 Hollywood Stunts SHOW 1005 Household Chemistry Oil Spills Musk Ox Diet and Nutrition Caribou
Continued on next page...
* Please check with your local PBS station for exact airdate and time. If season ten of Newton's Apple doesn't appear in the fall 1992 schedule of your local PBS station, call them to find out when they plan to run it. If you call to ask for a particular show, refer to it by the show number listed above (i.e., #1001 for "Behind-the-Scenes Anniversary Special").
We've also listed some fun TRY THIS... and interesting activities How TV Works Show 1001 based on the segments that Television flashes a series of images so fast that your eye sees them as you can do at home with one moving image. Make a flickerbook to help understand this idea. your family and friends. Take a small pad of paper stapled together at one end. Draw a series Have funl of simple images, such as a seed growing. Working from the last page to the first, draw the images with incremental differences. When done, flip through your book from the last page to the first.
Newton s Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public1 4 0 Television Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Fducational matenals developed with the National Science Teachers Association-Space, Science, and Technology Division. Innovalion working for you- CELEBRATE WITH US AT HOME
Continued from previous page... SHOW 1006 Blood Typing Antarctic Special Show 1012 The Journey to the You can get an idea of how blood is separated into its various components by using centrifugal force to separate chocolate milk. Try CEDEMEMMEM Antarctic relate the different components of chocolate milk to the different Glass Recycling components of blood. Use powdered chocolate milk mix to make aboi Show 1007 Penguins a cup of chocolate milk. Punch or drill two holes on either side of a Develop a glass Palmer Station clean, plastic, one-liter soda bottle about two inches down from the toi recycling project for Krill and pass a wire or rope through the holes; securely tie the ends of the your home. Discuss wire or rope together. Pour about half of the freshly-made chocolate what procedures need Seals milk into the bottle. Tighten the cap on the bottle and swing the bottle to be established, what around (in an area clear of people!) by the rope for 30 seconds. After products you want to spinning, compare the chocolate milk in the bottle to the reserved recycle, how they will SHOW 1007 mixture. be collected and recycled, and how the AIDS project will be Glass Recycling organized. Determine what your community Wolverine already does for SHOW 1012 CIEMEM:111.1 recycling. Start a new Locks and Dams Galaxy Mapping community project or SHOW 1008 Blood Typing Show 1013 add to the existing one. Cockroaches Find a book that Penguin describes the common Broken Bones constellations. Try to Rhinoceros find them in the night SHOW 1013 sky. Consider how the Diabetes patterns of stars refleci SHOW 1009 the mythological name Galaxy Mapping given to them. OMNIMAX° Technology Ostrich Archery COMEMEEMIE Air Pressure Condor Show 1010 Fill up a plastic tumbler with water and place a SHOW 1010 plastic coffee-can lid Aurora Borealis over the top. Holding the lid on tightly with Air Pressure 1111711131MIMIIMI11111111 your fingers, invert the Piranha Aurora Borealis tumbler and then let go Show 1010 of the lid while holding Invite your friends to a "northern lights' pariy. Give each person a on to the bottom of the SHOW 1011 pack of wintergreen flavored round candies. (Do not use the sugar-fre glass. (Do this over a kind.) Go into a very dark room or outside at night. Ask each person sink or dish pan!) Traffic Control bite down on two or three pieces of candy. (Keep your mouth open as Observe what happens Cryogenics much as possible during this experiment.) Does the candy appear to and repeat the sparkle and glitter as you bite down on it? Stress in sugar crystals experiment with creates an electric field! These fields are taking outer electrons from different-size glasses. molecules, recombining them with electrons, and giving off light. Wha How can you explain colors can you see? Does having braces on your teeth make a the results? difference in the result? 11 ,,411fE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a pmdurtion of KTCA Twin Cities Public BEST COPY AVAILABLE DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made pmsible by a grant from 3M. al EDUCATIONAL USE! Educutional material,: developed with the National Science Teachers AssociationSpace, Science, and Technology Division. 10.68 Innovation working for] 3M AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
For over 40 years, scientists and engineers at 3M have organized technical employees in volunteer outreach programs to encourage students at elementary, junior, and senior high levels to consider careers in science and engineering. The 3M Technical Teams Encouraging Career Horizons (TECH) program provides opportunities for students to meet and interact with 3M scientists and engineers. Volunteer 3M technical employees visit the classrooms carrying the message to students that significant career opportunities await them if they keep their options open by studying math and science. The 3M Visiting Wizards program involves 3M employee volunteers who visit schools with demonstrations designed to create an interest in science. Wizard classroom activities are creative, fun, hands-on approaches to 4. science education. For more information on TECH and Visiting Wizards contact 3M at (612) 733-9258. 41111
1 2 10.69 Innovation working for you- Writing Team Lee Carey, Editor Elizabeth Frick, Ph.D., Educational Systems, MN Bonnie J. McClain, Mt. Pleasant Township Community School Corp., IN Pamela O'Brien, Minnesota Zoo, AN David P. Parisian, Oswego City School District, NY Sidney Sirkoff, Ph.D., California State University-Dominguez Hills, CA Caren Barzelay Stelson, Caren B. Stelson Associates, MN Stephen M. Tomecek, Science Plus Inc., NY National Science Teachers Association Bill G. Aldridge, Executive Director Helenmarie Hofman, PhD., Project Director Stephanie Greene, Project Assistant Content Review Panel David Almgren, Q-Menics, MA Jane M. Benesch, Educational Consultant, MD David Brandt, National Space Society, DC Neal B. Brown, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, AK Shirlee S. Cavaliere, Biologist and Gettysburg High School, PA Eric Flescher, Children's Museum of Kansas City and Univ. of Kansas, KS Melody Hall, Middle School Educator, GA John R Kalloz, M.D., Gettysburg Internal Medicine Associates, Inc., PA Stephen P. Maran, PhD., American Astronomical Society, MD Martha G. McLaren, Gettysburg Junior High School, PA Magdalena Mondejar M.D., Gettysburg Hospital, PA John Poainger, Ph.D, Univ. of Alabama in Huntsville, AL Marvin Russell, PhD., Univ. of Kentucky, KY Tracy Schoolcraft, PhD., Gettysburg College. PA Stephen M. Tomecek, Science Plus Inc., NY Maxine C. Willis, Gettysburg Area Senior High School, PA Paul J. Zeshonski, M.D., PA Advisory Board Council of State Science Supervisors International Technology Educators Association National Council of Teachers of Mathematics National Middle School Association National Science Teachers Association National Association of Elementary School Principals
3M Dick Hanson Barbara Kaufrnann Bruce Gengnagel Vic Giding Dave Ginkel 3M/Newton'sApple Education Committee Gene Steele, Chair Bob Barton John Huizinga Harvey Berwin Mary Hurlocker Sue Butzer Patty Konsti Yvonne Cadwallader Gary Kwong Mary Chilinski Walt Lager FeggY Dingman Judy Parker
KTCA/Newton's Apple David Heil, Host Peggy Knapp, Field Reporter Nancy Gibson, Naturalist Richard Hudson, Executive Producer Kathryn Scott, Series Producer Leslie Kratz, Segment Producer Kristian Berg, Scgment Producer Dan Fiorocci, Segment Producer Kathy Kraemer, Associate Producer . Gary Leathemian, Associate Producer Jeff Nielsen, Associate Producer Amy Kenefick, Production Assistant Meighan Maloney, Production Office Coordinator Leola Daniels, Researcher Sandy Schonning, ProduCtion Manager Lynae Berge, Promotion and Outreach Coordinator Chris Velasco, Outreach Assistant Georgia Gould, Director of National Promotion, KTCA KTCA/Design Group 113 Bob Hoffinann, Design Director Tom Fisher, Designer John Thompson, Illustrator/Apple Engraving Corbel Gauthier, Illustrator/Newton's Apple 10th Anniversary Poster Bill Dobbs, Illustrator/Educator's Guide Lesson Pages 3M Innovation working for yoir .7° 011's FA Mk
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FREE EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS
The 11 th Season of Educational materials developed with the Newton's Apple National Science Teachers Association. Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Premieres October 1993 Twin Cities Public Television on PBS Saint Paul/Minneapolis and is made possible by a grant from 3M. 144 3M Innovation Educators: discoveni Dear astonishing an thanfactsit's Appleprovides is more Science such apleasure Newton'sstudents: hy it's for Many That's w national- andfun. program have exciting thetelevisionfor theseries tosponsor materials hopethey for 3Ivi use.Ve companion thefascina- Dear Teachers: ly. These forclassroornstudents beendesig,necl with your theiroutlooks help youexplorethat canenrich The National Science Teachers Association is science tionwith proud to serve in partnership with 3M and KTCA- and theirfutures. TV, Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Newton's App/enow in its llth seasoncontinues to attract learners of all ages. The hands-on activities in the Newton's Apple classroom packets provide the teacher with high-quality, stimulating science materials to moti- vate students to observe and question the world around them.
NSTA and Newton's Apple are dedicated to the stu- dent, the teacher, and scientific inquiry. It is a pleasure to participate in this project.
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These educational materials were printed on recycled paper. IN 41 SUGGESTIONS ON USING THIS PACKET Welcome to the Newton's Apple Educational Materials packet! These materials were developed to help you use the 11th season of Newton's Apple in your classroom.
FIRSTafter admiring our new poster, of courseturn it over to find a list of all the PBS stations in the U.S. The 11th season of Newton's Apple will be airing on most PBS stations beginning in October 1993. If you don't find it listed in your local TV guide or PBS viewer's guide, use this list to contact your PBS station to find out when it will be airing in your area. Be sure to let them know that you use Newton's Apple in your classroom!
SECONDwe've provided 13 Newton's Apple VHS tape labelsone for each show in the 11th season. Newton's Apple offers three-year off-air record rights for educational pulposes. These tape labels will help remind you to tape Newton's Apple (or assign one of your students to tape it!) and assist you in keeping a library of shows for your classroom.
NOW, TAKE A LOOK AT THE REST OF THE PACKET...
Immediately following this page quick overview of the science Four special pages follow the you will find four mail-in reply concepts in each lesson. lesson pages: cards. Please fill out and return a 1. A feature on the Twenty-six lesson pages on the card so you'll continue to receive interesting animals major topics explored in the 11th the materials for future seasons. in the 11th season; season follow the grid. Each Share the remaining cards with 2.Hands-on "Science Try Its" lesson includes your colleagues. experiments; INSIGHTSabout the topics, 3.A "Street Next, you will find an index to theCONNECTIONSto encourage Smart" quiz;vrirfai 11th season lesson pages (with a classroom discussion, 4. A .1,1w11 guide to three seasons of reruns onRESOURCESand transparency the back). VOCABULARY.Lessons aLso master of several include aMAIN ACTIVITYand The next page is an "at-a-glance" illustrations from the lesson pages. severalTRY THISactivities cuniculum grid which gives you a related to each topic.
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. rpPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with UCAT1ONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11 '3 3M Innovation MEET THE NEWTON'S APPLE TEAM: Host David Heil, Field Reporter Peggy Knapp, and Naturalist Nancy Gthson are pictured here in our brand new studio, a giant brick warehouse where no question is too big or too small for Newton's Apple to handle!
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DAVID HEILreturns for NANCY GIBSON his sixth season as host of (left) has been Newton's Newton's Apple. An avid 1".1 Apple's resident naturalist outdoorsman and naturalist, -a(rir since the series' inception ir David brings to the series an 1982. Her interest in and; adventurous spirit to match dedication to wildlife and his rich background in the 77." the environment, however, professional fields of science go far beyond her duties on and education. Formally the show. trained in biology, chemistry, mathematics, and Since 1987, Nancy has physics, David has worked as a freelance conducted both laboratory public relations consultant and field research and has taught science PEGGY KNAPP(center) is now in for environmental causes. Prior to 1987, to learners of all ages. He is recognized her eighth season as field reporter for Nancy was the public relations manager nationally as a creative conference Newton's Apple. Peggy has diverse at the Minnesota Zoological Gardens. planner and presenter, as well as a experience in television. In January 1991, published author and public speaker on during the Persian Gulf crisis, Peggy Nancy's love for animals started when popular science and the joy of learning. hosted Kids Ask About War, a national she was growing up in rural Ohio. As a award-winning PBS special examining child, she brought home all kinds of A native to the Northwest, David grew up children's fears and concerns about the animals, from foxes and raccoons to in a small town with a city park that was war. She is also a reporter/producer for snakes and skunks. In a way, she has perfect for a curious kid with a bent for Network Earth for Turner Broadcasting been able to continue this practiceby exploration. Since his youth, he has System. bringing many unique and wonderful continued to regard the natural and animals into viewers' homes and technological worlds we live in as a rich Peggy was born and raised in explaining how these animals are an resource for learning, inviting millions of Washington state and became interested important part of the world around us. viewers each week to join him in his in acting as a child. She attended favorite pastime of playful exploration. Evergreen State College, majoring in theater, and developed her In addition to hosting Newton's Apple, improvisational skills at the Brave New David is the associate director of the Workshop in Minneapolis. Peggy's Oregon Museum of Science and Industry ebullience, wit, and inquisitive mind in Portland. communicate science in a way everyone can understand. 1.
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public .WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11.43M Innovatior (e; INDEX TO THE 1 1TH 431 SEASON LESSON PAGES Below is an index to the 26 lesson pages included in this guide. We've organized the lessons according to the show number in which the corresponding Newton's Apple segment appears. Just look in the upper right hand corner of each lesson page for the Newton's Apple show number (e.g., #1101, #1102, etc.). (HINT: If you want to fmd out when your local PBS station is airing a particular Newton's Apple episode, just ask for its show number.) Also included in the right hand corner is an approximation of each segment's running time. On the back of this page you will find a guide to the past three seasons of Newton's Apple. These episodes may be re-broadcast on your local PBS station throughout the year. We hope you will continue to use them in your classroom.
REMEMBER... Show 1101 Show 1106 Show 1111 If you have any Rock Climbing Windsurfing The Bends questions about when Newton's Taste and Smell Permafrost Compact Discs Apple airs in your area, just check Show 1102 Show 1107 Show 1112 your local TV schedule or PBS Emergency Rescue Spotted Owls/Old Garbage viewers' guide. Black Holes Growth Forests Infrared Light You can also call Carpal Tunnel or write your local PBS station and Show 1103 Show 1113 ask. Check the Memory Show 1108 Mt. Rushmore back of the poster included in this In vitro Fertilization Archeology Virtual Reality packet for a quick Mazes reference guide toShow 1104 the PBS stations across the Newspaper Show 1109 country. Bomb Squad Firefighting Dairy Farm Show 1105 Jumbo Jets Show 1110 : Meteors Bison Roundup Heart Attack
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public ..W;E ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPUCATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! 115 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 800 SEGMENT INDEX SHOW 801 SHOW 803 SHOW 806 SHOW 809 SHOW 812 Cartoons Everglades Blood Desert Animals Violins Skateboards Tomorrow's World Physics Circus Judo Voyager Yo Yos Recycling Chat Fax Machine Salt & Ice Rube Goldberg Turtles Field Trip Pronghorn Pigs Contest Kinkajou SHOW 802 SHOW 804 SHOW 807 SHOW 810 Juggling Demolition Derby Helicopter Hydro Power SHOW 813 Greenwich Mean Stress Newton Whitewater Rafting Glaciers Time Topology Chat Koalas Mold Termites Echoes Eagles Weather Proverbs Alligators Flies SHOW 808 SHOW 805 Dyes SHOW 811 Kidney Transplants Pool & Billiards Wildlife Census Music & Emotion Cheerios in Milk Eggs Swans Cheetahs Inventor's Fair Stone Crabs
NEWTON'S APPLE SEASON 900 SEGMENTINDEX SHOW 901 SHOW 903 SHOW 906 SHOW 908 SHOW 911 Olympic Sports Murder Mystery Dinosaur Special Tears Medical Quackerie, Science Special Ted Nugent Mapping the Dig Slinky Physics Microwave Ovens Physiology Bats Site Camels Dollar Changer Biomechanics Dating the Bones Barcodes Golden Eagles Luge SHOW 904 Assembling a Aspirin Psychology Cancer Causes Diplodocus SHOW 912 Frisbee Physics SHOW 909 Telecommunicatioi SHOW 902 Computer Virus SHOW 907 Soviet Space Solar Eclipse Solar Cars Potato Chip Domed Stadium Sky Blue Blimp Steroids Photosynthesis Inventor's Fair Bear Cubs Amazing Kreskin SHOW 905 Polarized Sunglasses Llamas Miniature Horses Sewers Amusement Park SHOW 913 Foot Asleep Cancer Treatments SHOW 910 Hip Replacement Dick Cavett Acid Rain Airbags Porcupines High Jump Paper Cuts Potholes Potbelly Pigs Goats
NEWTON'S APPLESEASON 1000 SEGMENT INDEX SHOW 1001 SHOW 1003 SHOW 1006 SHOW 1008 SHOW 1011 Behind the Scenes Election Polls and Antarctic Special Cockroaches Traffic Control Special Surveys Journey Broken Bones Cryogenics How TV Works Electric Cars Penguins Dentist Chair Static Electricity Ch: Studio Tour Ceramics Chat Palmer Station Rhinoceros .Russian Kids Control Cougar Krill Room/Editing Seals SHOW 1009 SHOW 1012 Satellite SHOW 1004 Omnimax Locks and Dams Technology Monster Makeup SHOW 1007 Technology Blood Typing Ozone AIDS Archery Moles Chat SHOW 1002 Car Mirror Glass Recycling Lightbulb Chat Penguin Hollywood Stunts Artificial Sweeteners Cement On The Spot Condor Household Science Challenge SHOW 1013 Chemistry SHOW 1005 Wolverine SHOW 1010 Diabetes Coffee/Cream Oil Spills Aurora Borealis Galaxy Mapping Musk Ox Diet and Nutrition Air Pressure Dweezil Zappa Crystal Gayle Albert Gore Ostrich Caribou Piranha
1 10 Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11 .6 3M Innovatio FAMIL
,(s AN "AT-A-GLANCE" SCIENCE SUBJECT INDEX 44 Following is an at-a-glance index of the science discipliries dealt with in the Newton's Apple lesson pages. The index incorporates the National Science °MS Teachers Association's Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary School Science model. We've listed some extended applications as well.
4 4 4. 0 00 0 0** 46 u+ ADDITIONAL SEGMENT 4 467 APPLICATIONS
Rock Climbing 0 Physical Education
Taste and Smell Home Economics
Emergency Rescue Health
Black Holes Astronomy
Memory Psychology
In vitro Health Fertilization 1 Psychology Newspaper I Journalism Bomb Squad I Social Studies Jumbo Jets 40 Aviation Meteors ii Astronomy Windsurfing Physical Education 110 11 Permafrost I I Geology Spotted Owl/ Ecology Old Growth Economics Forests 1 i
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11 3M Innovation AN "AT-A-GLANCE" SCIENCE SUBJECT INDEX
4 4 4 00 00 444 e#4, 4 trit 44' ADDITIONAL SEGMENT IF 44t, APPLICATION! lk, Carpal Tunnel le Health
Archeology History Ecology Computer Science Engineering
Mazes Logic
Firefighting Safety
th, Dairy Farm 111 Agriculture
Bison History Roundup Ecology
Heart Attack Health
The Bends i Physical Education
lh, Compact Discs IP Music li, Garbage Ecology
II, Infrared Light IP Safety
Mt. Rushmore Engineering History Geology Computer Science
lk, Virtual Reality IP Computer Science
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public .40;1 ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USEI the National Science Teachers Association. 11.83M Innovatiot SHOW HUMBER os'S FAM/L), ROCK CLIMBING How can the human body stick to a sheer cliff?
What techniques do climbers use to help them get up a cliff face? What forces are at work in rock climbing? David travels to Oregon to learn about the physics and biomechanics of rock climbing.
Segment Length 8:36
RESOURCES INSIGHTS the cracks in the rock. The rope pull down on handholds and is clipped into the protection. push up on footholds to Bankson, R. (1992, June) Although rock climbing does The second climber belays the advance up the rock. By Pushing the limit. National not draw large crowds, it claims Geographic World, pp. 2-7. lead climber. keeping their weight balanced an annual growth rate of 50%, over their feet, the climbers Biomechanics are crucial to Loughman, M. (1981) Learning with women accounting for remain stable. In "stemming," climbing. Bones, joints, and to rock climb. San Francisco: one-quarter of all climbers. climbers push their legs outward Sierra Club Books. Before beginning, however, muscles combine to provide wedges and leversall the against the two opposing rock climbers should get professional faces. Their outward push forces Potterfield, P. (1991, Jan) simple tools necessary to make instruction so they understand their shoes into the walls and Trapped on Chimney Rock. it to the top. The most Reader's agest, pp. 169-204. how to use ropes to protect the shoes generate an upward sophisticated climbing "gadget" themselves against the forces of frictional force which opposes Robbins, R. (1985) Advanced is the human hand. Hand jams gravity. gravity and allows the climbers rockcrafi and basic rockcraft. allow climbers to grab holds in to ascend. Glendale, CA: La Siesta. Climbers choose nylon ropes seemingly impossible places. because they stretch and absorb Silva, R. (Ed.) (1992) Leading Climbers also manipulate their Climbing is basically applied out: Women climbers reaching the shock of a fall. Good center of mass by working their physics. Grace, rhythm, balance, for the top. Seattle: Seal Press. climbing ropes will stretch to bodies away from the rock face. concentration, and flexibility double their original length This puts more force onto their count more than strength. Walker, J. (1989, June) The before breaking and have a feet. High-tech climbing shoes Although incorrect techniques, mechanics of rock climbing, or breaking strength of over three surviving the ultimate physics make good use of that force. bad weather, and misuse of exam. Scienfific American, pp. tons of force. Ropes are used in Their rubber soles conform to equipment can produce some 118-121. two ways. In "top roping" (the the surface of the rock and dangerous situations, climbing is safest method), climbers fix create enough friction (or a safe sport when proper Additional sources of webbing to an immovable information stickiness) to hold on to steep procedures are followed. American Mountain Guides object at the top of a cliff angles. Association usually a tree or a rock. They CONNECTIONS Climbing techniques put a PO Box 2128 attach the webbing to a 1. Name other sports that utilize variety of forces to work. In Estes Park, CO 80517 carabiner. Then they pass a friction. (303) 586-0571 "face climbing," the most rope through the carabiner, 2. Explore other techniques that common technique, climbers American Sports Climbers letting the two ends dangle climbers use. Federation (ASCF) down the side of the cliff. One 125 W. 96th St., #1D end is tied to the climber. The VOCABULARY New York, NY 10025 other is tied to and held by a belay to secure a climber's rope so that a large amount of friction is (212) 865-4383 person at the bottom, who produced to stop a fall. Also refers to the method or device used to Climbing magazine keeps the rope taut to stop a fall.secure the rope. PO Box 339 carabiner an aluminum alloy ring with a snap-link gate that Sometimes top roping is 502 Main St. permits insertion of the climbing rope. Used mainly to attach rope to impossible because the climb is Carbondale, CO 81623 anchors. (303) 963-9449 longer than one-half a rope center of mass the single point associated with a body where all length or because the climbers its mass can be considered to be concentrated Outward Bound USA don't have access to the top of 384 Field Pt. Road gravity the force that every mass (such as the earth) exerts on every Greenwich, CT 06830 the cliff to fix the webbing. In other mass (such as a person) (203) 661-0797 that case, someone must "lead protection device or anchor into which a climbing rope is clipped climb" and place protection in (e.g., wired stoppers for small cracks, cams for biooer cracks)
..4e;E ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 152 DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 11 '9 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBEI s PAW( 4').. 1101 Ilp ItrTHE FORCE THAT BINDS 0114 itCreate some friction by moving one object against another.
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CIIINEJEEMI MAIN ACTIVITY 5. Place the sole of one of the gym shoes in water and then try to pull CFCENEMINE Climbers climb on Friction is the force that causes Climbers are constantly different types of rock: each shoe across the inclined board. resistance when we try to slide one How does the water affect the exposed to the elements quartzite, limestone, and must devise their surface over another. Friction helps us movement? sandstone, granite. How walk, run, and jump. Without it, a own protection. What do these rock formations does this involve? Focus differ? How might that climber would have a very difficult Questions time going up a steep slope. on different types of affect climbing 1. Look at the soles of several types of adaptation, such as techniques? Find some Materials gym shoes. What sort of friction clothing, bedding, and exposed bedrock near a few bricks devices have been built in? sun protection. your house. Examine the a board or piece of plywood 2. Friction creates heat. A rope running rocks and holes. two sheets of sandpaper of different through the hands of a climber creates grade heat. What other examples can you blocks of wood think of where friction creates heat? gym shoes 1. Pull a brick across the board three 411:1XEMEM 41.11=1311= times, turning the brick each time to Some mountaineering or To help you understand a use a different face. Is the friction the outdoor stores have rock belay, wrap a medium same for each face? walls and many cities or acquiring rock gyms. thick rope (over 1/4" 2. Now put one brick on top of thick) two times around a Find out whether there another and pull them both across the are any climbing areas flagpole and have a one- board. What happens? When you pull way tug of war. One near you and take a fiek the two bricks, you will need to exert person should try to pull trip to learn more about the rope with both hands twice the effort you needed to pull rock climbing principles. while the other person one brick. Try this with wooden holds the rope with one blocks or other materials. You'll find finger. The friction of the that the ratio of friction to load is the cord wrapped around same for identical bodies. It varies, the flagpole acts as a depending on the mass and the belay. The belay surface characteristics of the material. CB:MEM= increases the force The human hand is our 3. Place an object on the board and prime manipulative tool. exerted by one finger so raise one end of the board. Eventually much that the person It has an opposable pulling on the rope with the object will slide off the board. The thumb, which gives us a both hands is unlikely to higher you can raise the board before great deal of dexterity. be able to pull much rope the object slides off it, the greater the Think of the ways you at all. This is how a friction force is between the object use your hands as tools. belayer can counteract and the board. Tape one of your thumbs the large forces to the side of your hand 4. Glue sandpaper to a board. Place to immobilize it. You'll generated in a rock shoes and other objects on the climbing fall. soon understand why tho sandpaper. Raise one end of the thumb makes your hand board and notice how such an effective tool. high you can raise it before the shoes slide off the board. The higher you can raise the board, the greater the friction. Find out whose shoes have the highest friction.
13 .WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION MR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11.10 the National Science Teachers Association. 3m Innovatiot SHOW NUMBER 04'sFAMIL)-sc, TASTE AND SMELL Why does food seem tasteless when you have a cold?
How do we perceive tastes and smells? How are taste and smell connected to communication? Peggy and David seek out a connection between our senses of taste and smell.
Segment Length -7:35
RESOURCES INSIGHTS Although a blind rat might can no longer dissolve the survive, a rat without its sense molecules. Alvin, V., & Silverstein, R. (1992) Have you ever wondered why of smell can't mate or find food. Smell, the subtle sense. New Animals depend on odors food loses its flavor when you For humans, the sense of smell York: William Morrow & have a cold? It's not your taste secreted from their bodies to Company. communicates many of the buds' fault. Blame your stuffed- pleasures in lifethe aroma of communicate. For humans, Ardley, N. (1992) The science odors communicate a variety of up nose. Seventy to seventy- a pot roast in the oven, fresh- book of the senses. San Diego: messages, depending on the five percent of what we cut hay, a rose garden. Smells Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. odor and the person receiving perceive as taste actually comes can also signal danger, fear, or Gibbons, B. (1986, Sept) The from our sense of smell. Taste it. The aroma of a baking apple intimate sense of smell. National dread. pie sends one message when Geographic, pp. 324-360. buds allow us to perceive only bitter, salty, sweet, and sour Although our sense of smell is someone is hungry and quite Additional sources of flavors. It's the odor molecules our most primal, it is also very another when that person has information from food that give us most of complex. To identify the smell just finished a six-course meal! Chemical Sources Association our taste sensation. of a rose, the brain analyzes 1620 First St. NW, Suite 925 over 300 odor molecules. The CONNECTIONS Washington, DC 20006 When you put food in your (202) 293-5800 average person can 1. You cannot smell food very mouth, odor molecules from discriminate between 4,000 to well when you have a cold, but Fragrance Foundation that food travel through the 10,000 different odor why is taste bland or even 145 E. 32nd St. passage between your nose New York, NY 10016 molecules. Much is unknown absent? (212) 725-2755 and mouth to olfactory receptor about exactly how we detect 2. Think of some smells you (request publication: Living well cells at the top of your nasal and discriminate between like. When might those smells with your sense of smell) cavity, just beneath the brain various odors. But researchers be unpleasant to you? Monett Chemical Senses Center and behind the bridge of the have discovered that an odor 3. Have you ever smelled 3500 Market St. nose. If mucus in your nasal can only be detected in liquid natural gas? Why do you think Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308 passages becomes too thick, air form. We breathe in airborne gas utility companies give it an (215) 898-4236 and odor molecules can't reach molecules that travel to and unpleasant odor? National Geographic EducatiOnal your olfactory receptor cells. combine with receptors in nasal4. In what ways are odors like Services Thus, your brain receives no cells. The cilia, hairlike language? PO Box 98019 signal identifying the odor, and Washington, DC 20090 receptors that extend from cells (800) 368-2728 everything you eat tastes much inside the nose, are covered (videotapes from the 1982 Human the same. You can feel the with a thin, clear mucus that Senses series: A Matter ofTaste, texture and temperature of the dissolves odor molecules not #51124, and On the Nose, food, but no messengers can #51161) already in vapor form. When tell your brain, "This cool, the mucus becomes too thick, it Community resources milky substance is chocolate ice Physician specializing in ear, cream." The odor molecules VOCABULARY nose, & throat remain trapped in your mouth. The pathway has been blocked molecule the smallest particle into which a substance can be Psychologist or psychotherapist divided without chemical change who practices aroma therapy off to those powerful perceivers of smellthe olfactory bulbs. nasal passages pathways between the nose and mouth which carry odor molecules to olfactory cells Of all our senses, smell is our odor molecules comprise specific smells; stimulate smell receptors most primal. Animals need the olfactory pertaining to or contributing to the sense of smell sense of smell to survive. receptor a nerve ending that senses or receives stimuli
,WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public r DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. IL EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 3.4 the National Science Teachers Association. 1 1 .1 1 3M Innovation SNOW NUMBEI FAMIty ,s,e4s 4,>. Ilk ..s., , 4% 11 01 f 14 e WHERE'S THE FLAVOR? W14 Challenge your taste buds and nose to a flavor competition. 4044 NIS ts*
11MMESHIN MAIN ACTIVITY 5. Smell Test: Choose one of the 11=11=1 Recapture a "smell" "smell" sample bags. Have testers Test your classmates' senses of taste close their eyes, open the bag, and Animals and insects use memory. Put a number of and smell to find out which sends the smells to send messages different, fragrant items inhale the aroma for 10 seconds. clearest message to the brain. Cats and dogs, for in separate paper Remove the bag and close the top example, put their own bagsa pine bough, Materials tightly. Have your testers record the personal smell stamp on broken cinnamon sticks, 6 small paper bags flavor of the sample on the data table. objects to communicate mothballs, a cloth . 6 small scoops of mini jelly beans in Make sure each of them repeats this the message "no sprinkled with baby three different flavors (lemon, grape, procedure for the other two samples. trespassing." Ants lay powder, lemons. Sniff cherry) down odor trails to marl each bag until one brings 6.Smell and Taste Test: Use the "taste" marking pen bags again. Repeat the procedure as in the pathway to food. Thi a strong memory to monarch butterfly and 1. With the marking pen, identify the step # 4, "Taste Test," but do not have mind. Write about this ladybug produce odors memory. bags as either taste or smell bags. Write your testers hold their noses shut. Be sure, however, that they have their that say, "I don't taste a "taste #1," "taste #2," and "taste # 3" on good as I look." three of the sacks and "smell #1," "smell eyes closed. Ask them to record their Research an animal by #2," and "smell #3" on the other three guesses in the appropriate column on reading and thinking 411IMMEHEIN sacks. their data table. about how it uses smell Create a survey to 2.Divide jelly beans among the bags so Questions to communicate. identify the favorite 1. Which sense, taste or smell, smells and tastes of your that you have a "taste" bag and a identified the correct flavor most often? friends. Condud your "smell" bag for each of the three flavors. 2. survey and display the Taste #1 and smell #1 jelly beans should How were the "taste" messages your results on a graph. be the same, taste #2 and smell #2 brain received different from the Which smells and tastes should be the same, and so on. Crush a "smell" messages? were most popular? few of the "smell" jelly beans so the 3. How do you think candy makers Now place your results in odor molecules can escape into the simulate fruit flavors? a Venn diagram. Do you bag. Close the bags by folding down 4. Why do you taste more flavor when see any overlap between the top. you chew a jelly bean than when you favorite smells and suck on it? 3. Before Testing: Choose three of your favorite tastes? 5. If you took the Smell and Taste Test classmates as testers and give them with your eyes open, do you think you each a sheet of paper. Instruct them to could recognize the flavor of a purple draw a data table with three columns jelly bean that has an orange flavor? and three rows. The columns should What data from your tests support read: "smell only; "taste only"; and your conclusion? 4:151:32MENI=1 "taste and smell." The three rows Can you tell the should read: "flavor 1"; "flavor 2"; and difference between an "flavor 3." apple and a potato by using only the sense of 4. Taste Test: Instruct the testers to taste? Cut an apple and close their eyes and plug their noses. a potato into the same Choose one of the taste bags and size pieces. Close your instruct each tester to chew on a sample eyes, plug your nose, from this bag. In five seconds, ask them and lick one of the to record on their data table what flavor pieces. Can you tell what they believe the sample to be. Repeat it is? Next, unplug your the procedure for the remaining taste nose and eat the piece. bags. A small sip of water between Can you identify it now? samples will help clear away the previous flavor and provide a more accurate test. If they cannot tell the flavor, have them record -unknown." 155
;IE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of ETCA Twin Cities Public BEST COPY AVAILABLE DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USTI Educational materials developed with 11.12 the National Science Teachers AsSOCiatiOrl. 3011 Innovatior SHOW HUMBER 04' S FAiwk EMERGENCY
a. RESCUE Aer. What happens when there's an emergency call? What is trauma? How do experts in emergency medicine treat trauma? Peggy learns about emergency medicine when she accompanies paramedics on a rescue mission.
Segment Length -7:47
RESOURCES INSIGHTS technicians perform artificial to the trauma center. respiration. They then check Beck, M. (1991, Oct 14) Medical personnel call it At the hospital, a trauma pulse and blood pressure to team of emergency State of emergency. trauma. Lay people call it see if circulation is Newsweek, p. 52-53. medicine physicians, injury. Regardless of the adequate. Because many Doelp, A. (1991, Mar) Race term used, it represents the anesthesiologists, surgeons, trauma victims suffer blood and nurses takes over. They against death. Reader's leading cause of death for loss, technicians usually put Digest, p. 173. evaluate the patient, do people under the age of 44. an intravenous (IV) line into another check of the ABCs, Goldfarb, B. (1992, Apr) the patient's vein and infuse Uncompensated care Every six minutes, an and then proceed with the pushes trauma centers out American dies from an it with a solution of salt necessary diagnostic and water to help prevent shock. of business. Medical World injury. Automobile accidents treatment measures. News, p. 32. are the leading cause, with To avoid additional injury Skolnick, A.A. (1992, alcohol a frequent Studies show that with good on the way to the hospital, trauma systems in place, a June 10) Congress acts to contributing factor. Other paramedics splint or resuscitate nation's city's trauma death rate major causes include guns, immobilize broken or financially ailing trauma tends to drop dramatically. care systems. The Journal fire, falls, and drowning. potentially broken bones. of the American Medical The medical response to Victims who remain alert CONNECTIONS Association, p. 2994. can help them by telling trauma often begins with a 1. Trauma systems vary. Additional sources of call to 911, the emergency them if something hurts. Some communities have no information response phone system. The unconscious victim systems at all. Describe the American Trauma Society When a caller reports an who likely has suffered a 8903 Presidential Parkway, problems this kind of accident to 911 dIspatchers, head injuryrequires scattered access creates. Suite 512 special care so the neck and Upper Marlboro, MD specially trained paramedics 2. Emergency technicians 20772 or mobile emergency spine are protected from and physicians never know (800) 556-7890 medical technicians (EMTs) irreversible injury. what kind of illness or injury Emergency Medicine rush to the scene of the In regions well prepared to the next patient will have. Foundation injury. handle accident victims, the What can they do to be PO Box 61991 Dallas, TX 75261 Paramedics stabilize and police, paramedics, and prepared for this? (214) 550-0911 transport the victim to the hospital personnel work in 3. Have you ever called a rescue service? What Quantum Chemical Corp. hospital as quickly and close cooperation. Often a 99 Park Ave. safely as possible. Because helicopter speeds the victim happened? New York, NY 10016 the brain cannot be (212) 949-5000 deprived of oxygen or VOCABULARY (videotape on EMTs: The critical difference) blood flow for even a emergency medicine a branch of medicine concerned with couple minutes, the EMT diagnosing and treating acute or suddenly arising conditions San Diego County cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) a basic emergency Department of Public f irst attends to the ABCs Health (airway, breathing, and procedure for life support that consists of artificial respiration and Division of EMS circulation). Blood, manual external cardiac massage 6255 Mission Gorge Road secretions, false teeth, food, paramedic a person trained in emergency medical procedures San Diego, CA 92120 vomit, or other obstructions who acts as an assistant to a physician or in place of a physician (619) 285-6429 (brochure: 911 guidelines in the victim's airway must trauma injury for schools) be cleared first. If the patient trauma center a specialized hospital, staffed 24 hours a day by is not breathing adequately, physicians trained in the care of injured persons
4W;E ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 1.5 EDUCATIONAL USEI Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 1 1. 1 3 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBEI 1102 LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! 1. Create a documentarY on emergencY services in Your communitY AT'S tt*
CUM:MEIN MAIN ACTIVITY the important ER equipment and CEOWEIMEMI Invite a local describe each item's function. Produce a video about emergency Experts say one of paramedic to your services available in your area. 5. The fourth team will put all of the biggest class to talk about Learn about the roles that various the elements of the video together problems with the training, everyday and show it to ihe class. 911 number is that routines, and emergency personnel play in trauma response, and share the people who have unforgettable Questions no real emergency experiences. information you have gained with other students. (You can modify 1. If one part of the emergency misuse it. Come up this activity to do oral reports and response system was missing, with ten instances skits if no video equipment is what would happen to the rest of when you should available.) the system? call 911 and ten 2. Should this country have a instances when you Materials national emergency should not. home video camera response colored paper system? CUIIMEEIN markers Why? What Many trauma 1. Pair off into four teams, each would it situations start as with a home video camera to change? automobile record different parts of the story accidents. Identify of emergency services. and discuss the risk factors that may 2. The first team will research the contribute to the availability of a 911 emergency accident and the response phone number in this safety measures area and write a script detailing that might prevent when or when not to use it. severe injury if a Videotape a brief skit based on car accident that script. happens. 3. The second team will contact some local paramedics and arrange to do a video interview either at the firehouse or the school. Don't forget to ask questions CUMIECIZENII about training and CIEUEMENII Invite a CPR teacher other Watch the television in and learn all the requirements for program "911." basics of this becoming a Discuss how lifesaving paramedic. different elements of technique. Take the the emergency test and become 4.The third team will response system certified in CPR. set up a tour of your local hospital's were used in each situation. emergency room. With the help of an emergency room nurse or physician, show
...4W.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made poAsible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Rience Teachers Association. 11.143m Innovatioh SHOW NUMBER 0,1'S FAmk So/ BLACK HOLES What is a black bole?
Why can't light escape from a black hole? How could a star become a black hole? Does this have anything to do with ordinary, everyday gravity? David embarks on a dangerous and exciting journey to explore a black 414616N.'S hole.
SegmentLength 7:39
RESOURCES INSIGHTS overcome the tendency of the itself cannot escape from inside electrons, protons, and neutrons this region. The imaginary Asimov, I. (1978) How did we Suppose you go outside and to remain separate. The forces surface at this radius is known find out about black boles? New throw an apple straight up into York: Walker and Company. will balance when the star has as the "event horizon." the air. The Earth's gravity slows become a white dwarf the size Asimov, I. (1988) Quasars, the upward speed of the apple of a small planet. If a star has From outside, the event horizon pulsars, and black boles. New until it finally stopsand then would appear perfectly dark York: Gareth Stevens. between 1.4 and 3.6 solar starts falling back down. masses, the gravitational force is (since no light can escape) and Boslough, J. (1989) Stephen hence would appear to be a Hawking's universe: An But suppose you could throw so great that electrons combine with protons to form neutrons. black bole in space. How do introduction to tbe most the apple so fast that Earth's astronomers observe black remarkable scientist of our time. The resulting neutron star will gravity could never quite make holes? New York: Avon Books. it stop and fall back down. That be only a few miles in radius. When charged particles Folger, T. (1993, Jan) In the speed is called escape velocny For stars with more than 3.6 black. Discover, pp. 29-30. accelerate, they emit for Earth, the escape velocity is solar masses, even the forces Powell, C. S., & Horgan, J. 25,000 miles per hour. On that hold elementary particles electromagnetic radiation (like (1991, July). Live from off- planets or stars with more visible light or X rays). center: Astronomers follow the apart cannot overcome gravity gravity, the escape velocity and the entire star shrinks until Astronomers look for regions in energetic trail of the Great the sky with radiation consistent Annihilator. Scientific would be even higher. Some its radius is essentially zero. In with charged particles American, pp. 29-30. planets and stars have the same the region very near this accelerating toward a black mass but different sizes. In that pinpoint of matter, gravity KCET/LA videotape: "Searching hole. Researchers attempt to for black holes." The case, the smallest one will have becomes almost infinite. Even Astronomers, part 2. PBS Video: the greatest gravity at its surface. four or five miles from this rule out other possible causes of this radiation to prove that black (800) 328-7271. singularity, gravity is so great Stars can change size (and holes really do exist. Community resources gravity) very dramatically. A that the escape velocity equals Local astronomical societies or star's gravity works not only on the speed of light. Einstein's astronomy clubs. To fmd one general theoiy of relativity CONNECTIONS objects outside the star but also 1. How do we know about near you, call the Astronomical showed that light, though it Society of the Pacific at among the particles that make black holes when we can't see (415) 337-1100. up the star. These particles does not react to gravity in the same way as ordinary matter, is them? attract one another and the star 2. What would it be like if a Astronomers or physicists from nevertheless affected by strong local colleges or universities would collapse if it weren't for black hole came near Earth? the nuclear energy pushing gravitational fields. In fact, light outward. When the nuclear fuel VOCABULARY runs out, there is no more energy to keep the star from black hole an object whose gravitational field is so strong that even light cannot escape it collapsing into a very small and dense sphere. escape velocity the speed you have to go to overcome a gravitational field completely The ultimate size of this sphere gravity a force of attraction between any two objects depends on the original mass ofsingularity a position at which at least one quantity is infinite the star. Oddly, the largest stars theory of relativity Einstein's theory of space, time, mass, and result in the smallest spheres. If motion. It has two parts: the special theory, which predicts (among a star has a mass less then 1.4 other things) that time will pass more slowly as you approach the times the sun's, gravity among speed of light; and the general theory, which explains gravitation as its particles will not be able to the consequence of the distortion of space by all matter.
PIE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 153 11.15 the National Science Teachers Association. 31111 Innovation nt.t'S Fmk, SHOW NUMBER se :,s- 4,0 1102 1,4 FIND A BLACK HOLE Pretend you are an astronomer and shoot a light beam into space to locate a black hole.
CIEEEEMBEIMI MAIN ACTIVITY close the beam came). Repeat steps 3 and 4. CECILMEIRM Stretch a piece of cloth Much of science involves making On a flat plane, the sum over a round garbage inferences about things that you 5. When the astronomer knows where of the angles of a can. Use rubber bands to cannot see. If there is nothing falling the black hole is, that player marks the triangle is 1800. But hold the cloth in place, place (or the region) where it must be what if space is curved? like a drum head. Have a into a black hole, there is no way to see the black hole. Could we still find and gives it to the black hole player to Make some large partner depress the check. Take turns hiding the black triangles on a basketball center of the cloth with it? In this activity you will simulate trying to find a black hole by shooting hole. with masking tape, and the eraser end of a pencil then use a protractor to to make a gravitational "light beams" through a region of Extensions space and inferring the position of the measure the angles. "well." Shoot marbles or 1. Use coordinates to give your What do you find? Why black hole from the deflections of the Ping-Pong balls around hypothesis and receive your result: do you suppose that the well. If they don't fly beams. "My beam goes in at (0,7) and is . happens? off, they'll "orbit" as they Materials heading for (18,20)." "Well, it actually fall in. How many times graph paper comes out at (11,20)." can you get them to go protractor 2. A teacher can draw the around before they hit ruler "astronomer's map" on the blackboard the pencil? (Wear for all to see. goggles to do this pencil activity.) 1. Find a partner. One player operates Questions the "black hole"; the other is an 1. What do you know after one move astronomer. of this game? 2. Each player draws a large square 20 2. What strategies can you use to find the black hole? Invite an astronomy cm (about 8") on a side. The black teacher or student from a hole player secretly marks the hole's 3. This activity is really "science local college or university position in her/his square. fiction" since this method couldn't to talk about black holes. really be used to find black holes. An 3. Using a ruler, the astronomer draws authentic search would require an Ask your guest to bring a light beam through her/his square. slides or other visual array of astronomers to cover a large aids. Ask him or her to 4. The black hole player uses the part of the galaxy (or many galaxies) describe how they think protractor to deflect each beam. Here's on the other side of the black hole about complex subjects how: from the origin of the light beam. such as black holes. Copy the beam from the Second, given the finite speed of light, astronomer's paper to your own. even if such an array could be put in Measure how close the beam comes place, the experiment would require to the black hole. hundreds, if not thousands of years to CIEGIEMEINI From the point of closest approach, complete. Given this information, if we In a group, develop a bend the beam according to the were really doing this in space, what skit about a black hole. following table: would be needed? What light beams Try to make it interesting 0-1 cm could be used? and also scientifically The beam is absorbed accurate. For example, if by the black hole. It you fell in, you really doesn't come out. would get stretched. 1-2 cm Deflect 60° What else should you 2-3 cm Deflect 30° take into account? Make 3-4 cm Deflect 15° a video of your skit or 4-5 cm Deflect 5° perform it live. >5 cm No deflection On the astronomer's paper, mark where the beam comes out (not how
BLACK HOLE SPACE MAP ASTRONOMER'S SPACE MAP After one move After one move
ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 159 "163M Innovation SNOW NUMBER 04'S FAMity
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CP MEMORY 0 How do we remember things? a. Is "memory loss" simply a failure to pay enough attention? Can you really "forget" something if you didn't "get" it in the first place? Does information literally go in one ear and out the other? Peggy sharpens her memory when she figures out why she forgets.
Segment length -10:24
RESOURCES INSIGHTS Chunking also expands STM. A memoiy (LTM); or (3) the "chunk" is a unit of information information will be lost. Baddeley, A. (1992, Jan 31) Memoiy is such a complicated that corresponds to some Working memory. Science, pp. Certain foods, aerobic exercise, process that no universally familiar pattern. Try reading this 556-558. and stress reduction can accepted theory exists to sequence and then recall it: Blackman, A. (1991, Oct 28) explain how it works. Scientists improve STM. On the other When can memories be misted? igdbfdnonuca hand, marijuana users don't even agree on where Next, try the same exercise on Time, pp. 86-88. experience subtle STM deficits individual memories are stored. these letters: Carey, B., Griffin, K., & that continue for at least six Hossfeld, M. (1990, July/Aug) However, they do agree on counfbadding weeks after their last usage. Chunking it into a word you can Remembrance of things placed: some general information about Stress or accidental trauma to What's up, what's down. In memory. The brain's cerebral pronounce made the difference. Health, p. 11. the head can also affect STM. cortex receives nerve messages Try the same process with this The trick to improving memory Crook, T. (1992) How to from eyes, ears, and touch list of numbers: remember names. New York: is to plant information in STM sensors. This sensory stimulus is 2 8 3 4 9 6 Harper Collins. and then transfer it into LTM. held for a fraction of a second in Next, try remembering this: Jaret, P. (1992, Aug) Brain- Many books, classes, and tapes the sensory memory. Unless an 28 34 96 power boosters. Family Circle, individual pays attention to the offer suggestions for training pp. 52-57. Instead of six numbers, you image for about eight only need to recall three. STM. If you could just Lapp, D. (1992) (Nearly) total uninterrupted seconds to remember where you left that recall. Stanford, CA: Stanford encode the stimulus into short- To understand its function in theflyer... Alumni Association. term memory, it will be lost. The brain, think of STM as a circular Sangiorgio, M., Gutfeld, G., & slightest interference at this tape loop. Once a complete CONNECTIONS Rao,L. (1992, Feb) Aerobic loop is made, three things can 1. Describe the relationship memory. Prevention, pp. 14-15. stage can displace newly acquired information from our happen: (1) the information can between Alzheimer's disease The talking cure (speech rate consciousness. be "rehearsed" (repeated) and memory issues. related to short-term memory silently or aloud, which will 2. How can a computer serve as span). (1992, Sept/Oct) Short-term memory (STM) is the Psychology Today, p. 14. provide auditory cues; (2) the a metaphor for the brain? brain's system for remembering information goes into long-term Weintraub, P. (1992, Mar) Total information "in use." But as recall: Ways to improve your indicated above, STM doesn't memory. American Health, pp. reliably hold on to information. 77-78. VOCABULARY It also has limited storage chunking a type of organization in which letters, digits, or words Additional sources of capacityseven items, plus or are grouped into some psychologically meaningful or familiar information minus two. If STM tries to sequence Alzheimer's Association acquire more items than it can long-term memory (LTM) a memory storage system that has 919 N. Michigan, Suite 1000 handle, the middle items will Chicago, IL 60611-1671 unlimited capacity to retain information over an extended time . often be displaced. Storage memory a complex mental function of recalling things learned or (800) 272-3900 seems to increase if we TDD (312) 335-8882 experienced pronounce the names of the mnemonic aids "remembering" systems or memory aids. Unusual items out loudespecially if tricks or clues work best. they are grouped rhythmically. short-term memory (STM) a memory storage system that lasts Grouping items into threes or long enough to allow you to do activities like dial a phone number fours also seems to aid recall. you have just looked up. If a memory is lost at this stage, it does not make it to the long-term storage area of the brain.
4iW7.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 1 "17 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBER S FAMky So ,4:4 1103
fp® DON'T FORGET TO .4t7 REMEMBER! Apply your observation skills in this test of memory. NIS tt*
CIMENEEDEME MAIN ACTIVITY 4x=imm 7 ± 2the magic memory number! The human mind can remember seven (give or take Your local library Memory depends so much on probably has several 2) "chunks" of information, whether single digits or pieces of data. Pair observation. This activity will exercise up with a partner. Create a list of ten grocery items and read them slowly books on improving both memory and observation skills! memory. Some common to your partner. How many can your partner remember? Take turns with techniques include using Materials different lists and record the results on a graph. Try your experiment with different age groups. rhymes, acronyms, As many age-appropriate clothing acrostics, repetition, accessories as you can gather. amixcingam We often learn skills slowly, by repetition, linking, story creation, or until they become a habit. "Unlearning" creation of bizarre or 1. Divide into two groups ("A" and habits can be hard, as this exercise will show. In a group, have one unusual mental pictures. "B"). Each person will then pair with a person dictate a paragraph of very short sentences as fast as possible. Research a particular member from the other group. The rest of the group should write down the sentences as fast as they mnemonic system. Find 2. "A" group members will take two to can, without using capital letters or periods. Were the writers able to some material to three minutes to observe "B" group break the habit of punctuating? Try this experiment on young people remember and devise a members carefully, noting all their and on adults. Do you notice a difference in their ability to break these mnemonic device for the habits? list. accessories and how they are dressed. 3. After "A" members seem sure they know what "B" members are wearing, "B" members will go into an area where they can't be seen by "A" members. 4. "B" members will change five things about their clothing, including trading CIEEINEEDMII accessories with other "B" members and using the additional accessories Memory is a function, but it is also a skill you can provided. For example, transfer a develop. Natural watch to the other hand. Untie a mnemonic devices can shoelace. Remove or add a belt. help you do that. 5. Return to the original observation Research some popular place. Does the "A" member of the mnemonic devices, such pair remember what the "B" member as these two phrases for originally was wearing and notice all remembering the colors the changes? of the rainbow (red, orange, yellow, green, 6. Switch roles. blue, indigo, violet): "Roy G. Biv" or "Richard 7. Try this activity again, but allow of York Gains Battles in several hours to elapse between the Vain.' original observation and the second observation after the change. Questions 1. Was there a difference in what observers noticed? Did minor changes go unnoticed and major changes stand out? 2. How can understanding this attention to detail help you in your other school work, such as writing?
16 ,WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USEI Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. "'83M Innovation SHOW NUMBER 00'S FAMIL), S Se/ IN VITRO
a. FERTILIZATION What are "test-tube babies" and how are they made? What is in vitro fertilization? Why is it necessary? How did the phrase "test-tube baby" come about? David learns about techno- logical advances that help infertile couples increase their odds for conception.
Segment Length - 7:19 RESOURCES INSIGHTS tube. However, when a couple inside the uterus, the woman has difficulty conceiving in the becomes pregnant. Nilsson, L., & Hamberger, L. Ever hear the phrase "test-tube (1990) A child is born. NY: traditional manner, in vitro baby"? Then you may know thatfertilization allows for While the very early stages of an Delacorte Press/Seymour in vitro conception take place in Lawrence. it is a misleading way of conception outside the body. referring to a baby conceived an unusual manner, the rest of Hamson, M. (1990, Oct 24) through in vitro fertilization. During IVF, a physician collects the pregnancy, including the The baby with two mothers. ova from the woman at the time delivery of the baby, can be The Wall Street Journal. All babies develop from two of her ovulation, using a high- expected to take place Mikller, A. (1992, June 29) different cells that join tech procedure called normally. Even though Baby makers inc. Newsweek, together the sperm and the laparoscopy. The ova are put in conceived differently than most, P. 38. ovum. Women are born with a petri dish (or test tube) and the baby doesn't look any Hopkins, E. (1992, Mar 15) about a million reproductive sperm, provided by the man, different and, in fact, is no Tales from the baby factory. ova that are produced and are added to them. Because ova different from other babies. The The New York Times developed in the ovaries, organs Magazine, p. 40. and sperm are so tiny, the very first IVF baby was born in which are located within the physician handles them through 1978. Since then, IVF has Cecchin, A. (1992, Nov) IVF abdominal cavity. Men produce a process called micro- become a quickly growing field babies: The next generation. millions of sperm each day in Medical World News, pp. manipulation, using of medicine, showing how 15-17. organs called the testes. microscopic tools. The sperm medicine and technology join Knowing this, it seems that and ovum remain in the dish or together to overcome an Handyside, A.H., et al. (1992, couples who want to become Sept 24) Birth of a normal girl test tube for a few hours to fuse obstacle of nature. after in vitro fertilization. New parents should have no problemtogether. (This is how the England Journal of Medicine, doing so. But one of every 12 misnomer "test-tube baby" came CONNECTIONS pp. 905-909. American couples who want to about. It is misleading because 1.Before in vitro fertilization Ezzell, C. (1992, Sept 12) In have a baby cannot. babies cannot grow in test can take place, what do doctors vitro fertilization: The pluses tubes.) have to determine about the add up. Science News, p. 165. Infertility can be caused by any number of medical problems. female and male? Randal, J.V. (1991, May) Trying The next step is for the fertilized Low sperm counts or poor- ovum to be transferred into the 2. Why is IVF considered a to outsmart infertility. FDA medical advancement? Consumer, p. 22. quality sperm sometimes cause woman's uterus. If the fertilized infertility in men. Problems that ovum becomes implanted Additional sources of affect ovulation or the ability of information the ovum to enter the fallopian Resolve VOCABULARY 1310 Broadway tube and move to the proper place for fertilization can cause fallopian tubes a pair of narrow tubes inside the female that Somerville, MA 02144 carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus (617) 623-0744 infertility in women. (support group for infertile fertilization the process of joining together an ovum from a persons) A couple is considered infertile female and a sperm from a male if they do not conceive a baby The American Fertility Society ovulation the discharge of a ripened ovum at about the 1209 Montgomery Highway after one year of sexual midpoint of the female menstrual cycle Birmingham, AL 35216 intercourse using no birth ovum the female reproductive cell produced each month by the (205) 978-5000 control. At that point, one of the ovary options open to them is in vitro sperm the male reproductive cell, which is produced in great fertilization (IVF). Normally, numbers in the testes conception takes place inside a uterus the hollow organ in the female, designed to lodge and woman's body, in the fallopian nourish the developing fetus until the time of birth
,WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made.possible by a want from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 11 19 3M Innovation SNOW NUMBER FAltrit +0, 1103 if 1.STEADY HANDS AND
W SHARPTry your hand EYES at a microscopic "operation"! NIS ti*7 arCINEMEIMIE MAIN ACTIVITY 1. Put a single drop of water under a413:31111311M For frogs, toads, and microscope. Add some pepper In 1978 the first baby Find out what micro-manipulation is flakes. fish, external ferfilization like by trying to move tiny "cells" in a conceived using IW was is natural. Buy a frog drop of water. 2. Using two toothpicks, try to moveborn. In the 1980s more fertilization kit from a one flake of pepper around. than 25,000 couples nature store. Follow Materials successfully used IVF. instructions to learn the microscope 3. Take a single strand of hair and Using your math skills, basics of fertilization. . toothpicks compare its size to that of one flake estimate how many more Remember, frog eggs are strand of hair of pepper. cases can be expected by much larger than human pepper flakes the year 2000. Make a ova. graph, starting with the first case in 1978 and going through the '80s and '90s up to the year 2000.
IXIDENEMBEE Learn about in vifro fertilization firsthand from a medical specialist in your area. Call a local medical center involved with IW. Ask for a member of the center to come out and speak to your class. When that person arrives, ask for human interest stories about how IVF changed the lives of some infertile couples.
Questions 2. What kinds of tools would make 4XIIIIMENEM 1. The size of a single ovum is about this micro-manipulation easier? What should parents tell one micron (one millionth of a 3. Can you think of other examples children conceived by in meter) or about the same size as the of micro-manipulation? What about vitro fertilization? Write a diameter of a single hair. Estimate the booklet explaining IW to macro-manipulation? What are the a child through words diameter of your water drop and of differences between working on a and pictures. the pepper flakes. How many times "macro" scale versus working on a larger than a human ovum are they? "micro" scale?
163 EST COPY AVAILABLE
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICANON FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USD Educational materials developed with 11 .20 3m the National Science Teachers Association. Innovation SHOW HUMBER S FA Mk 1/490/, 4e, kk>" NEWSPAPER (s) What technologies go into producing a modern a_ newspaper? How are newspaper stories readied for printing? What printing process is used for newspapers? How are pictures and color graphics printed? Pe99Y investigates the science behind newspaper production.
Segment Length - 7:12
RESOURCES INSIGHTS closely spaced dots of varying drums are used for each color to sizes. The larger the dot, the do the actual printing. The first, Evans, H. (1973) Newspaper When we step outside each more dense that color ink will onto which the plates are design: An illustrated guide to morning to pick up our layout. New York: Holt, appear on the final printing. mounted, is coated by rollers newspaper, most of us don't with ink and water. This action Rinehart and Winston. This information goes into a consider the technology needed passes the negative image onto Gars, R., & Berstein, T. (1968) computer and is later retrieved to produce it. From the moment a rubber-coated blanket drum. Headlines and deadlines: A to produce proofs and a reporter starts on a story to the The blanket then presses the manual for copy editors. New negatives. The production York: Columbia University point when you read the image onto the paper to create a department combines the color Press. headlines, anywhere from new positive image. Since the separation negatives with the several dozen to several metal plate offsets the image Lent, H. (1952) From trees to typeset story to make the paper: The story of newsprint. hundred people have applied onto the blanket first, this printing plates. New York: Macmillan. the latest technology to put the printina device has become Macaulay, D. (1988) The way news in your hands. Gone are At most newspapers, printers known as an offset press. things work. Boston: Houghton typewriters and mechanical make plates from negative film Mifflin Co. typesetting machines. Modem by coating thin aluminum sheetsCONNECTIONS Science and Technology newspaper staffs depend on with chemicals sensitive to 1. What effect will technology Illustrated (Vol. 18). (1984) computers, digital imaging, ultraviolet light. They then place like lasers and digital image Chicago: Encyclopedia satellite technology, and even the negatives against the sheets processing have on the future Britannica, Inc. robots to get the job done. and expose them to ultraviolet of newspapers? What other new Williams, T. (1987) The triumph light. The chemicals react and processes might speed up of invention. London: Reporters write their stories on Macdonald Orbis. computer terminals tied into a burn an image onto the plate. newspaper production? central computer network. FromBefore printing, the plates 2. How has publishing Additional sources of it, editors can access the stories, receive additional chemical technology impacted the information edit them, and electronically treatment so that the ink only advertising, communications, Newspaper Association of sticks to places where letters and graphics industries? America Foundation format them for layout on a 11600 Sunrise Valley Drive page. The final edited story is and pictures appear. Reston, VA 22091 then photo-printed and passed The press operator mounts the (703) 648-1000 to a designer, who creates a full-plates onto the press. Rotating Garden State Paper Company page layout on a composing 950 River Drive sheet. At large national papers VOCABULARY Garfield, NJ 07026 and wire services, a story may (201) 772-8700 blanket a rubber roller for taking a negative image from a printing be digitized and sent via satelliteplate Community resources to another location for color separation the process of breaking a color image into the Local newspaper typesetting. four colors of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black Commercial printer To reproduce color composing sheet mechanical pasteup of what the actual printed photographs and illustrations in paper will look like print, technicians scan the digitize to translate into a binary code that a computer can read image with a laser sensor that offset press a device where the printed paper never touches the separates it into four process printing plate directly colorsyellow, magenta, cyan, printing plate a thin metal plate which contains the positive image and black. Each color of the material to be printed separation consists of a series ofweb a continuous sheet of printing paper bdfore it is cut and folded
ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of ETCA Twin Cities Public EST COPYAVAILABLE DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 161 11.21 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovatton SHOW NUMBER IN LIVING COLORS Discover how only four colors of ink can producean entire spectrum of colors on a printed page.
41513:11EIMIE MAIN ACTIVITY 4. Examining the pattern closely, 413.313M11.1 Predict which section of you should see only red and blue Anyone who has ever mixed paints. One picture is worth a your newspaper has the dots. Take the paper and hold it at knows that a few primary colors in thousand words. To see largest percentage of arm's length from your face. The how effectively pictures advertisements. Then combination can produce a whole greater the distance from your eye, can tell stories, take take each section of the rainbow. When newspapers and the more you should start to see several photos of people, newspaper (world news, magazines reproduce color images, purple in the area where the dots places, and events. Write style, sports, and so on) they pass a prepared image over four overlap. That's because your eyes a short caption for each, and calculate the area of different presses, each one adding a blend the dots and interpret them as describing the situation. each newspaper page. different color ink. If the proportions a new color. Give the photos to What percentoge of each of ink and the preparation of the friends to see how much section is advertising? images are just right, the final picture 5. Add some more red dots to the information they can Was your prediction will appear in full color. In printing, white background and then fill in gather from just looking correct? What do the the four colors used are yellow, one-half of the spaces with yellow at the photos. Compare percentages of dots. What color do you expect to magenta, cyan, and black. In this their answers to your advertisements and types activity, you will blend colors to appear? If you said orange, you'd be captions to see if every of advertisements tell you produce your own full-color images. right. Experiment by blending all picture does indeed tell a about the readers of that three colors in different story! newspaper section? Materials concentrations, and soon you'll be Next, calculate the area several sheets of white bond paper creating full-color images. devoted to .red, blue, and yellow water-based, advertisements. fine-point markers good-quality magnifying glass color picture from a newspaper or magazine 1. Look at a color picture in a newspaper under the magnifying glass. You'll see that the picture is really made up of many dots of different colors. With high enough magnification, you'll see that the dots are actually only four colors: yellow, ! //, magenta (red), cyan,(blue), and .<\\ black. These small dots are closely f_Clakl,1%,1111%t spaced and occasionally overlap 1111)=______1 i each other. From a distance, they INK WATER appear to blend together into Questions continuous colors. 1. Newspapers aren't the only things that blend color by using tiny dots. 2. 41131a Begin your drawing by using the Can you find other objects in your Contact a local red marker to make a random house that work in a similar way? newspaper to arrange a pattern of closely spaced dots on the Hint: You'll need a magnifier and an trip to see the different paper. Make sure that you leave departments in action. electron beam to see them! some space between the dots and 2.When the dots on your picture Most large dailies offer make the dots as small as possible. organized tours for created other colors, they did so school classes, groups, 3. Take the blue marker and fill in using the optical receptors in your and organizations. about one-half of the spaces brain. How does this compare to between the red dots. Continue off tomixing paints to get different colors? the other side of the red dots to makeYour eyes can only see red, blue, a pattern of blue dots on the white and green, yet the primary pigments paper. Again, remember to keep the are red, blue, and yellow. How can dots as small as possible. you explain this?
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 1(35 DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USTI Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 11 223M Innovation SHOW NUMBER BOMB SQUAD What is an explosion?
What types of explosives do people use? How do explosions take place? How can explosions be beneficial? David confronts the dangers of explosives when he discovers a ticking bomb in the Newton's Apple studio!
Segment Length - 8:25 RESOURCES INSIGHTS propellant. Detonating for firearrris, rockets, general explosives are further classified engineering, and demolition Bahrani, A. (1986, July 10) We often see the negative side as initiating (primary) or work. They differ from Engineering with a bang. New of explosives on the news Scientist, pp. 44-47. secondary. Initiating explosives, detonating explosions in that an images of twisted metal on the more sensitive of the two, avenue of escape is provided WGBH-TV Frontline videotape: damaged buildings or debris must be handled with extreme for the expanding gases. For Tracking the Pan Am Bombers. and rubble in a war zone. But PBS Video: (800) 328-7271. care. They require only a low example, when the explosive explosives also help us energy stimulus, such as being propellant in the space shuttle Watson, R. (1989, Jan 2) An construct tunnels, mine touched with a hot wire or solid rocket boosters is ignited, explosion in the sky. . Newsweek, underground, remove obstacles pp. 28-30. tapped with a hammer, to , all the gases from the resulting during road construction, explode. For that reason, they continuous explosion escape Watson, R. (1989, Jan 9) A trail extinguish oil well fires, inflate of terror. Newsweek, pp. 16-19. are put into blasting caps. out the bottom, providing automobile air bags, and upward thrust. Unlike a Secondary explosives are less Additional sources of destroy hazardous wastes. detonating explosive, not all the sensitive and can bum without information explosive material is burned at An explosive is a stable material producing an explosion. They Bureau of Mines once in a propellant explosive. 2401 E St. NW that, upon stimulation, very only detonate by means of a Washington, DC 20006 rapidly changes from a solid or severe shock, delivered by Industries rely on small Publications: (202) 634-4882 liquid into a hot, expanding gas. another explosive (usually a explosive charges for a number Institute for Makers of The sudden release of energy blasting cap) placed in or near of purposes. In metallurgy, for Explosives and the accompanying pressure them. Since they are relatively example, metals can be pressed 1120 19th St. NW, Suite 310 exerted on the surrounding stable, large amounts can be into dies, extruded, or welded Washington, DC 20036-3605 materials by the expanding gas (202) 429-9280 moved and handled safely. together by means of such (Safety education materials in constitute an explosion. If you explosions. New metal alloys The velocity at which explosives different media) confined an explosive, you have been created that way. would increase the likelihood ofdetonate determines their Community resources the detonation by increasing thefunction. Explosives of low Construction or explosive detonating velocity supply a CONNECTIONS speed of the reaction. For 1. How has the use of company slow push or heave. Explosives example, when gunpowder is explosives changed over the last Fire department with a high detonating velocity confined within the paper 100 years. What does the future have a bursting or shattering Police department wrapping of a firecracker, it hold? effect. explodes when ignited. 2. What regulations restrict the However, the same powder Propellant explosives are used use of explosives? sprinkled in the open simply bums when ignited. In the VOCABULARY confined state, the heat blasting cap a capsule containing a small amount of easily generated at the point of explosive material used to explode more stable high explosives ignition will immediately ignite detonation an explosion usually accompanied by a shock wave a large amount of surrounding explosion primarily the rapid conversion by chemical reaction of a material. The expanding gases solid or liquid to a hot, expanding gas, resulting in a release of from all the "burning" gun energy and accompanying pressure powder will act together, initiating explosives used to explode more stable secondary resulting in an explosion. explosives. Also called primary explosive. Explosives fall into two propellant the type of explosive used to move an object such as a categories: detonating and bullet
...WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 1.r°J EDUCATIONAL USD Educational materials developed with 11.23 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovation ,.ott S FAuk, SHOW NUMBER th sc; 1104 as' so a Er3 BLAST RANGE Measure the amount of space you can soak with a water balloon.
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MAIN ACTIVITY 3. Place the thumb tack on the ground cumminsim so that the point is facing up. How are explosives used Explosives have different detonation View some videos for constructive velocities. Some shatter and others 4. Place the meter stick next to the dealing with explosives. purposes? In small push. With water balloons, you will thumb tack and measure a height of They could be World groups, brainstorm the simulate the range of a blast. one meter from the ground. War II documentaries, ways society benefits footage of a shuffle from explosives. Materials 5. Position your balloon at arm's launching, or motion meter stick length over the tack at that height. pictures such as stepladder 6. Drop the balloon and measure the Helifighters (about Red 3 water balloons diameter of the water blast range fromAdair's life). Write an thumb tack the two farthest points. account of the role of explosives in these 1. Fill three balloons with water so 7. Using the same procedure, climb videos. they are all about the same size. the stepladder and drop your second 2. Move outside into a large parking balloon from a height of three meters. lot or paved playground. (Be careful on the stepladder. Make CIECEEMBEIN sure someone holds it An explosion is steady and another person considered anything that spots you.) combusts with a spread of over 3,000 feet per 8. With the third balloon, second. Conved this rate move into a clear area andCUOMO:EMI to miles per hour. What throw the balloon up as From time to time, you other events occur at this high as you can. Then will hear news of speed? watch out! hydrogen gas, coal dust, 9. Record the distances grain dust, and even dropped and the diameters gasoline vapors that of the wet areas for all three have exploded. What balloons. causes them to behave like an explosive? 10. Construct a graph Research one of the showing the results of the above materials to investigation. determine its explosive characteristics and the =BM conditions needed for Explosives have been around for a long time. explosions to occur. Construct a time line to show the history of explosives from their invention to the present.
Questions 3. What factors might control the blast 1. How does the bursting of a water range? balloon illustrate the processes taking 4. What factors besides the height place in an explosion? could you change to increase the 2. What was the relationship between range of the splashing water? the blast diameter and the height from which the balloon was dropped? 167
WifIE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11.24 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBER
JUMBO JETS How does a jumbo jet get off the ground?
How can an airplane as heavy as three blue whales get off the ground? How does the wing design of a 747 allow a plane longer than the Statue of Liberty to fly? Peggy discovers that jumbo jets, which can weigh up to 870,000 %4siv lbs., are just as ON9S safe as smaller planes.
Segment Length 9:50 RESOURCES INSIGHTS Bernoulli' s principle helps to influence lift: the shape and area explain lift. Bernoulli of the wing, the velocity of the Anderson, J.D., Jr. (1985) People have always wanted to demonstrated that the faster a airplane, and even the density Intruduction to flight. New fly. Leonardo da Vinci, who fluid moves, the less pressure it of the air. York: McGraw-Hill. often dreamed about flight, exerts. An airplane wing is Pilots and aeronautical drew intricate designs for shaped so that air (which is a Additional sources of engineers use the forces information several different flying fluid) moves faster over the top involved in lift to help them Smithsonian Museum's machines. Among the many of the wing than it moves under Air and Space magazine design and fly planes of all sizes scientists whose discoveries the bottom of the wing. As a PO Box 53261 and shapes. With the right lift, made human flight a reality are result, there is greater pressure Boulder, CO 80301 even a 870,000-pound jumbo jet (800) 766-2149 Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) underneath the wing than there and Daniel Bernoulli can head for the sky. Aircraft Owners and Pilots is on the top of the wing, Association (1700-1782). Both are credited resulting in a net force which CONNECTIONS 421 Aviation Way with developing the scientific "lifts" the wing. Frederick, MD 21701 principles that explain how an 1. When you tan on.the water (301) 695-2000 airplane flies. However, it was The angle at which the wing to take a shower, why does the (free packet: A teacher's guide meets the air (the angle of shower curtain move? to aviation) not until many years later, on December 17, 1903, that Orville attack) also contributes to lift. 2. What different shapes of Federal Aviation Administration and Wilbur Wright actually You can easily demonstrate this airplane wings can you think of? 800 Independence Ave. SW applied these principles to when you hold your hand out Why are they different? Washington, DC 20591 the window of a moving vehicle3. How are the wings of birds (202) 366-4000 successful airplane flight. Their first flight lasted only 12 and change the angle at which like the wings of airplanes? NASA your palm meets the oncoming Education Division seconds, and they traveled only Mail Code F 120 feet. The entire trip could air. If the surface of an airplane Washington, DC 20546 have taken place inside of a 747. wing meets the air at an angle, (402) 358-1110 the wing exerts a force on the Whether a single-seat propeller Society of Automotive Engineers air and the air exerts an equal Education Program Coordinator plane or a giant 747, there are force on the wingan effect 400 Commonwealth Drive four fundamental forces at work which Newton described in his Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 in airplanes. Thrust is the third law of motion. There are (412) 276-4841 forward movement of the many other factors that airplane, provided by the Community resources VOCABULARY Local airport authority propellers or jet engines. Drag is the opposing force of the aerodynamics the study of the motion of air and the effect of Pilot or flight instructor displaced air, the same force moving air on obstructions you feel walking into a strong Bernoulli's principle The pressure in a fluid decreases as the wind. Gravity acts on the speed of the fluid increases. airplane, pulling it down toward fluid a substance tending to flow and conform to the outline of its the earth, and lift counteracts container the force of gravity, keeping the lift the force that allows for upward motion on a flying object airplane up in the air. The lift pressure the force exerted over a surface divided by its area force is equal to the force of wind tunnel an enclosure in which a steady current of air can be gravity when an airplane is in maintained for the purpose of testing lift and friction level flight. velocity the rate of change of displacement of a moving body with time
.W;11 ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 163 EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 11 25 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBER 014 S FAMiLl 1105 '494 PLAYING BERNOULLI BALL With a stream of air and Bernoulli's principle, you will hold a ball in midair before hitting it into a target. N'S
413:1210n... MAIN ACTIVITY 3. Scores for each part of the target are:CEIXECOMMI (also see the activio, for Windszafing: inner box 3 With the fingers of both Make an atomizer out of outer box 1 hands, hold a single Show 1106) a soda straw. With a outside of boxes 0 sheet of paper just below Challenge your friends to a game of knife, slit the straw one- your lower lip. Allow the Bernoulli Ball. The game looks easy, 4. Use the hair dryer on the cold-air third of its length from paper to bend and hang setting. If there are low- and high- one end. Bend the straw downward. Blow across but you will quickly see that there are subtle forces at work which require speed settings, use the low speed. at the slit and place the the top surface of the short section into a glass paper. What happens? shrewd analysis and manipulation for 5. Each player is allowed five practice accurate shooting. of water. Make sure that Explain, using Bernoulli's shots and five shots for official score. the slit is no more than principle. Materials 6. To start the game, turn the dryer on one centimeter above the hair dryer with a cylindrical nozzle and point the nozzle straight up. Place surface of the water. Styrofoam ball, 4-5 cm in diameter the Styrofoam ball in the airstream Blow hard through the (02"2") about 30 cm (1') above the nozzle. other end of the long a couple of cardboard boxes of section of the straw. different sizes 7.The player shoots the ball by What happens? Explain smoothly tilting the dryer so that the using Bernoulli's 1. The player sits in a chair or on a ball falls out of the airstream and principle. stool with the hair dryer "gun" about continues on a curved path toward the 1 meter (1.1 yds) away from the target target. box. 2. Place the smaller cardboard box 8.If the ball hits the dryer, the player inside a larger cardboard box to serve gets to try again. as the target. (Or cut and shape Questions cardboard into curved sections and 1. Why does the ball stay in the place in box, as illustrated below.) If airstream when the dryer is pointed you position the back of the box straight up? against a wall, you won't have to chase 2.Does the ball fall out of the airstream as many stray balls, as soon as you start to tilt the gun? 3. Why does the ball leave the ....."'n,.. airstream when you continue to tilt CIEZOMMEM the hair dryer? CIENECIDEME Find a Styrofoam ball %;' 4. After playing the game, do Tape a table-tennis ball about the size of a 4te- you have any suggestions for to a string and allow the baseball. Play catch with someone who has never ball to swing into a a friend. Throw the ball played it? stream of water running in such a way that it smoothly from a spigot. spins. Try both a "top to Lightly tug on the string bottom" spin and a by pulling it to the side. "sideways" spin. What What happens to the happens to the ball? ball? Explain, using Explain, using Bernoulli's Bernoulli's principle. principle.
1 meter
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USEI Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers AssOciation. 11 26 3M Innovatiori SHOW NUMBER \s\cpa'sFmk}, C/ 0 ,,p METEORS -S.0 What are meteors and where do they come from? What is a meteor? When are you most likely to see meteors? Is there any way to predict them?
David wants to learn more about meteors after a large one crashes through his roof! Segment Length -6:05
RESOURCES INSIGNTS within 60 kilometers (200,000 Because meteor showers occur feet) off the ground. as Earth moves through a Begley, S. (1992, Nov 23) The Most of us see meteon by particular region of space, they Science of Doom. Newsweek If you're really lucky, you'll see a chance. You're out with a friend happen at the same time every pp. 56-60. much larger meteor. The bigger on a dark night, and suddenly year. Here are a few of the most the piece of dirt, the longer and Berger, M. (1981) Comets, you see a bright object streak reliable meteor shower dates: meteors, and asteroids. New across the sky. You shout, "Look brighter the streak in the sky. York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. at the shooting star," but by the Fewer than one in a thousand Quadrantids January 1-3 Darling, D. J. (1984) Comets, time your friend looks, it's gone. visible meteors are fireballs or Perseids August 11 metems, and asteroids: Rocks If you're lucky, you see it bolides, which are especially Orionids October 20 in space. New York: Dillon. together. bright and can make explosive Geminids December 13 Fichter, G. S. (1982) Comets and or hissing noises. meteors. New York: Franklin But can you ny to see a meteor? CONNECTIONS If the meteor slows down Watts. You bet. Simply go out at night 1. Where do meteors come from? enough, it will stop evaporating and watch and wait. Lie on your How old are most meteors? Hecht, J. (1993, Jan 16) Stony before it has been completely asteroid devastated Siberia. New back, and look up at the sky. If 2. How often do meteors hit obliterated. These meteorites Scientist, p. 16. you don't get too cold and you Earth? How likely is it that a actually will fall to the ground. Langreth, R. (1992, Sept) don't fall asleep, you'll probably meteorite will hit you? Asteroid Watchers. Popular see about five meteors an hour, If you don't like waiting around 3. Why do meteors have Science, pp. 76-81. though you can't predict exactly for a chance encounter with a different colors, such as red and where or when they'll appear. Additional sources of sporadic meteor, you should go blue? information These sporadic meteors are just out on a night when astronomers 4. How can meteoroids affect Center for Meteorite Studies chance collisions between a bit are expecting a meteor shower. spacecraft? Arizona State University of space dirt and Earth's Several times a year, Earth passes 5. Are humans made of meteor Tempe, AZ 85281 atmosphere. through a known cloud of space atoms? Astronomy magazine A typical meteor has a mass that dirt, usually debris from a comet. 6. Can you see meteors during (800) 446-5489. is only a fraction of a gram. In these clouds, the meteoroids the daytime? Why or why not? Conununity resources When it hits the atmosphere, it is the bits of matter in spaceare Local astronomical societies or probably going 10-40 kilometers about 50 kilometers (30 miles) astronomy clubs. To find one per second (20,000-90,000 miles apart. near you, call the Astronomical Society of the Pacific at per hour). When it enters Earth's (415) 337-1100. atmosphere, its surface heats up because of friction. Bits of matter VOCABULARY Astronomy or physics departments at local colleges or fall away, and atoms evaporate bolide a fireball; a large, bright meteor universities from the surface to form a hot, meteor material from interplanetary space falling through Earth's Local museums and rock shops gaseous envelope around the atmosphere tiny particle. This hot envelope, meteor showers times when you might see many meteors, usually which may be a foot or more in when Earth passes through a cloud of meteoroids diameter, hurtles through the meteorite a meteor that strikes Earth atmosphere, making a streak of meteoroid a piece of interplanetary material out in spacethe light in the sky. The meteor kind of stuff that would be a meteor if it hit Earth's atmosphere usually bums up in the shooting star another name for a meteor atmosphereand the envelope sporadic meteors meteors that appear by chance and are not dissipatesby the time it's associated with a meteor shower
.4..WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 170 11.27 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovation BEST COPY AVAILABLE SHOW HUMBER 50/4.5 0 0 lill , 0 a. CRATER CREATION 2Find out what the size of a crater can tell us about the meteorite that made it. 404117r.
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41CalraDEMil MAIN ACTIVITY dropping the objects instead of throwing them. This will remove the CEIXECIEEM Go out with a friend to a Make craters like David did in the Find out about meteorite dark place at night added variable of velocity. Observe Newton's Apple segment. Measure how your results differ when you drop craters on other planets. during a meteor shower what factors make a difference in how Get photographs of the if you canand try to the object into flour instead of big a crater is. surfaces of the moon, see some meteors. Bring throwing it into sand. Mars, and Mercury. How a flashlight so you can Materials Questions are they similar? How find your way safely. a sandbox (the finer the sand, the 1. What problems did you encounter can you tell them apart? While you watch, see if better) as you tried to measure the craters? How can astronomers tell you can identify the path various objects: a marble, a large ball the age of meteor craters the meteors take. How did you deal with those bearing, rocks of different sizes problems? just from looking at their a ruler 2.How did your craters vary? Did the pictures? paper and pencil for recording data same meteor always produce a crater CEONEIEEMI a scale, such as a kitchen scale, for of the same size? How did changing Get a topographic map weighing the objects (optional) the meteor change the crater you of Meteor Crater, a ladder (optional) Arizona. How do they made? Did you see any patterns? indicate the depression 1. Make a recording sheet with two 3. How could you change this on the map? Find where columns one for recording investigation? Can you think of other Meteor Crater is on a information about your "meteorite" materials that would make good map of the United States. and another for information about the craters? Can you think of other things Using the topographic craters it produces. you might measure? map, make a model of 4. How does making craters in a 2. Meteor Crater with clay Prepare a smooth, flat surface in the sandbox helps us understand real or plaster of paris. sandbox at least 30 cm (1') on a side. meteorite craters? Be sure the sand is loose and dry 5. Based on the final pattern, can you beneath it. tell which craters were made first? 3. Pick an object to act as your How can astronomers estimate the age Thousands of meteorites meteorite. Measure and record its of meteor craters on other planets? fall on our planet each length and, if you have a scale, weigh year. They are small and usually harmless. Read your meteorite and record that figure, "The Science of Doom" in too. Newsweek (Nov 23, 4.Make sure no one is in the way! 1992) to learn about the probability of a much 5. Throw the meteor down into the METEOROID larger meteorite making middle of the sand as hard and as CLOUD contact with Earth. When fast as you can. was our last "big hit"? 6. Look at the crater you made. Stage a debate Measure its diameter (to the regarding the use of nearest millimeter, if you can) tactics to divert an and its depth. approaching meteor. EARTH 7.Repeat steps 4 through 6 at least two more times to get three or more measurements from your meteorite. 8.Repeat steps 3 through 7 using different objects as meteorites. 9. (Optional) Repeat the steps, substituting flour for sand and 171
ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made passible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11 28 the National Science Teachers Association. 3m Innovation SNOW NUMBER e.,,,,,,s FAA,y ke<, c< -.-' 111 , WINDSURFING 0.3' 0 How can windsurfers reach speeds faster than the a. wind that powers them? 0 How does a windsurfing board use the wind to move How does the windsurfer steer with the mast and sai
David experiences the powerful force of the wind firsthand as he windsurfs across the Hood River.
Segment Length -8:35
RESOURCES INSIGHTS airplane caused by the air fulcnim about which the sailor moving over a specially-shaped pivots the board for steering. Beauchamp, M. (1989, Sept 18) You skim across the surface of wing. Bernoulli's principle tells In search of nuclear winds. the water at incredible speeds, Forbes, pp. 214-215. us that in a fluid (such as air), drive towards a whitecapped regions of higher velocity have Coombs, C. (1982) Be a winner wave, and then take flight like a lower pressure than surrounding in windsurfing. New York: skateboarder in a half-pipe, William Morrow & Co. regions. each muscle straining against Evans, J. (1992) Windsuding. the force of the wind. Then you A sail may be thought of as a New York: Crestwood House vertical wing. The wind moves Inc. smash into the trough of the wave, spring up from near faster (in order to travel the Jones, R. (1985) Windsurfing disaster, and look quickly for greater distance) over the basic and funhoard techniques. convex curve of the forward New York: Harper & Row the next wave so you can do it Publishers. all over again. This is the part of the sail than it does exciting sport of windsurfing. when it goes straight over the Mason, C., & Rabinowitz, N. back part of the sail. (1988, June) Jumping for joy in Windsurfing has its roots in the the gorge. Sail, pp. 82-86. '60s when it began to take According to Bernoulli's Olney, R. (1982) Windsuding shape from conversations principle, there is lower A complete ,guide. New York: between an aeronautical pressure on the forward part of CONNECTIONS Walker & Co. engineer and a scientist. In the sail (shaded region in the 1. What advanced technologies Prade, E. (1986) Perfect 1969, the engineer presented a figure at right) and thus a net does windsurfing apply? Can windsuding: Intermediate to symposium paper entitled force perpendicular to the sail. you name other sports where advanced. New York: Barrons. "Wind Surfing: A New Concept This is the force that propels the these technologies also play a Additional sources of in Sailing." This new concept windsurfer, but you may have part? information entailed releasing the mast from noticed that part of this force is 2. What advanced materials go U.S. Sailing Association its traditional fixed vertical to the side of the sailboard. into the construction of PO Box 209 position and allowing it to pivot What keeps the board from sailboards? What other sports Newport, RI 02840 moving sideways? The answer is use these materials? (401) 849-5200 around its base. The sailor then can both steer and balance the the "daggerboard" which 3. What other means of U.S. Windsurfing Association board through appropriate extends from the sailboard transportation could be PO Box 978 down into the water. Hood River, OR 97031 movements of the mast and sail. developed that would harness wind power? (503) 386-8708 From these beginnings, This daggerboard not only Community resources windsurfing has grown to keeps the board from drifting Windsurfmg retail store become a popular sport sideways, but it also acts as a attracting 100,000 newcomers a Windsurfing club year. VOCABULARY How does a windsurfer manage airfoil a surface, such as a wing, designed to aid in lifting or to move the sailboard across thecontrolling an aircraft or pulling a sailboard water? The force that moves a convex having a surface that is curved or rounded outwards sailboard (or any sailboat) is not fulcrum the point of rest about which a lever turns produced simply by the wind lift the net force caused by different pressures on opposite surfaces pushing on the sail. The process of a wing or sail is closely related to the lift on anpressure force exerted over a surface divided by its area
W;E ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 1 1 29 the National Science Teachers Association. 172 3MInnovation SHOW NUMBER
0 / 0 f111® WHAT IS LIFT? Build a model wing and fmd out what happens when you move it through the air. di. NIS tS. ari:MIEMEMI MAIN ACTIVITY 7.Pass the other end of the fishing line uniaarimi through the 15-cm straw which is What creates wind? How In small groups, . The lift on the sail of a sailboard is attached to the paper. can you design a method similar to that on a wing of an airplane. brainstorm two lists. The to show how wind What forceS and pressures generate 8. Pull the fishing line through and tie first should contain major forms? In small groups, lift? Construct a model to demonstrate this end to the other 7.5-cm straw. The science concepts and develop answers to these the force of lift. 7.5-cm straws will be your handles. knowledge required in questions and share your windsurfing. The second results with the rest of . Materials 9. On the other piece of paper, trace list should consist of your class. two 8 1/2" x 11" sheets of paper two copies of the airfoil shape below areas in science that ruler and cut out the shapes. Tape the affect the sport of transparent tape shapes to the open ends of the "wing."windsurfing. Share your sharpened pencil The flat edge of the shapes should be results and discuss how 60-cm (24") piece of monofilament on the bottom of the wing (see the principles involved in fishing line illustration). windsurfing also affect one 15-cm (6") straw things in your everyday 10. Taking the 7.5-cm straw handles, life. two 7.5-cm (3") straws one in each hand, draw the fishing line 1. Fold one sheet of paper in half, but tight and position it so the line is do not crease the fold. perpendicular to the floor. Make sure the flatter surface of the wing faces . 2. Tape the long opened edge of down. arairEMEMI paper with three small pieces of tape How do we use wind to keep it closed. This taped side will 11. With your arms out in front of you, today? In the future, be known as your "trailing edge," make a quick sweeping motion what types of while the folded side will be known as through the air. Be certain that the transportation might rely the "leading edge." leading edge of the on wind? Develop an wing is in front. idea for a transportation 3. With the pencil, mark an "X" on the system that employs center line of the paper about one inchQuestions wind power. Locate from the leading edge. 1. What did your regions of the world that 4. Punch a hole through both the top piece of paper do? would have enough wind and bottom of the paper at the "X." 2. What caused the for it to work. (Be careful not to crease the paper at wing to move the fold.) upward? 3. Explain how this .5. Place the 15-cm straw through the demonstration hole you just punched. Use tape, if relates to a sail. necessary, to hold the straw in place. 4. Explain the 6. Tie one end of the fishing line to theforces that move middle of a 7.5-cm straw. the paper upward.
173
WI ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USEI Educational materials developed with 11 30 the National Science Teachers Association. anInnovation SHOW HUMBER \ow sFAnk),
(< PERMAFROST What is permafrost?
How can something be preserved for 30,000 years? How can humans adapt to permafrost? What can permafrost tell us about our past and future climate? Peggy discovers treasures hidden for 30,000 years when she visits a permafrost tunnel in Alaska.
Segment Length - 5:57
RESOURCES INSIGHTS bodies of ice in the permanently insulated pilings driven deep frozen silt. If the ice melts, the into the permafrost. This Bruemmer, F. (1987, Apr) Life The permafrost tunnel 10 miles resulting silt mixture resembles technique allowed the Russians upon the permafrost. Natural north of Fairbanks, Alaska, is soup! to build entire cities on History pp. 31-38. called a "chilly, smelly time permafrost in Siberia. Fodor, R.V. (1981) Frozen earth: machine" because it exposes Construction disasters can be Explaining the ice ages. Hillside, permafrost layers dating from caused by such a thaw and the Permafrost's capacity to NJ: Enslow Publishers. 11,000 to more than 30,000 resulting subsidence, or settling, preserve plants and animals for Johnston, G.H. (1981) years ago. These layers contain of surface features. Entire centuries gives scientists a Permafrost engineering design plant and animal remains whosemegaprojects-such as the window into the past to help and construction. New York: decay creates the smell. Jenpeg dam diversion in them assess how rapidly Wiley and Sons. Canada-have also been affected greenhouse pollutants may be Kurten, B. (1986) How to deep- Permafrost underlies an by the unpredictable behavior warming the Earth. Ground freeze a mammoth, (chapter 9). estimated 20%-25% of the of permafrost. temperatures indicate past New York: Columbia University world's land surface; it occurs in climatic conditions and current Press. Thermosiphons offered one more than 50% of Russia and changes in world ambient solution to permafrost on the Sutcliffe, AJ. (1985) On the Canada, 82% of Alaska, 20% of temperatures, providing an track of ice age mammals. Alaska pipeline. Other options China, and probably all of understanding of the complex Cambridge, MA: Harvard exist. To avoid settling, Antarctica. Permafrost in interactions of human-induced University Press. engineers try to build on northern Siberia is 1,600 meters, global warming, ice melting, bedrock or coarse, well-drained Additional sources of (5,250 feet) thick and it is 650 and potential sea level changes. information meters (2,100 feet) thick in soil with a low ice content. Geophysical Institute northern Alaska. Builders can also maintain CONNECTIONS University of Alaska/Fairbanks stable soil by insulating 1. How do life-forms preserved Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 The active surface layer of structures to prevent permafrost (907) 474-7558 in permafrost differ from fossils? permafrost is a thin slice of thawing. Small, lightweight 2. How do animals adapt to International Permafrost tundra vegetation that thaws structures may need only an Association harsh permafrost environments? every summer and freezes in airspace between floor and soil Troy Pewe, President 3. How do thermosiphons winter. A frozen sublayer keeps surface, created by raising the Arizona State University work? Box 871404 the water on the surface. The building on stilts. Larger Tempe, AZ 85286-1404 active layer is vulnerable to structures require the support of environmental damage. For example, tracks from a passing VOCABULARY vehicle will tear up the fragile continuous permafrost permafrost that occurs throughout an insulating tundra, allowing the entire region soil to thaw into scars that may discontinuous permafrost permafrost that occurs occasionally remain for hundreds of years. and in specific locations in a region Underground, permafrost ice age a span of geologic time during which "permanent" ice consists of frozen soils ranging covers a substantial portion of the Earth's surface. There have been from gravel to silt. Silty soil is seven recorded major ice ages; the last one reached its peak about made of fine, powdery 18,000 years ago. sedimentary particles. They permafrost permanently frozen subsoil that maintains a possess great "wicking" temperature below 0° C continuously for two years or longer capacities, enabling water to thermosiphon a device that uses temperature changes in the migrate and accumulate in large environment to remove heat from the ground
,WIE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public-it r", DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. r4 EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association . 11.31 3M Innovation 4,svDtc'5 FAMk,s, SHOW NUMBER 0
Si co ..., s a. c.T.1 FREEZE AND THAW Predict what factors will prevent (12mage to structures built on pennafrost. NIStS
MAIN ACTIVITY originally had hot water and refill CIELEEMEM them with hot water. If you must build on The speed with which ice melts in Ice wedges form in the permafrost, you have permafrost depends on how much 10. After 15 minutes, remove the pan permafrost tunnel when three ways of dealing heat and pressure are applied to it. from the freezer. Remove all five cups water seeps into o crack with itkeep it frozen, from the pan. Feel the surface of the in the frozen ground. Mc thaw it out, or let the You can demonstrate these principles with coffee cups, water, and ice. ice. Can you tell where the empty cup water freezes and ice building move. Devise a sat? Can you tell which ring was expands, pushing out in plan to keep the ground Materials created by the cup with hot water that all directions. The wedge frozen, create a thawing large, flat cake pan filled with water partially melts during its program, and design a sat directly on the ice? How does the 5 identical ceramic coffee cups with ice look under the insulating sponge? formation, allowing mon structure that can move water to fill the void and bottom rims that would make an What about the cup containing the with ground subsidence. indentation expand the size of the Display the plans and rocks and the cup containing the ice wedge upon refreezing. hot water water? structure. ice water Simulate the ice wedging by packing a shoe box sponge for insulation Questions a freezer with dirt (preferably 1. What construction techniques could some fairly impermeable 1. Fill the pan with about 1" (2.5 cm) ofminimize heat transfer from a building soil, such as clay). Make water. Placeifin a freezer, along withto the permafrost? a small crack and line it one of the empty cups. 2. What construction techniques could with plastic so it will hold minimize damage to a structure if water. Place water in the 2. When the water is frozen, remove permafrost melted and the surface lined crack. Freeze the The Alyeska Pipeline the pan and cup from the freezer. level collapsed? box. Did the soil move? Service Company was 3. Place the empty cup on the ice. 3. Do construction: techniques for Melt the ice, add more concerned about permafrost environments resemble water to fill the plastic permafrost underlying 4. Fill another cup with ice water and those in earthquake zones? lining, and then refreeze three-quarters of the place it on the ice. the water. The size of the 800-mile, trans-Alaska space will increase, as it pipeline. It drilled 12,000 5. Fill a third cup with very hot tap water and place it on the ice. (Be does in the case of an ice holes to test for wedge. Is this what permafrost. You can sure to place all cups so that happens between your "drill" a test sample of they do not touch each house foundation and your playground. (Be other.) yard in winter if you live sure to obtain 6. Fill a fourth cup in a cold climate? permission.) Drill a with heavy rocks vertical hole to create a and place it on the core, using tools like ice. copper tubing, plastic tubing, or gardening 7. Fill the last cup tools for digging bulbs. with hot tap water. Call a local soil-testing Put the sponge on firm for literature to the ice and place share with your class. the cup ori top of the sponge. 8. If possible, place the pan with the five cups back into the freezer. 9. Every five minutes, remove the cups that
.4W.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of FUCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 175 11 32 3M Innovation SNOW NUMBER xoti'S FA MIL kY04, SPOTTED OWL/ OLD-GROWTH FORESTS Why should we save the spotted owl?
Can we learn about managing our forests Peggy explores the complex intelligently by listening to both industry and ecosystem of an environmentalists? old-growth forest. Segment Length 8:18
RESOURCES INSIGHTS a few species of trees that were redwoods still stand, mostly in planted at the same time. These roadside parks. Facklam, M. (1990) And then The case of the northern spotted areas do not offer the same Loggers, environmentalists, and there was one. San Francisco: owl points out why we need habitat diversity for plants and Sierra Club Books. forest management focused scientists have started to animals. For example, only nine hammer out a new form of Future of forests. (1991, June 22) more on ecosystem values than mammal species make their The Economist, pp. 19-23. we've had in the past. Studies in forest management that protects home in second-growth forests the environment but attempts to Gup, T. (1990, June 25) Owl vs. Oregon show that this owl's of young firs and hemlocks, man. Time, pp. 56-63. population declined by a third endanger fewer jobs. A better compared to 25 in old-growth understanding of the value of Kelly, D., & Braasch, G. (1988) between 1976 and 1987. The forests. Secrets of the old forest. Salt Lake U.S. Forest Service estimates forests will help them arrive at a City: Peregrine Smith Books. only 3,000 to 6,000 northern The classic old-growth forests solution. Lovett, S: (1992) Extremely spotted owl pairs remain in contain redwoods, cedars, weird endangered species. Santa North America. Douglas fir, hemlock, or spruce. CONNECTIONS Fe, NM: John Muir Publications. These forests have at least eight 1.Is there a connection Each pair requires a range of McDonald, T.B. (1990, Dec) End big trees per acre that are older between the struggle to protect of an era. Architectural Record, 4,000 to 9,000 acres for hunting than 300 years or more than a the northern spotted owl and its pp. 40-41. and foraging and can nest only meter (40 inches) in diameter at habitat and what happened to Satchell, M. (1990, June 25) The in the broken tops of dead "old- breast height. bison in the 19th century? growth" firs. Because the 2. How are our continent's old- endangered logger. US News Only 4.3 million acres of our and World Report, pp. 27-29. spotted owl was declared an growth forests like the rain endangered species, a court old-growth forests remain, forests of South America and about one-third of it protected Additional sources of injunction halted most timber Africa? information sales in national forests where in designated national American Forest Council old-growth firs are found. wilderness areas in parks. The 1250 Connecticut Ave. NW, loss of the old-growth Douglas Suite 320 But the importance of the fir is similar to the loss of the Washington, DC 20036 complex ecosystem of an old- (202) 463-2455 giant redwoods, originally the growth forest extends far greatest old-growth forest on National Audubon Society beyond the preservation of the earth. Less than 4% of the giant 801 Pennsylvania Ave. SE spotted owl. Old-growth forests Washington, DC 20003 in the Pacific Northwest are full (202) 547-9009 VOCABULARY of ancient standing trees, fallen biodiversity the number of different species present in a given Wilderness Society trees, snags, and decaying 1400 I St. NW, Suite 550 area. As forests disappear, the number of different kinds of plants vegetation (fungi, lichen, and Washington, DC 20005 and animals decreases also. (202) 828-6600 moss) which provide shelter ecosystem community of plants and animals interconnected with and food to plants and animals the soil, air, and water in an environment that cannot live elsewhere. habitat the place or location that provides everything a plant or At least 118 known vertebrate animal needs to survive species live primarily in old- monoculture a forest composed of same-age trees and minimal growth forests; 41 of these genetic diversity of species species cannot nest, breed, or second-growth timber that has grown up after the original growth forage anywhere else. New- of forest was cleared by fire or logging growth forests are managed snag a stump or stub remaining on a tree after a branch has been monoculturescontaining only broken off; a standing dead tree from which parts have fallen
ie5..WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a giant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USF! Educational materials developed with 176 the National Science Teachers Association. 11'33 3MInnovation SNOW NUMBEE S FAM10,80 1107 if gplus. RING AROUND THETREE 107 Count the rings on a tree's trunk to estimate its age.
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CILINEEDEMIN MAIN ACTIVITY an:§=111=1 You can make a terrarium out of a big jar with a lid. Place the jar on its side in a small Exposing the hidden Trees grow both in height and in girth. world under a log can be rack with slots to keep the terrarium from rolling sideways. Place a layer The rings on the stump of a tree of small stones on top of a layer of sand in the jar and then lay down a a revealing experience! indicate how many years have passed The damp, rotting layer of forest soil or potting soil. Collect some specimens from the forest. in the tree's life. Spring wood can be underside of a log can (Be sure to obtain permission first.) For example, a fresh acorn will sprout provide a home to a recognized as light rings; summer into a small oak. Wrap specimens in newspaper until you can plant them whole community of wood as dark. One set of light and in the terrarium. After you've planted them, spray two or three squirts of creaturescaterpillars, dark rings represents one year. water over them. Replace the lid after punching several holes in it. Why mites, snails, slugs, Paleoclimatologists trace climatic shouldn't you water the terrarium very often? spiders, termites, beetles, changes and other disturbances by iIDE111.1 You'll find biodiversity in many environments. ants, wood lice, and studying the ring patterns in old trees. 4 Collect a leaf from each type of tree in a millipedes. If you find a Materials small, natural setting (your neighborhood or a local park). Make a leaf dead tree, peel away Obtain a variety of cut round sections print of each to record texture, contour, and detail. To do this, place each some bark to look for from large tree trunks. A local tree hard, thick-veined leaf between two pieces of strong, thin paper. Rub tunnels underneath it. service might provide pieces from one piece of paper with a thick pencil or graphite stick, or even a crayon. (Never remove bark from You can also make rubbings of tree bark to record variations in bark a living tree!) Do any different types of trees. patterns, lie lightweight paper around the tree with a string and rub over insects, worms, or grubs 1. Make a sketch of the flat cut face of the paper with a dark wax crayon, from which you've peeled the paper live under the bark? Find each trunk, showing all the rings that wrapping. Rub steadily in one direction. (Smooth barks produce the best some dead logs and appear. rubbings.) Don't strip bark from treesthis will injure or kill the tree. sketch the variety of life you find under them. 2. Count the number of rings across What is the largest the surface of the trunk. (Count from creature you found? The the center out; do not count the bark.) smallest? How do these This corresponds to the tree's age. creatures return nutrients Label each drawing. to the soil to feed the plants and trees? What 3. Post the sketches next to each other. animals rely on dead 4. Label the rings in your sketch to matter to survive? How show several important historical can we protect these events as well as major occasions in small creatures? your life. Is the tree as old as you are? 5. Measure each trunk's diameter. 6. Research why some rings are farther apart than others. Remember that wide rings show periods of strong growth and narrow rings indicate adverse conditions. Questions 1. Does the diameter of the tree always4. Can correspond with its age? Why or why you think of not? an environment 2. What are the oldest trees in the where it would be world? In the United States? difficult to determine the age of a tree 3. What environmental factors might because there were no growth rings? have encouraged growth? What might have hampered the growth of the tree?
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WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCMIONAL USN Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association . 11 34 3M Innovatioh SHOW NUMBER S FA Mk CARPAL TUNNEL 0 SYNDROME What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
What is the carpal tunnel and how does it work? How can you prevent CTS? What role does David seeks a ergonomics play in CTS? medical opinion about his sore wrists.
Segment Length - 6:55
RESOURCES INSIGHTS Although medical experts have and trying to make them more known about this problem for comfortable and physically less Goldoftas, B. (1991, Jan) Hands The caipal tunnel is a very over a hundred years, recent stressful. They might suggest that hurt: Repetitive motion crowded, narrow passageway changes in the workplace have wrist rests for people who type injuries on the job. Technology on the inside of your wrist, filled Review, pp. 42-50. made CTS more common. a lot, anti-glare filters on with nerves, tendons, and blood People who work as typists, computer terminals, and chairs Greer, B. G., Jenkins, W. M., & vessels. When you engage in Roberts, R. (1992, Apr-June) grocery checkers, and postal with firm back support. This Carpal tunnel syndrome: A quick, repetitive actions with workers are among those most new area of study is called challenge for rehabilitation. The your hands and wrists hour after at risk for acquiring it. ergonomics, and it is a growing Journal of Rehabilitation, p. 43. hour, day after day, you can field. For people who already have McCormick, E., & Sanders, M. irritate and traumatize that (1992) Human factors in narrow area. Inflammation and CTS, medical treatment includes As schools, homes, and engineering design. NY: swelling might result, producing splinting the wrist, medication, workplaces become more McGraw-Hill. tingling, numbness, and pain in and sometimes surgery. computerized, more people may develop CTS. Everyone Meyer, A. (1991, June) Carpal the hand. When that happens, But something can be done to needs to be aware of this tunnel pain: Surprise! You may you may have carpal tunnel reduce the chances of acquiring be at risk. Here's help. Better problem, since prevention is so syndrome (CTS). CTS. Medical personnel suggest Homes & Gardens, pp. 38-40. important. Imagine a water hose with a that workers keep their wrists in O'Malley, C. (1992, Mar) Don't a neutral position, cut down on get all bent out of shape by your kink in it. Even when you turn CONNECTIONS repetitive wrist motions or take computer. PC Computing, pp. the water on full force, the flow 1. Why is it especially important 268-269. frequent breaks from them, and coming out of the nozzle will to know about CTS today? not be full strength. This practice various exercises. Additional sources of 2. What simple steps can office information resembles what happens with Experts estimate that by the yearworkers take to prevent CTS? National Institute for CTS. When the median nerve in 2000, repetitive motion injuries 3. What jobs or activities make Occupational Safety and the carpal tunnel is squeezed, (including CTS) will make up you prone to CI'S? Health the result can be pain, 200 Independence Ave. SW half of all occupational-related HHH Building, Room 714B numbness, some weakness, and illnesses. Some people are Washington, DC 20201 eventually the inability to studying work environments properly use the hand. The The National Safety Council index finger, the middle finger, 444 North Michigan Avenue VOCABULARY Chicago, IL 60611 and thumb are most severely affected. carpal tunnel the narrow channel formed by bones, ligaments, US Department of Labor OSHA Publication Office and bands of connective tissue at the wrist through which nerves, If you've ever fallen asleep on tendons, and blood vessels must pass on their way to the fingers 200 Constitution Avenue your arm or hand, the sensation Room N-3101 ergonomics a new scientific field designed to alter the workplace Washington, DC 20210 of "pins and needles" that you so that it will more safely accommodate workers (publication # OSHA 3123: experience upon waking is median nerve a very important sensory and motor nerve that Ergonomics: The study of work) similar to what people with CTS passes through the carpal tunnel experience. To test for CTS, Community resources nerves the specialized cells that connect the brain and spinal cord Local physicians who specialize doctors tap a patient's wrist to sensory organs, muscles, glands, and other body parts. They in orthopedics, neurology, or area. If the patient feels a conduct impulses that are responsible for our ability to feel and do neurosurgery tingling in the fingertips, it couldmotor functions. indicate CTS. tendon a band of tough, fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or skeletal structure traumatize harm by physical injury
...WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 178 11 35 3M Innovation t4 S FAMIL SHOW NUMBER
tk' ' / l'C'''' 1107 leWORKPLACE 'WISDOM Modify a work space to cut down the risk of CTS.
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41113:131=1111 MAIN ACTIVITY need to make adjustments. Now 1111102DEM Divide into teams. Each cover the wrist rest with a Learn how to alter a work space to Plan a class trip to your team tries to list as many nonirritating covering material. lower the risk of acquiring carpal local medical center with occupations with workers 4. Check out the chair and the an orthopedic at risk for developing tunnel syndrome. Take this activity lighting in this area. Make necessary department or invite a CTS as possible. The one step further by working on the therapist who deals with team with the longest list ergonomics of the entire workplace. adjustments to improve them. CTS to speak to your wins. Remember, Materials 5. Check the position of the computer class. Ask the therapist h repetitive action in the foam (firm but pliable) monitor. Try raising or lowering it or bring a night splint or workplace is the key. covering of your choice tilting it. What position is most wrist rest to show you pillow comfortable? and to demonstrate the light fixture 6. Decide if too much glare shows on stretches and exercises cardboard to create a nonglare the computer screen. If so, use you can do to prevent computer screen cardboard to cut down the glare. You CTS. 1. Choose a workplace with a may also reduce glare by simply computer. It could be the computer repositioning the screen. area in your classroom or the school library. Questions You can take some simple and 2. Use the area and talk to other effective steps to help prevent carpal 4111331ZEUBMII students who have used it for long tunnel syndrome when you work in Imagine that you have periods of time. Find out what they an office. But what if you are a 0351EMEMI carpal tunnel syndrome. think is uncomfortable about it. List musician or a beautician? What could Name 15 at-home Keep your dominant these things. you do to prevent CTS if you worked activities that a person hand (the hand that you withcrswould have 3. First deal with the computer in these professions? use the most) immobile difficulty doing. for an entire afternoon at keyboard. Decide if the user's wrists school. How difficult is are straight or at an uncomfortable eating lunch, taking angle when typing. If the wrists are notes, and packing up bent, make a wrist rest to raise the 44, your backpack? What hands to a more natural level. Do this sports or activities would by measuring the distance between be most difficult? the user's wrists and whatever they AI/ .44 might comfortably rest on. Cut your 4,74. piece of foam to this height. Place it on the rest area. Try it out. You may e
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WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 173 11 36 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBERa. ARCHEOLOGY n.4 How do archeologists know where to dig?
How do archeologists learn about people of the past? How can they turn bits and pieces of evidence into a big picture of the past? Peggy joins with archeologists to excavate a Hohokam village near Tucson.
Segment Length 10:26
RESOURCES INSIGHTS superposition, and context. did in different parts of the site Stratigraphy means that the at different times. Brain, J. (Ed.) (1976) Clues to Being an archeologist is a lot material covering the site was America's past. Washington, like being a detective. You placed there in layersor CONNECTIONS DC: The National Geographic spend most of your time trying Society. strata. Superposition means that 1.Contrary to popular belief, to find clues, collecting the deeper you dig, the older archeologists do very little Corbishley, M. (1990) Detecting information, and putting pieces the past. New York: Glouster the material gets. While these digging at a site, preferring to Press. together to solve a mystery. rules don't give exact ages, they leave most of the artifacts Both professions require a Coville, B. (1990) Prehistoric allow scientists to calculate buried. Why don't they dig up people. New York: Doubleday. variety of tools and draw relative time, which is almost as the whole area? What information from many different Fagan, B. M. (1992) People of the important. Context is also a advantages could that have in Earth: An introduction to world scientific disciplines. In fact, the critical concept, since arqacts protecting the site? How do they prehistory. New York: Harper only major difference is that only tell a story through the know what is buried at the site Collins. detectives usually can question context in which they're without digging it up? Freeman, M. (1967) Finding out a witness while archeologists foundwhere they are found 2. How do the techniques used about the past. New York: are lucky to find the witness's and with what they are found. by archeologists compare to Random House. home! In the hands of a skilled those used by geologists? State After uncovering artifacts, an Scott, A. (1993, Summer) archeologist, however, even a similarities and differences. Ancient tech. Invention and pile of trash can speak volumes. archeologist relies on technology, pp. 34-44. 3.In forests, people often techniques like X rays and encounter lines of large rocks, Willey, G., & Sabloff, J. (1974) Archeologists must first know chemical and microscopic A histmy of American where to look for a site. The long rows of old trees, and analysis to determine what several ponds clustered in a archaeology. San Francisco: passage of time and the forces materials were used to make the W.H. Freeman. of nature often erase even the small area. While all these artifacts, how they were made, features appear natural, could sturdiest buildings. Walking an their age, and their purpose. If Community resources they be a result of human Local historical society area, archeologists look for enough artifacts are found, the special clues that tip them off to activity? Explain. College anthropology archeologist puts them together department human occupation. Some into common groups called broken pieces of pottery, an old State historic preservation office assemblages. By studying arrowhead, or even a pile of assemblages, the archeologist stones can lead them to a site. can then determine what people Before digging, however, they map the surface in detail and VOCABULARY sometimes attempt to "see" archeologist a scientist who studies past cultures or people by below the ground with the help analyzing the things they left behind (sites and artifacts) of remote sensing techniques artifact any object made or used by people like radar. radar a device that images an object from a distance by reflecting Once digging begins, workers radio waves off of it and analyzing the signals scrape off each level in neat remote sensing a mapping technique that scientists use to analyze horizontal layers, a materials and landscapes from a distance, without making direct painstakingly slow process. physical contact Archeologists carefully observe site a geographic area once occupied by people rules of three important strata horizontal layers of soil or rock concepts: stratigraphy, survey examination of Earth's surface to discover archeological sites
.W..WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from. 3M. EDUCATIONAL USEI Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association . lao 11 37 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBEN N'S FAMIL )...,.. &4' 1108 9 (P cr / Opli ry*, RECORDING A SITE Test your skills as an archeologist. AaS. N N'S
CEDEEIMEIMI MAIN ACTIVITY 3. Starting at one corner of the site, CEDMIDEIM Artifacts don't have to be walk slowly across the site in a Set up an excavation in c Even before digging a single hole, systematic pattern. The best way is to thousands of years old to archeologists develop a working box. Get a 50-pound be interesting. Your cross back and forth at a regular (22.5 kg) bag of topsoil. model of what took place in an area. interval of spacing. Look for anything family may have some To do this, they conduct a suivey to Starting at the bottom of tools, games, or toys at that appears out of the ordinarya the box and moving discover all the sites on the surface of home that no one knows broken bottle, an old can, a ring of upward layer by layer, how to use. Check out the land and to describe what they can rocks with some burnt material on the bury a number of your grandparents' home see at each site. Pieces of broken inside. Each time you encounter an different items associated to find some really old pottery, rocks arranged in patterns, artifact, describe it fully in the with different tasks, such stuff and invite your and even trees growing in straight notebook and measure its distance as cooking, cleaning, friends to collect some of rows suggest that people once and direction from one of the site sewing, etc. Each group their own "blasts from occupied an area. Using a local park or corners. of associated items is the past." Hold a "What vacant lot, test your own ability to called an assemblage, is it?" day to see how unravel past events. 4. Once you have completed your and they must be buried survey, plot your data on a scale map many different uses you Materials together on the same can come up with for of the site. With your protractor, . notebook and pencil level. Invite some friends each artifact. Have your measure the compass direction from ruler to help excavate and see grandparents show you north and, with your ruler, measure offif they can work out the . the correct use. magnetic compass a scale distance. When all the data is context of events. protractor plotted, see if you can find any (Example of a cooking large sheet of drawing paper patterns suggesting how people used assemblage: spoon, egg 1. Select a site for your survey. A the site. shells, milk carton, can opener.) wooded park, a campground, or even Questions Visit a local historical a vacant lot will do fine. Before society or museum to 1. When conducting site surveys, why starting, ask for permission to enter the walk back and forth in a regular learn about people who property if it is privately owned! lived in your area before pattern across the site rather than the turn of the century. 2. Using your compass to establish randomly? Find out who settled the north, measure the site boundaries by 2. What artifacts area and identify the pacing off the distance in feet in each suggest that oldest known structure. direction. Log the direction and your site might Are there any distance of your site boundaries in be old? Which archeological your notebook. To calculate your pace artifacts suggest excavations nearby? If size, do the following: your site has so, check them out! been recently With a long tape measure, mark off used? two points exactly 100 feet (30m) apart. Starting at one point, walk in a direct line toward the other point, counting the number of steps you take to get there. Your steps should be your normal pace. Divide 100 feet (30m) by the number of steps you took. This number is your normal pace size. For example, if you took 25 steps, your pace would be 100 feet ÷ 25 = 4 feet/step (30 ÷ 25 = 1.2 meters/ step). For more accuracy, you should repeat the measurement four times and average your results.
ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 181 11 38 3M Innovatior SNOW NUMBER MAZES How can we best solve these puzzles?
What does mathematics have to do with mazes? Wha is the history behind mazes? Are there different kind of mazes? What is topology? David solves a maze by applying the principles of mathematics.
Segment Length -8:11
RESOURCES INSIGHTS multicursal maze has branches A vertex is considered odd or and forks that require you to even depending on the number Fisher, A. (1990) Beware the Minotaur! This guess the best path. If lost, you of arcs that intersect it. In the Labyrinth. New York: fearsome mythical creature, half Harmony Books. apply the "right-hand rule" Konigsberg network, there man and half bull, lurked in the keep your right hand against the are four odd vertices, making it Kenner, H. (1986, Feb) The dark corners of the Cretan maze wall as you walk. You are impossible to cross each bridge amazing world of mazes. labyrinth, waiting to devour Discover, pp. 33-39. guaranteed an outalthough it only once. By examining arcs young people sent by King may be the entrance instead of and vertices, you can determine Matthews, W.H. (1970) Minos. But Theseus conquered Mazes and labyrinths: Their the exit! the most efficient path through the Minotaur and, guided by a your maze. histog and development. New With a diagram of a maze, you York: Dover Publications, Inc. golden thread, emerged from the labyrinth a victor! can apply topology, a branch of Networks are commonplace in Pappas, T. (1989) The joy of mathematics created by the our worldfrom electricity and mathematics. San Carlos, CA: Like the legend of the Minotaur, Swiss mathematician Leonhard phone lines to computer systems Wide World Publishing/Tetra. mazes and labyrinths have long Euler (1707-1783) as he solved and computers themselves. Reimer, L., & Reimer, W. fascinated us. Ancient the Konigsberg bridge problem When you think about it; the (1990) Mathematicians are civilizations left stories of (see illustration on back). impact that labyrinths and their people, too. Palo Alto: Dale enormous labyrinthian buildings Seymour Publications. Located on the Preger River, study have on our lives is truly with up to 3,000 rooms. Hedge Konigsberg contained two "a-maze-ing"! Schattschneider, D. (1990) mazes have decorated gardens islands connected by seven Visions of symmetry: for centuries, providing Notebooks, periodic drawings, bridges. The citizens wanted to CONNECTIONS and related work of MC. entertainment and secret know if they could walk 1. Why do you find mazes Escher. New York: W.H. meeting places. Psychologists through their city while crossing fascinating? Freeman & Company. use mazes to study how animals each bridge only once. 2. What will a maze of the learn. Additional sources of Euler drew a diagramor future look like? information What is the difference between networkof the problem and, 3. Where does the name Oriental Trading Company "topology" come from? a maze and a labyrinth? as a topologist, studied the arcs (800) 228-2269 What are some uses for Actually, the two names are and vertices. He discovered that (maze puzzle assortment topology? No. 25/13) synonymous. However, maze is for a network to be traceable, it used more often, perhaps Minotaur Amusements, Inc. can only have two odd vertices. 8027 Sunnyside Ave. N. because of the popular hedge Seattle, WA 98103 mazes. Labyrinthian describes VOCABULARY (206) 525-7552 something that has maze-like arc in a network, the path between two vertices qualitiesyour thumbprint or a even vertex an intersection where an even number of paths Community resources house with many rooms to Computer engineer meet wander through. Power company goal the place you are trying to reach after entering a maze What should you do if you maze a path or series of paths that leads to a goal Office computer analyst become lost in a maze? That network a diagram of the arcs and vertices of a problem Telephone company depends on the maze. A topology the branch of mathematics that deals with networks Public works department unicursal maze has only one and surfaces path to follow, and while it may traceable describes a network in which every arc can be feel like you are getting lost as traveled only once in one sweep while vertices may be passed you twist and turn, you will through more than once. eventually reach the goal. A vertex in a network the intersection where arcs meet
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USTI Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 182 11 39 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBER 1108 THAT'S A-MAZE-ING! Now it's your turn to design a maze.
MAIN ACTIVITY strips to serve as the walls of the maze, leave 1 cm ('n") to bend andCUMMINS' A Mabius ship is an Try the right-hand rule at Using blueprints, you will create and serve as support. Paths should be unusual object studied by build a maze. Is designing a maze home. From your topologists. To make a wide enough to allow a marble to ro bedroom door, let the easier or harder than solving one? through. Miibius strip, take a long Let's find out! fingers of your right strip of paper and twist it 4. Demonstrate your maze to the hand guide you around once, then tape the ends Materials entire group. Explain how you your home. Where do together. Place your poster board measuring 56 cm x 71 cm designed it. Try the other groups' you end up? Will this pencil in the center of the (22" x 28") mazes. method take you to any ship and draw a line marbles room that you want? down the center. Now scissors Questions What happens if you use carefully cut along the rulers 1. Which mazes are unicursal? your left hand? center line. Try these glue and/or tape Multicursal? same activities with a graph paper 2.Which maze is the most ship of paper connected pencils complicated? Why? 41:1161111MEN at the ends without the paper 3. In which maze does the marble Learn more about twist. Try with two or crayons or markers travel farthest from entrance to goal? networks and their three twists. 4. On your blueprints, identify the applications. Invite 1. Divide into groups of four. Each arcs and vertices in your maze. What computer engineers to 41MMEIMIMI group will need one sheet of poster is the most efficient path through youryour class to learn how board and one marble, as well as the they work with networks M. C. Escher was an maze? other materials. in their careers. Visit the artist who employed 5. If you designed your maze again, local telephone company mathematics to create 2. what changes would you make? If Create a blueprint of your maze on or electric company to unusual pictures. Many you increased your maze in size to graph paper. The maze should have a: see how networks of Esther's drawings of name accommodate people, what design connect their services. buildings have entrance modifications would you make? What classes or training labyrinthian qualities. goal 6.How would the right-hand rule prepared these Find some examples of theme (optional) work in your maze? technicians to work with Escher's drawings. What 7.Is designing a maze easier or networks? do you think makes them 3. Important: Each group only gets harder than solving one? Why? so unusual? one piece of poster board to use for the floor and walls of the maze so plan before you cut! When cutting lt I I I / I / 1 I". 1 II 4/. I I
*.r.--:-N -"- 1 \ r - -- -., _ , r::=Z4 r----i ,---- I I I is- 1 1 1 III 1 1 i I I I ,
,WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public 183 DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M.. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. " 4° 3MInnovatim SHOW HUMBER
FIREFIGHTING How do fires start and why can they spread so quickly? What are the scientific principles involved in the transfer of heat energy? How does fire burn? How can you protect yourself in case of a fire? How does fire combust? David seeks an answer to Ibis burning question.
Segment length 10:07
RESOURCES INSIGHTS Convection is the transfer of disorientated and experience heat in fluids. The process distorted judgment. O'Donnell, J. ( 1980) Fire: Its Would you know what to do if a begins by heating a fluid. As the You should know what to do in many faces and moods. fire suddenly broke out in your fluid warms, it becomes less Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver the event of a fire. Plan escape home? You need to understand dense and rises. Colder, denser Burden. how fire burns, how heat routes from your apartment or fluid then sinks down and takes home and practice using them. Reuter, M. (1977) Careers in a energy is transferred in a fire, the place of the warmer fluid, fire department. Austin, TX: and how to protect yourself and Install smoke alarms and Raintree/Steck Vaughn. creating a convection cell. others from it. maintain them by cleaning and Smith, B. (1981) A day in the life Radiation is the transfer of testing them monthly. Learn fire of a firefighter. Mahwah, NJ: Imagine a fire triangle one energy through empty space or prevention and safety Troll Associates. side is oxygen, one side is fuel, transparent materials. The procedures so you know what and one side is energy. Fire Additional sources of energy travels in waves from the to do if a fire breaks out. information needs a source of oxygen (air, source, such as the energy that Fire Protection Through Films ozone, etc.) which chemically travels from the sun to Earth or CONNECTIONS PO Box 11 combines with fuel at a high the heat you feel coming from a 1. How do fire fighters Newton Highlands, MA 02161 enough temperature to maintainstove. Radiation causes the extinguish different kinds of National Fire Protection the fire's combustion process. If temperature of materials around fires, such as chemical, Association one of these three factors is a fire to rise. If the temperature electrical, and wood? Public Education missing, fire cannot exist. Fire 2. What do fire fighters try to Baneryrnarch Park increases, the material may Quincy, MA 02269 fighters extinguish fires by reach its ignition temperature eliminate when they fight fires? (607) 770-3000 removing one or more of the and burst into flames, adding 3. How do you use the three (books on safety education) sides of the triangle. more fuel to the fire. forms of energy transfer in your daily lives? United States Fire Burning releases chemical Almost 70% of fatal house fires Administration energy, resulting in increased 4. What can you do to make Office of Planning and occur at night. Smoke is the your home safer from fire? Education molecular motion and emission most frequent cause of death, Federal Emergency of electromagnetic waves. This since it displaces the oxygen we Management Agency increased molecular motion is breath and fills the air with Washington, DC 20472 detected as a rise in poisonous toxins. After only a Community resources temperature. The energy is few seconds in a smoke-filled Local fire department removed as heat by conduction, room, you can become convection, and radiation. To occur, chemical reactions like VOCABULARY burning often require a high combustion a chemical, physical, oxidation-reduction reaction molecular agitationthat is, a that causes light and heat to evolve high temperature. convection cell a circulatory flow of energy set in motion by Conduction is the transport of unequal heating of a fluid heat through solids by direct flame retardant material that has been treated chemically to contact. This transfer goes from reduce its ability to ignite and spread the flame molecule to molecule down the fire triangle three factors that make up a firefuel, oxygen, and chain, like a row of dominos. energy (high temperature) You feel the effect of oxygen found in air and the sole component of ozone, this gas is conduction whenever you needed for fuel to bum at a high temperature touch a hot object. temperature a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules
W,LVE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a productiori of lCTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11.41 the National Science TeachersAssn,iation. 14 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBER FAMk >-6,c, .Y. 1109 f 1,..,.,® SMOKE-A-RISIN' Ili ,...., Create a convection cell to show why smoke travels upward. 1.zi4.1 N'S
CIIINEMIENII MAIN ACTIVITY 5. Have your instructor light the 1111=1111111 Demonstrate what sets incense stick. Place the lit incense The greatest threat to individuals in a under the middle of the jar's opening. As an ongoing activity, off a smoke detector and fire is the smoke and toxic thmes watch for newspaper how it operates. Discuss generated from burning materials 6. Allow the incense to burn under the stories about local fires. where smoke detectors within a structure. Smoke quickly and jar for two minutes. Observe how the Discuss causes of each should be placed and easily moves upward through smoke behaves. fire, whether smoke how they should be passages and openings, such as stairs alarms were present and tested to make sure they 7. Next, screw the cap on the jar and operational, whether work. and heating ducts. To understand why place the lit end of the incense in the smoke rises so quickly, you must first injuries or deaths cup of sand. resulted, and steps that understand the heat transfer process might have prevented the known as convection. 8. Draw a diagram of the convection cell. fire or casualties. Materials incense stick Questions matches 1. What causes the smoke to move a tall, 1-quart, large-mouth canning around in the jar? laniE= 2. Explain why the smoke moved Draw a floor plan of jar or mayonnaise or spaghetti upward as the incense burned. Research and discuss the your house or apartment. sauce jar with screw-top cap major causes of fire. 3. Explain how this model is similar to Ask your parents to help three small blocks of wood or other Divide into groups and you locate and diagram suitable replacements smoke in a fire. brainstorm ways to escape routes in case of cup of sand 4. What happened when the smoke reduce the danger or risk reached the top of the jar? fire, and then practice Caution: This activity involves an of fire. using them. Locate areas 5.If you want to avoid smoke, where of potential danger and open flame. All participants must should you go? Explain why. the best locations for use safety glasses and follow safety smoke alarms. Complete procedures. This should be done the fire safety checklist with adult supervision. availablelrom your local 1. Form into a group of four and fire department. gather your materials. 2. Arrange the wood on a flat stable surface so that a triangle forms in the center of the three pieces. Allow a slight opening at one corner of the triangle. CEDEffinnEEM 3. Remove the cap from the jar and Every year, fire destroys place the jar upside down on the many acres of forests. wood, making sure air can flow into it. Exactly how big is an 4. Practice placing the unlit incense acre? Calculate how stick through the opening between the many fimes your wood blocks. Hold it under the mouth classroom would fit in an of the jar. acre. Contact your local park authority for the number of acres of forests destroyed by fire in the United States last year. With your school as the center point, shade in the same number of acres on a map of your state.
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPUCATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 1 85,142 *the National Science Teachers Association. 31111 Innovatim SHOW NUMBER s\OWS FAM/0-6,%
<(` (p DAIRY FARM cti , -s-o Where does milk come from? 0. How does a cow produce milk ? How does milk get from the cow to the store?
Peggy visits a dairy farm and a milk processing plant to learn how milk gets from a cow to the store.
Segment Length - 6:45 RESOURCES INSIGHTS give birth. The hormones 77°C (170°F), then cooling it. released at birth and the sucking This kills any harmful bacteria Borcherding, J.R. (1986, Apr 5) You may have heard milk of the calf stimulate the cow to Barnyard biotech. Science News, that may be in the milk. described as "nature's most lactate (produce milk) for her p. 213. During processing, butterfat is perfect food." That's because it calf. Cows produce the greatest Borcherding, J.R. (1991, Aug) contains three main riutrients skimmed from the milk. The High-tech dairy cows. Successful amount of milk right after they protein, calcium, and give birth. If a cow is not milked, butterfat is then forced through Farming, p. 50. small holes. This breaks it up riboflavinessential for bones she will stop producing milk. Borcherding, J.R., & Peterson, and teeth to grow, body tissues into very tiny globules which C., Jr. (1990, Apr) More milk, to repair themselves, and Milk is made and stored in the will stay mixed evenly with the less cost. Successful Fanning, cow's udder, which is divided milk. Butterfat is then added p. 32. antibodies to form. into four separate quarters, each back into the milk in proper Dineen, J. (1988) Food from Milking techniques and milk having its own milk supply. proportions to produce skim, dairy and farmyard. World's processing have changed a lot When laden with milk, each 2%, whole, and other types of Harvest Series. Hillside, NJ: since Christopher Columbus Enslow Publishing. section can be drained through milk. This process is called brought the first cattle to the one teat. First the farmer spray- homogenization. Scuro, V. (1986) Wonders of Western Hemisphere in 1493. washes the cow's udder with a dairy cattle. New York: Putnam Advancements such as Once homogenization is Publishing Group. warm iodine solution to control automatic milking machines and diseases. The milking machine completed, the milk goes into Additional sources of computers have improved milk cups are then attached and draw big storage tanks where it is cooled. It is agitated and then information production, safety, and the milk from the udder into a Holstein Association put into bottles or cartons for availability. system of pipes that transports 1 Holstein Place delivery. The total time from the warm milk to a large storage Brattleboro, VT 05301 Milk production begins with the cow to shelf is 48 to 96 hours! (802) 254-4551 cow. A mature cow eats, on tank for cooling. This milk is (film: From an art to a science) average, 50 pounds of silage and known as raw milk CONNECTIONS National Dairy Council drinks 25 to 50 gallons of water A trucker comes to the farm to 1. How have dairy farms 6300 N. River Road a day. A cow initially chews just Rosemont, IL. 60018 collect and transport the raw changed over the last 25 years? (708) 803-2000 enough to swallow. The food milk to a processing plant. At the 2. How does the dairy industry goes into the first chamber plant, milk is tested for apply biotechnology to milk Community resources (called the rumen) of its four- acceptable levels of bacteria, production? What applications Local 4H chapter part stomach. Later, the cow and pasteurized by heating it to might it have in the future? Dairy council burps up small amounts of food Dairy farmer and chews it again. The food then goes into the next chamber VOCABULARY Veterinarian (reticulum) before passing butterfat fat molecules present in milk. Also known as milk fat. through the final two chambers homogenization the reduction in size of fat molecules in milk so (abomasum and omasum), they stay mixed evenly throughout where bacteria and stomach milk processing techniques, including pasteurization and acids work on it. Food provides homogenization, used to prepare milk for consumption cows with protein, energy, pasteurization the method of killing disease-causing bacteria in vitamins, minerals, and bulk. It is milk by rapidly heating and then cooling it also the raw material that makes raw milk milk that is fresh from the cow and has not been milk. However, to begin pasteurized or homogenized producing milk, a cow must first teat the projection through which milk is drawn from an udder
.6W;1 ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association . 186 11.43 3M Innovation ,,0 s SNOW NUMBER e- 1109 -0 M0000Math in/ Calculate the amount of food one cow can produce.
42133111.0=11 MAIN ACTIVITY Questions CIEMEDIRM Visit a dairy farm. What 1. How much cheese could you make The amount of milk needed to create with the milk one cow produces each Make ice cream with an did you enjoy most? ice cream maker. Show different products varies. With the day? What did you like least? how the ice cream forms. following information, organize and 2. How much ice cream could you Would you like to live on construct a data table to show how Explain the chemical and a dairy farm? make with one cow in a week? much milk is needed to produce some physical principles 3. How much milk powder could you behind it. of these foods. Clue: One quart of make with one cow in a month? milk weighs 2.15 pounds. 4. How much butter could you make Materials with one cow in a year? paper 5. If each person ate one pint of ice CIIIMECDZIEM pencil cream per day, how many people could you feed from one cow in a Research one of the 1. Assume that an average cow week? following men and women to find out their produces 14,000 pounds of milk in 6. If a family of four could live on 10 one year. Calculate how Many pounds contribution to milk pounds of milk powder a week, how production: Louis that animal would produce in a day, many weeks would your monthly week, and month. Pasteur, Harvey D. supply last them? Thatcher, HenryLCoit, 2. Calculate how many gallons of milk 7. If the average daily food ration for a S. M. Babcock, Gail that would be in a day, week, month, cow is 50 pounds, how much would Borden, and Dolly and year. that cow eat in a year? If you had 120 Madison. dairy cows, how much would they eat 3. One kilogram is equal to 2.2 in a year? pounds. Calculate how many kilograms it would be in a day, week, Adapted from USDA activity. month, and year. RETICULUM ABOMASUM 4. Use the information above and the RUMEN OMASUM following conversions to answer the following questions. Calculate your answers in both pounds and kilograms. To make one pound of you need
. cheese 10.0 lbs of milk 41330111:1DEM Interview a veterinarian . ice cream (1 gal) 12.0 lbs of or dairy farmer. Develop milk a series of questions to ask your interviewee. For milk powder 7.4 lbs of example, what kinds of milk 4., illnesses do cows get? What is a cow's normal CralOMEN butter 21.2 lbs of Compare the nutritional temperature? What does milk he or she do when a cow value of soft drinks and gets sick? How much do milk. How do other food cows sleep? products compare nutritionally to milk? Develop a chart to show these values. 18(
.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11.44 the National Science Teachers Association. 3MInnovatioil SHOW HUMBER 0,v S FAMIt se, «,` BISON ROUNDUP How did wild North American bison come back a_ from near extinction? What role did bison play in North America's history? What factors contributed to their near extinction? What has been done to ensure their Peggy and Nancy place in North America's future? hit the road in search of adventure and discover a ON'S7*7 stampede of bison!
Segment Length - 8:23 RESOURCES INSIGHTS open ground, providing This dramatically affected Native nourishment for cattle even Americans. Robbed of their Dary, D.A. (1974) 7he buffalo For thousands of years, bison during winter. The cattlemen livelihood, entire nations book. Chicago: Sage Books. (the North American buffalo) felt they faced one problem, surrendered to the U.S. Lott, D.F. (1991) American bison traveled widely over the however. Buffalo and Native government. Most were driven socioecology. Amsterdam: western plains of North Americans already occupied the onto reservations where they Elsevier Science Publishers. America, grazing on prairie grasslands. As long as they became totally dependent on Luoma, J.R. (1993, Mar/Apr) grasses and finding drinking remained, the land couldn't be the government. Back home on the range? water with their acute sense of converted to pasture for cattle. Audubon, pp. 46-52. smell. These enormous animals Luckily, bison were never Macdonald, D. (Ed.) (1985) can stand as tall as six feet and Because people thought the completely eradicated. Today, Encyclopedia of mammals. New .weigh up to 2,200 pounds. bison population was limitless, about 120,000 survive. Gone are York: Facts on File. few laws protected the animals. the days when huge herds Plains Indians hunted bison, McHugh, T. (1972) The time of Their size and gregarious roamed the prairie. Instead, the buffalo. New York: Alfred using almost every part of the (social) behavior made bison constrained by boundaries and Knopf. animal in some way. They ate easy targets. From 1872 to 1874 surrounded by people, bison the meat, fashioned weapons alone, over three million were live a life quite different from Mitchell, J. (1993, Jan/Feb) The from bones, ground hoofs into way we shuffled off the buffalo. killed. Railroads and the army that of earlier days. Wildlife Conservation, pp. glue, and made hides into contracted with hunters like 44-50. ropes, blankets, clothing, and Buffalo Bill to supply buffalo CONNECTIONS shelters. Even bison droppings Neary, J. (1977) Wild herds. meat for employees and 1. Bison meat compares New York: Time-Life Films. served as a source of fuel. The soldiers. Professional hides men favorably with other meats. It is Native Americans adapted their moved into the area, hoping to higher in protein, yet lower in Palmer, A.L., & Fowler, H.S. way of life to follow the bison (1977) Fieldbook of natural make big profits off the valuable fat, cholesterol, and total history. New York: McGraw- herd as it randomly moved hides, and homesteaders came calories. How could we make Hill. across its large home range. to settle the new land. By the bison meat more marketable? Rifkin, J. (1992) Beyond beef: Less than 200 years ago, over 60 late 1800s, the animal was 2. Today most bison range on The rise and fall of the cattle million bison roamed the virtually eliminated from the private lands or in parks. What culture. New York: Penguin western plains. problems do landowners and Books. western grasslands. Settlers described herds so dense and park officials face when dealina Community resources covering such a large area that with these fenced-in herds? National parks the ground shook and the VOCABULARY Zoo prairie appeared to move as endangered species a species that is in immediate danger of they ranged the grasslands. By becoming extinct the late 1800s, however, less exterminate to get rid of by destroying completely than 1,000 bison survived. extinction the death of all members of a species Experts link the decline directly gregarious tending to move in or form a group with others of the to the movement of cattle onto same kind the plains. Cattlemen herd a number of animals of one species that keep together as a recognized the uniqueness of group the plains country. Unlike hides men hunters who pursue animals for their hides eastern grasses, wild western natural selection the principle that organisms with traits best grasses of the plains resisted adapted for an environment will survive to pass on those traits to drought and dried out on the their offspring
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I ® A SAMPLE LESSON 11 pp.. 44 Use sampling to determine a bison population.
COMM=MAIN ACTIVITY number of polystyrene pieces into Many Native American each group's grocery bag. aniall01111 Often we cannot determine the exact Select an area in a state stories focus on the number in an animal population; 2.Each group will tag the sample to begin a herd of bison. relationship between using the following method to predict Determine the range humans and nature. instead, an estimate will do. How do the size of the population. (No fair qualityits carrying Read some examples of scientists estimate animal populations? counting the entire bag!) capacity and limiting these stories that center One method is by tagging a sample. factors. How many bison around bison. What Imagine that in a region, scientists can (a) Scoop out some polystyrene can be supported? What lessons do these stories capture 90 bison and tag them to pieces and mark them with one color. kind of vegetation will teach? What can we identify them later. The next year, in Count them and place this number in they need? learn about the people the same region, scientists capture 60 the proportion. who shared them? bison and find that 45 are tagged. (b) Place these tagged pieces back Thus, three out of every four bison into the grocery bag and shake it. captured were tagged. Scientists then Scoop out some polystyrene pieces use a proportion to estimate the entire again and count the tagged and bison population for the region: untagged pieces. Place these numbers in the proportion. 1st count 2nd count total number tamed number tagged in 2nd sample number of number of predicted number total number in 2nd sample bison tag,ged 2Q 45__ bison tagged of population (y) population y 60 population (c) Cross multiply and divide to find To solve for y: the predicted size of the population. CEDEMEEIDEIMI Record this prediction. During a stampede or 60 x 90 = 45y [Cross multiply] (d) Try tagging and sampling several flight, bison will walk, trot, bound, and gallop. 5400 = 45y times, using a different color each time you tag. Record the results. Watch the Newton's 5400_45y[Divide both sides by 45] Apple video, closely 45 45 3. Each group observing the bison shares the movement. Analyze the 120 = y predictions. What gait of different Scientists could estimate that the area's was the actual individuals. Each gait is bison population is 120. number? determined by the sequence in which the Now, it's your turn to predict a bison Questions bison lifts and lowers its population! 1. How did the hoof. predictions Materials compare with the . pencils actual number of crayons/markers bison (polystyrene polystyrene packing pieces pieces)? What was ("peanuts" or "macaroni") the result of calculators tagging more than paper once? large paper grocery bags 2. What are the (1 per group) pros and cons of the tagging method? 1. Divide into groups. Ask a person 3. In what other situations could you not in the groups to choose (and not use this method? tell!) a number over 100 to represent 4. What are other ways to estimate a the size of the bison population. Then population? have that person place this same 180
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HEART ATTACK What happens when you have a heart attack?
What is a heart attack and why does it happen? What goes on inside a person's body during a heart attack? How can people prevent heart attacks? David learns about heart attacks and the ways in which they are treated.
Segment Length -8:23
RESOURCES INSIGHTS shortness of breath; pacemakers. Physicians do perspiration; nausea; light- these surgeries to improve Brody, J.E. (1992, July 22) We all value the muscles in our headedness; and irregular pulse. blood flow and stabilize the Understanding and controlling legs and arms. But the heart is Immediate medical care can heartbeat. risks can help lower chance of the most important muscle that heart attack. The New York greatly increase a patient's keeps our bodies functioning. It With medical management of Times. chances of surviving a severe coronary artery disease, pumps blood to the brain and heart attack. Every second is Catford, J.C. (1991, Nov/Dec) the rest of the body. And since physicians try to prevent the Heartbeat Wales. World Health, cnicial when a heart attack development of atheromatous p. 10. blood transports the food and strikes. oxygen our body cells need to degenerative trouble. They Padus, E. (1992, Feb) The survive, it's extremely important If a person's heart stops, might put patients on a diet to cholesterol plunge. Prevention, cardiopulmonary resuscitation lower their cholesterol level or p. 34. to keep it flowing. (CPR) may keep the victim alive to lose weight. They may Perlmutter, C., & McVeigh, G. The average heart is about the until emergency care arrives. At recommend exercise and stress (1991, July) Women and heart size of an adult fist and 'weighs the hospital the victim receives reduction programs. Doctors disease: How to develop a 250-350 grams (9 ounces). It personal protection plan. medicine to dissolve the clot often prescribe medicines as Prevention, p. 42. normally beats about 70 times that is blocking blood flow to well to control the pain of per minute. Each beat angina, prevent irregular Politzer, B. (1991, Dec) Counter the heart muscle. Other attack: Winning ways to protect represents a coordinated medicines can relieve the chest heartbeats, and strengthen a your heart. American Health, muscular contraction conducted pain and strengthen the weakened heart muscle. p. 38. through a complicated nerve pumping force of the weakened Rees, A. M., & Hoffman, C. network. To beat properly, the heart. If the heart stops or CONNECTIONS (1990) Cardiology. In The muscles of the heart must get an begins beating erratically, 1. Do you think heart attacks Consumer Health Information adequate blood flow through physicians often restart it with and heart disease will ever be Source Book (3rd ed.). Phoenix, the corona?), arteries. an electrical shock called eradicated? How important is AZ: Oryx Press. Like soot in a chimney, defibrillation. heredity? Spilner, M. (1993, Feb) The atheromatous plaque can build 2. Should medical experts walking Rx for healing hearts. A diseased heart can be treated concentrate on preventing Prevention, p. 12. up in the coronary arteries, surgically or medically. coronary artery disease or narrowing them and reducing Common surgical methods Additional sources of their blood flow. The heart then treating it once it develops? information include coronary angioplasty, American Heart Association becomes "thirsty" for more coronary bypass grafts, and 7272 Greenville Ave. oxygen and nutrients, Dallas, TX 75231-4596 particularly when under VOCABULARY (214) 373-6300 demand for increased output. (Check for a local chapter) angina chest pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart The earliest symptom of this atheromatous plaque the deposit of cholesterol in the walls of Mended Hearts problem is mild chest pain, or 7320 Greenville Ave. arteries, which leads to their narrowing angina. When the blood supplycoronary arteries the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart Dallas, TX 75231 . to the heart becomes critically (214) 706-1442 to provide it with oxygen and nutrients (Organization of people with deficient or blocked, a person heart muscular, cone-shaped organ that pumps blood throughout heart disease. Check for a local suffers a heart attack. the body and normally beats about 70 times a minute chapter.) . Symptoms of a heart attack heart attack the consequence of an acute, critical reduction in include severe, prolonged chest blood flow to the heart muscle pain or pain that travels to the heart rate pulse, calculated by counting the number of shoulders, arms, neck, or jaw; contractions of the heart muscle per minute
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,st'S1 IlkA 1,0 :0 tn rr 10. n e PUMPING BLOOD! hislrI1 Feel evidence that your heart is workingin your wrist!
ATIs
CEMIZInEMI MAIN ACTIVITY 2. Start the stopwatch and count the IXICEIECIEEM Obtain a cow's heart number of beats under your fingers Take your pulse before and after for one minute. Record this pulse rate. Measure your heart rate from a butcher or exercise. See what a workout does to per minute. Using figure ! slaughterhouse. It is your pulse rate. Graph the results. 3. Now stand and do 25 jumping jacks.from your classmates, virtually identical to a (The normal resting pulse range for 15-Take your pulse again for one minute. calculate the class human heart. Use an Record that pulse rate. average. At home, find anatomy book to identify year-olds is 50 to 98.) If possible, do the same experiment with an adult. the heart rates of young and label the important 4. On the graph paper, chart the siblings, parents, and parts. These should Materials results of the change in pulse rate with grandparents. Share include the aorta, stopwatch exercise for each member of the class. these with your pulmonary artery, left paper Set up a graph with heart rates classmates to find an and right atria, left and ballpoint pen recorded on the y-axis, and two x-axis average in each right ventricles, left and graph paper or grid drawn on columns labeled "rest" and "exercise." category. As a class, right coronary arteries, blackboard Plot the results for each class member. calculate the total and the four heart Questions number of heartheats valves. Explain what 1. Sit on a chair. Turn one hand palm during a person's happens during a heart side up. Put the three middle fingers of1. What general conclusions can you lifetime. Graph your attack. the other hand on the side of the wrist make about the effect of exercise on results. nearest the thumb. Feel around until your pulse rate? Why is this important you detect the pulse beneath your to know? fingers. Mark the 2. Why shouldn't you take your spot with a pulse with your thumb? CELEKIIMMINI ballpoint 3. What other places on High blood pressure pen. your body can you (hypertension) find a pulse? contributes to more than 4. Why will a million heart attacks regular every year. Invite your exercise school nurse to come in benefit and speak about the your dangers of high blood heart? pressure. Ask that person FR% to take the blood CELEIZIBEINI According to the pressure of some Depadment of students and explain Agriculture, heart diseaso how blood pressure is can be linked to the measured. consumption of partially hydrogenated oils in margarine and vegetabh shortening. Discuss CIECIECOMEIM alternatives to these foods. Look at the Stress can cause heart ingredient labels on the disease. In a class containers of cooking discussion, define stress, oils, margarine, or butter identify some stressful used in your home. Read situations, and come up the labels for ingredients with some possible ways and analyze the fat to avoid them. content, calories, and sodium level in these food products.
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THE BENDS How do divers get the bends? What happens when you get "the bends"? What are the effects of water pressure when you dive? What is an air embolism? What affects how much air you need underwater? Peggy is sent underwater to "get to the bottom" of dive injuries.
Segment Length - 7:20
RESOURCES INSIGHTS When you breathe compressed (particularly in joints), air through a regulator dizziness, blindness, paralysis, Briggs, C.S. (1985) Skin diving If you want a sport that puts underwater, you ensure that and convulsions. is for me. Minneapolis: Lerner. you under a lot of pressure, try the air spaces in your body are Griffiths, T. (1989) Sport scuba underwater diving. You can at the same pressure as the Although decompression sickness is rare, divers learn diving in depth: An even feel some of the effects ofsurrounding water. But if you introduction to basic scuba pressure in a swimming pool. they must ascend slowly and, in.struction and beyond. breathe compressed air Down just a few feet underwater and then ascend, under certain circumstances, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Book take "decompression stops" on Co. underwater, your ears begin to holding your breath, the hurt. That's caused by pressure the way up. This allows the Open water sport diver pressure around you on your eardrums. decreases, so your lungs dissolved nitrogen to come out manual (4th ed.). (1989) of the body safely. Englewood, CO: Jeppesen Where does that pressure expand. Air sacs in your lungs Sanderson Inc. come from? It's the weight of could rupture, causing an air CONNECTIONS McGovern, A. (1989) Down embolism, which means that all the waterand airabove 1. Why is it important for under, down under: Diving you. At the surface of the bubbles of air enter your blood adventures on the Great stream and block circulation to people to learn to dive and to Barrier Reef New York: water, a column of air spend time underwater? your brain. Macmillan. stretching hundreds of miles 2. What are some precautions out into spaceweighs 14.7 "The bends," or decompression people should take as they dive Additional sources of pounds per square inch. information sickness, is another health underwater? National Association of Scientists call this amount of hazard associated with Underwater Instructors pressure "one atmosphere." pressure changes. The longer PO Box 14650 you stay down and the deeper Mountclair, CA 91763 When you go underwater, (909) 621-5801 however, you add the weight you go, the more nitrogen of the water to the atmospheric dissolves into your body The Cousteau Society tissues. If you ascend too 777 United Nations Plaza, pressure. A 10-meter (33-foot) 5th Floor column of water weighs 14.7 rapidly, the dissolved nitrogen New York, NY 10017 pounds per square inch, so at a comes out of solution too (212) 949-6290 depth of 10 meters, the quickly and forms bubbles in your tissues. You could Community resources pressure is two atmospheres: The YMCA is the oldest dive half from the water and half experience severe pain certification organization. from the air above it. VOCABULARY Pressure also influences how air embolism a dangerous condition in which air sacs in your divers use air. At ten meters, lungs burst. This can create air bubbles in your bloodstream. for example, the increased decompression sickness a serious condition (also known as "the pressure means your lungs bends") resulting from nitrogen coming out of solution and forming hold twice as much air as they bubbles in body tissues. It happens when divers have been do at the surfaceand you'll breathing compressed air at depth and then ascend too rapidly. breathe all the air in your tank neutral buoyancy neither sinking nor floating; having the same twice as fast. The deeper you average density as water dive, the more quickly you use regulator a device which delivers air for breathing at the pressure up the air in your tank. of the surrounding water wet suit a neoprene foam suit that will keep you warm in cold water by trapping a layer of water next to your body
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if C6P ILI BATTLE WITH BUOYANCY! Find out what it takes to sink a floating object.
N'S
1150KEZEMIE MAIN ACTIVITY 4. Add washers until the object just 11EUEDM11111 Invite a diver to come sinks. Record how many washers it Imagine you are It's important for divers to be of takes to sink it. and talk to your class neutral buoyancy. That means they underwater and your about diving. Ask the tend to stay at the depth they are 5. If you have different-size washers, face mask fills with diver to bring a regulator they neither sink nor float. You can try to adjust the weight on the object water. You don't have I and a tank so you can explore buoyancy in a sink or bathtub. so that the object is of neutral go to the surface. Just see what it's like to buoyancy. hold the bottom of the breathe through a Materials 6.If you have different-size objects mask away from your regulator on dry land. several dozen washers, in a few (for example, wooden blocks or face and exhale througl What do you think it will different sizes if possible your nose. The air will be like? Tinkertoys in different sizes), see how some objects that float, such as the amount of weight it takes to sink rise to the top of your mask and push the wat wooden "kindergarten" blocks, them depends on their sizes. Tinkertoys, or plastic film canisters out the bottom! This is 13E0=73E1E11 7. Look around your home for objects how scuba divers clear In cold water, divers paper clips duct tape that float which you can sink with their masks when they'i wear wet suits. These washers. Try some. Were you underwater. neoprene foam rubber an inflated and tied balloon surprised by any of them? suits Trap a layer of 1. Fill a bathtub (or any other deep water next to your skin. container, such as a sink or a 8. Try to sink the balloon. Tie a paper- When you jump in, you waterproof wastepaper basket) with asclip hook to the neck of the balloon feel the cold water seep much water as is practical. and add washers. What happens? into the suit, but your body warms up the 2. Select an objeCt. Verify that it floats. Questions water right away. Since 3. Find a way to attach the washers to 1. What did you notice about the this water isn't instantly number of washers and the size of the replaced by the cold the object as weights. For a wooden block, make a hook out of a paper clip object? Is this what you expected? water around you, the 2. Can you predict how many heatand the warm and tape it to the block with duct tape; 1111=111= waterstay with your put the washers on the hook. For a washers you'd need to sink a balloon? Tinkertoy structure, put the dowel 3. Divers use balloons to lift heavy If you wear a face mask body. Wet suits look cold in the water and swim through the washer's hole. For a film things from the bottom. How do you and clammy, but they're down a few feet, you'll canister, put the washers inside. suppose they fill them? not! Visit a scuba dive feel the water pressure shop and examine the pushing the mask harde equipment used. and harder onto your face. To relieve that discomfort, make the CE11=7311EIE pressure more equal by Can you hold a plastic blowing air into the mar cup over your mouth and through your nose. chin by sucking some of the air out of it? The air pressure outside the cup is greater than the pressure inside; that difference in pressure holds the cup onto your face. If you equalize the pressure, the cup falls off.
1 9 3 BEST COPY AVAILABLE
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COMPACT DISCS Which sounds betteran LP or a CD?
What are the processes behind CD and LP technology? How do CDs and LPs encode and play back sounds? What are some of the advantages and problems associated with each technology? Peggy and David "sound out" the technologies used to produce CDs and LPs.
Segment length8:40
RESOURCES INSIGHTS making a sound wave in the air. per second, creating extremely Because the stylus constantly accurate reproductions. Berger, M. (1987) Lights, lenses A hot debate rages today rubs in the record groove, LPs After sampling, circuitry and lasers. New York: G.P. around the question of which can wear out, and if they get Putnam's Sons. encodes the sound and stores it has better sound, compact discs scratched, they are all but Birchall, S. (1985, Jan) The CD: (CDs) or long-playing records on the CD as a series of ruined. In addition, when the reflective points and It's the pits that make the music. (LPs). Both do a good job of stylus hits a piece of dust in the Digital Audio, pp. 26-30. nonreflective pits. As the laser reproducing sound. They differ, groove, it reads it like a notch, Hewitt, P. (1992) Conceptual however, in the way they beam scans the surface of the so we hear a noise that CD, it either reflects off the physics (2d ed.). New York: encode sound and retrieve it for shouldn't be there. Addison-Wesley. transmission back to our ears. disc's mirror-like surface, or it Klein, L. (1989, Nov) The sound CDs avoid this problem by fails to reflect when it strikes the of CD. Radio-Electronics, pp. LPs use analog technology. using digital technology, which nonreflective pits. The pattern 74-75. They capture and reproduce eliminates the contact and the of reflections creates a sequence Macaulay, D. (1988) The way sound in a way similaror vibrations. To make a CD, of ones and zerosa binary things work. Boston: Houghton analogousto how it was incoming sound waves are code. The computer translates Mifflin. originally created. All sounds captured electronically, as with this binary code as a series of begin with vibrations. In music, Community resources an LP. But instead of keeping instructions. Using the code, the High-end audio dealer for example, the instruments them intact, special electronics computer reassembles the vibratethe strings of a guitar, take them apart and turn them samples, feeds the signal to the Record store the reed of a clarinet, the head into a code, using technology amplifier and speaker, and Sound studio of a drum. These vibrations called signal sampling. As the recreates the original sound create disturbances in the air, electric signal comes in, its wave recorded. which we hear as sound. amplitude is read or sampled at To make an LP, air vibrations regular intervals, and assigned CONNECTIONS are changed into electrical numerical values between 0 and 1. What are some other ways signals by a microphone. These 65,000. The greater the number digital processing is being used, then activate a tool that carves of samples per second, the and what advantages does it the pattern of the vibrations into greater the resolution and the offer over the "old technology"? the LP as tiny notches in the more accurate the sound. Most 2. Are CDs perfect or do they side of a groove. Etched in the CDs use around 44,000 samples have some problems? same pattern in which they VOCABULARY moved through the air, they are amplitude the maximum deviation (for example, of the pressure) analogous to the original sound from the average in a simple wave of one frequency. In a sound wave. wave, it is directly related to the loudness. To play back an LP, the analog technology which records a sound wave continuously, in phonograph stylus sits in the the same way it was created. Used on an LP record. groove of the rotating LP, digital technology which records sound by converting it into a bouncing off the notches as it binary code. Used on a CD. moves along. This causes the frequency number of oscillations per second, such as in a vibrating stylus to vibrate, and those object or in a wave vibrations are then signal sampling a technique for taking segments of a sound wave electronically amplified and sentand assigning them a binary code based on their deviation from the out through the speaker, average
.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin CitiesPublic DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 19 4 the National Science Teachers Association . 11.51 3M Innovation FAAN SHOW HUMBER mg, ® DOTS A LOT See how increasing the number of samples improves the resolution of 111 an image.
41031133011111 MAIN ACTIVITY individual boxes 5 mm (.2") on each CIMEEEMBEI The most expensive violin side. You should have twice as many CD technology works because an The original Edison in the world would sound boxes in each direction as the first extremely large number of samples phonograph had no terrible if it didn't have a grid. Using the same procedure as in (44,000 per second) is used to encode electronics. The device sound box to increase step 2, color in all the boxes that a line produced sound the amplitude of the individual sound waves. In this from the drawing enters. Label this acoustically, by a wave of the violin activity, you will discover how "grid B." vibrating needle attachN string's vibration. You increasing the number of samples to a large cone. To can make a simple one- changes the resolution of an image. 4. On the last piece of tracing paper, duplicate Edison's device string violin by punching Materials construct a third 7 cm x 7 cm roll up a piece of paper a hole in the bottom of a 3 pieces of 81/2" x 11" unlined (2.8" x 2.8") grid. This time make the into the shape of a cone large paper or plastic tracing paper individual boxes 2 mm (.08") on a side. and stick a sewing cup, tying a knot in one metric ruler (You may have to sharpen your pencil needle through the body end of a string, and pencil for this one!) Place it over the picture near the narrow end. Ge threading it through the and fill in the boxes as before. Label an LP that you never plar hole. If you pull the string 1. Using the ruler, construct a 7 cm x this "grid C." to use again. (You will tight and pluck it, the 7 cm (2.8" x 2.8") square in the ruin it with this sound will be greatly middle of the first sheet 5. Compare the three drawings experiment.) Stick a amplified. of tracing paper. Mark to the original. Drawing A is pencil through the center off points 10 mm the standard. Drawing B hole and spin it like a tof (.4") apart from has double the or lay the record on a each other sampling points, and turntable or lazy Susan. around the drawing C has five If you place the needle in edge of the times the sampling the groove, you should square and points. hear the music come out connect the the cone. dots across Questions the square 1. Which of the so that you three draWings have a grid more closely with 10 resembles the mm (.4") original? Why? CIUMIECIERM boxes. 2. How does If you have a tape deck increasing the Using a good magnifyinE that has an LED (light- 2. Lay the number of sample glass or a dissecting emitting diode) readout grid over the points affect the microscope, compare the to show the volume of picture below accuracy of the surface of a CD to that of the music, you have a or a picture of drawing? an LP. What differences good model for how a your choice. With 3. How might this do you see? What sampler works. Play a the pencil, color in relate to CD technology similarities? tape and watch the each box that contains in terms of digitizing a lights. During loud a line of the drawing. signal? sections they will jump Leave the other boxes empty. 4. On grid C, you used five times the up, and during soft Make sure you color the entire box. number of sample points in each sections they will just direction as on grid A. What would barely move. If you could Once you have finished coloring the count the number of boxes, label the drawing "grid A" and happen if you used ten times the lights on each time and put it off to the side. number of samples? Is there a limit to the number of sample points you can turn it into a binary code, 3. On a fresh piece of tracing paper, use? you would have a digital construct another 7 cm x 7 cm (2.8" x record of the song 2.8") grid, only this time make the volume. 195
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,C..) GARBAGE 111M What can we learn from our garbage?
How much garbage do Americans throw away? What can we learn about individual life-styles from studying solid waste? What are some future solid waste disposal alternatives? Peggy wades through piles of trash in the name of scientific inquiry.
Segment Length - 6:47
RESOURCES INSIGHTS but all garbage is not created these materialswhich are equally. Waste from industrial biodegradablemake up Dickson, N. (1991) Composting It's hard to imagine scientists centers is very different from the almost 70% of the garbage. to reduce the waste stream. having much to do with Ithaca. NY: Northeast Regional waste generated on farms. Unfortunately, little oxygen or Agricultural Engineering Service. garbage. But as the solid waste Urban apartment garbage bears water exists inside a landfill to crisis grows, simple garbage little resemblance to the help the decomposition Earth Works. (1989) Fifty simple disposal will require some high- things you can do to save the household waste from suburbs. process. Scientists have found tech solutions. that even after 50 years, much planet. Berkeley, CA: Before composting, recycling, Earthworks Press. waste in landfills is still quite While getting rid of garbage has or waste-to-energy systems can fresh. By monitoring Rathje, W. (1991, May) Once always been a problem, it only be considered, scientists must and future landfills. National decomposition rates and end recently has hit epidemic analyze the waste stream in Geographic, pp. 117-134. products from other disposal proportions. For almost 7,000 detail. First, irivestigators techniques, they can create Rathje, W, & Murphy, C. (1992) years, people disposed of solid calculate how much of the Rubbish! The archaeology of disposal systems that are safe, waste by gathering it up, carting waste from many different garbage. New York: Harper efficient, and economically it out, and dumping or burying samples falls into basic Collins Publishers. Inc. viable. it in an isolated place. Crude as categories, such as glass, 3-2-1 Contact Extra videotape: it was, this system worked The Rotten Truth. plastics, metals, paper, and food because most of the solid waste waste. They can then predict the CONNECTIONS GPN: (800) 228-4630. 1. More than 60% of municipal consisted of biodegradable BTUvalue of the garbage, the solid waste is recyclable, yet Additional sources of organic compounds that easily volume of recyclable material, only about 13% of it gets information decomposed. In addition, the and how much of the waste is The Arizona Garbage Project recycled. Why isn't more volume of trash was much biodegradable. Department of Anthropology recycled? How can we improve University of Arizona lower than now because there Tucson, AZ 85721 were fewer people and less Scientists also evaluate the this situation? (602) 621-6290 packaging waste. effectiveness of different 2. Excess packaging is one disposal techniques. If you add reason we have so much solid Environmental Protection Over the last 50 years new Agency up the amount of food, yard, waste in the United States. How Office of Solid Waste synthetic materials have been and paper waste generated by a can you eliminate excess 400 M St. SW introduced into the waste typical American family, landfills packaging before it gets into Washington, DC 20460 stream, complicating the appear an ideal option. After all, your house? (EPA booklet 530-K-92-003: The problem. These materials are consumer's handbook for not biodegradable and some reducing solid waste. VOCABULARY Booklet 530-SW-90-005: Let's produce toxic residue. This has anaerobic an environment without oxygen reduce and recycle) led to tighter environmental BTU (British thermal unit) energy unit that represents the controls on landfills. With open amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a pound of Community resources space in short supply, many Public works department water 1°F. communities are literally municipal solid waste residential and commercial trash from a Secondary materials dealer drowning in municipal solid city or town waste. recycled products made from solid waste material Before a community can decide recycling the act of using the same materials again, though not how to safely and efficiently necessarily in 'the same product dispose of solid waste, it needs sanitary landfill a waste disposal system where trash is spread to define exactly what solid and covered with a layer of soil each day waste is. It may sound funny, source reduction the elimination of solid waste before it enters the waste stream by careful packaging and purchasing techniques
.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a want from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USTI Educational materials developed with 196 11 .53 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovation Nos' S FA Mk SNOW NUMBER
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1s'< > Ckr , .0 / 4. 0 0 a ® GARBOLOGY Discover if your garbage is "typically American" by conducting your 4.4 own waste stream analysis.
41311011MENI MAIN ACTIVITY bathroom scale and record the weight to the nearest kilogram or pound. 4111132131111 One reason the United According to 1988 figures from the Arrange to visit a local States leads the world in Environmental Protection Agency, the 3. After recording the data for a month,recycling program in solid waste production is typical American throws away about add up the total weight for each action. It can be a because we overpackage five pounds of trash each day. Of that category. Then add up all of the municipally-run consumer goods. Become amount, 40% is paper, 17.5% is yard category subtotals to get the number ofoperation or a private a waste watcher! Next pounds of solid waste generated by scrap dealer. Discuss the time you buy a product, waste, 8.5% is metals, 7.0% is glass, your family in one month. Divide this types of materials which weigh the packaging and 8.0% is plastic, 7.5% is food waste, and 11.5% is miscellaneous materials. By number by the number of people in the program accepts and then weigh the product see what processing mus itself. List ways to cut analyzing your own household waste your household. Remember, babies stream, you can see how you count as a whole person! be done before the final down on wasteful product is sold to a compare. packaging. 4. Divide each category subtotal by themanufacturer. Materials total weight of garbage produced to kitchen scale get the weight percent for each bathroom scale category. If you do recycle or compost, large plastic bucket divide that amount by the total amount rubber gloves produced to determine how much you are saving. Make a chart or graph of 1. Set up a data chart with the each category. categories listed in the solid waste breakdown above. To be accurate, Questions you must weigh your waste every day 1. How do your numbers compare for a month. (Note: Adapt time frame with the national averages? What to fit your schedule.) For even greater factors might account for the precision, place cardboard, magazines, differences? and newspapers into a separate 2.How would your numbers compare category from other paper. If you if you kept track of your garbage for a CIZIKEMIEN currently recycle or compost any whole year? Are there any seasonal Where does your household waste, include the material variations in waste generation? garbage go? If you are in the weight analysis, and then keep a3. How much could you effectively like most of us, you separate column for items recycled. reduce your household waste by using probably don't know, This line will serve as a credit on your a source-management program, such as once it's loaded on the final garbage balance (so subtract this composting yard waste and recycling garbage truck. Contact weight from your total garbage newspapers, bottles, and cans? you local public works weight). department and see if you can arrange a tour 2.Each day, separate your garbage into of a waste disposal the various components to be weighed. facility. Find out if your Wear plastic or rubber gloves. To community is considering minimize mess, store and weigh other disposal methods. organic food waste in a plastic bucket. Make sure you subtract the weight of the bucket each time you weigh the materials in it and wash it out each night. Weigh other materials like cans, bottles, and plastic containers when they are empty and dry. You can use a box to weigh them, but make sure you subtract the box's weight. For yard waste and larger bulk items, use the 197
.,ge.WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a producfion of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11 54 the National Science Teachers Association. 31111 Innovation SHOW HUMBER \ow S FAM/t INFRARED LIGHT a_ What is infrared light and how does it work? (:) How do we detect infrared light? How is it produced and how does it compare with visible light? What are some of the technologies that take David uncovers advantage of infrared radiation? exciting technological advances that use infrared light.
Segment Length - 6:35
RESOURCES INSIGHTS British astronomer Sir William body, and biologists can even Herschel discovered infrared find diseased vegetation in a Hewitt, P.(1993) Conceptual When we talk about infrared radiation around 1800. He used forest. physics (2ded.). New York: radiation, we're really talking a prism and a sensitive Addison-Wesley. Infrared imaging can even have about a particular kind of light. thermometer to detect applications in space. Kohn, B. (1967)Light you If you combine infrared "invisible" light found just below cannot see.Englewoo-d Cliffs, Astronomers use infrared radiation with radio waves, the red portion of the spectrum. NJ: Prentice-Hall. imaging to detect warm dust microwaves, visible light, The term infrared (meaning around new stars not "hot" Newton's Apple Classic Video: ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and "below red") came into use Show=209Thermography. enough to give off visible light. gamma rays, you'll end up with because it describes where you GPN: (800) 228-4630. This gives them a more a broad band of radiation find it on the electromagnetic Silverman, J., Moonet, J., & complete picture of the whole frequencies called the frequency spectrum. Shepard, F. (1992, Mar) electromagnetic spectrum. All of universe, seeing where no one Infrared video cameras. Any warm object gives off has seen before! Scientific American,pp. these types of electromagnetic 78-83. radiation transfer energy infrared radiation. But remember, through space via waves of warm is a relative term. An ice CONNECTIONS 3-2-1 Classroom Contact cube in a cooler is warmer than a 1. Rattlesnakes and other videotape: Animal Vision. oscillating electromagnetic GPN: (800) 228-4630. fields. What distinguishes them flask of liquid nitrogen, so it gives reptiles can perceive infrared from each other are the off more infrared radiation. Using radiation. Does that mean they Additional sources of frequency of the oscillation and, special infrared scanners, a can see in the dark? information consequently, the wavelength. thermographic scanner takes 2. If you could only see in the NASA Education Division these differences in radiation infrared range, which would Mail Code F An object's molecules and Washington, DC 20546 intensity, codes them by color, "light up" your life morean (LANDSAT and EROS photos) electrons are always in motion, and maps them out so that "hot electric iron or a fluorescent vibrating and radiating Eastman Kodak spots" can be detected. With this light? Consumer information hotline: electromagnetic waves. When the technology, engineers can find (800) 242-2424 object heats up and its heat leaks in buildings, doctors (for sources that sell and temperature increases, the motion can find hidden tumors in the develop infrared film) will increase and so will the VOCABULARY Edmund Scientific Company average wave frequency and the 101 E. Gloucester Pike intensity of the radiation. You canelectromagnetic radiation the transfer of energy by means of Barrington, NJ 08007 see this at work in a toaster oven. oscillating electromagnetic fields (609) 573-6250 When you turn the toaster on, electromagnetic spectrum the wide band of different types of (radiometer and diffraction gratings) you can feel some heat, but you electromagnetic radiation ranging from radio waves to gamma see no light. As more electric rays Community resources energy is supplied and the wires infrared radiation or "light" invisible electromagnetic Contact your local utility about get hotter, they begin to glow red. radiation that has a longer wavelength than visible light and is a thermographic home energy audit. If you could really turn up the detected most often by its heating effect power so that the temperature thermograph a picture showing the differences in surface reached about 3,000°C, the wires, temperatures of an object like the filament in a light bulb, visible light the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can would glow white. The only be seen by humans problem is that they would wave frequency the number of times a wave crest passes a probably bum up before they point in a second reached that temperature. wavelength the distance between two successive wave crests
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 1 9?) the National Science Teachers Association . 11 55 3M Innovation SNOW NUMBER
REMOTE CONTROLLING ^-1: You will discover how infrared radiation behaves compared to ,A.97 visible light. N'S
113=111=1 MAIN ACTIVITY remote control. Then try shining the 4111=1=1 Kodak has developed flashlight onto the television screen. Most television remote control units Observe what happens in each trial. For over 10 years, NASA infrared film that works work by means of infrared radiation has photographed Earth in a standard 35-mm Have your friend move around and in the infrared range rather than visible light. That's why notice how both "light" beams behave. camera. This type of film you can't see the beam go on when from satellites to measun can often be purchased 3. Have your friend blow some long-term environmental at a well-stocked you change channels. Because infrared radiation has a longer cornstarch baby powder in the air changes. Contact NASA photography supply between you and the television and (see resources) to obtain store. You can set up a wavelength than visible light, it behaves differently when it encounters attempt to turn on the television LANDSAT infrared test experiment by images of your objects that get in its way. through the dust. Repeat, using the selecting several different community and see how targets and flashlight, and observe what happens Using your television's remote control when you aim it at the screen. the different "hear photographing them in as a source of infrared radiation, you colors show the both infrared and visible will compare the behavior of a beam 4. Place the glass of water directly in commercial and light. You'll be amazed of infrared radiation to that of a beam front of the remote control unit and try residential at what develops! of visible light. You will see how each to turn on the television. Now shine developmental pattern. reacts when different materials are the flashlight through it. Note what placed in its path. happens in each case. 41110MEEM Materials 5. Hold the remote control in your 11130131MEIMI Radiometersthose Go into a dark room that television set and remote right hand and place your left hand at things that look like light has an incandescent light control unit several distances and angles relative to bulb controlled by a flashlight the remote control. Determine the bulbs with a weather vane insidenot only dimmer switch. Observe cornstarch baby powder conditions under which your hand the spectrum it produces motion prevents the signal from measure the intensity of clear glass of water visible light but read to through a diffraction reaching the television. grating when the light is 1. Clear all obstructions between you infrared as well. Conduct Questions an infrared survey by fully turned on. (See and the television set. Darken the 1. Which of the objects interfered with placing the radiometer resources for diffraction room as much as possible. Stand about near a variety of warm gratings.) Slowly turn the 3 meters (10') away from the set and the flashlight beam? Which stopped dimmer switch down test your remote control unit to make the infrared beam? objects to see which has while observing through sure it is functioning properly. Test 2. Why do you think infrared sensors the most effect. The fastel the grating. What your flashlight by shining it against the are good at detecting hot spots in the "weather vane" spins, the more intense happens to the spectrum? dark television screen. forest fires, yet have problems the radiation. (See What connection does detecting warm bodies in the fog? this have to infrared 2. Have a friend stand about halfway 3. How does the longer wavelength of resources for radiometers.) radiation? between you and the television, infrared radiation help to explain your directly in front of the screen. Try observations? turning on the television using the
VISIBLE LIGHT X RAYS -411 RADIOWAVES -MICROWAVES INFRARED * ULTRAVIOLET GAMMA RAYS*. eN A A 'FM I '1
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FREQUENCY IN HERTZ
B V W;E ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. . EDUCATIONAL USEI Educational materials developed with 193 11.56 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovatior SNOW NUMBER FAmky
cs) MOUNT 0 RUSHMORE What is the world's largest sculpture?
Can you break a rock you can't even lift? Can you carve a rock? Can rocks crumble? Peggy takes a hard-nosed look at how erosion is making it difficult to "save face" on Mount Rushmore.
Segment Length - 7:52
RESOURCES INSIGHTS (120 miles) long and 95 AutoCAD imaging. First, they kilometers (57 miles) wide. shot a series of 300 overlapping Chu, D. (1991, July 22) About Over 2.5 million people a year photographs of the monument faces: Sioux editor Tim Giago Weathering breaks rock down visit Mount Rushmore in the from precision cameras sees Mount Rushmore as a into smaller pieces. Granite Black Hills of South Dakota, mounted on an airplane and a symbol of dishonor.People resists weathering more than Weekly, where the world's largest pp. 68-69. layered and bedded helicopter. From data provided presidential statues gaze at by these photographs, a Fodor, R.V. (1983) Disappearing sedimentary rocks do. Rock rocks: Weathering. InChiseling them through eyes 11 feet computer created 3-D outcrops are constantly the earth: How erosion shapes across. The sculpted heads of projections of the internal subjected to the elements, the land.Hillside, NJ: Enslow Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, fracture system. Publishers. and Theodore Roosevelt which gradually cause chemical Geologist Badge. InWebelos measure 60 feet from chin to changes in the rock's minerals. With these images, scout book (1986),pp. 177-193. hairline. Noses are 20 feet long, Oxygen and carbon dioxide in preservationists can estimate Irving, DC Boy Scouts of and mouths stretch 18 feet. Had runoff waters produce chemicalthe potential for damage to the America. the presidents been carved full- weathering. Physical monument. They can Heard, A. (1991, July 15 & 22) body, they would stand 465 feet weathering occurs when water, determine which fractures are Mount Rushmore: The real tall. (The Statue of Liberty lodged in fractures in the rock, stable, which will need to be story.The New Republic,pp. freezes and expands in all filled with silicone, and which 16-18. stands 151 feet tall; the statue of President Lincoln in the Lincoln directions, forcing the sides of will eventually have to be held Shaff, H., & Shaff, A. K. (1985) Memorial is 20 feet tall.) the fractures apart. Tree roots together with steel pins to Six wars at atime: The life and have the same effect. Rocks prevent movement. times of Gutzon Bmglum.Sioux In 1927, South Dakota exposed to long periods of Falls, SD: Augustana College commissioned sculptor Gutzon Center for Western Studies. alternating heat and freezing CONNECTIONS Borglum to create a massive disintegrate into sand and clay. Water and wind, the two most Sklarewitz, N. (1991, June) Mt. tourist attraction, "...colossal art, powerful agents of erosion, can Rushmore turns 50.Boys Life, To preserve the Mount in a scale with the people destroy the grandest human- pp. 40-41. Rushmore sculpture, experts whose life it expresses." created structures. What other Smith, R.A. (1991, July/Aug) needed to predict which of the Borglum chose to create his examples of the erosive powers Shrine of democracy.American granite blocks would shift. They work from Mount Rushmore, of these agents can you think of? History Illustrated,pp. 26-41. conducted a $250,000 high-tech knowing that it was a solid What role does time play in this Additional sources of checkup, which included mass of granite. process? information photogrammehy and 3-D, Mt. Rushmore National Granite is a tough, hard rock Memorial Society because it consists of VOCABULARY 825 St. Joseph Street, Suite 217 PO Box 1066 interlocking crystals of the chemical weathering progressive breakdown of minerals by Rapid City, SD 57709 minerals quartz, feldspar, and chemical reactions (605) 341-8883 mica. This granite formed at fracture a crack or split in rock South Dakota Tourism great depth, about 13 photogrammetry the use of photographic records for precise Capitol Lake Plaza kilometers (7.8 miles), when a measurement of distances or dimensions (e.g., aeriel photography Pierre, SD 57501 body of molten rock (magma) for surveying) (800) 952-2217 rose and cooled slowly, physical (mechanical) weathering the breakdown of rocks into Community resources pushing up a dome-shaped smaller pieces without changing the composition of their minerals State highway department structure now known as the rock mixture of minerals, each retaining its own characteristic Black Hills. This dome silicone silicon-containing polymer that has wide use in industry State geologist measures about 200 kilometers because of its great stability when subjected to heat, cold, or oxidation
WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grarit &oil 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE Educational materials developed with 2u L, the National Science Teachers Association. 1' 57 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBE1 4,00" FAMIL P.90, 1113 tr, 0 FROST WEDGING Simulate the physical weathering that water can cause when it freezes 4847 in cracks in rocks.
CIEGEMEISMII MAIN ACTIVITY 4. Leave the containers in the freezer113:1113121= Examine physical and overnight and bring them back to the When substances change fi-om liquid classroom for observation and Take a trip to a local chemical weathering in cemetery to see a variet to solid, they usually decre'ase in comparison. When water freezes it your environment. What volume. Water, however, increases in of granite colors and examples do you find in increases in volume by 10% and exerts textures. Are some your school yard? volume when it becomes a solid. To a great amount of pressure. Spring demonstrate what happens when monuments easier to Observe such things as thawing and freezing results in read than others? slabs of sidewalks that water turns to ice, you'll need access torepeated melting of ice and freezing of a freezer. Compare the rock types have been uplifted by water trapped in rock fractures. This of the weathered ones roots of trees, plants Materials "frost wedging" promotes mechanical with the nonweathered growing between cracks, water (physical) weathering. ones. Make gravestone moss on rocks, and areas glass and plastic containers with lids Questions rubbings. If there is a that are rusting. Look plastic containers monument company in particularly for cliffs or 1. How does water change when it without lids goes from liquid to solid? your city, ask for chips c rocky walls that have chunks of granite or clear plastic wrap 2. Does water change in density when small rocks at their base. rubber bands marble. What could What about your roads it goes from liquid to solid and back? trays large enough to hold these tell you about and sheets? What causes How would you conduct an containers spaced far apart carving out of granite or cracks and pot holes in experiment to determine this? marble? them? 1. Divide into three groups. Each 3. liow could you measure the exact group will conduct this demonstration volume of the expansion of water in a using a different form of container. frozen state? 4. Why are docks removed from 2. Two groups will use containers northern lakes every winter? Why do CEEMECIEIMI with lids: one group will use people insulate hot water The ratio of Borglum's plastic, one glass. Fill the pipes in winter? models to the actual containers with water figures is 1:12. If you until they overflow, grew 12 times as big as then secure the lid you are now, how tall tightly without spilling. would you be? Wrap each glass Photocopy a small picture of yourself and container in aluminum on it draw a grid of 1-cm foil or plastic wrap in (.4") squares. On a large case it shatters. Place the piece of paper, draw a containers on the trays similar grid of squares with several inches 12 cm (4.8") on a side. between them, and Using your picture as a place the trays in the guide, copy the details of freezer. each small square into 3. The third group will use the corresponding large water to fill plastic square. Arrange drawings of your family containers nearly full and or classmates on the wall place them on trays. Then for your own Mount place the trays in the Rushmore! freezer, add water to fill the containers to the top, and cover the containers with clear wrap secured by a rubber band. Fracture lines on Washington's face at Mount Rushmore
BEST COPY AVAILABLE WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public U DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from SM. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11.58 the National Science Teachers Association. 31111Innovatior SHOW NUMBER VIRTUAL REALITY What is virtual reality?
How is a virtual reality world created? What are some of the promising aspects of a virtual reality world? What are some of the problems of today's virtual reality worlds? David takes a wild ride on a Cybertron, a high- tech virtual reality game.
Segment Length - 7:53
RESOURCES INSIGHTS view different objects, a parts without expensive computer adjusts both the physical mock-ups, conduct Dede, C.J. (1992, May) The Virtual reality can transport you scene's perspective and chemistry experiments without future of multimedia: Bridging into a world of computer- to virtual worlds. Educational associated sounds (coming risk, and learn how to operate Technology, pp. 54-60. generated sights, sounds, and through the headphones) to new equipment with little loss tactile (touch) sensations. The convince you that you are in productivity. Ferrington, G., & Loge, K. more your senses are fooled, (1992, Apr) Virtual reality: A moving through the new leaming environment. the more you believe the environment. CONNECTIONS Computing Teacher, pp. 16-19. experience is real. As your gloved hand touches a 1. Look through a View-Master Hamilton, J.O. (1992, Oct 5) If you want to enter a virtual surface in the virtual world, or antique stereoscope. How Going where no minds have reality world, you can choose a sensors in the glove tell the does it create a three- gone before. Business Week, dimensional image? Close one p. 104. couple different approaches. In computer where the hand is in one, you would go into a space. With some gloves, the eye. Do you still get the same Hamilton, J.0., et al. (1992. booth containing a computer three-dimensional effect? Oct 5) Virtual reality: How a computer can send signals back monitor. The booth might to you through pressure 2. Make a list of your favorite computer-generated world video games. What aspects of could change the real world. represent a cockpit and the vibrations to indicate when Business Week pp. 96-105. monitor a windshield. With the you've touched an object in the the games fooled you into thinking that they were three- Helsel, S. (1992, May) Virtual keyboard or joystick, you virtual world. reality and education. change the three-dimensional dimensional, that things in the Educational Technology. pp. perspective of what you see on Virtual reality is more than just game were moving, or that you 38-42. the screenand take the entertainment. For people with were moving within the game? Wilson, D.L. (1992, Apr 22) airplane you're piloting into a disabilities, it offers a way to Design a video game on paper, Researchers hope to lead rapid nosedive or a steep interact with other people and using some of the techniques students into virtual reality. The climb. to enter an artificial universe you have observed in your Chronicle of Higher Education, created by computer imaging, favorite game. pp. A 23-25. Another, more expensive bypassing any physical approach to virtual reality Community resources limitations they may have. In Computer stores involves "the helmet and industry, workers can draw gloves." When you place one upon this technology to design Science museum of these helmets on your head, Stores that carry sophisticated your head movements allow VOCABULARY electronic games you to see and hear the virtual Cybertron a high-tech virtual reality arcade game that delivers a world. The gloves can replace Theme park total-body experience real touch with virtual touch. Video arcade illusion a misleading image presented to the senses of sight, In this approach, two sound, touch, smell, and taste televisions cameras (or mock-up a full-size structural model built accurately to scale. computer-graphic images) Used chiefly for study, testing, or display. generate the virtual world. One perspective the art or technique of creating a scene so that camera or image is placed in objects in it have apparent depth and distance front of each of your eyes, real not artificial, fraudulent, illusory, or apparent slightly offset in perspective. reality the characteristic of being true to lifeof being real This creates the illusion of sensor a device that responds to a physical stimulus and transmits depth of view, or "stereoscopic a resulting impulse vision." As your head turns to virtual being in essence or effect, but not in fact or name
,WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant frorn 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 202 11 59 3M Innovation SNOW NUMBER FAMIL y SC, t.'1 F'o4. Os s9 1113 4 O al / S0 0 a. * DROWNING A CANDLE FLAME Fool your friends into believing that water will not put out a candle flame.
CEMEILIME MAIN ACTIVITY the candle flame appears to be in the glass when viewed from the front. CEEEEMOMI Visit a video arcade. You will create a virtual reality with With masking tape, maki How does the equipment simple household materials and show 5. Invite a friend to view from the fronta straight line that's 1 employ virtual reality to your audience the amazing image of a as you fill the water glass to a level meter (3.3') away from get you involved in the candle burning underwater. above the candle flame. and parallel to a wall. game? Did you ever Mark a point in the cente wonder whether it was Materials Questions of this line. Stand on the the real world or a two identical birthday candles 1. What was your reaction the first point, facing the wall, virtual reality world? . one piece of window glass, any size time you saw this effect? and have a friend walk larger than the candles. Tape around 2.Look into a flat mirror, such as one up from behind to your the sides with masking tape. in a bathroom. Where do you appear immediate left. Without moving your head, supports (such as books) that will to be? Move toward the mirror, then announce when you can firmly hold the glass upright back from it. How does the distance modeling clay to hold the candles see your friend and have between you and the mirror compare that person mark that upright with the distance your image is behind matches point on the floor. Now the mirror? try it on your right. clear water glass taller than the 3. Look out a window. Does window candles Connect the point you an glass seem to reflect some light? Have standing on to the points 1. Use a couple of books to support you ever seen yourself in the window on your left and right. the glass upright. (Always use care at night? Given that there are 360 when handling glass!) degrees in a circle, what is the measure of your 2.Place the candles in modeling clay field of vision? equal distances from the glass, one in the front and one behind the glass. You can use the reflection of the front candle to position the back candle.
Name some movies that 3. Light the front candle. have made you feel like When you look you were actually in the through the glass, the,;2403virszowariotroastricongl scene. Watching a back candle looks at movie, have you every R though it is lit. Part of.:- felt like you were riding .!- the light from the A 5, 1 on a roller coaster or flame on the front ti flying low over a candle is reflected ai-- ifel I I I I I II lit landscape in an a off the glass back to ..-- airplane? Suggest ways your eye. f that movie makers N., 4. Now place the I. 1 achieve this feeling of '.: virtual reality through back candle in the A 1 i special effects, camera water glass. Again, angles, and other adjust the I strategies. Have you ever equipment so been to an Omnimax or that 1 !max theater? How do you think they produce such realistic effects?
2 0 3
...WE ENCOURAGE Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public DUPLICATION FOR Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. EDUCATIONAL USE! Educational materials developed with 11.60 the National Science Teachers Association. 3M Innovatioh Newton's Apple ANIMALS
CHIMPANZEES SHOW 1113 LIZARDS SHOW 1107 Primate parallels Tail droppers Naturalist Nancy What sets us apart from other primates? What does Many lizards can shed their tails by contracting the Gibson, Host it mean to be human? Scientists who observe tail muscles to create a break. When the break David Heil, and Field Reporter chimpanzees note similarities between the two occurs, the surrounding muscles separate between Peggy Knapp meet species, including tool-making skills, similar the segmented muscle blocks. The discarded tail some fascinating sensory abilities, cooperative hunting, and the keeps wiggling for a time, distracting the predator animals in ability to learn and use words. Some scientists claim while the lizard escapes. Some lizards can then season 11. that chimpanzees actually select and consume regenerate at least part of a new tail. Draw a certain medicinal herbs to feel better. Design a cartoon lizard creatively using this adaptation. List study of chimpanzees that a researcher could do in the advantages of this adaptation. the field to verify or negate that claim.
HUMMINGBIRDS SHOW 1103 Nature's helicopters Hummingbirds move upward, downward, and sideways in a virtuoso performance of aerial acrobatics. These tiny birds can even fly backward. By rotating their wings forward and back in a figure eight, they can hover in midair, feeding on nectar and insects. The whole wing rotates (like a human wrist does) and can beat 22 to 79 times per second. Try to flap your arms in a figure eight. How long can you continue flapping before you get tired? Time DOLPHINS SHOW 1108 yourself. Look up the wing speeds of other Smart students birds. What factors should you Trainers teach dolphins by reinforcing desired take into consideration behaviors with food, rubdowns, verbal praise, when comparing splashes of water, and toys. This technique is called wing speeds? operant conditioning. List other things you think would positively reinforce behaviors in dolphins. To let the dolphins know when to perform a specific behavior, trainers cue the animal with a visual, tactile, or auditory signal. Dolphins learn to discriminate between different signals. Have your teachers conditioned you to behave a certain way in school? Does your teacher signal you in some way before you complete a behavior?
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant front 3M. DUPUCATION FOR F.ducational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL U51! the National Science Teachers Association. 11.61 3M Innovation 204 POLAR BEARS SHOW 1112 WOLVES SHOW 1111 Arctic adaptations Miscast villain The polar bear's coat serves a variety of purposes. It provides Many writers have portrayed the wolf as a villain, but the excellent camouflage for the bear in its Arctic habitat. wolf has not always had such an evil reputation. In Although the glossy fur looks white, it actually is made of Cheyenne society, the wolf held a place of honorit was transparent, hollow guard hairs. These act as solar collectors, considered a skillful hunter with courage and conducting ultraviolet radiation to the black skin beneath. endurance. Native American tales commonly refer to Woolly underhair and two to four inches of fat beneath the the wolf as a teacher to whom humans skin supply additional insulation. Along with the hollow guard should pay close attention. List stories hairs, the bear's fat increases its buoyancy, allowing it to swim that depict wolves as cunning, more easily through the bitterly cold Arctic waters. Scientists relentless, or savage. What other first discovered the fur's unusual characteristics when they animals have storytellers portrayed in were having difficulty taking aerial photos of the polar hears a negative way? Rewrite a because the animals blended in so well with their common fable or fairy tale to surroundings. Suggest why infrared photography was also portray wolves in a heroic way. difficult. How do you think scientists finally solved this Create a mask of the wolf problem? portrayed in your fable.
RIVER OTTERS SHOW 1109 MOSQUITOES SHOW 1104 Aquatic predators Lay eggs in standing water Otters usually eat fish. As aquatic predators at the top of the Mosquito breeding sites can be found just about any place food chain, however, they also eat other things, depending on where water stands for a week or more after a rain. Females the time of year search for a moist vegetated depression that contains and the standing water in which they lay their eggs. Mosquitoes do place. What not develop in moving water or in most lakes. Most common do you thinkmosquitoes spend their whole lives within 1.6 kilometers (1 the American mile) of where they hatched but some can fly 32 kilometers river otter eats? (20 miles), depending on weather conditions. What areas Fish dominates around you would be its diet but it also attractive to mosquitoes for consumes crayfish, amphibians (frogs and salamanders), laying eggs? Obtain and birds (ducks, grebes, and rails). Create an "otter topographic maps of your menu." Include creative descriptions of appetizers, main area. Determine if the land course, and dessertmuskrat mud pie, for example. near you is conducive to mosquito production and locate potential mosquito REINDEER SHOW 1102 breeding sites on the maps. Find out what Disposable headgear your city or town Reindeer are a part of the caribou family does to control the therefore both the males and females grow mosquito antlers. These antlers, which population. have a main shaft and -Asseasmam.... one or more branches, do not stay permanently attached to the skull. During the International Wolfmaga zinc, RESOURCES International Wolf Center, Ely, MN reindeer's seasonal 55731. growth, the furry Macdonald, D., (Ed.) (1984) Encyclopedia of mammals. New Mobbs, A.J. (1982) Hummingbirds skin on the antlers York: Facts on File. (called velvet) Surrey, England: Triplegate LTD. protects the Gibbons, A. (1991, Mar) Deja vu all Wild Bird magazine, PO Box 6050, over again: Chimp language wars. Mission Viejo, CA 92718. growing antler while carrying blood vessels and nerves Science, pp. 1561-1562. throughout it. The velvet eventually dries and falls off when Chanin, P. (1985) The natural Caduto, M., & Bruchac, J. (1991) the antler growth is completed. Antlers fall off after the mating history of otters. New York: Facts ( Keepers of the animals. Golden, CO: File. season. What other animals grow antlers? What animals grow Fulcrum Publishing. horns? Compare and contrast horns and antlers. Renolds, J. (1992) Far north vanishing cultures. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public ...WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11.62 3M Innovatiot SCIENCE TRY ITS' Try these experiments and observe what happens. Guess why it happens and compare your results to those on the back of the page.
Now you can try Newton's Apple experiments at home!
TRY IT!Cut the Cube TRY IT!Spin the Carton Find a small-necked, corked bottle and balance an Poke a hole in the bottom left hand corner of each ice cube on top of it. Cut a 15-inch piece of thin, of the four faces of a half-gallon, paper milk carton. strong wire and tie a hammer Poke an additional hole in the top flap of the to each end. Balance the carton and tie a wire across the middle of string through it. the ice cube. What do Suspend the you think will happen? carton from the Try it! string. Cover the holes with your fingers and pour water into the carton. What will happen when you remove your fingers from the holes? Try it!
TRY IT!Swing the Record TRY IT!Eggs Supporting Books Tie one end of a long piece of string to the middle Carefully break off the small end of four eggs and of a matchstick. Pull the other end of the string up pour out the insides. Wind a piece of cellophane through the hole in the center of an LP record (so tape around the center of each eggshell. Cut the matchstick is centered through the center of the tape to make four dome- underneath the hole). shaped shells (discard the broken end of each Try to swing the record shell). Lay the four domes on a table with the cut back and forth like a sides down arranged in the shape of a rectangle. pendulum in Next, guess how many smooth, even telephone books movements. you can lay /A''.14ifj on top of the 77 / shells before they break. Try it! Now give the record a spin. What will happen when you try to swing the record again? Try it! 206 Newton's Apple is a production or KTCA Twin Cities Public 4WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11.63 3M Innovation TRY IT!Blow Out the Candle TRY IT!Knot the Water Light a candle and hold a cylindrical container in Using a nail, make five holes in the side of an front of it (e.g. small oatmeal or salt package). Take aluminum can. The holes should be made close to a deep breath and blow against the other side of the base of the can and should be spaced 1/4" the container, keeping your mouth even with the apart. Hold the can under a kitchen faucet or hose flame of the candle. Can you blow out the candle? and fill it with water. Pinch the streams of water Try it! together with your thumb and forefinger. What happens?
The Science Behind"SCIENCE TRY ITS" How can the wire cut right through the ice cube without How can fragile egg shells support heavy books? breaking it into two pieces? Archeseven those made of eggshellsare strong because they The pressure of the wire causes the ice to melt beneath it. The exert horizontal as well as vertical forces to resist the pressure of wire sinks easily through the melted ice, while the ice above the heavy loads. The crown of an eggshell can support heavy books wire, which is no longer subjected to pressure, refreezes. This because the weight is distributed evenly along the structure of th, scientific principle also applies to ice skating. The pressure that egg. your skates exert on ice causes a layer of water to form under the Why are you able to blow the candle out? blades, creating a slick and slippery surface for sliding. The Coanda Effect is the tendency of a fluid to follow the wall What happens to the carton? contour of a curved surface. In this case, air acts like a fluid and Newton's Third Law states that every action has an equal and follows the contour of the round container. When the streams opposite reaction. Water shoots out the holes, and pushes back meet on the other side, they combine to blow out the candle. on the carton with equal force. A turbine is formed as the energy Why do the streams knot together? of the moving liquid is converted into rotational energy. The streams of water are held together by the water's "stickiness, What makes the record swing smoothly? or surface tension. Surface tension is the tendency of the surface Gyroscopic inertia is the property of a rotating object to resist any of a liquid to behave as though covered with a skin. This is due t( force which would change its axis of rotation. Once the record is the cohesive forces between the molecules at and near the set spinning at an angle perpendicular to the string, it will resist surface. any forces (such as gravity) that try to change that angle.
Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL MEI thc National Science Teachers Association. 11.64 3M Innovatioi 111
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How long does it take to count to a billion? A. 11 hours B. 8 6ys C. 384 months What makes your stomach growl? D. 32 years A. digestive enzymes B. air C. a little hungry person in your stomach What is that sound we hear when we D. gastric juices put a sea shell to our ear? A. an echo of the sea B. air bouncing around inside the shell How long can humans go without C. an animal who lives in the shell sleep? D. blood circulating through your body A. 48 hours B. 10 days 1° C. 3 months If you were lost without food, what D. 100 days article of clothhig could you eat to survive? A. your denim jeans What are cooties? B. your leather shoes A. a type of body lice C. your cotton t-shirt B. germs D. you can't eat clothes C. tiny insects that burrow under your skin D. cooties are imaginary creatures
2 0 8 Newton's Appk is a pnx.luctigm of KTCA Twin Cities Public .WE ENCOURAGE TelevisUm. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11 65 3M Innovation Stomach Growls? Air in your stomach moves around and bumps against the contents of your stomach. The sound resonates through your tissues and comes out sounding like a growl. When you're hungry, the resulting muscle contractions in your stomach increase the growling. It's not like a dog's growl, but a hot dog or two would probably quiet it down. Sleep? Humans can go longer without food than without sleep. After several days without z's, insanity will set in. More thar 10 days without sleep can be fatal. So get a good night's sleep! Cooties? Cooties are real organisms. They are a small, parasitic type of body louse similar to bird lice. Theymay even carry diseases like typhus. Thinking about cooties may giveyou the willies... but don't worry, willies aren't real. Counting to a Billion? If you could count at the rate of one number each second, without stopping to eat or sleep, it would take nearly 32 years (or 384 months) to count to a billion. So you'd better 4 get started! Sea Shell Sounds? It is the sound of the seayour own internal sea. It's actually the sound of your own blood coursing through os s FAM,,,. k e, your body that you hear.
cr3' 0 EClihk Clothing ? Your leather shoes. Shoe leather can actually provide 444I enough nutrients to keep you alive for a short time. Talk OAT'S ?*7 about putting your foot in your mouth!
200 Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public .WE ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association. 11 66 3M Innovatiot 04'S FAMIL,
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/MM. -.MIMI..011111° -so T NSPARENCY MASTER We've enlarged four activities from the lesson pages to assist you in mak- ing transparencies for your classroom. Some helpful hints on making and using transparencies in your classroom are included at the bottom of each Page. 441 oys ts*
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Hints for making clear transparencies: Make a copy of the original to work from. Enlarge if necessary. Use a thermofax or copier to make the transparency. Add color with a marker or color transparency film. 210 Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public ENCOURAGE Television. Made passible by a grant from SM. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association . 11.67 3M Innovation Show 1110 Heart Attack
Show 1112 VISIBLE Infrared Light LIGHT X-RAYS .4111E- RADIOWAVES MIIM --MICROWAVES- - - INFRARED - ULTRAVIOLET- GAMMA RAYS -010. I) A 0 s
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FREQUENCY IN HERTZ E G \ L R O L E 0 E Hints for using transparencies in your classroom: W N R O Y G B V Keep it simple. Make it interactive by leaving out some information and soliciting ideas from the class to fill in the blanks. Keep the attention of the class by providing handouts only after you've finished your presentation. 211 Newton's Apple is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public ENCOURAGE Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. DUPLICATION FOR Educational materials developed with EDUCATIONAL USE! the National Science Teachers Association . 11.68 3M Innovatio 3M AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
3M's support of Newton's Apple is only one example of its commitment to science education.
For over 40 years, scientists and engineers at 3M have organized technical employees in volunteer outreach programs to encourage students at elementary, junior, and senior high levels to consider careers in science and engineering.
The Science Student Recognition Day and the Richard Drew Creativity Award programs invite high school science -1` teachers within driving distance of St. Paul, Minnesota to select their best and most creative students and visit 3M laboratories with them for a day.
3M employees who have been trained as visiting Wizards visit schools with demonstrations designed to create an interest in science.
As part of the TECH (formerly Visiting Technical Women) program, 3M scientists and engineers visit schools as role models to students, with the message that career p. opportunities await them if they keep their options open by studying math and science and that technical careers are open to students regardless of gender or race..
Other programs include the STEP program for local high schools with high minority enrollment, the elementary teacher workshop, and a summer teacher program for local school districts.
While many of these programs are based at 3M headquarters in St. Paul, Minnesota, some 3M plants and other research locations have similar programs For more information on 3M's Science Encouragement Programs, contact 3M at (612) 733-5687.
212 11 69 3M Innovation Newton's Apple Educational Materials Production Team National Science Teachers Association Lynae Berge, Outreach Coordinator Bill G. Aldridge, Executive Director Janae Haaland, Outreach Assistant Karen Baker, Project Coordinator Sue Wichrnann, Editor Jennifer Laughlin, Program Assistant Brian Aldridge, Program Manager Writing Team Tim Erickson, Epistemological Engineering, CA Content Review Panel Julie A. Fisher, Fairfax County Public Schools, VA Joan Armistead, Editorial Coordinator, National Council of Elizabeth Frick, Ph.D., Educational Systems, MN Teachers of Mathematics, VA Bonnie B. Graves, MN Alan Baker, M.D., Surgical Oncologist, MD Chuck Lang, Ph.D., Omaha Westside High SchooV Jeffrey C. Cal lister, Earth Science Teacher, Newburgh Free Academy, NY University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE Gerard F. Consuegra, Ph.D., Elementary Science Coordinator, Carol Morton, CA Montgomery Public Schools, MD Pamela O'Brien, Minnesota Zoo, MN Robert S. Donaldson, Science Teacher, Blair High School, MD David P. Parisian, Enhance Technologies, NY Brenda S. Evans, Middle/Elementary Science Consultant, Stephen M. Tomecek, Science Plus Inc., NY North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, NC Linda M. Gojak, Math Teacher, Hawken School, OH 3M/Newton's AppleEducation Committee Mario lona, Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics, Richard Hanson University of Denver, CO Barbara Kaufmann Michael Jay, Manager, Math and Science, Apple Computer, Inc., CA Bob Barton Mary Hurlocker Jim Kubichek, Science Teacher, Parkview Middle School, IA Harvey Berwin Patty Konsti Phyllis Marcuccio, Assistant Executive Director, National Science Sue Butzer Gary Kwong Teachers Association, DC Yvonne Cadwallader Walt Lager M. Sheila Marshall, Project Coordinator, National Science Mary Chilinski Mike Lovejoy Teachers Assocation, VA Peggy Dingrnan Judy Parker Joan Braunagel McShane, Elementary/Middle School Teacher, John Huizinga Davenport Community Schools, IA Patricia McWethy, Executive Director, National Association of KTCA/Newton's Apple Biology Teachers, VA David Heil, Host Jonathan Merril, M.D., Director, Interactive Media, Peggy Knapp, Field Reporter High Techsplanations, MD Nancy Gibson, Naturalist Melinda Mills, Life Science Teacher, Space Center Intermediate School, TX Richard Hudson, Executive Producer Mike Mogil, Certified Consulting Meteorologist, MD Kathryn Scott, Series Producer John Morack, Department Head and Professor of Physics, University of Kristian Berg, Senior Producer Alaska-Fairbanks, AK Dan Fiorucci, Producer Laurie A. Rudman, NSF Fellow in.Psychology, University of Minnesota, MN Jeff Nielsen, Producer Judi Scioli, Director of Information for Montgomery County, MD Leslie Kratz, Producer Solomon Snyder, M.D., Director, Department of Neuroscience, Gary Leatherman, Producer Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD Amy Kenefick, Associate Producer Mary Tisdale, Special Projects Manager, Bureau of Land Management, DC Kathy Kraemer, Associate Producer Stephen M. Tomecek, Science Plus Inc., NY Kim MacDonald, Associate Producer Chris Velasco, Production Assistant Advisory Board Meighan Maloney, Assignment Manager Council of State Science Supervisors Data Sanders, Production Office Coordinator International Technology Educators Association Sandy Schonning, Production Manager National Council of Teachers of Mathematics National Middle School Association Design Group National Parent Teachers Association Bob Hoffmann, Design Director National Science Teachers Association David Schrimpf, Designer National Association of Elementary School Principals Corbert Gauthier, Illustrator, 11th Season Poster Bill Dobbs, Illustrator, Lesson Pages
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National Science Teachers Association
NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television Saint Paul/Minneapolis and is made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation 214 Greetings from the NEWTON'S APPLE team!
As a teacher, you know how hard it can be to keepup with the latest advances in science and technology Thisyear on NEWTON'S APPLE we help you and your students do just that, with topics like the Internet, antibiotics, the human brain, earthquakes, fixing thd Hubble Telescope, and more. Dear Educators:
In addition, we continue our long- NEWTON'S APPLE provides an astonishing standing tradition of discovery and high discovery for many students: Science is more adventure by joining renowned Arctic than factsit's exciting and fun. That's why explorer Will Steger as he prepares to it's such a pleasure for 3M to cross the Arctic with a new international sponsor the television team. We'll also demonstrate the physics, program nationally. These fear, and fun of hang gliding and take you behind the companion materials for the scenes of the hit movie Jurassic Park. series have been designed for classroom use. We hope they With these hands-on classroom materials, you andyour help you explore with your students can do more than just watch. Youcan actually students the fascination with explore the science and technology right along with us! science that can enrich their That's what NEWTON'S APPLE is all about, exploration outlooks and their futures. and the thrill of discovery Join us! k-\,4 David Heil L. D. DeSimone Chairman 40APEWI and Chief Executive Officer
3M Innovation
Dear Teachers:
The National Science Teachers Association is proudto serve in partnership with 3M and KTCA-TV, Saint Paul/Minneapolis. NEWTON'S APPLEnow in its 12th seasoncontinues to attract learners of allages. The hands-on activities in the NEWTON'S APPLE classroom packets provide the teacher with high-quality, stimulating science materials that motivate studentsto observe and question the world around them.
NSTA and NEWTON'S APPLE are dedicatedto the student, the teacher, and scientific inquiry It isa pleasure to participate in this project. A/ /els Bill G. Aldridge Nadorw science Executive Director Teachers ASSOCIatIOn
These educational materials were printed on recycled paper. tui Welcome to the NEWTON'S APPI F4 Educational Materials packet! These materials were developed to help you use the12th seasonof NEWTON'S APPLE in your classroom.
The 12th season of NEWTON'S APPLE will air on most PBS Each lesson includes Insights about the topic, stations beginning in Connections to encourage classroom discussion, October 1994- Resources, and Vocabulary. Lessons also include a Main Activity and several Try This (Check your local PBS gar listings for exact airdates and activities related to each topic. osomes*"---'traW times.) If you don't find NEWTON'S APPLE tor4rovir 4-4,1v5 listed in your local TV guide or PBS viewers %A._ guide, contact your local PBS station to find out Five special pages t. when the 12th season will be airing in your area. follow the lesson ekii.tive For your convenience, we've included a list of all pages: a feature on the interesting animals in the PBS stations in the United States (with their Prow addresses and phone numbers) on the back of the the 12th season; hands- classroom poster that you'll find in this packet. on "Science Try It" experiments; a "Street Smart" quiz; a transparency master of four illustrations from the lesson pages; and an at-home viewers Look whatwe guide that you can duplicate and send home with your students to help encourage family have foryou participation in science education. At the end of the packet, you will find our 12th season poster.
Immediately following this page " Don't forget NEWTON'S you will find an- index to the 12th APPLE allows three-year off-air season lesson pages (with a guide record rights for educational to three seasons of reruns on the purposes. back). If you have any comments or a The next page is an "at-a-glance" change of address, please write to curriculum grid which gives you a us at: quick overview of the science NEWTON'S APPLE concepts in each lesson. do Twin Cities Public Television 172 Fourth Street Following the grid are 26 lesson St. Paul, MN 55101 pages on the major topics explored in the 12th season.
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 12.3 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with the Nacional Science Teachers Association. Meet the NEWTON'S APPLE Team! Naturalist Nancy Gibson, field reporter Peggy Knapp, and host David Heil are pictured here in the NEWTON'S APPL / warehouse where no question is too big or too small to handle!
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David Heil children's fears and concerns about the returns for his Persian Gulf war; and PM Magazine, the seventh season long-running nightly entertainment 1. as host of magazine. Peggy can also be seen on the NEWTON'S Turner Broadcasting System's award- APPLE. An avid winning environmental newsmagazine, outdoorsman and Network Earth. naturalist, David brings to the series an -L. Peggy was born and raised in Washington state. adventurous spirit to When she wasn't exploring the Cascade mountain match his rich background in foothills that surrounded her home, she was on stage. the professional fields of science and From the age of seven, Peggy has worked as an actor. She education. Formally trained in biology, chemistry, graduated from The Evergreen State College in Olympia. mathematics, and physics, David has conducted both Armed with a BA in theater, she moved to Minneapolis laboratory and field research and has taught science to where she honed her improvisational and writing skills at learners of all ages. He is recognized nationally as a creative Dudley Rigg's Brave New Workshop. Peggy's wit, wry curriculum and exhibit developer, teacher trainer, and curiosity, and sense of humor help her to communicate conference presenter, as well as a published author and science in a way that everyone can understand. public speaker on popular science and the joys of learning.
A native to the Northwest, David grew up in a small town Nancy Gibson (pictured on the left) has been the with a city park that was perfect for a curious kid with a NEWTON'S APPLE resident naturalist since the series' bent for exploration. Winding trails, dense natural areas, inception in 1982. Her interest in and dedication to and a creek full of crawdads and trout provided David wildlife and the environment, however, go far beyond her with a terrific playground for discovery. Since his youth, he duties on the show. has continued to regard the natural and technological world we live in as a rich resource for learning, inviting Nancy worked at the Minnesota Zoo from 1980 to 1987. millions of viewers each week to join him in his favorite She has traveled extensively to many remote regions of the pastime of playful exploration. world to study wildlifefrom mountain gorillas in Africa to Arctic wolves near the North Pole. She gives In addition to hosting NEWTON'S APPLE, David is the presentations for many radio and television shows, schools, associate director of the Oregon Museum of Science and and other groups about wildlife and environmental issues. Industry in Portland. Nancy's love for animals started when she was growing up Peggy Knapp (pictured in the center) is now in her ninth in Ohio. As a child, she brought home all kinds of season as field reporter for NEWTON'S APPLE. Peggy animals, from foxes and raccoons to snakes and skunks. In has been a working actor and television reporter for 12 a way she has been able to continue this practiceby years. She has hosted such diverse productions as bringing many unique and wonderful animals into viewers' Hometime, a national PBS home improvement series; Kids homes and explaining how these animals are an important Ask About War, an award-winning PBS special examining part of the world around us. 2 1
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTGA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovatim Educational materials developed with 12.4 the National Science Teachers Association. Index to the 12th Season Lesson Pages
Below is an index co the following 26 lesson pages. We've organized N the lessons numerically to indicate in which NEWTON'S APPLE show the topic appears. Just look in AAPPLE® the upper right-hand corner of each r lesson page for the NEWTON'S APPLE show number (e.g., #1201, #1202, #1203). In the same corner, we've also included the approximate segment running time.
On the back of this page you will find an index to the past three seasons of NEWTON'S APPLE. These episodes may be rebroadcast on your local PBS station throughout the year, and we hope you will continue to use them in your classroom.
Show 1201 Show 1205 Show 1209 Show 1212 Hang Gliding Movie Dinosaurs Ethnobotany Printing Money Karate Bread Chemistry Hubble Telescope Gravity
Show 1202 Show 1206 Show 1210 Show 1213 Arctic Survival Movie Sound Effects Raptor Hospital Bridges Arctic Nutrition Sun Photography Earthquakes
Show 1203 Show 1207 Show 1211 Aircraft Carrier Dinosaur Extinction Redwoods Brain Floods Electricity
Show 1204 Show 1208 Brain Mapping Internet Remember... Ifyou have any questions Garlic Antibiotics about when NEWTON'S APPLE airs in your area, just check your local TV schedule or PBS viewers guide. You can also call or write your local PBS station and ask. Check the back of the poster included in this packet for a quick reference guide to the PBS stations across the country.
213
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Tdevision. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.5 Index of Past Seasons
NEWTON'S Show 908 Show 1002 Show 1010 Show 1105 APPLE Tears Hollywood Stunts Aurora Borealis Jumbo Jets 9th Season Slinky Physics Household Chemistry Air Pressure Meteors Camel Cream in Coffee Albert Gore Knuckle Crack Show 901 Bar Codes Musk Ox Piranha Paper Recycling Olympic Sport Aspirin Science Special Show 1003 Show 1011 Show 1106 Physiology Show 909 Election Polls and Traffic Control Windsurfing Biomechanics Soviet Space Surveys Cryogenics Permafrost Luge Sky Blue Electric Car Static Electricity Tumbleweeds Psychology Inventor's Fair Ceramics Chat Russian Kids Visit Zebra Llama Cougar Show 902 Show 1012 Show 1107 Solar Cars Show 910 Show 1004 Locks and Dams Spotted Owl Steroids Acid Rain Monster Makeup Blood Typing Carpal Tunnel Amazing Kreskin High Jump Ozone Moles Foggy Mirrors Miniature Horse Potholes Car Mirror Penguin Lizards Foot Asleep Goat Artificial Sweeteners Show 1013 Show 1108 Show 903 Show 911 Show 1005 Diabetes Archaeology Murder Mystery Medical Quackeries Oil Spills Galaxy Mapping Mazes Ted Nugent Microwave Ovens Diet and Nutrition Dweezil Zappa Dolphin Bat Dollar Changer Crystal Gayle Ostrich Golden Eagle Caribou Show 1109 Show 904 NEWTON'S Firefighting Cancer Causes Show 912 Show 1006 APPLE Dairy Farm Frisbee Physics Telecommunications Antarctic Special llth Season Inventor's Fair Computer Virus Solar Eclipse journey Otter Potato Chips Blimp Penguins Show 1101 Bear Cub Palmer Station Rock Climbing Show 1110 Show 905 Krill Taste Test Bison Roundup Sewers Show 913 Seals Monty Hall Heart Attack Cancer Treatments Hip Replacement Baby Bobcat Dead Fingernails Dick Cavett Airbags Show 1007 Chile Peppers Porcupine Paper Cuts AIDS Show 1102 Potbelly Pig Glass Recycling Emergency Rescue Show 1111 Show 906 Cement Black Holes The Bends Dinosaur Special NEWTON'S Science Challenge Pizza Compact Discs Mapping the Dig APPLE Wolverine Reindeer Michael York Site 10th Season Wolf Dating the Bones Show 1008 Show 1103 Assembling a Show 1001 Cockroaches Memory Show 1112 Diplodocus Behind-the-Scenes Broken Bones In vitro Fertilization Garbage Special Dentist Chair Goose Bumps Infrared Show 907 How TV Works Rhinoceros Hummingbird Shelley Duvall Domed Stadium Studio Tour Polar Bear Photosynthesis Control Room/ Show 1009 Show 1104 Polarized Sunglasses Editing Omnimax Technology Newspaper Show 1113 Amusement Park Satellite Technology Archery Bomb Squad Mt. Rushmore Lightbulbs Echoes Virtual Reality Condor Mosquito Candles Chimpanzee 210 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovatia Educational materials developed with 12.6 the National Science Teachers Association. An "AT-A-GLANCE" NEWTON'S Science Subject Index Following is an at-a-glance index of the science disciplines dealt with in the PPLE® NEWTON'S APPLE lesson pages incorporating the National Science Teachers Association's Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary School Science model.
We've also listed additional subjects where the segments may be used.
0§" Additional Applications
Hang Gliding ' IP IP IIP IP Physical Education
Karate 111P IP Physical Education
Health Arctic Survival IP 1111 IP Physical Education
Health Arctic Nutrition IP IP Food/Nutrition Sociology Psychology Aircraft Carrier IP IP 411 Health
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Garlic IP IP Food/Nutrition Computer Science History Movie Dinosaurs IP IP Paleontology
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1 i Geology Dinosaur Extinction IP History
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We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Madc possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with 12.7 the National Science Teachers Association. A "AT-A-GLANCE" Science Subject Index
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Ecology Geology Engineering Government Floods IP IIP Environment
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Antibiotics IIIP 111 Health
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We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation Educational Materials developed with 12.8 thc National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER How can hang gliders stay aloft for hours without motorized propulsion? How does a pilot steer a hang glider? Why must pilots know about geography and meteorology ? Hang Gliding How does a hang glider work?
Usually, when somebody tells you to "take a flying leap," they don't really expect you to fly. But Peggy learns the you can if you know what you're doing and have a hang glider strapped on. Hang gliders work basics of hang gliding, then goes for a ride. on the same principle as any winged aircraft. As the wings move forward, air is deflected above 0 and below. The air traveling over the curved wing must travel fartherand fasterthan the air Segment length: 9:20 below. When air speeds up, it drops in pressure, creating a low-pressure zone above the wing. This in turn gives the air traveling below greater relative pressure and the strength to push up the wing. 0 To become airborne, a hang glider's airspeed must equal about 20 mph. Airspeed is a Cheney, P. (1990) Hang gliding for beginner pilots. Rising Fawn, combination of the pilot's running speed and the speed of the wind coming toward the pilot. (As GA: Matt Taber. Many different combinations are possible. If a pilot is running at 20 mph, no wind is necessary. (But this is unlikely, since the world's fastest sprinters run only about 23 mphwithout carrying Coleman, C. (1993, May 3) Flying with Pasipo. Sports hang gliders.) If the wind is blowing at 15 mph, the pilot need only run at 5 mph. A Illustrated, pp. 91-95. combination of a 10-mph wind with a 10-mph run is considered ideal. Fair, E. (1993, Mar 21) Zing As a wing lifts a glider up, gravity pulls it down. The two forces combine to create the gliding time! Los Angeles Times, p. 6. action, which is measured by the lift-to-drag (L/D) ratio. For instance, the average glider L/D Gannon, R. (1992, Mar) ratio of 13:1 means that for every foot of drop, the glider sails 13 feet forward. However, pilots Winging it. Popular Science, pp. need to find constant upward forces to stay in the air for longer periods. 60-65.
Thermals, huge masses of rising warm air, are what hang gliders ride to stay aloft. These MacLachlan, S.L. (1991, Sept thermals are formed near Earth's surface and depend on warmth from the ground. Flat fields, 27) Ride the wind. The Christian dark pavement, and low-lying towns create heat early in the day, while wooded areas heat up Science Monitor, p. 10. more slowly and stay warm longer. Ridge lift is another power source. When a ridge or a hill On the wing. (1993, Mar 20) deflects wind upward, gliders can "catch the wave!" The Economist, p. 100.
While suspended in the harness system, the pilot steers a hang glider by shifting his or her Plimpton, G. (1991, Dec) Four center of balance. Leaning forward and backward causes the glider to dive or climb. This motion thousand feet over Africa. Esquire, pp. 87-89. changes the angle of attack and is used to take off and land, as well as to control speed during the flight. Shifting from side to side causes the glider to bank into turns. Pilots use a control bar Skow, J. (1993, July 19) Sailing to move their weight in relation to the wings. Other recommended equipment includes a seas of air. Time, pp. 56-57. helmet, parachute, variometer, and altimeter. Additional sources of information General Aviation News & Flyer Breaking gliding records is difficult, but designers are always trying to glide farther, faster, and 8415 Steilacoom Boulevard higher. The new boomerang-shaped SWIFT (swept wing with inboard flap) is capable of an Tacoma, WA 98498 incredible L/D ratio of 25:1 and has a top airspeed of 80 mph. (800) 426-8538 How would the altitude of your launching point affect your flight and the equipment you Soaring Society of America, Inc. would need? PO Box E Hobbs, NM 88241-1308 What sort of research could a pilot do before a flight to identify possible thermal locations? (505) 392-1177 (publishes Soaring magazine, airspeed the speed at which a glider is passing pitch movement which increases or decreases the Technical Soaring quarterly, and a through the air angle of attack, controlled by shifting the pilot's directory of soaring sites) altimeter instrument which measures altitude weight forward and backward U.S. Hang Gliding Association angle of attack the angle at which a glider meets roll side-to-side control movements to make the PO Box 8300 the air flowing over it. Decrease the angle of attack, glider bank and turn Colorado Springs, CO and the glider dives and speeds up. Increasing the unstable air when air temperature drops rapidly at 80933-8300 angle of attack slows the glider. higher altitudes. This makes thermals rise more (719) 632-8300 flare raising the nose of the glider sharply to stall rapidly, offering more lift for gliders. (publishes Hang Gliding forward motion and land variometer instrument which measures altitude magazine. Can help you locate a ground speed the speed at which the glider is gains and losses hang gliding school or club in passing over the ground. Ground speed is a result of wind speed the speed at which the wind is passing your area.) airspeed and wind speed. over Earth
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a pro uction4 KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.9 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. Just Blowing Through Launch your own glider into an air current with thermals and turbulence.
In this activity, you'll make a model of the over onto itself, 2 cm at a time, and keep SHOW NUMBER countryside and a simple glider. Then, using a dropping it until you get a smooth gliding bblow dryeras a wind source, you'll recreate the action. Why does this cause a forward motion? )air currents and thermals that a hang glider Can you figure out a way to calculate the ..Zai would encounter. lift-to-drag ratio, using the measuring tape? Hang gliding pilots learn (Remember the L/D definitionas the glider to "see" the air while they Materials drops, how far does it move forward?) What are flying. Stand outside pieces of paper about 20 cm x 25 cm thickness of paper has the best.L/D ratio? on a breezy day. How ctl (about 8" x 10"). Get a few different Why? many different ways can thicknesses. 3. Using the blow dryer on a low, cool setting, you determine what the air is doing? Pay a room with open floor space turn your floor into a hang glider's paradise. attention to things such blow dryer with extension cord Have a friend sit on the floor and hold the as how sound travels, measuring tape blow dryer even with a structure, while you fly how sun and shadows items to create different structures and your gliders over, around, and through your look on the ground, dust landmarks. Be creative! You can use buildings and mountains. Create turbulence by and blowing objects, plants and trees, etc. As books standing on end to be buildings shaking the blow dryer. Does a warmer setting you do this, can you or lying propped open for cliffs. Cereal cause different flight patterns? Create the anticipate what the wind boxes, milk cartons, and teapots can be ultimate thermal by pointing the blow dryer will do next, even before city skyscrapers. Pillows can be straight at the ceiling. Experiment using two you feel a shift in the mountains, and so on. blow dryers at once. Have fun! breeie?
1. Drop the pieces of paper just as they are to (Hint: If you have trouble keeping the paper gliders aloft the floor from a height even with your chest. long enough to see the flight effects caused by your What happens? The air pressure below the classroom countryside, try using air-filled balloons instead.) paper is being released in random spurts. Now fold the pieces of paper in half to be 20 cm x 12.5 cm (8" x 5") and spread them open again. What happens now when you drop them, with the fold crease down? The fold is dividing air pressure equally on either side of it. 2. Open the creased pieces of paper on a table om and fold a long edge back about 2 cm (3/4"), creating a sort of lip. What happens when you drop the paper again? Keep folding this edge --
Ger a topographical map of your 1/0---The world records for distance in hang city, as well as an aerial photograph. gliding are 488.49 km for men set by t4Plan a flight over the city in a hang "4 Larry Tudor in 1990, and 335.96 km glider. Can you identify which parts for Women set by Kari Castle in 1991. .1.4 of the city will have thermals rising Matching these distances, where could from them and which will be cooler? you go if you were able to travel by What areas would you want to fly hang glinder from your school? H over at 8 a.m.? Noon? 6 p.m.? j
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Citics educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.10 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER NEWrIONVS Are your bones stronger than concrete? Why does it take training to learn to break a wooden board without hurting your hand?
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Ron McNair raises his hand and brings it quickly down onto a pile of concrete bricks. As he David finds out how to pulls back his left hand, his right hand smashes through the concrete, sending it crumbling to break a board with the the ground. An exciting picture, but what is it doing in Scientific American magazine? force of his hand. Segment length: 7:12 That powerful karate chop might remind you of the superhuman feats found in Hollywood action movies. But the ability of karate experts to break bricks has an easy explanation in the principles of physics and physiology. In fact, karate experts view breaking bricks and boards as a demonstration of form and concentration. The true nature of karate involves a complete mental and physical discipline that goes far beyond simple hand strikes. Arnann, GA. & Holt, ET. r4 (1985, Jan) Karate One key to understanding brick breaking is a basic principle of motion: The more momentum an demonstration. The Physics object has, the more force it can generate. When it hit the brick, McNair's hand had reached a Teacher, p. 40. speed of 11 meters per second (24 miles per hour). At this speed, his hand exerted a whopping 0 Feld, M., McNair, R.. & Wilk, S. force of 3,000 newtonsor 675 poundson the concrete. A slab of concrete could likely (1979, Apr) The physics of support the weight of a few people weighing a total of 675 pounds (306 kilograms). But apply karate. Scientific American, pp. 150-158. that amount of force concentrated into an area as small as a fist and the concrete slab will break. Finn, M. (1988) Martial arts: A Another key to brick breaking lies literally in the palm of your hand. Feel the bone on the edge complete illustrated history. of your hand, directly below your little finger. This bone (known as the fifth metacarpal) bears Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press. the brunt of McNair's hand strike. Human bones can actually resist 40 times more stress than Funikoshi, G. (1973) Karate-do concrete. (Picture a piece of concrete the size of a bone, and imagine how easily it would break.) kyohan. Tokyo/New York: The natural engineering of the human hand also lessens the severity of the impact. The muscle, Kodansha International. tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissue in the hand provide a natural cushion, dispersing the Funikoshi, G. (1975) Karate-do: impact energy up through the arm. My way of life. Tokyo/New York: Kodansha International. If you attempt brick breaking without proper training, you'll end up with an injured hand and possibly serious nerve damage!You must be instructed by an expert in proper technique. Proper Gartrell, J.E., Jr. (1992) Method< training protects your hand because regularly striking a striking pad or post causes your skin to of motion. Washington, DC: National Science Teachers develop calluses, your muscles to strengthen, and your bones to thicken. Extensive training is Association. also necessary to train your brain and muscles to bring your hand down just rightexactly as it reaches its full speed and right smack in the center, at the brick's weakest point. Gordon, J.E. (1984) The new science of strong materials (2d (*N.. Have you ever broken a bone? What caused it to break? ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton r.Why do you think karate practitioners yell "kiar when they are carrying out a strike? University. Why do karate practitioners put their hands down several times on the board or brick before Microcomputer-based lab attempting to go through it? Why do they pull their other hand back when they strike? experiments in motion. Grades 6 and up. Apple Ils, 64K. Queue, Inc.: (800) 232-2224.
acceleration the time rate at which something momentum the mass of an object times its Miller, D.E. (1987, Apr) Brick speeds up or slows down or changes direction velocity. An object's "bashing power." breakers. Atlantic Monthly, pp. force a push or pull on an object newton unit of measurement for force. 79-82. karate literally, "empty hand" in Japanese. A Approximately equal to the force exerted by the martial art developed in Okinawa and brought to weight of an apple. Stein, S. (1992) The body book. Japan in the early 1900s. strain relative deformation of a brick, bone, or New York: Workman Publishing. kiai Japanese word for the shout used in martial piece of wood when it is stressed Community resources arts. Its literal meaning is "energy meeting." stress amount of force placed on an object that Mechanical engineer ligaments strips of connective tissue in the body tends to bend or break it that hold bones together tendon strips of connective tissue that attach bones Orthopedist metacarpals bones in the human hand that and muscles to one another connect the wrist to the fingers and thumb Martial arts master instructor
22 4 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.11 "
Use pretzel sticks as a testing ground to 4. Gaining momentum: Test to see if it makes SHOW NUMBER understand better what causes materials to a difference if you drop the pennies in the t)break Eat the leftovers! bucket or if you place them in gently, using the tweezers or chopsticks. Record your Materials results. pretzel sticks of varying thicknesses 5. Breaking point: Test to see if the weakest If you have a friend who studies karate, ask that several pieces of uncooked spaghetti point of the pretzel is really at the center. person to explain to you paper cup 6. Length and width test: Try pretzels of what the classes are like. cti 2 rolls of 50 pennies each, various lengths and widths to see what size How much repetitive plus 50 loose pennies and length hold the most and least pennies. training is involved? empty plastic film container or small 7. Compare with other materials: Do you Does the sensei (instructor) expect the squeeze bottle with top removed think a pretzel or an uncooked piece of students to practice often thick string or wire approximately spaghetti is stronger when bent? Try testing on their own? Call a local 6 cm (2.5") long uncooked spaghetti to see how it holds up in karate or other martial craft knife or scissors with points comparison to the pretzel sticks. arts school and ask if you pair of tweezers or chopsticks can observe a class. Can you see how karate pencil and piece of paper Questions practice trains both mind 1.Look at the ends of a broken pretzel with a and body? 1.Build a pretzel strength-testing magnifying glass. Does its structure machine. Start by cutting a large tell you anything about its hole out of the bottom of the bending strength? paper cup. Set the cup 2. What foods on a table, bottom break by stretching side up. Rest a pretzel stick but not by bending? across the center of the cup. What foods crush easily Think of some skill that 2. Now create a weight has taken you a long that would be hard to 0 time to learn. How did bucket co hang on the break apart? Do you you learn it? Were you pretzel. Take the empty think bending, crushing, training your mind or plastic container and make and stretching involve your body or both? Do two holes approximately different forces? you still need to practice 1 cm (0.4") from the top 3. Can you figure out it to keep up your skill? Write down your answers rim and directly across a way to spread weight and compare results with from each other. Thread out across the entire those of your classmates. the string or wire length of the pretzel? Which types of skills through the holes and Can it hold more require frequent practice? tie the end at each hole. weight when the You'll want to make weight is distributed sure the bucket will over a larger area? hang on the pretzel without touching the Activiry designed by Jane table. Copes, Science Museum of Minnesota. 3. Start testing: With the bucket hanging on the pretzel stick, begin adding pennies. See how many pennies the pretzel Karate practitioners develop can hold without breaking. Find the average thickened skin, or calluses, on their hands from practicing strikes on pads number of pennies one type of pretzel stick '4 and straw-covered posts called can hold. makiwara. Notice which areas on your body have calluses. Do you }) know how you got them? Figure out what purpose they serve at each spot. r)
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Citics educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a gran( from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatia the National Scicncc Teachers Association. 12 .12 SHOW NUMBER Do fabrics differ in their ability to keep the wearer warm and dry? Which is more important in frigid temperatures Lt. keeping dry or staying warm? Arctic Survival How do explorers keep warm in Arctic climates2
Blustery winds whirl around the explorers as they pitch their tents. They've just finished ten David learns how to keep warm and dry in hours of sweat-producing activityskiing and dog sledding in frigid Arctic conditions. But the Arctic with explorer these people stay warm and dry, thanks co specially designed clothing and high-tech fibers. Will Steger.
To decide which synthetic fabrics to wear, explorers need to decide what they want their Segment length: 26:40 protective clothing to do. If they want it to repel water but still "breathe," they might choose fibers such as nylon or polyester or waterproof, breathable laminates and coatings. Many fabrics contain a combination of fibers. For example, if your jacket has hydrophilic (water-loving) fibers Brody, H.(1987) Living Arctic: on the outside and hydrophobic (water-fearing) fibers near your skin, the inner fibers will push Hunters of the Canadian North. moisture away from your skin while the next layer of fibers will pull the moisture outward. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Keeping dry is as important as keeping warm when it comes to survival and comfort in the 0 Arctic. An adult normally loses about one liter of water a day through evaporation from the skin Forgey, W.W. (1985) Hypothermia. Merrillville, IN: and lungs. During a day of strenuous activity, a person can lose ten liters of water. As the body ICS Books, Inc. burns energy during physical exertion, it creates heat. It then produces sweat, which provides a cooling effect as it evaporates. A sweaty person in wet clothes can lose heat rapidly if inactive in Getchell, D., et. al. (1993, Sept) Wild clothes: 1993 guide to frigid temperatures. functional outdoor apparel. Each member of Will Steger's team will wear five layers of clothing that provide insulation. Backpacker, pp. 61-80. Explorers can peel off or put on layers as weather conditions and activity levels change. The first Randall, G. (1994) The modern layer consists of long underwear made of a lightweight, synthetic material that allows backpacker's handbook. New perspiration to move away from the skin to the second layer, a synthetic fleece shirt and pants. York: Lyons & Burford. As it wicks moisture away, the quick-drying fleece helps the underwear layer provide warmth. Sierra Club, San Diego Chapter. (1993) Wilderness basics: The Next, a jacket covers the first two layers, offering insulation. Made of a heavier fleece designed complete handbook for hikers and for use in extreme cold, the jacket has two-way underarm zippers (as do garments in the top two backpackers (2d ed.). Seattle: The layers) to help the explorer regulate body temperature. The fourth layer, a lightweight second Mountaineers. jacket made of very fine, tightly woven microfibers, slows the rate of moisture loss. The final Townsend, C. (1994) Wilderness layera durable storm shell that is waterproof and breathableprotects against wind, rain, and skiing and winter camping. snow. The shell is laminated with a film containing microscopic pores that allow water vapor Camden, ME: Ragged Mountain Press. (sweat) to escape while keeping moisture out. Wilkinson, E. (1992) Snow caves Team members also wear mukluks, flexible boots designed by the Inuit people and made of for fun and survival (rev. ed.). animal hides and canvas. Sled dogs, too, wear booties as protection from rough ice and snow. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
What fabrics do you normally wear? Which are the warmest and which keep you cool? Do some Additional sources of information fabrics allow more air movement than others? American Textile Manufacturers What difference does a hat make in regulating body temperature? Do you notice a difference Institute 1801 K Street NW, Suite 900 when you take off a hat you've worn for several minutes? Washington, DC 20006 Which parts of the body make up its "heating core"? (202) 862-0500
Institute of Textile Technology 2551 Ivy Road insulation a material or fabric that helps a person moisture loss moisture lost through pores in our Charlottesville, VA 22903-4614 retain heat skin and through our noses and mouths as we (804) 296-5511 layering a system of wearing clothes in layers to breathe . provide maximum warmth and dryness. An synthetic fabric material made from fibers that do Community resources effective system allows a person to adjust for a wide not occur naturally. Nylon is an example. Specialist at an outfitter range of climatic conditions. wicking the act of absorbing moisture and moving company microfibers very thin fibers tightly woven. They it away. A fabric that wicks perspiration absorbs trap warm air in clothing and cut heat loss. sweat on the skin and moves it to an outside layer Fabric store of material, leaving the fabric next to the skin Store that sells camping gear and relatively dry and helping the person stay warm. outdoor clothing
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People lose moisture through evaporation from flight of stairs five times. Record your new SHOW NUMBER pores in the skin. When you're hot and begin pulse and respiration rates. Next, run up and to sweat, your rate of respiration speeds up in down the stairs five times and then record 1202 an effort to cool your body. Skin moisture can pulse and respiration. (If your school has no evaporate rapidly in a dry climate, even when stairs, use a hallway or a walkway outside.) you're not sweating. On average, an adult loses 3. After the exercise, note whether the plastic about one liter of water a day. When working contains any water condensation released by hard and burning energy that produces heat, your skin as it performed respiration and that person's water loss quickens perspiration. proportionately. Create a lab that demonstrates4. Take the bag off and feel the moisture on aspects of water loss from your body. your skin where the plastic had been. Note the moisture level of the skin that was under the Materials plastic as compared to skin exposed to air one plastic bag per student, during the ten minutes. Investigate the or plastic wrap materials used to make scissors Questions your outer jackets and masking tape 1. What is the effect of moisture evaporating clothing. At home, H read the fabric labels paper and pencil on your skin? on your jackets and 2. How much fluid does a person need outerwear, and write 1. Cut the plastic bag into a to consume each day to replace regular down the materials single-layered square moisture loss? ' listed. Report to the large enough to fit 3. Do we lose only water, or do we class which fibers your clothing's fabric comfortably around lose other essential elements contains. Add to your your forearm. Place the through evaporation list the contents of any piece of plastic around your as well? other fabrics worn by forearm and tape it securely your classmates. (but not too tightly) at top and bottom. 2. Wear the plastic over your forearm for at least ten minutes. Meanwhile, in teams of four people, take and record your pulse and respiration rates. Then walk up and down a
Five layers of clothing worn by Arctic exploers
Discuss the factors that T4 affect windchill. '- Identify how windchill is created. What effect Look through camping does it have on your books, catalogs, and }, body's ability to stay magazines to find references warm in cold weather? Invite a representative from an about materials used in outfitters or outdoor equipment boots, sleeping bags, packs, store to discuss characteristics in and other outdoor fabrics that make the materials equipment. List the H lightweight, provide warmth and materials named in these insulation, and wick moisture. articles and advertisements. Examine clothing samples that What characteristics were demonstrate these characteristics. cited as the most valuable?
To receivethe entire12th season NEWTON'SAPPLE Educational Materials packet pleasewrite: NEWTON'SAPPLE do NSTAMarketingDivision 1840 Wilson Blvd. 12.14 3M Innovation Arlington,VA 22201 SHOW NUMBER How do Arctic explorers get the energy they need to complete an expedition? Do some foods supply more energy than others? Arctic Nutrition What do Arctic explorers eat?
Day in, day out, Arctic explorers and their sled dogs perform fantastic feats of endurance and David trains for an Arctic expedition with strength. They maneuver sleds that can weigh more than 500 kilograms (1,100 pounds) each explorer Will Steger. across harsh, unforgiving terrain. On the move almost constantlyas much as 12 hours a day the human explorers can burn up as much energy every day as someone running a marathon. Segment length: 26:40 Will Steger and members of his team will each burn 4,000 to 6,000 calories dailythe amount found in 70 slices of bread! To maintain their energy they must eat more than two pounds of food a day. However, what these explorers eat is as important as how much they eat. Their Coleman, E. (1988) Eating for ability to perform and think clearly depends on proper diet. If nutrition and energy needs are endurance. Palo Alto, CA: Bull not met, an explorer can suffer fatigue syndrome, a condition that causes dizziness and violent Publishing Company. mood swings. Expedition members plan carefully to make sure they have enough of the right McManners, H. (1994) The food to last the entire tripfor both people and dogs. complete wilderness training book. New York: Dorling Kindersley. Explorers also need water for drinking and food preparation. Dehydration is a danger during their long hours of physical exertion. Although snow is the most abundant source of water, it Rafoth, R. (1993) Bicycling fuel. must be melteda process that takes time and burns valuable fuel. Nutrition for bicycle riders (3d ed.). Mill Valley, CA: Bicycle An endurance diet can provide the energy and nutrients necessary for peak performance in the Books, Inc. Arctic. In the past, such diets contained 35% of calories from fat. That's because fat is a Smith, L. (1993, July 13) concentrated energy source that supplies nine calories per gram. Carbohydrates and protein, on Breakfast of champions. The the other hand, provide four calories per gram each. Baltimore Sun, p. 1D. But consuming fat does not allow the body quick access to calories. Current thinking favors a Tilton, B. (1993, June) Hike diet low in fat and high in carbohydrates. Carbohydrates supply large amounts of the sugar farther, faster. Backpacker, pp. 28-29. glucose. They can be stored in muscles and in the liver as a compound called glycogen, which quickly converts to sugar when needed, providing ready energy for exerting muscles. The Steger Tinley, S. & McAlpine, K. team will consume a diet in which 61% of calories come from carbohydrates and 26% from fat. (1994) Scott Tinley's winning guide to sports endurance. They'll eat rice, pasta, and many grains and supplement those foods with products specifically Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. designed for muscle recovery after strenuous exercise. On days of rest, the explorers will stock up on carbohydrates to replenish their muscle reserves of glycogen. Wardlaw, G.M. & Insel, P.M. (1993) Perspectives in nutrition A carbohydrate-rich diet does have drawbacks. Because it takes about twice the amount of (2nd ed.). Sr. Louis: Mosby. carbohydrates to provide the same number of calories found in fat, the sleds must carry heavier Additional sources of information loads. The explorers also must prepare more food and eat more often to refuel their bodies, Arctic Institute of North requiring additional time and cooking fuel. America The University of Calgary How do an explorer's energy needs compare with those of an average person going about normal 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, AB Canada T2N 1N4 day-to-day activities in your area? (403) 226-7515 Do the sled dogs have the same nutritional needs as the explorers? International Federation of Sled Dog Sports calorie a unit of heat that is also used as a fatigue syndrome a condition in which the body Glenda Walling, President measurement of energy in food can't meet the energy needs of its muscles and brain 7118 N. Beehive Road carbohydrates three classes of components that glycogen a carbohydrate stored in muscles and Pocatello, ID 83201 include sugars, starches, and cellulose found in such liver which converts to the sugar glucose as muscles (208) 232-5130 foods as fruit, vegetables, milk, and grains work, providing quick energy endurance diet a diet with concentrated amounts protein a class of components found in foods and Community resources Nutritionist or dietitian of nutrients and calories that fuel an athlete's made of amino acids. Protein helps muscles grow muscles and brain during rigorous exercise and repair and it provides energy and heat. Specialist at a sports medicine fat a more concentrated source of energy than clinic carbohydrates. The body can store unlimited amounts of fat, but it takes more time to turn it Marathon runner into energy than to access energy in glycogen stored, in muscles. 0 ') 0
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.15 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 1111pAPEwg.Ni -I p *
Maybe you've heard the saying "You are what 4. New requirements for food label SHOW NUMBER you eat." Each food you eat provides its own information went into effect in May 1994, set of nutrients and calories. Every day you adding details in terms of "percent daily 1202 need to restock certain nutrients that your values" (%DV). Calculations are based on a body uses as it moves, digests, thinks, grows, 2,000-calorie diet, determining what and repairs itself. By reading nutrition labels percentage of your body's daily needs are on food packages, you can learn more about provided by the food. Some labels also provide what you're eating and what you need to help Discuss what happens additional information on these values. when someone your body do its work. Discuss how you can use this information to experiences fatigue improve your food choices. syndrome and what can Materials 5. Make a list of foods an explorer could take cause it. Identify ways to nutrition labels from along for a seven-day trip. Consider the prevent fatigue syndrome. a wide variety of foods practicality of taking each food on a skiing or camping trip. 1. For one week, collect nutrition labels from different foods you eat. (Look on packages of Questions cereal, yogurt, snacks, and frozen vegetables, 1. Explorers need up to 6,000 calories a day, for example.) Cut out the labels and bring or 42,000 calories a week. How much would them to school co share with others. 42,000 calories worth of food weigh? 2. Read and discuss the labels. Include in the 2. How would you handle foods that need discussion what the foods contribute in refrigeration on a camping trip? What kinds of calories and nutrients. How much does the food would simply be too heavy to take? food weigh in the amount you normally eat at one meal? What foods provide a wide combination of nutrients? 3. Figure out how much of the different foods would be required to make up the 4,000 to 6,000 calories an explorer needs each day. Compare the percentages of a person's daily nutrients that are supplied by each food.
Discuss the route food, calories, and nutrients take through the 150Track your Will Steger and his ream digestive tract. Where does food activities for three will fill out food records go after you swallow it and it 0 days and record how O during their Arctic trek. enters your stomach? Discuss what r4 ...s.4".4 long you did each 4 For three days, make a list H activity. Estimate the contributes to a meal's digestion, such as enzymes in saliva and the H of everything you eat. amount of energy you Review the list with your stomach's actions, called peristalsis. used each day. Figure your classmates. Did you get it base caloric needs first and then add the Analyze a meal to learn what nutrients the foods supply. it enough calories and calories needed for each activity to calculate ' nutrition? Which did you the total calories expended. Compare this eat mostfat, protein, or number with your caloric intake. carbohydrates?
To receive the entire 12th season NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials packet please write: NEWTON'S APPLE do NSTAMarketing Division 1840 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22201 12.16 3M Innovation SHOW NUMBER How do pilots get up to over 150 mph in pAN less than three seconds after takeoff? What types of supplies and energy are needed to run an aircraft carrier?
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Peggy makes a quick You're cruising along at 140 mph, enjoying the incredible view of endless blue sky and sea from stop on an aircraft the cockpit of your lean, mean flying machine. Suddenly you hear the voice of the carrier's flight carrier. controller crackle over the radio: "Bring it in now!" 0 Segment length: 8:00 You must land your carrier onboard delivery (COD) aircraft on a 1,000-foot-long landing strip that looks more like a postage stamp in the middle of the ocean. Once you determine the ship's exact coordinates, you listen for instructions from the landing signal officer (LSO). You monitor
the meatball and see that you're coming in right on target. You've practiced for hours in a flight Bonds, R. (1988) Modern simulator, performed real landings on the 10,000-foot runway at the naval base, and then carriers. New York: Prentice to) managed to land on the naval base's 700-foot practice runway, equipped with arresting cables. Hall. But this first landing on a carrier at sea is nerve-racking! S.4 Bonanni, P. (1991) Flight 0 0 You must depend on physics to land on the "postage stamp." Your COD weighs about 50,000 simulator companion. New York: Bantam. tip Pounds and you'll be flying at about 95 mph relative to the carrier deck when you land. Your t4aircraft has about twice the momentum of a 50,000-pound truck speeding down the highway at Norman, C.J. (1986) Aircraft 50 mph. The 1,000-foot runway doesn't give you enough room to use brakes to slow down, so carriers. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc. you'll use the set of four arresting cables stretched across the deck. Rawlinson, J. (1989) Cruisers Your COD's tailhook misses latching onto the first cable, and then misses the next one. Don't and Nuclear Carriers. Vero put on your brakes, though. If you miss the next two cables and you're not flying at least 120 Beach, FL: Rourke Publications. mph, you'll fall into the ocean! You hook onto the third cable, so you reduce your power and Schultz, R. (1992) Looking inside within two seconds you've come t'o a complete stop. Whew! sports aerodynamics. Santa Fe: Aircraft carriers have served as warships since the early 1900s, but it was not until World War II John Muir Publications. that they played an integral role. Technology has led to an evolution in carrier design and Terzibaschitsch, S. (1989) features, and there are now four major classes of carriers, each named for the "star" ship in its Aircraft carriers of the U.S. Navy. class. Nimitz class carriers, such as the Dwight D. Eisenhower, Cost several billion dollars to build. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. These "floating cities" carry up to 6,000 sailors and 100 pilots and normally stay at sea for up to six months, and even longer during wartime. The ships weigh about 80,000 tons, carry 500,000 Computer Resources gallons of fuel, generate power in a nuclear power plant, and make 400,000 gallons of water Pacific strike. (1994) Austin: Origin Systems, Inc. (CD-ROM daily in a desalination plant. About 18,000 meals are prepared daily in the galley. for MS-DOS)
You've delivered your passengers and spare parts, and now it's time to fly the COD back to the SimCity. (1989) Orinda, CA: naval base for supplies. The steam catapult, powered by the carrier's nuclear power plant, Maxis. (Macintosh and MS- jettisons you from zero to 150 mph in a little more than two seconds, at a force three times that DOS) of gravity. In no time at all, you're off into the wild blue yonder. SimTown. (1994) Orinda, CA: Maxis. (CD-ROM for Today's aircraft carriers have more fire power than anything imaginable during WWII. How can Macintosh, Windows, and MS- we ensure that aircraft carrier weaponry is used appropriately by countries that operate carriers? DOS) c%.Aircraft carriers now are said to help "maintain the peace." What does that mean? TFX: Tactical fighter experiment. (1993) San Jose, arresting cables set of four metal cables stretched meatball central light display on the deck of the CA: Ocean of America. across a carrier's deck to stop planes aircraft carrier, used to guide pilots as they land (interactive computer flight COD acronym for carrier onboard delivery. Name momentum a measure of the motion of a moving simulator on CD-ROM for used for the 29-seat C-2 transport plane that takes object, which equals the product of its mass (its Windows and MS-DOS) crews, cargo, and mail on and off a naval ship. size, not weight) and velocity (its speed in a desalination removal of salt from sea water by particular direction, not just how fast it's going) Additional sources of information boiling it and recondensing it into fresh water postage stamp pilots' nickname for aircraft carriers Public Inquiries, Office of flight simulator computer program that allows tailhook hook on bottom of aircraft that attaches Information Department of the Navy students to experience flight without leaving land to the arresting cables on deck during landing The Pentagon, Room 2E 335 LSO acronym for landing signal officer. The LSO's Washington, DC 20350-1200 job is to help pilots land safely.
230 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE isa production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Madc possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation thc National Science Teachers Association. 12.17 toNEWTON'S SOO , S APPLE An aircraft carrier is a complex and self- 1. Form five teams with at least two people SHOW NUMBER contained city, and the largest carriers can stay per team. at sea for six months or more. There are many 2. Assign each team to a subject area. questions to answer before you can design one 3. Brainstorm to get ideas and specific 1203 of your own. For this activity, you'll need a lot questions that each team can work on. of imagination and good teamwork skills. Your 4. Work as teams to come up with as many An aircraft carrier can goal is to work in teams and as a group to ideas as you can while you consider each use as much as 1.5 million liters (400,000 design an aircraft carrier for 5,000 people who question. Write or draw your answers and gallons) of water daily. will be at sea for one month. ideas. How much is that? 5. Meet as a group so that each team can Calculate how many Materials present its ideas. Other teams should ask Olympic-size lined writing paper questions or make suggestions in areas where swimming pools this amount could fill, or drawing paper there are overlapping concerns. For example, how many linear feet pencils the design is directly related to how much of shelf space it would markers food and water needs to be prepared and take to store it in one- model building supplies (recycled stuff stored. liter containers. is great) 6. Go back to your teams and rework your reference books about aircraft carriers ideas based on input from the other teams. computer programs that allow you to 7. Create a three-dimensional model and design a city (optional, but very helpful write a summary of each team's ideas. and lots of fun) one page per team that lists the main Questions Distances at sea are measured in nautical topics team members must think about: 1. What kinds of scientists and other miles. One nautical specialists would you need to design a real mile equals 1.85 km. Team 1:Goals, organization, and aircraft carrier? Why? Speed is measured by management 2. What was the most difficult thing for your knots, or how many Team 2:Basic needsenergy, food, water, team to decide? What were the hardest things nautical miles are covered per hour. On a sleep for the whole group to decide? What topics map, find the distance Team 3:Aircraft carrier design and had the most in common with others? Did between Honolulu and maintenance this make it harder or easier to make decisions? San Francisco, and then Team 4:Communications and navigation calculate the distance in Team 5:Everything else you need-- nautical miles. How long would it take a medical services, exercise, ship to go from Island rises above flight deck entertainment, etc. Honolulu co San Francisco traveling at Arrester cables for stopping 10 knots? 50 knots? planes after landing Bridge, where officers steer and direct the ship Plane about to land
lift
Plane being catapulted for takeoff
Rudder for steering
Propeller
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Weencourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is2production of ICECA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatia the National Science Teachers Association. 12.18 What's going on in our heads? What SHOW NUMBER are neurons and how do they send 111pANtri,ow.N,;§, messages to one another? Do our brains actually change when we learn something new? Brain What do our brains contain?
Imagine what your own brain looks like inside your head. It is pinkish gray on the outside, David takes a look yellowish white on the inside, and covered with ripples or convolutions. The brain has a delicate inside the brain.
consistency, like soft ice cream, and requires the shell-like skull to protect it from injury. Segment length: 8:45 0 v-iAlthough it may not seem like it, you have just performed an amazing feat. You have used your brain to think about itself. As far as we know, human beings are the only animals on Earth who can contemplate their own brains.
If you take a close look at a human brain, you'll find it has three main parts. By far, the largest Dennett, D. (1991) k.) Consciousness explained. Boston: is the cerebrum on top. The intricate surface of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex. tb) Little, Brown and Company. O Although only 0.3 centimeters (1/8") thick, the cerebral cortex is critical to your ability to move as you please, to understand what you see and hear, and to do the complex process called 0Diamond, M. Within the human thinkingmaking decisions, learning, analyzing, remembering, planning, and contemplating. brain. (videotape). University of tr3 tt) California Extension Center for IYour cerebrum is divided into two halves. Each has specialized functions. An "electric highway" Media. Available through Lawrence Hall of Science store, 4 of nerve fibers, the corpus callosum, connects the two, allowing information to pass between. Berkeley:(510) 642-1929.
At the back of your brain and beneath the cerebral cortex is the cerebellum. It coordinates skilled Experiments in human movement, giving you the ability to juggle, dance, type, walk without stumbling, and drink physiolog. Grades 7 and up. without slobbering. Located at the base of the brain is the brain stem, a stalklike structure that Apple Ils with a minimum of 48K. Queue, Inc.: (800) 232- connects it to the spinal cord. The brain stem takes care of basic, involuntary functions, such as 2224. breathing, blinking, and keeping your intestines churning. Mind and brain. (1993) Every part of the human brain is made of billions of nerve cells called neurons. Each neuron has Alexandria, VA: Time-Life connections to thousands of other neurons. For you to read this (or even to daydream), millions Books.
of your neurons must communicate with one another. The mystifting mind. (1991) A neuron accepts signals from other neurons through branchlike structures called dendrites. Morristown, NJ: Time-Life Books. Whenever enough messages arrive from neighboring neurons to excite it, a neuron sends an electrical impulse down its trunklike axon. When the impulse arrives at the end of the axon, it Restak, R.M. (1994) Receptors. causes little sacs to release chemical messengers. These chemicals, called neurotransmitters, then New York: Bantam Books. travel across tiny gaps called synapses to arrive at and excite other neurons. Stein, S. (1992) The body book. New York: Workman Publishing. When you learn something new, your neurons actually grow more dendrites to reach other neurons. The more you practice, the stronger these connections become. With 100 trillion Willensky, D. (1993, Dec) The possible connections, your brain is one of the most complex regions in the universe. brain. American Health, p. 78. c. When are you most aware of your brain in action? Which parts of your brain do you think are Stark, F. (1991) Gray's anatomy: A fact-filled coloring book. active when you sleep? Philadelphia: Running Press. What does information overload feel like? When, if ever, has it happened to you? Do you think your brain is similar to a computer? Why do some researchers compare a single Additional sources of information National Foundation for Brain neuron in the brain to a computer? Research 1250 24th St. NW, Suite 300 axon the long tail at the end of each neuron along dendrites branchlike endings on each neuron that Washington, DC 20037 which messages to other neurons are transmitted receive incoming messages from other neurons neurotransmitters chemicals that convey messages Community resources cerebellum "small brain." The part of the brain Local MR1 laboratory that coordinates movements. from one neuron to another cerebral cortex the rippled or convoluted surface synapse tiny space across which one neuron University medical school of the cerebrum communicates to another neuron cerebrum the largest part of the human brain, Neurologist primarily responsible for voluntary movement, thought, and language Psychiatrist 232
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production orKTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant horn 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.19 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. Show Some Nerve ONEWTON'S Combine art and science to create a model of a neuron. APPLE
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish artist and find most interesting or important. If you are SHOW NUMBER neuroscientist, was the first person to figure collaborating with someone else, discuss your out what a neuron looks like. Using a cell- ideas with one another. Sketch out what you staining substance called silver salts, he was want your neuron model to look like. able to observe and draw the intricate patterns 3. Building: Use the materials you find most of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. appropriate and begin building. If you get Through his research, he concluded that frustrated, take a break to look around at what synapses provide the means for others are doing, and then come back to your For a day, try doing as much as possible with communication between nerve cells. In 1906 work in progress. If a certain material doesn't the opposite hand that he won the Nobel Prize for his work. Use do what you would like, try another. Work you normally use. artistic and research skills to create your own with your model until you feel it represents Which tasks are model of a neuron. the basic structure particularly difficult? and ideas Do you think this is similar to the Materials you want it challenge young An assortment of construction or to represent. children have learning modeling materials, such as: 4. Extending new actions, such as dominoes the model: If how to tie their shoes felt-tip markers you haven't or pour juice into a glass? paper cups and already, try plates extending your Ping-Pong balls model to include plastic tubes neurotransmitters, both those that excite plastic wrap and those that inhibit another neuron Research a disease or injury that affects sculpting clay from firing. Have several students brain function, such as small squeeze bottles their models together to show epilepsy, Alzheimer's, wire how neurons communicate as a neural or Parkinson's. How network. How would you represent the does it affect the 1. Research: Working alone or with a stimulating effect of caffeine? brain? What partner, investigate what a symptoms does a person with this neuron looks like and what it Questions problem display? Are does. What aspect of the 1. Do you think your model might there treatments for it? neuron interests help someone understand a What causes it? What you the most? neuron better? 'What aspects does does this disease reveal about how the human Find the it illustrate well? Is it more brain works? images and concerned with how the neuron descriptions Ne looks or with how it works? that you think illustrate it best. 2. How does your model differ 2. Initial plans: Decide what form from other models or drawings? you want your model to take. As you design 3. What might you do to improve your your model, emphasize the features that you model?
As you learn, new connections are made between neurons. Choose something new Hold your hand as far as you can you would like to learn, such as juggling, above your head and drop a piece of memorizing a poem, or speaking another paper. Try to catch it as it flutters to language. Keep a journal in which you the grounds. Now try dropping a ball describe your learning process. What from the same height. Why is the piece challenges do you encounter? When do you of paper harder to catch? (Adapted notice progress? How much time does it fromBlood and Gutsby L. Allison take to learn something so that you don't [Boston: Little, Brown and Company, forget it? 1976], p. 117.)
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatio the National Science Teachers Association. 12.20 SHOW NUMBER What technology is necessary to take a picture of the mind? How can we map the brain when we don't WAPPLE®LE® completely understand how it works? Brain Mapping Do any maps of the brain exist?
When Lewis and Clark set out to map America, they had to find ways to observe and chart the Peggy finds out about the progress being land around them. Today's surveyors also depend on creative ways of studying and mapping made in mapping the what many consider the final frontierthe human brain. While anatomical blueprints have human brain. existed for centuries, the new challenge lies in creating a functional mapa chart which shows Segment length: 8:44 where in our brain we hear music, get a joke, or even think about our brain. Early scientists would secretly dissect cadavers to ponder over the three-pound mass of gelatinous tissue that forms our brain. A better way to understand the brain is positron emission Armstrong, L., et al. (1993, July tomography (PET). This technique relies on X-ray photography to track cerebral blood flow. 19) Watching the brain at work. Before the test, the patient is given an injection of a radioactive glucose analogue. Since the brain t1J Business Week, pp. 50-51. uses glucose as fuel, neurologists can identify neural hot spots by seeing which areas of the brain Asimov, 1. (1987) How did we use more glucose and are therefore more active than other areas. 0find out about the brain?New Some early functional maps were made by exposing a large area of the brain during surgery, York: Walker and Company. stimulating its surface, and simply watching what happened. A technique using that same Begley, S., et al. (1992, Apr 20) principle, called magnetoencephalography (you can call it MEG, unless you're really into Mapping the brain. Newsweek, pp. 66-70. tongue-twisters), gives neuroscientists a less-invasive look. Small sensors are placed all over the patient's head to detect electromagnetic changes caused by neurons. By monitoring this energy, Davidoff, J. (1993, Apr 10) scientists can measure levels of brain activity. This information is updated every millisecond, Brain cells made for seeing. New matching a patient's active thinking speed. Scientist, pp. 32-36. Scientists sometimes collect data on a subject in a roundabout manner. For instance, the brain Goldsmith, J. (1994, May) This is your brain on Terris. Wired, uses one-quarter of all the oxygen you breathe. Neurologists can identify the active sections of pp. 72-73. the brain by tracking oxygen-rich blood. Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, is the first noninvasive, nonradioactive way to observe brain activity. An MRI machine relies on very large Harding, G. (1993, Dec II) How surgeons could navigate magnets to track the flow of blood cells in the brain and identify where the brain processes our the brain. New Scientist, pp. thoughts, motor activities, and sensations. This system has such good terminal resolution that it 28-31. can record changes in the brain which occur even just 50 milliseconds apart. Posner, M.I. (1993, Oct 29) No single mapping technique provides complete information. Scientists combine a number of Seeing the mind. Science, pp. 673-674. technologies to create more comprehensive maps of the human brain. These maps provide critical information to help neurosurgeons perform safer robotic microneurosurgery or even help Additional sources of inJisr,nation scientists identify the brain sections that hear different musical tones. As technology advances, American Academy of Neurology it's just a matter of time before a map of the human mind will be as detailed and comprehensive 2221 University Ave. SE, as a road map. Suite 335 Minneapolis, MN 55414 Why do scientists need a functional as well as an anatomical map of the brain? How would a (612) 623-8115 functional map aid in brain surgery, psychology, or sports? Brain Information Service How are traditional mapping techniques used in brain mapping? BRI Publications Office 43-367 CHS/UCLA School of Medicine glucose analogue a compound the body treats as noninvasive a medical procedure for which it is Los Angeles, CA 90024-1746 glucose which has on its structure a substituted not necessary to enter the body to obtain diagnostic (310) 825-3417 radioactive atom permitting it to be monitored information (information on general brain neurologist a doctor who specializes in the brain, stimulus anything that causes a reaction. The sciences) the nerves, and the nervous system, as well as the plural of stimulus is stimuli. diseases affecting them the brain vs. the mind Your brain is the physical, Society of Neurological Surgeons neuron the basic cellular unit of the nervous anatomical part of your central nervous system. 750 Washington St., Box 178 systems Your mind is your consciousness, where you feel Boston, MA 02111 neuroscientist a scientist focusing study on some (617) 956-5858 emotions and think. (call CO find members in your aspect of neural or nervous system function tracer a substance, usually radioactive, which is city available for speaking) followed through a physical system to study it 2 3 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the Nacional Science Teachers Association. 12.21 Attention, Fellow Syymonians Land your spaceship on planet Earth and chart the territory you observe. INAPEWP Neurologists continue to map the brain, even the block, measuring accurately to represent SHOW NUMBER though they don't know exactly how it works. sidewalks, vegetation, and structures. In this activity, you will map an area and then 3. Establish observationposts. For use your map as well as collected observa- approximately a half hour (in Earth time), tional data to deduce the function of study and take notes that will help you answer Visit a radiology structures within the area. the following questions: department at a local Which buildings do humans enter and exit hospital and ask a Your name from most often? radiologist to Zotar from the planet GX-911, Galaxy Does only a particular type of human use a demonstrate the CAT, Syymonia certain building? Identify them by MRI, and PET scanners. Learn how characteristics such as age, sex, apparel, etc. tests are performed with Your mission What items do the humans carry in and out these machines and Map, identify, and explain one Earth block. of these buildings? what kinds of study Observe individual human behavior. Does it results they produce. Your tools differ depending on which buildings they compass enter? Bring a variety of articles large measuring tape Does the structure of the building itself (games, books, kitchen pencils seem be a factor in its function? utensils, etc.) to class and large sheets of paper for map 4. Formulate theories on the uses of the place them in a drawer. To smaller sheets for observations various buildings on your block. see what kinds of a team of fellow Syymonians problems result when a person loses one of the Questions brain's important Remember, this is your first visit to Earth 1. What data was most helpful? What functions, blindfold a class from the galaxy Syymonia. Earth signs, technology would have made this mission member and have that symbols, and languages mean nothing to you. easier? student select an article In all your observations, you must assume that2. Which were the easiest and hardest from the drawer. Without looking at it or showing it you have no previous knowledge of the block buildings to identify? Why? to the class, that person and the humans you are studying. 3. If you, as an alien, had to choose a single should try to identify and symbol to identify a building, what would it describe it to the other Your orders be? (And as a real-life human, did you catch students. 1.Select a fairly busy block. Make yourself cheating? How?) sure the block includes several types of buildings and lots of humans The brain houses and walking around. integrates dissimilar functions in much the 2. Map the block and the streets same way that the adjacent to it. With the rooms in a house and its compass, find north and mark yard do for different it with an arrow in an upper daily activities. Draw a corner on your map. Using a house with a room plan and yard. Draw lines to scale of 1 cm = 2 meters, connect rooms and areas chart the buildings around with integrated functions. (For example, food prepared in the kitchen is eaten in the Invite a neurologist or dining room; fatigue neurosurgeon to from playing in the yard visit your class to is relieved by sleeping in the bedroom.) Imagine explain brain structure and one of the rooms being mapping. Have that person destroyed. Discuss the impact this might have describe problems such as tumors, on an individual or on strokes, and injuries and the functional trouble they produce. the family.
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made posdble by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.22 SHOW NUMBER
What happens when you crush a garlic clove? What molecules are responsible for garlic breath?
- Garlic is often called "the stinking rose." That's because it contains molecules composed of the David sniffs out the chemistry of garlic. same atoms that lurk in burnt matches and rotten eggs. Segment length:7:37 But if you put a whole clove of garlic right up to your nose, you won't smell much. The 0 molecules that create the garlic smell are not actually present in natural garlic. They are synthesized in a reaction that occurs when garlic is cut or crushed. When a knife slices through garlic, cell membranes rupture, releasing an enzyme called allinase. Allinase can chemically change a tiny, odorless molecule called alliin into allicin. Allicin is the pungent, sulfur-containing 0 Block, E. (1985, Mar) The O molecule that can alienate friends who get too close and add zest to bland food. chemistry of garlic and onions. Scientific American, pp. otDuring any chemical reaction, atoms rearrange themselves into new substances. But all chemical 114-119. ..t./2, reactions do not proceed in the same way. Some transformations occur spontaneously and ,..q+ explosively while others are hard to initiate and proceed as slowly as a rusting fence. The ease Sonar, A. (1985) The Macmillan treasury of herbs. New York: tr3 and speed with which molecules change or undergo chemical reaction depend on how often Macmillan. r4 they collide and the energy needed to get the reaction started. Doolittle, R. (1985, Oct) Molecules are surrounded by negatively charged electrons which repel the electrons in other Proteins. Scientific American, pp. molecules. For each reaction, molecules must move fast enough to overcome these repulsive 88-99. forces. This energy barrier is like crossing a mountain. Just as an ocean wave may have enough Grosser, A. (1981) The cookbook energy to knock you off your feet, a molecular collision must have enough energy to break decoder. New York: Beaufort chemical bonds. If the reactant molecules have enough energy, they can climb the energy Books.
mountain, react, and fall down the other side as products. Harris, L. (1975) The book of Usually you can give molecules extra energy and make them collide more often by heating them garlic. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston. up. But alliin and allinase only need to meet at room temperature to create allicin. Hausman, P. (1989) The healing The secret is in the structure of the allinase enzyme. One section of the molecule is called the foods. Emmaus, PA: Rodale active site. In a typical enzyme, the active site looks like a dent or crevice in the side of the Press. molecule. The shape of the crevice in allinase exactly matches the molecular shape of alliin. The Kowalchik, C. (1987) Rodalis enzyme and substrate fit together like a key fits a lock. At the active site, alliin is stretched and illustrated encyclopedia of herbs. twisted until chemical bonds holding it together snap and allicin is formed. Allicin, which no Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. longer fits the enzyme, drifts away, leaving allinase unchanged and the whole process starts Scott, D. (1994, Apr) Designer again. The enzyme facilitates the reaction by reducing the energy needed to break chemical catalysts. ChemMatters, pp. bonds. Alliin and allinase have found a low-energy tunnel through the energy mountain. 13-15.
After ingestion, the odoriferous sulfur molecules circulate in the bloodstream and escape from Tocci, S. (1987) Biology projects your body through exhaled air and perspirationas any nose will tell you. ftr young scientists. New York: Grolier. cv Why don't some people like the smell of garlic? What smells are unpleasant to you? cv How does garlic get into your breath? What steps can you take to minimize garlic breath? VanCleave, J. (1990) Biology for every kid. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
active site the location on the enzyme at which odoriferous having or giving off an odor VanCleave, J. (1989) Chemistry substances attach product a new substance produced in a chemical for every kid. New York: John atom smallest particle of a chemical element change Wiley & Sons. electron a subatomic particle that carries a negative pungent a sharp, acrid taste or smell charge reactant a starting material in a chemical change Community resources Nutritionist czt enzyme a huge protein that facilitates and substrate a substance that reacts with an enzyme accelerates chemical reactions but itself remains to give a new substance unchanged Chemist or biochemist molecule group of atoms held together by sharing County extension office pairs of electrons 236 Enzymologist We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with 12.23 the National Science Teachers Association. Agents of Change ONEWTON'S Test the ability of an enzyme to cause a chemical reaction in different foods. APPLE Enzymes are special proteins that help speed Pour water into the third cup. Pour milk into SHOW NUMBER up the chemical reactions occurring in living the fourth cup. What happens? You'll find that cells. Enzymes are found in plants and catalase is highly specific for the hydrogen animals. The enzyme catalase splits ordinary peroxide molecule. Other hydrogen peroxide molecules into water and molecules do not have the oxygen gas. Can catalase break down other correct shape to react molecules? Do all plant or animal products with this particular Draw a Venn diagram contain catalase? Let's find out. to represent how many enzyme. You can try of your classmates enjoy this with other liquids. cooked garlic and how Materials 3. Now pour hydrogen many like it raw. Where several plastic cups peroxide into four cups. Add do you place the 3% hydrogen peroxide a small piece of bread to the students who do not potato, bread, apple, turnip, cheese, like garlic at all? Next, first cup. Add a small piece of create and conduct a vinegar, and milk apple to the second. Add a survey to see which small piece of cheese to garlic-flavored foods 1. Cut off the end of a small potato to expose the third. Add a small your classmates enjoy. the inner surface. Do not peel off the potato piece of turnip to the Organize this skin. Put the end piece of potato into a cup information on a fourth cup. What did histogram (bar graph) and cover it completely with hydrogen you observe? Try this and a circle graph. peroxide. What happens? When you cut the activity with other foods. Which graph do potato, cells are disrupted, releasing catalase. you believe will The enzyme immediately begins reacting with Questions best represent the hydrogen peroxide, producing water and information? 1. Do all foods contain Why? bubbles of oxygen gas. Does catalytic activity catalase? What other foods do occur at both the peeled and unpeeled areas ofyou think contain catalase? the potato? Explain. 2. What evidence did you see 2. Cut another slice of potato and remove the that a reaction was taking place? skin. Cut this slice of potato into four pieces 3. Does catalase decompose all of of equal size. Place each piece in a separate the liquids used in step 2? cup. Now pour hydrogen peroxide into the first cup. Pour vinegar into the second cup.
Usually an increase in temperature will increase the rate of a chemical reaction. You can demonstrate this effect with two Alka Seltzer tablets. Alka Seltzer tablets contain dry chemicals that react in water to release bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. Pour cold water into one jar and hoc water into a second jar. Now drop a seltzer tablet into each jar. What happens? Researchers are looking at garlic and other foods for Garlic odor can be controlled by cutting. In a group, help in treating a range separate a garlic bulb into individual cloves. Now peel three of illnesses. Find out about of the cloves. Place one of the cloves on a paper plate. On a the healthful benefits of second plate, cut a clove into four sections. On a third garlic. Make a chart to plate, crush or mush a complete clove. Invite the members display a variety of foods and of your group to smell each sample and compare the illnesses they may prevent. observations of odor intensity. 237
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.24 SHOW NUMBER Why did the creators of Jurassic Park visit animal parks and study pantomime? Why is it difficult to make realistic-looking creatures on a computer? Movie Dinosaurs ee7_ How did they make the Jurassic Park dinosaurs'
It is a dark and stormy night. A Tyrannosaurus rex wildly rips through an electrified fence, then Peggy visits Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) roars. The dinosaurs in,the megahit movie Jurassic Park made history as the most realistic- to find out how they looking movie stars ever created on a computer. Dozens of animators, artists, software make computer- 0 programmers, and technicians collaborated on the project. generated dinosaurs. 44-1 They developed a galloping herd of ostrich-like Gallimimuses entirely on computers. But most Segment length: 9:16 dinosaur scenes blended footage of robotic models, puppets, and cutting-edge computer graphics. For example, a full-body view of a computer-generated, gentle Brachiosaurus switched 0 Britton, P. (1993, Nov) The seamlessly to a shot of a hand-controlled, puppet dinosaur head. WOW factor. Popular Science, pp. 86-91. To bring the Tyrannosaurus to life on a computer screen, animators first built a 3-D wire-tame skeleton on their computers, based on photographs of dinosaur bones. But how did a T-rex run Carmichael, K. (1994, Mar) and how fast could it go? To find out, the moviemakers consulted paleontologists and examined Beyond Jurassic Park. Popular Mechanics, pp. 35-38. 173fossilized footprints and other dinosaur remains. They also observed wild animals, studying how 0giraffes eat and how elephants shift their weight as they walk. Corliss, R. (1993, Apr 26) Behind the magic of Jurassic The animation team practiced pantomime so they could understand how to create more Park. Time, pp. 49-50. compelling performances from their dinosaur stars. To help, technicians invented the Dinosaur Jenkins, P. (1991) Animation: Input Device, a T-rex puppet connected to a computer. Stop-motion animatorsexperts in How to draw your own flzpbooks, animal movementmanipulated the robotic T-rex puppet with their skilled hands. Every time and other frn ways to make they moved it, the image on the computer screen moved too. When they opened the puppet's cartoons move. Reading, MA: mouth to roar, the T-rex on the screen mirrored the movement, and the computer recorded it. Addison-Wesley. The animators used a special scanner made by Cyberware to capture the surface dimensions for Schultz, R. (1992) Looking inside cartoon animation. Santa Fe, the computer-generated dinosaurs. The scanner moved a laser beam around a sculpture model of NM: John Muir Publications. the T-rex, capturing its form as a 3-D computer model. Shay, D. & Duncan, J. (1993) One of the most difficult jobs was adding the skin. Computers are good at making shiny, The making of Jurassic Park. smooth surfaces. But real animals are covered in varied wrinkles with shadows. The animators New York: Ballantine Books. spent weeks determining how the skin of the T-rex should look as it moved. 3-2-1 Classroom Contact videotape: How do you know? Two years of painstaking work resulted in a total of six minutes of computer-generated dinosaur Make a model. GNP: footage in the final film. The crew made great strides, improving computer animation (800) 228-4630. technology and technique. Before long, expect to see computer-generated human actors Computer.resources appearing at a theater near you. Now, that's really frightening! Computer animation programs such as Animation studio, r.The creators of Jurassic Park referred to dinosaurs model as "actors" and discussed each dinosaur's Animation works, Hanna- "performance." Were they really acting or were they programmed? Barbera, Lifeforms, Macromind c44The animators gave the dinosaurs wrinkles and other "imperfections" to make them look more director, and Microworlds. believable. Have you ever seen something look so perfect that you didn't believe it was real? Additional sources of information SIGGRAPH(Special Interest armature mechanical model of a movie character paleontologist scientist who studies past animal Group on Graphics) Association of Computing life-forms that is controlled by computer Machinery (ACM) CGI computer-generated images scanner a machine that captures an image from the (312) 321-6830 claymation stop-animation in which the characters real world and turns it into digital form on a (Ask for SIGKIDS information. are formed out of clay computer For those with Internet access, codigitizer machine that "captures" real-world stop-motion an animation technique that involves log on to the ACM Gopher filming an object one frame at a time, moving it a server at: siggraph.org) 0information and converts it into computer form FX movie lingo for "special effects" short distance between each frame go-motion an animation technique designed by wire-frame the basic line drawing of the shape of Community resources Industrial Light and Magic that allows stop-motion an object drawn in three-dimensions Computer animator animators to record the way they move puPpet Art school models with their hands onto a computer 238 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant Iron, 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.25 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 101ATPE WR To develop an understanding of how its 2. Playing the game: The referee picks a card SHOW NUMBER dinosaurs could give expressive performances, from the stack and calls out a number t.) the Jurassic Parkcomputer animation --t corresponding to one of the } team took lessons in pantomime. They \ player numbers. The players hid their faces behind Balinese masks with that number on each L.) and tried to express a variety of ._..,team approach the referee. emotions, using only their bodies. Try Both players get a chance to this technique in the following variation look at the card, then each takes a mask to There are 24 frames in coon the game charades. cover her or his face. On a signal from the 00-each second of a motion picture film. Find the referee, the two players then return to their length in hours and Materials respective teams and begin acting out the minutes of your favorite 8 index cards attitude written on the card, using body movie. Estimate how two full-face language only (no symbols or sign language many frames this movie masks (or 8 1/2" x 11" allowed). contains. Compare your method of solution with pieces of paper) 3. Scoring: The first team to correctly guess that of other people in each attitude scores a point. A One-point your group. Use a 1. Set-up: On the front of each index penalty is subtracted if players acting out an calculator to find the card, write down an emotion or attitude. attitude reveal their faces. The actual number of frames. You can use the words from the game continues until one team How close was following list, or come up with your own. scores five points or until the your estimate? Leave the reverse side of each card blank. cards are used up. aggressive playful Questions bewildered 1. Did you find depressed it difficult to annoyed convey an excited attitude without peaceful using facial nervous expressions? Select one person to be the referee and give the Which attitudes were referee the cards. Divide the remaining players hardest to convey? into two teams, with two to ten players on 2. Why do you think that the Jurassic Park each team. Each team should have the same computer animation team spent time behind number of players. Number the players on masks and behaving like dinosaurs? each team, from one on up.
The animators for Jurassic Park used both Compare an artificial flower to a 2-D (flatbed) and 3-D scanners to capture real one of the same variety, if images for the computer. Use a photocopier .0,4 possible. In what ways does the to scan your hand. What details of the hand artificial flower look different does it capture? What does it miss? Do you recognize 1...1 from the real one? Why do you your own hand as distinguished from someone else's think it is difficult to make hand? If possible, compare the image of your hand to r) something artificial look real? one captured using a computer flatbed scanner or a video camera attached to a computer. How might a 3-D scanner differ from these 2-D input devices? The movie Godzilla was one of 40-Steven Speilberg's inspirations for t4Jurassic Park. Rent a Godzilla video to watch. Do the monsters look convincing to you? Some people think that Jurassic Park will look like this to young people 20 years from now.
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Madc possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatio the National Science Teachers Association. 12 .26 SHOW NUMBER
What's in a loaf of bread? What role do yeast and enzymes play in making WAPPLE®Lt. bread? Why add salt?
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Bread baking transforms an ordinary kitchen into a laboratory of earthy sights, smells, and David explores the science behind baking tastes. A recipe, after all, reads like a scientific experiment. The baker combines flour, yeast, bread. liquid, and salt in a bowl, shapes it all into a dough, lets the dough rise, and bakes it in a hot oven. Segment length: 5:46 Flour, which gives bread its structure, is made by milling cereal grains such as wheat, barley, or rye. In this process, the grain seeds are crushed, releasing starch and proteins.
Starch molecules are long, gangly polymers of simple sugars linked head to tail by chemical bonds. Amendola, J. (1992) Proteins are more complexa single protein may contain hundreds of amino acids strung Understanding baking. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. together like beads on a necklace. What gives bread its light, fluffy texture? The answer is gliadin and glutenin, two proteins found Bittman, M. (1993, Oct) Make your own bread. American in flour. When flour is added to water and kneaded, these proteins swell up like sponges and Health, pp. 82-87. form a tough elastic substance called gluten. Gluten can stretch and trap the bubbles of gas that make dough rise. Dworkin, F. & Dworkin, S. (1987) Bake your own bread. That gas comes from the leavening action of tiny one-celled fungi called yeast. When you New York: New American Library. combine yeast with flour and water, you'll end up with a sticky white dough. Inside the dough, fermentation is occurring and molecules are on the move. Enzymes from the yeast cells attack Grosser, A. (1981) The cookbook starch, breaking it down into glucose. Other enzymes transform glucose molecules into carbon decoder. New York: Beaufort Books. dioxide and ethanol. The carbon dioxide (CO2) gas then bubbles up through the mixture, causing the dough to rise. Moore, M. (1987) The wooden spoon bread book. New York: Breads which are leavened by baking powder instead of yeast lack the tasty molecules of Atlantic Monthly Press. fermented bread. That's because when baking powder gets wet, a chemical reaction occurs that VanCleave, J. (1989) Chemistry releases only carbon dioxide, salt, and water. for every kid. New York: John In breads leavened with yeast, however, the yeast cells grow under anaerobic conditions and Wiley & Sons. cannot convert glucose molecules completely to gas. Some sugar molecules get sidetracked and Williams, R. (1991, Jan) are converted into alcohols, acids, and esterssubstances which add to bread's flavor. Microbe phobia and kitchen microbiology. American Biology Salt strengthens gluten by slowing down the enzymes which catalyze the breakdown of proteins. Teacher, pp. 10-11. If you add too little salt, the dough is tough and sticky. If you add too much, water flows out of Additional sources of information yeast cells by osmosis. Then nutrients are lost and production of carbon dioxide slows down. General Mills Number 1 General Mills Blvd. After dough rises a couple of hours in a warm place, it's ready to go into the oven. There, heat Minneapolis, MN 55426 causes pockets of gas in the dough to expand. Eventually the crust becomes toasty brownand (612) 540-7768 soon you're enjoying a slice of warm, home-baked bread. American Institute of Baking C"e- Is bread a healthy food? In which food group does bread belong? 1213 Bakers Way How many different kinds of bread do you like? Why are some breads white and some dark? Manhattan, KS 66502 (913) 537-4750
amino acids organic acids that are the building enzyme special protein molecules that speed up Community resources County extension office blocks of proteins chemical reactions in living cells. Enzymes are anaerobic a process which takes place in the biological catalysts. Local bakery absence of oxygen fermentation a process where sugars are catalyze to speed up a chemical reaction transformed into carbon dioxide and alcohol by Home economics teacher chemical bond the forces of attraction that bind the action of yeast enzymes atoms together in a molecule leavening substances that cause fermentation Local milling company chemical reaction a process where substances are polymer large molecules formed by linking changed into new substances together many small molecules. Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production2 of7 4T Twin Cities educational us& Public Tele.tision. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.27 3M Innovation thc National Science Teachers Association. AELe_ Microscopic Art NEWTONS Observe and sketch yeast cells by looking at them under a microscope. APPLE® Yeast cells are tiny one-celled plants. Baker's 4. Look at the yeast with a microscope and a SHOW NUMBER yeast contains billions of cells in a single low-power eyepiece. Sketch what you see in -1package. Each egg-shaped cell is, on average, the appropriate circle. 1205 five micrometers wide (1/10,000 of an inch). In 5. Next, look at the sample with a this activity you will grow some yeast cells microscope and a high-power eyepiece. and study them with a microscope. Sketch what you see in the appropriate circle.
Materials Questions -t Baking powder is a cd plastic cup 1. What color are yeast cells under the chemical leavening table sugar microscope? agent. Read the label yeast 2. What was your first reaction to seeing on a baking powder microscope slides and cover slips yeast cells? product to learn what microscope 3. Describe what you saw. ingredients are present. Place a tablespoon of 4. How does increasing the magnification baking powder in your 1. On a sheet of blank unruled paper, draw change the appearance of the yeast cells? left hand. Now pour a two 7.5-cm circles (3"). Label one "low tablespoon of water power" and the other "high power." over the powder. What 2. Pour one cup of warm water into the did you see, hear, and feel? Repeat this plastic cup. Add a package of yeast and one activity with tablespoon of sugar. Mix and let stand for 45 baking soda and minutes. vinegar and 3. Place a drop of yeast solution onto a compare the microscope slide and cover with a cover slip. results.
The longest loaf of bread on record in the United States was baked in 1987 and Pretend you are a was 718.4 meters (2,357' yeast cell looking for 10") long. Using a grocery store a job making bread. loaf as a model, estimate how Write a resurné many slices you could cut from Chemical leavening depends on the neutralization describing yourself, this large loaf. How many between an acid and a base to make carbon dioxide gas, your background, sandwiches could you make? water, and a salt. and why you feel Compare how you arrived at your ACID + BASE > CO2 + a SALT + H20 qualified for the job. estimate with the methods used Add a scoop of baking soda to a plastic cup and begin by other people in your group. adding vinegar drop by drop until the solid has With a calculator, find the actual disappeared and bubble formation has stopped. Decide number of sandwiches. How when the neutralization (end point when the acid and close was your estimate? base are equal) is complete. How many drops did it take to neutralize the acid? Try other acids (lemon juice, soda, buttermilk) and compare. What does the number of drops say about acid concentration? Repeat the activity using milk instead of vinegar. What happens? What do the results say about the nature of milk?
1 1 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational us& Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.28 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. How much sound in a movie is SHOW NUMBER actually recorded while the actors are in front of the camera? What sort of technology is used to create the incidental sounds in film?
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As you go through an average day, how many sounds around you do you actually hear? Every Peggy reveals some of the secrets behind time you close a door, do you listen for the click of the lock? Do you hear the clink of a glass as movie sound effects at you set it down? Although you may not actively hear these sounds, if they weren't there you'd Skywalker Ranch. wonder what was missing. Foley, the process of creating incidental sounds, is the art that Segment length 7:35 completes a filmall by adding sounds for which you never really listen. Whether they're tearing heads of cabbage for a paper shredder in The Temp or "smooshing" gelatin in T-shirts for E.T's wobble, foley artists add sounds that make the experience more real Belton, J. & Weis, E. (1985) for the audience. The process is named for radio and movie sound pioneer Jack Foley, a Film sound: Theory and practice. technician at Universal Studios in the 1950s who became famous for synchronized sound effects. New York: Columbia University Press. Foley artists begin their work by watching the film to determine which sounds need to be replaced, which need to be enhanced, and which just simply need to be added. At this time, the Harris, R.J., Jr. (1992, Dec 21) sound on the film includes all of the dialogue and sound effects created during the actual The foley artists are a noisy bunch in moviemaking.The production of the film. These sounds are recorded on a production track or guide track. Wall Street Journal,pp. Al & AS. Later, technicians may add crowd noises (also called walla), the musical score, rerecorded dialogue or ADR (automated dialogue replacement), sound effects, and sound-designed effects. Mooser, S. (1983)Lights! It's not unusual to have 80% of a movie's sound track added and altered in some way after the Camera! Scream! How to make your own monster movies.New movie is shot. York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.
Some sound effects are common and can be pulled from prerecorded audio libraries. But many Mott, R.L. (1993)Radio sound are unique to each moviefootsteps, for instance. As they watch the film, the artists identify effect.r. Who did it, and how, in which sounds they need to create and start thinking of ways to make them. In addition to the the era of live broadcasting. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & noises themselves, the foley artists must consider other factors, such as who makes the sound Company, Inc. and in what environment. Some sounds are too complex for one take, so the foley artists carefully combine different noises to fully represent a single sound. In'some cases, foley editors Mantell, H. (1983)The complete guide to the creation and use of can digitally alter recorded sounds to fit a scene exactly. sound effects for films, TV and dramatic productions.Princeton, In a foley studio, you'll find different surfaces for walking on, a splash tank, echo chambers, and a NJ: Films for the Humanities. mixing booth where the sound engineers record and mix everything. Foley artists spend hours huddled around a microphone, reading cue sheets and watching a huge screen as they Smith, T.G. (1986)Industrial Light and Magic: The art of meticulously synchronize their noises to the action. special effects.New York: So the next time you see a movie, listen very carefully. If you don't notice a thing, you've got a Ballantine Books. foley artist to thank. Communiq resources Contact your state's film board How would you create a sound for something that has never been heard by humans, such as to find out who does foley or sounds on a distant planet or a dinosaur egg hatching? sound work in your area. How can foley artists affect the mood or meaning of a film through sound effects? Tour a local TV or film production company. cue sheet a list of all the necessary sound effects, mixing console a machine capable of taking in Contact a local radio station to along with their "cues"time code and/or film several different sounds, then mixing them at find out if any DJs use sound footage signals that indicate when the sound begins different levels to create a single, unified sound effects. and ends reverberation a reechoed sound which fades until dialogue conversation or verbalizations in a film it becomes inaudible Check your local library for LPs, echo chamber a box or container used to create the rough cut the "first draft" of a film tapes, and CDs containing illusion of distance and reverberation score the background music throughout a film sound effects libraries. incidental casual, everyday sounds. Special sound splash tank a container filled with water for wet Contact the theater department effects that aren't necessarily "special." sound effects of a local university for a speaker walla the film industry term for background crowd on theater sound effects. noises in a movie 0
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is 2 production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possiblc by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.29 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. Sound Off! Test your skills as a foley artist by creating sounds from ten'easy-to-fmdobjects OAPErff How many different sounds can you create changing the environment you are in. Feel free SHOW NUMBER with just ten items and your tape recorder? Forto cut things apart, glue them together, or do starters, you'll experiment with each individual whatever else inspires you. Decide what actual material and see how many sounds you can sounds your sound effects could represent. 1206 make. Then start combining them. Asyou Tape-record your sounds. When you finish, become more familiar with the properties of write out a list of what each sound on the different materials, think about other sounds recording represents, as well as how you you can create with them. created it. 2. Now, your debut as a foley artist! Play the Materials sounds for a few friends. Do they recognize In the'NEWTON'S APPLE foley segment, ball bearings what you intended the sound to be? If you P- OPeggy learns that there balloons (uninflated) like, draw pictures or add dialogue to the are several different bottle of carbonated water sound effects to make the noises more sound elements in the bottle of noncarbonated water recognizable. dinosaur egg hatch cellophane 3. Using your new sound effects as the cracking egg, the cylindrical oatmeal carton inspiration, write a short scene for the radio. sticky membrane, and the motion of the Popsicle sticks See how many different sound effects you can baby dinosaur. Can rubber bands incorporate. How would you write this scene you identify the sandpaper differently if sound effects weren't available different elements of stiff pieces of to you? Record and share your other sounds? For instance, listen to a cardboard scene. And when famous tape recorder watermelon being cut Hollywood producers open. Or a box of want to hire you to do cereal being opened. 1. Experiment foley on their films, How would you with each of the remember the folks at categorize the different types of sounds? above items to NEWTON'S APPLE create different who gave you your noises. Try k. start! creating new sounds by manipulating two or more items in combination or
In the early days of live radio, Silent films depended John Dennis invented a way on an organist in the to create the sound of movie theater to add thunder. His method of the music and mood rattling a large piece of thin to make a movie copper sheeting suspended by complete. Rent a wires became so popular with silent Charlie Chaplin others in the field that an film. Treat it as'a Take a tape recorder on a walk with you. Really listento irate Dennis accused another rough cut. Watch the the sounds around you and recbrd sounds thatyou hear producer of "stealing my entire film with the every day, but typically ignore. Choose your top ten thunder!" Dig through your sound turned off. favorites and play them for friends. How many do they kitchen. How many ways can What sound effects recognize? How many stump them? You can make it you steal some thunder? would you add? How tougher by editing out part of longer sounds. (Hereare rwo (Hint: Don't do this before would you do them? to get you starteda parking meter and a light bulb being 10 a.m.) screwed in.) 0 x
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLEis a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Tekvision. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.30 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. SHOW NUMBER How big is the sun, and how far away is it from Earth? What is the sun made of, why is it hot, and will it WAPPLE®Lt. ever burn up?
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You step outside on a crisp, clear night and gaze up at a sky full of sparkling stars. You wonder David learns that the which one to wish uponthey're all beautiful, but so far away. sun is so large a million Earths could fit inside it. Why not try wishing upon the star that's closest to our own planet Earth, the one we see almost every day, the one that provides the light and heat we need to survive? Segment length:7:39 Our sun is just one of the 100 billion or so stars in our galaxy, and there are billions of other galaxies in the universe. It may seem like the sun is close to us, but it's about 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) away. It's bigger than anything we can imagineabout 1.4 million Asimov, I. (1987) How did we kilometers (870,000 miles) in diameter. A million Earths could fit inside it! find out about sunshine?New York: Walker & Co. The sun may be only one among billions of other stars in the universe, but it's the one that makes our life on Earth possible. How? By providing energy in many formssolar power, fossil Darling, D. (1984) The sun: Our 0 fuels, wave power, wind power. Without heat and light from the sun, Earth would be just neighborhood star. Minneapolis: Dillon Press. another dark, cold place in space where life as we know it couldn't exist. Discover space. (1993) Novato, Where does the sun get all this energy? The sun's mass is approximately 300,000 times more than CA: Broderbund (MS-DOS). Earth's, and the greater an object's mass, the greater the pressure at its center. Charles's law tells us that when you squeezeor compressa gas, it gets hot. Most of the sun's mass is composed of Fowler, A. (1991) The sun is always shining somewhere. hydrogen gas atoms, and about 100 years ago, physicists came up with the hypothesis that the Chicago: The Children's Press. sun's tremendous mass squeezed the hydrogen atoms until they ignited, releasing heat and light energy that eventually made it through space to us. Based on calculations of the mass of the sun, Pecker, J.C. (1992) The Ature of the sun. New York: McGraw- they figured that the sun would burn itself out in 6,000 years. Hill. Evolutionaty biologists and geologists knew from their own studies that life on Earth had been Rathbun, E. (1989) Exploring around much longer than 6,000 years, so the research continued. Decades later, a new hypothesis your solar system. Washington, arose. Think about the hottest oven you can imagine, then turn up the temperature to about DC: National Geographic 25,000,000°F. That's how hot it gets in the center of the sun. At that temperature the hydrogen Society. nuclei are moving so fast that when they crash into each other they stick together to form helium The sun. (1990) Alexandria, VA: nuclei. Time-Life Books.
The "fallout" from this crash is a tremendous amount of energy, released mainly in the form of Taylor, P. (1991) Observing the heat and light. This reaction at the nuclear level is called nuclear fitsion. Scientists calculate that sun. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. there is enough hydrogen in the sun to continue the fusion reaction and provide heat and energy for at least another five or six billion years. Where in space is Carmen Sandiego? (1993) Novato, CA: N.What is the range of temperatures on Earth? Compare this with temperatures on other planets in Broderbund (Macintosh, MS- our solar system. Do any other planets have a similar range that would allow for human survival? DOS, Windows). What kinds of energy resources do we have on Earth? How are they related to the sun? Are any The view from Earth. (1992) of our energy resources in danger of being used up? How can we conserve our energy resources? Burbank, CA: Warner New Media (CD-ROM for Macintosh).
Charles's law When you squeeze a gas, it heats up. mass measurement of how much matter there is Additional sources of information )-) evolutionary biologists scientists who study the (not how much that matter Weighs) Teacher Resource Center S-4 development of organisms or species from their nuclear fusion fusing, or joining, the smallest of Jet Propulsion Laboratory initial form to their present state nuclei to release tremendous amounts of energy M.S. C-S 530 galaxy group of stars nuclear reaction reaction that takes place at the 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109 cdhelium light, colorless inert gas that places second core of an atom. It converts mass into energy. U on the periodic chart. It's often used to inflate parry 0 wave power energy generated by waves in the sea Community resources balloons and blimps. or in rivers and lakes Observatory or planetarium hydrogen the lightest of all known substances, it comes in first on the periodic chart Local amateur astronomical society 244 /NMI We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities =w10.1P- educational use! Public Television. Made possibk by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.31 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association . A Sunny Perspective NEWIDN'S Compare the relative sizes of the sun and Earth. APPLE
Just how much bigger is the sun than Earth? 2. Next, go outside and measure a length of SHOW NUMBER And how far away is it? If you can't get a 246 meters (807') on an athletic field or other reservation on the next space shuttle flight, large area. Use bricks or stones to mark each you'll have to go out to a field with a few end.
Svi friends and a few supplies to find the answers. 3. You'll need at least two people to stand You'll be amazed at what you observe when next to one marker, holding the paper sun. you compare the size of Earth with that of the 4. The third person holds the marble, sun and see how far you'd have to travel to get representing Earth, and walks from the sun Ct from one to the other. over to the other marker.
Materials Questions When we talk about the heavy butcher paper or 4 large 1. How could you represent the differences in 0-, sun, we must use extremel sheets of poster board the distances between Earth and the sun at large numbers. When scissors various times of the year? working with very large or 4 very small numbers, we us tape or glue 2. How far from the sun are other planets in scientific notation, which meter stick our solar system? On a large sheet of paper mearis rewriting a number long-distance measuring tape position each planet at its appropriate distance s.., as the product of a numbe marble, about 2 cm (3/4") in from the sun and represent its size to scale. 1-1 between 1 and 10 and a diameter, to represent Earth 3. Discuss the difficulties involved in power of 10. For example, the sun's diameter, athletic field or large open area, at representing relative diameter and approximately 1,391,000 least 250 meters (820') long distance in the same km would be written as stones or bricks to use as model. 1.391 x 10' km. Write markers --` some other large at least three people N numbers in \ scientific notation. 1. Make a paper circle to represent the sun. It should be 2.3 meters (7.5') in diameter.
Simulate the transfer of energy that takes place in a nuclear Preaction and recycle sheets of paper at the same time! Get a Ogroup of at least six people to form a circle, each wearing safety glasses. Give each person two sheets of used paper (everyone should have the same size and weight of paper) and ask them to crumple the sheets to make two paper balls. Each person in the circle should hold a paper ball in each hand, and be ready to toss them in the air. The leader tosses (don't throw) a ball at one person. Whoever is hit by the ball quickly tosses the two balls she or he is holding at the group. The two people that person hits in turn toss their papers balls at the group. This continues until everyone has tossed their paper balls. The process should only take a few seconds. Observe how the tossing action speeds up as more people get involved!
Sunlight looks colorless until it is refracted (bent) by water molecules in the air (raindrops), and displayed in the sky as a rainbow. There are many ways to capture white sunlight and create your own rainbow. Cut a slit that is 1 cm (3/8") wide and 20 cm (8") long out of the middle of a sheet of opaque white paper or cardboard. Tape this sheet to the side of a clear glass of water so the sheet is standing vertically next to the glass. Place an 8 1/2" x 11" sheer of white paper on a table next to a sunlit window. Position the glass of water and the slit paper on top of the other sheet so that the paper with the slit is between the glass and the window. The room must be darkened except for a small beam of sunlight. As sunlight passes through the slit, it will be refracted by the water, creating a spectrum of colors that you'll see on the plain sheet of paper.
)I M Li We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. educational use! . Educational materials developed with 12.32 3M Innovatia the National Science Teachers Association . What are mass extinctions and how SHOW NUMBER do they occur? What evidence suggests an asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago? Where is the crater and how can we confirm it? Dinosaur Extinction Where did the dinosaurs go?
Trying to understand why the dinosaurs became extinct has become one of the great geological Peggy travels to detective stories. Some recent findings from the small Mexican village of Chicxulub have given Mexico to look for evidence that an scientists new hope that the answer may soon be known. asteroid may have The story starts a little over 15 years ago in the town of Gubbio, Italy, where geologist Walter caused the dinosaurs' extinction. Alvarez was collecting sediment from a layer of rock which marked the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary time periods. Geologists had long known that this boundary was Segment length: 9:27 important because it marked a period in the Earth's history, some 65 million years ago, when almost half of all known species suddenly disappeared, including the dinosaurs. Asimov, I. (1988) Did cornets kill the dinosaurs?Milwaukee: Gareth Walter brought some of his sample back to the United States and his father, Nobel prize- CIO Stevens Publishing. winning physicist Luis Alvarez, analyzed it for any unusual chemicals. To their surprise, the S.4 Bakker, R. (1986) The dinosaur sample showed a high concentration of' the element iridium, a substance rare on Earth but 0 heresies. New York: William common in meteorites. To make sure there was nothing unusual about the Gubbio sample, they Morrow and Company. analyzed other K-T boundary strata from around the world. They found extra iridium in these Bond, P. (1994, May) Assessing samples as well. Using the average thickness of the clay as a guide, they calculated a meteorite Earth impact hazards. Astronomy, would require a diameter of about 10 kilometers (6 miles) to produce this much iridium. pp.18-20. If a meteorite that size had hit Earth, the results could explain the extinction of dinosaurs. The Gore, R. (1989, June) dust thrown up in the air would have caused major climatic changes to which many animals Extinctions. National Geographic, pp. 662-699. could not rapidly adapt. A major problem with this theory, however, was that a 10-kilometer meteorite would leave a very large crater, between 150 and200kilometers(93-124miles) in Gore, R. (1993, Jan) Dinosaurs. diameter. While Earth has many impact craters on the surface, few are even close to this size. National Geographic, pp. 253. Because 65 million years had passed since the hypothetical impact, scientists decided to shift the Hecht, J. (1993) Vanishing lift: The mystery of mass extinctions. search underground. A crater that old would almost certainly have been filled in. Just by chance, New York Charles Scribner's a Mexican oil company drilling off the coast of Yucatan discovered what appeared to be a crater Sons. about one kilometer (0.6 miles) under the surface near the village of Chicxulub. When core Kerr, R.A. (1993, Mar 12) samples were analyzed, they showed the crater to be about 180 kilometers(112miles) in Second crater points to killer diameter and 65 million years old. Was this the cause of the dinosaurs' extinction? The jury is comets. Science, p. 1543. still out, but evidence strongly suggests that the case of the disappearing dinosaurs may finally be Lemonick, M.D. (1993, Apr 26) solved. Rewriting the book on dinosaurs. Time, pp. 42-49. rv.Suppose a ten-kilometer meteorite hit Earth today. What effect would it have on humans? Massive meteorite impacts are only one possible cause of climatic change. Volcanoes, forest fires, NEWTON'S APPLE Show and industrial pollutants can also affect weather. Many scientists feel that human activities may #1105meteors segment. cause climatic change. What do you think? KTCA Video Services: (612) 229-1253. Or call your local r.How have meteor impacts affected our moon, Mars, and other solar system members? PBS station to find our when it What did astronomers learn when they watched fragments of the Shoemaker-Levy comet hit will be rerun. Jupiter in July1994? Seyfert, C. & and Sirkin, L. (1979) Earth history and plate tectonics. New York: Harper and core sample a section of a cylindrical soil or rock meteorite a small, rocky body from space that Row. )") sample taken from below the ground by using a strikes Earth S- hollow drill strata distinct layers of sediment or rock Community resources Contact a local astronomy club crater a large circular depression on the surface of a tektite a small, round- or oval-shaped, glassy object to go comet and asteroid solid celestial object caused either by meteorite formed when ejecta is melted and rapidly cooled in hunting , ctimpact or volcanic eruptions the atmosphere as it lands back on Earth's surface ugravity anomaly the difference in the amount of Geology department at local gravity measured on Earth's surface compared with college the theoretical value for that location 2 6
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Because many geological features like craters point on the blank paper. Label it "core I." SHOW NUMBER are buried, geologists must find ways of 3. After marking the core location, slowly probing beneath Earth's surface to understand remove the straw. The clay should stay inside. what's there. Since it would be too expensive With the scissors, carefully cut the straw to simply'dig one big hole, geologists do the lengthwise, starting at the bottom. Try not to next best thingthey drill long, slim holes disturb the clay inside. Using the ruler, start at and correlate the sections. In this activity, you the bottom of the straw and measure the can try your hand at unmasking a hidden thickness of each color of clay. Draw this on Go to a local 4141- geological structure. the second piece of paper and label it museum or "core 1." planetarium and check out some Materials 4. After marking the first core, take a second meteorite exhibits. a cardboard shoe box straw and repeat steps 2 and 3 in a second How do the 4 or 5 colors of plastic modeling clay, location. Continue until you have drilled, meteorites differ? about 1 lb of each What's the largest located, and measured 20 cores. Based on the one researchers have 25 wide plastic straws location of the cores and the clay layers in found and where is it small, sharp scissors each one, see if you can reconstruct a three- located? a metric ruler dimensional model of the geology in the shoe 2 blank pieces of paper and a pencil box. When you think you have done it, peel away the sides of the box and see how close 1. Before starting this exercise, someone must you came. create a geological structure in the shoe box. Begin by placing layers of clay, each a Questions Meteorite impact is only different color, one on top of each other in 1. Based on this exercise, how might one theory used to the box. Vary the thicknesses of the layers. In increasing or decreasing the number of straws explain the extinction of the middle of the box, either create a crater by the dinosaurs. Do a little you use change the accuracy of your coring research and see what cutting out a circular depression or make a model? other extinction theories dome by burying a big ball of one clay color 2. When you are cutting open your straws, are being offered. Are in the different layers. what error factors must you consider? any of them valid? Hold Once the structure has 3. Besides coring, what other methods might a debate with your friends and discuss these been completed, give geologists use to "look inside" Earth? theories. it to the students 4. What hazards might a drill team encounter doing the drilling. if they were drilling rock instead of clay? 2. To "drill" the structure, slowly insert one plastic straw into the top and push it down all the way to the bottom of the box. Before removing the straw, measure the exact location of the core relative to two sides of the box and mark that
Try making a model meteorite While the Chicxulub crater is a bombing range by using large one, it's not the only impact 0 marbles of different sizes anda 0 site on Earth. Research other ,..q1 large baking dish filled with ,..q1impact sites in the United States about an inch of flour. Try 1-1 and the world. Are any of these dropping the marbles from possible candidates for a dino crater different angles and at different speeds as well? Do any of them support the IAand see what types of patterns develop. How might idea of a multiple meteorite impact? this activity be used to tell the age of craters on the moon?
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How do people control the flooding of rivers? Do these methods of control PPLE® sometimes make matters worse? Floods How can water be powerful enough to move a house?
It's hard to believe that a small, slow-running stream could cause harm. During a flood, David experiences the powerful force behind a however, even the calmest brook can become a torrent and cause unforeseen misery and damage. flooding river.
Many people like to live near a body of running fresh water. Rivers and streams provide Segment length:7:19 recreation, food, and, of course, drinking water. But when rain or melting snow produces large amounts of water, rivers and streams may flood, causing problems for those who live nearby. Although we describe floods as disasters, they are, in fact, natural phenomena.
Floods occur when a watershed receives so much water that its waterways cannot drain it off Allen, W.H. (1993, Dec) The properly. A watershed is an area of land (usually quite large) that drains into a river or stream. A great flood of '93. BioScience, pp. 732-737. small river will drain several thousand or hundreds of thousands of acres of land. Within any one watershed, excess rain will cause increased water levels downstream. What occurs at any point Brownell, B. (1993, Oct) The along a river can affect not only that point but also the entire watershed. great flood of '93. National Geographic World, pp. 23-25. To minimize the effects of a flood, engineers build levees to constrict the overflow of rivers. As more communities build levees, the water in a river is forced to run at a higher level because it Mairson, A. (1994, Jan) The great flood of '93. National cannot spread out. As the water runs at a higher level, it deposits sediment and raises the Geographic Magazine, pp. 42-81. riverbed. The situation worsens as the water rushes downstream. The water level can only continue to rise, eventually spilling over the levees. During prolonged periods of flooding, many National Geographic videotape: The Power ofWater. Check local levees give way because they are under pressure from the swollen river and are being undercut by PBS listings or call (800) 343- water seepage. 6610 for more information.
Floods in undeveloped areas are not as damaging as the floods in developed areas. First of all, Snyder, G. (1992, May/June) many natural areas have thousands of acres of wetlands which act as giant sponges to soak up The watershed. Sierra, pp. 24-26. excess water. Second, many rivers overflow into the floodplaina low, flat area on either side of the river. Additional sources of information American Water Resources Assn. If a river is allowed to spread out onto its floodplain, the flow downstream is slowed. A river's 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 220 floodplain can accommodate huge amounts of water which are diverted from the main channel Bethesda, MD 20814-2192 and held back. Allowed to flood in this way, the river creates less damage downstream. If America's Clean Water humans do not interfere with it, a stream or river produces its own flood control system. Foundation 750 First St. NE, Suite 911 Is there a problem with flooding in your area? What plan could you develop to improve the Washington, DC 20002-4241 situation? Who would need to be involved? Can you design a levee that could withstand most floods? What would such a levee cost? Who Freshwater Foundation 725 Country Road 6 would pay for it? How would it affect people living downstream from it? Wayzata, MN 55391-9611
National Water Information Clearinghouse U.S. Geological Survey acre an area of land equal to 4,047 square meters undeveloped areas natural, wild areas that are 423 National Center Reston, VA 22092-0001 (4840 square miles) untouched by human development $.4 ' 03 developed areas places with roads, levees, houses, vegetation generic name for all the plants in a Water Education Foundation factories, and other human-made structures particular area 717 K St., Suite 517 ,c1divert to channel something to another location watershed an area of land that drains into a stream Sacramento, CA 95814-3408 cd floodplain flat area on either side of a river which or river I-) is under water during a flood wetlands marshy, wet areas which contain wildlife Community resources > levee a bermlike structure that acts as a barrier to species and have the capacity to hold large amounts Local Army Corps of Engineers flood waters of water riverbed the bottom of a river Soil Conservation Service field office for your area
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The presence of a natural floodplain is crucial out of the plastic. Come together as close as SHOW NUMBER to the management of floods. When water is possible. You can bunch up the plastic a little allowed to spread out away from the main on your legs. There should be about 1.2 1207 channel of a river, the river can accommodate meters (4') between you and the person more water. If, on the other hand, a river's directly across from you on the plastic sheet. flow is prevented from spreading, the only 5. Begin filling the plastic with water from place for the water to go is up. An increase in the hose. water height means higher water pressure and 4a, Does a river run 6. From here on, the goal is to put as much through the city whe an increase in damage. How does the water as possible into the plastic without 0 you live? Look on a spreading mit of river water make a difference? letting any escape. You can move about in any map and see whether How does it decrease water pressure? Try the way you want to increase the capacity for L4 you can find any lar2 following activity to get the "feel" of water at water. See what you learn about the force of cities that do not hav different depths. rivers. List them. water. How much water can you hold? Where would their r sewage go? Where Materials Questions would their water roll of clear plastic (poly), 6 mil or 1. How does this activity compare to actual supply be? thicker, wide enough to produce at least watershed problems? What are the similarities two 3.7 meter x 3.7 meter (12'x 12') and differences? sheets 2. What is the best arrangement to hold the garden hose greatest amount of water? What arrangement supply of water requires the least effort? How deep a pool of water can you create? Can you devise a way to Do you know your Number of people: Eight or more. If you estimate the total number of gallons you can watershed? If a drop 0 of rain falls on your have fewer, cut down on the size of the plastic hold? rooftop, where does it sheet. 3. What would it take to create a better 1.4eventually go? Trace structure for holding more water? its path. Map out the 1. Find a level, soft surface outdoors that is major streams and close to an outdoor water spigot. Lay the rivers that make up your watershed. plastic sheet flat on the ground. Depending on the thickness of your plastic, you may want to use two sheets to increase strength. 2. Organize participants around the perimeter of the sheet so that everybody is at equal distances from each other. 3. Each participant should firmly grab the plastic sheet with both hands. 4. All participants should come together towards the center to form a large "bowl"
What are the sources of water pollution in your area? One of the largest pollutants ."4could be city sewage. Call the local sanitation utility to AV Where does the water you find what is done to sewage drink come from? Does it before it is dumped back into 0 come from a river? A lake? the stream or river. Visit a 4."1 Underground? Call the II sewage treatment plant. F4 city water department to find out. Ask to visit the water treatment plant. S./ 2.19
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Madc possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatk the National Science Teachers Association. 12.36 1208SHOW NUMBER Why is the Internet sometimes called r the information superhighway? Why is it growing and changing so rapidly? Internet What is the Internet?
You hear about a new, world-class biology research laboratory and decide to visit it. You look Peggy investigates the Internet computer around the lobby, then find your way into the chemistry lab where you pick up a carbon atom. network. After you change the number of protons and adjust the number of electrons and neutrons, the atom informs you it's become oxygen. Suddenly, you notice that two biochemists have entered Segment length: 7:39 the room and are discussing an article from the latest issue of Science magazine. You greet them, then change the atom further so it becomes nitrogen before you head toward the library. The lab you have just visited is called the BioM00 biology centerand it only exists on a Birkerts, S. & Kelly, K. (1994, computer. You reach the lab through the Internet, an electronic network that connects May) The electronic hive: Two computers around the world. Scientists (and anyone else who is interested) can meet at the views. Harper's Magazine, pp. BioM00 labs without leaving their desks, simply by guiding their computers to make a S.4 17-24. 0 connection through the "information superhighway." Corcoran, E. (1993, Sept 20) Why kids love computer nets. The Internet is sometimes called the information superhighway because it provides electronic Fortune, pp. 103-106. pathways for transporting vast quantities of information from place to place all over the world. There is so much information available on the computers connected to the Internet that you Eddings, J. (1994) How the Internet works. Emeryville, CA: could never look at it all. Students, researchers, hobbyists, business executives, and other "net Ziff-Davis. surfers" are constantly adding to it. Hahn, H. & Stout, R. (1994) The Internet is actually a rapidly growing network of networks. Thousands of universities, The Internet Yellow Pages. businesses, and other organizations have their own computer networks. These networks are Berkeley, CA: Osborne connected to each other over high-speed data lines. Together, the computer networks form an McGraw-Hill. information and communication web known as the global Internet. More than 15 million Harris, J. (1994, Mar) people worldwide have logged onto the Internet, and approximately two million new people log Information collecting activities. on every month! The Computing Mather, pp. 32-36. Besides visiting world-class "virtual" biology labs, you can also get information on almost any Wallich, P. (1994, Mar) Wire subject area, from how to make recycled paper to what the President is scheduled to do that day. pirates. Scientific American, pp. You can communicate by exchanging electronic messages (called e-mail) delivered within 90-101. minutes to people in almost any place in the world. You can meet enthusiasts interested in the Weiss, J., Jr. (1993, Mar) Real- same things you arewhether it's rap music or chessand join them in a conversation or a world science in today's world. cross-continent computer game. You can join in collaborative experiments and share results with Technology el,- Learning, pp. other students and teachers throughout the world. You can gather pictures, sounds, and software 20-23. from space shuttle missions, science museums, or amusement parks. The possibilities increase Additional sources of information daily. Electronic Frontier Foundation 666 Pennsylvania Ave. SE, r.Why is access to information valuable? What role does information play in our society? Suite 303 t%. The Internet lets people around the world discuss issues without ever leaving their offices, Washington, DC 20003 (202) 544-9237 schools, or homes. Will this have a negative or positive impact on our society and others? (Addresses social and legal issues c\,. Anyone can post almost any information on the Internet. What are the pros and cons of this? related to the use of computer networks. Send e-mail to eff-request@efforg and ask to be baud rate the speed at which a modem sends e-mail messages sent from one computer to added to the mailing list.) information. The higher the baud rate number, the another through a network. An e-mail message can faster the information can be sent. be sent to just one person or to many people at a Community resources chat immediate interactive conversation between time, reaching almost any area in ihe world. Local business offices of two or more people via text transmitted across the Internet a loosely-knit, international network of multinational corporations network computers (Inter from international, net from cyberspace the "place" you feel you are in when network) Local computer user group you enter, communicate through, and travel over modem an electronic device that allows a Commercial on-line services that computer networks computer to communicate with other computers or offer Internet access fax machines over a phone line 250 on-line connected to a computer network , We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.37 3M Innovation thc National Science Teachers Association. IPAPErd Newsgroups are electronic forums for to post a message needs to submit the message SHOW NUMBER discussing a topic. Through newsgroups, first to you. You then decide people with common interests can share to post it, keep it, or give it information and ideas over the Internet. back to the sender. If you 1208 Thousands of Internet newsgroup topics exist, decide on an unmoderated ranging from dance to artificial intelligence, board, anyone can post a from comic books to Brazilian culture. Anyone message directly onto the with a computer connected to the network can board. read or post messages to a newsgroup. 3. Now, hang your board in an accessible In this activity, you will start and maintain a place and invite others bulletin board to get a sense of the potential to add to it. and pitfalls of on-line newsgroups. 4. As your bulletin board progresses, develop a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs) on Materials your topic. Write up brief, straightforward a bulletin board answers for each question and post the list Emoticons are smiley and other faces (such pens and paper (recycled, if available) on your board. as : -) and -8^ 1 ) made pushpins or thumb tacks 5. Find out what it takes to keep people from letters and other reading and contributing to an interactive symbols typed on a 1. Choose a topic for your bulletin board, bulletin board. keyboard. You usually such as football, music, have to look at them sideways to see the gymnastics, book club, Questions face. Someone writing comic books, horseback 1. How did your bulletin board evolve? Did an e-mail message may riding, etc. Choose one it meet your expectations? add emoticons to that you find interesting 2. What problems did you encounter in express emotion or to or important and that running your bulletin board? Do you think find a creative way to sign a name. Invent you feel others would the same types of problems might develop your own emoticon like to discuss. Give in Internet newsgroups? that looks like your your board a name 3. How might your bulletin board benefit favorite musician, and label it so thatfrom being on the Internet and allowing actor, or yourself and make up the signature others can see participation from anyone in the world? What that you would like to what the topic is. difficulties might develop? use to sign e-mail 2. Begin your bulletin board by 4. How might the way people messages. 4 posting a message that you think will get participate in a bulletin board be A people talking about the topic. different if it's electronic Decide whether to moderate your rather than on a wall with board or leave it unmoderated. If cards? you moderate it, anyone who wants
431.,Is there a question you have always wondered about? People "post" questions on Internet newsgroups or other discussion groups to ask about topics such as raising children, video games, and bicycle repair. Think of three questions. Find out where you might post or send your 1.4 questions by looking in an Internet manual or directory. If you have access to the Internet, send out your questions. If not, find out how else you might get your questions answered. 1-I J.4
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How do antibiotics kill bacteria? What could cause an antibiotic to lose its effectiveness in curing a disease? Antibiotics How do antibiotics work?
Chances are you or somebody you know had a sore throat recently. Most sore throats are caused David discovers the importance of using by viral infections. But some are caused by bacteria like streptococci. On occasion, sore throats antibiotics correctly. caused by streptococci can lead to rheumatic fever, an illness which can cause pain in the joints and severe damage to heart valves. Segment length:7:45 When examining a patient with a sore throat, a doctor does a throat culture to see if streptococcus is the responsible germ. This is done by wiping a cotton swab on the patient's throat and sending the sample to a laboratory. With the lab test results, the doctor can identify Beardsley, T. (1992, Nov) the causative germ and, if it is a bacterium, decide which antibiotic should be prescribed to help Paradise lost? Scientific American, kill it. pp. 18-20.
Antibiotics, once considered miracle drugs, have sadly been losing ground in the fight against Begley, S. (1994, Mar 28) the same disease-causing bacteria that they routinely vanquished in the past. Because bacteria Antibiotics: The end of miracle grow rapidly, a single cell can potentially produce millions of new cells each day. As they divide drugs? Newsweek, pp. 46-51. and reproduce, these cells have a natural tendency to change or mutate. Since the 1950s, due in Gibbons, A. (1992, Aug 21) part to the improper use of antibiotics, mutations have led to bacteria developing traits that Exploring new strategies to fight drug-resistant microbes. Science, make them more resistant to antibiotics and thus more of a threat to public health. pp. 1036-1038. Through a complex process that involves the exchange of genetic information, some bacteria can Levy, S.B. (1992) The antibiotic even pass resistance along to unrelated strains of bacteria. As people travel around the world they paradox: How miracle drugs are can spread resistant bacteria to other areas, further magnifying the extent of the problem. destroying the miracle. New York: DaCapo Press Inc. Antibiotics kill bacteria or arrest bacterial growth in a number of ways. Some, such as the quinolones and Rifampin, attack bacteria by interfering with their ability to divide. Others, such Levy, S.B. (1993, Apr 14) Confronting multidrug as the tetracyclines or aminoglycosides, prevent the manufacture of certain proteins essential to resistance: A role for each of us. the bacteria. Penicillin antibiotics attack the ability of the bacterium to construct its cell wall. Journal ofAmerican Medical Through mutation, however, certain bacteria have acquired the ability to make a protein called Association, pp. 1840-1842. penicillinase that destroys penicillin. Fortunately, scientists have been able to synthesize or make Schmidt, K.E (1992, Oct 26) new antibiotics that penicillinase cannot destroy. The troubling ghosts of scourges past. U.S. News. &World Report, Antibiotics frequently are viewed as a sure cure for whatever ails us and may be requested when pp. 70-71. they aren't necessary. For example, antibiotics don't work against diseases like the flu or sore Additional sources of information throats caused by viruses. Inappropriate use contributes to the resistance problem. To stop this Centers for Disease Control and trend, you should take antibiotics only when needed. The proper antibiotic should be chosen Prevention and used exactly as directed. Even though you may feel better after taking the antibiotic for only Center for Infectious Diseases Office of Public Affairs a few days (since most of the bacteria causing the infection are killed), you should complete the 1600 Clifton Road NE entire recommended course for the medication to insure that all the germs are eliminated. Atlanta, GA 30333 (404) 639-3401 How do microbiologists determine which antibiotics are capable of killing particular bacteria? What is the difference between prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) medications?, American Society of Which bacteria are "good" bacteria, and what importance do they play in our lives? Microbiology 1325 Massachusetts Ave. Washington, DC 20005 antibiotic a medication made of a natural or resistance the natural or acquired ability of a (202) 737-3600 synthetic chemical that kills or arrests a bacterium to escape the harmful effect of an Community resources ct microorganism, primarily bacteria. It is not effective antibiotic against viruses. virus a subcellular particle, far smaller than most Microbiology laboratory at bacteria one-cell microorganisms too small to see bacteria, that is parasitic and depends on living cells hospital or clinic ctwith the naked eye but visible when stained and for growth and reproduction Pharmacist viewed through a microscope 0 genetic mutation a process by which a cell's genetic makeup is altered, changing the cell and those cells it produces. Such mutation can produce an organism resistant to antibiotics. ta,, We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production2 5 of - Twin Cities educational us& Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.39 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Mu-u-iation. 1110 *NEWTON'S IP APPLE
Antibiotics are medications that can kill pin their individual papers onto their clothes. SHOW NUMBER bacteria, but they are not bulletproof. The type Once done, each participant should stand next of bacteria they destroy can vary and bacteria to her or his desk or chair. 1208 may develop resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria 4. Explain what the blue, red, and might undergo genetic changes that prevent yellow colors depict, omitting an the antibiotic from doing its job. If a bacterial explanation for the green cell is genetically changed it may continue to resistance trait. After each Some bacteria do thrive, even when treated with an antibiotic. color is explained, those not cause disease. "cells" wearing that color Within our own The following activity demonstrates how should sit down to indicate bodies, bacteria help us digest the antibiotics work and how antibiotic-resistant they've been destroyed by food we eat and bacteria can survive a medication's actions. an effective antibiotic. gain access to its 5. Note that three people nutrients. Research Materials are still standing, each how micro- pieces of paper 7.5 cm x 15 cm wearing a green tag. organisms can be helpful, such as (3" x 6"), one per person Explain that these cells decomposing leaves straight pins, one per person represent antibiotic- and wood, helping four different color markersred, resistant bacteria that contain a specific trait make yogurt, and yellow, blue, and green (the green tag) which protects them from the producing insulin. antibiotic and leaves them unharmed. In real 1. On three of the pieces of paper, write the life, these cells would survive, living in an word "green" with the green marker to environment with fewer bacteria to compete Find out how new drugs are developed, represent a trait that stops an antibiotic from for food and space than before. where new drugs working. 6. If a bacterium can divide and produce 2 might come from in 2. On the remaining pieces of paper, write bacteria every 20 minutes, how soon will these the future, and what about an equal number of the words "red," three surviving resistant germs reach a total of a company must do "yellow," and "blue" in their corresponding one million organisms? 10 million? 100 to receive approval from the U.S. Food ink, one per paper. The colors depict ways that million? One billion bacteria? and Drug an antibiotic can destroy a bacterial cell. Blue Populations of this size, if Administration before stands for the pathogenic, are more than a new drug can Non. destruction of the adequate to cause great become available to cell's genetic harm. the public. i` material, red for breakdown of the cell wall, and yellow Questions for an 1. What can happen to interruption in bacterial growth when there protein is little competition for food and space? production critical 2. How can a doctor know for sure that the Invite a microbiologist to the cell's life. prescribed antibiotic works against the bacteria or physician with an )113.Combine the papers causing a person's sickness? interest in infectious in a container. The 3. How many antibiotics do doctors have at disease to explain what participants should pick one paper each, to their' disposal? Which are the most common antibiotics are and how represent a specific trait of a bacterial cell, and ones prescribed? they work. Discuss tests a lab might run co identify a bacterial Bacteria are all around us. Discuss how they can gain a foothold in strain and to learn our bodiesthrough a break in the skin, a depressed or immature which antibiotics 4immune system, or in food. List ways we can prevent this from effectively destroy it. happening, including good hygiene; proper food refrigeration, Examine equipment H preparation, and thorough cooking; getting enough sleep and from a lab and discuss eating a balanced diet; proper cleaning and care of wounds; and the wide variation in getting vaccinated. What common household products have the r" types of bacteria. capability to fight bacteria? Are we wise to use these products? j
=- We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.40 SHOW NUMBER How do ethnobotanists discover S. 11pS which types of plants were growing thousands of years ago and how Lk® people used them? Ethnobotany What is the science of ethnobotany")
Corn has always played an important role in the lives and culture of the Maya people. In fact, Peggy explores how the ancient Maya the Maya creation story states that the flesh of humans came from sacred ears of maiz. culture used corn. According to this story, the Creators saw people as a milpa, or cornfield, ready to serve them. Segment length: 8:39 But apart from information we can gather through Maya legends and traditions, how do we know that corn was indeed an integral part of this culture and made up 80% of the Maya diet thousands of years ago? To answer questions like this, many scientists, including anthropologists, archaeologists, chemists, biologists, botanists, and ethnobotanists, must work together. Amlin, P. (1994) Popul Vuh: The Ethnobotanists are scientists who study the role of plants in a society To better understand how creation myth of the Maya (film). a particular culture interacted with plants in the past, ethnobotanists look for clues in many Washington, DC: NEH. places. They can learn a lot by finding out how an area's current society uses plants. Coe, M. (1987) The Maya (4th ed., rev.). New York: Thames When you visit the areas of Mexico and Central America populated by five million Maya and Hudson. descendants, it's easy to see that corn continues to be the most important food in the Maya diet. Maya cooks soak kernels of dried field corn in water and lime and then grind the mixture with a Hernandez, X., Ballonga, J. & Escofet, J. (1992) San Rafael: A mano and metate to make the thick zacan, just as their ancestors have done for thousands of Central American thy through the years. They pat the zacan into tortillas or fill it with meat, fruit, or chiles, and then wrap it with ages. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. corn husks or banana leaves and steam it to make tamales. They even use ground corn to Palazuelos, S., Tausend, M. & thicken atole, a drink often sweetened with fruit or chocolate. Urquiza, I. (1991) Mexico, the beautifid cookbook: Authentic But ethnobotanists need to examine information from sources other than present-day society recipes from the regions of Mexico. Paintings, carvings, figurines, and other art discovered at ancient Maya temple ruins reveal that San Francisco: Collins corn played an important role in religion as well as diet, confirming that the Maya revered the Publishers. maize god. Schele, L. & Miller, M.E. (1986) Since plants exposed to the elements decompose quickly, ethnobotanists also analyze soil The blood of kings: Dynasty and ritual in Maya art. Fort Worth: samples taken from archaeological sites. They look for pollen, charred seeds, or food remains Kimball Art Museum. stuck in the bottom of broken pots. Then they study these fragile remains to analyze the plant's DNA and to compare it with that of the plant's contemporary descendants. Stuart, G. & Stuart, G. (1983) The mysterious Maya. Ethnobotanists contribute much to our understanding of how the Maya have interacted with Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. the plants in their environment for thousands of years. These scientists can show us how ancient customs translate into modern life and suggest methods to conserve the traditional ways of a Tom Snyder Productions proud culture such as the Maya. videodisc: The Maya: Ancient Skywatchers. The Great Solar r,What other peoples in the world rely on corn as a dietary staple? How important is corn in your System Rescue (side 2, frames own diet? 36132-41383). Check for it in your video library. r.Popped kernels of corn several hundred years old were discovered with mummies buried in the ruins of a community in Paracas, Peru. What foods other than corn have been around that long? Trout, L.H. (1991) The Maya. New York: Chelsea House Ask grandparents or friends how their diets have changed over the past 50 years. Publishers.
Community resources chocolate a Mexican discovery, made from ground metate container carved out of basaltic rock, used Local natural history museum roasted cacao beans. Originally used to make with a mano to grind corn for dough s-1 religious ritual drink offerings and as money. tamale ground corn dough filled with meat, fruit, Local Maya studies group ethnobotany study of human relationship to or chiles, then wrapped in corn husks or banana plants, often involving study of ancient plant leaves and cooked by steaming Mexican restaurants ctremains, oral history, written records, and myths tortilla flat, pancakelike food made from ground maiz Spanish word for maize, or corn corn and baked on a griddle over an open fire or on mano small, hand-held cylinder carved out of a stove basaltic rock, used to grind corn in a metate zacan thick dough used to make tortillas and tamales 25.1 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Citics educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant front 3M. 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with 12.41 the National Science Teachers Association. Separate Your Solutions 110NEWTON'S Borrow the techniques of an ethnobotanist to determine the contents of a mixture. APPLE Ethnobotanists make many discoveries by 3. Trade mixtures with another team. Your studying soil samples. As you work through goal will be to determine the contents of the SHOW NUMBER several rounds of soil and water separation, Mixture in each jar. try to imagine that you are working at an 4. Shake each container well. Remove the lid archaeological site and that your findings and check the mixture. Has anything moved could reveal the way people lived and ate tot the bottom or top of container? Record thousands of years ago. your observations. Look at pictures of 5. Add enough water to make a soup the Maya art. Look for representations of corn Materials consistency of broth. Secure the lid and shake and other plants. notebook for observations well. 1..4 Create a clay figure or pencil 6. Pour each mixture into a paint pan. a drawing that clear plastic 2-cup containers with lids Heavier matter in the mixture should filter r:41represents foods Most water out of the liquid and remain at the higher important in your own culture. bag of soilallow about level in the pan. Liquids should flow to the 1 kg (2.2 lbs) per person deeper end of the pan and lighter matter 1 paint tray per person (the kind used should float on top of the liquid. Use paper with roller brushes) towels, cheesecloth, or a screen to filter the How much do you know about 1 cup each of dried corn, dried liquid into another container. What's left in about the ethnic groups green and yellow peas, the filter? What's left in the liquid? Record that live in your lentils, rice, your observations. community? Visit a large and beans 7. After you have repeated grocery store and list as flower seeds many products as possible this process of separation for that come from other grass seeds each mixture prepared by the countries. Visit local ethnic pepper other team, draw conclusions markets and note which sand about the contents of each plant foods seem to be glitter' mixture. Ask the other team to most prevalent. Talk to the paper towels, coffee store owner about how the check your findings. foods are prepared. You filters, cheesecloth, or 8. Now that you've tried this may need to ask someone screen material activity indoors with mixtures in the store to translate the you created, take your labels for you. 1. Work in teams to create at ethnobotany skills outside least six different mixtures to and collect real soil analyze. They might include samples. Determine what combinations of soil and grains, methods of soil separation to sand and glitter, pepper and grains, use and record your findings. The ancient Maya grass seeds and soil, etc. Try to numeration system used base 20, unlike the Hindu- include different weights. Questions Arabic system which uses 2. Place each mixture in a 1. How does soil and water base 10. Research the Maya different container and secure separation work? Can you numeration system, as well 7-1 the lid. Label each mixture with think of substances that as other systems, and a letter or number that doesn't compare them with the could not be separated using system you use. Two good reveal the contents. Keep track water? references are Multicultural of the contents of each mixture 2. Ethnobotanists use soil Math Posters from Kay in your notebook. separation in their research. Curriculum Press [(800) What other scientists use this 338-7638] and Multicultural Mathematics process as well? Posters and Activities from the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [(800) 235-7566]. 0 ti
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatio, the National Science Teachers Association. 12.42 Why is an orbiting telescope better SHOW NUMBER than one on the ground? What was S. wrong with the Hubble Space Telescope and how did the astronauts fix it? Hubble Telescope What is the Hubble Space Telescope and how does it work"?
Is there anybody out there? Just as ancient explorers ventured out onto uncharted seas, David joins astronaut astronomers have devised clever ways to explore space. Up until the early 1600s, the only tools Jeff Hoffman for a close look at space. people had for observing the night sky were their eyes and navigational instruments like sextants, astrolabes, and cross staffs. A major breakthrough came in 1609 when Galileo Segment length: 7:47 borrowed an idea from a Dutch lens maker and created the astronomical telescope. With it, Galileo determined that Venus went through phases like our moon, that Jupiter had moons orbiting it, and that Saturn had protuberances of some kind. Based on these discoveries, he challenged Aristotle's Earth-centered model of the universe and the science of astronomy took Bunge, R. (1993, Aug) Big scopes: Dawn of a new era. a quantum leap forward. Astronomy pp. 48-53.
Over the next hundred years, telescope-making became g well-established art. Late in the 1600s, Bruning, D. (1994, Apr) Hubble Isaac Newton discovered that refracting lenses weren't the only way to bring distant objects close. better than new. Astronomy, pp. By placing a concave mirror at the base of a hollow tube, he could concentrate more light with 44-49. much less distortion. Using these new reflecting telescopes, astronomers like Caroline Herschel, Bruning, D. (1994, Jan) Fixing George Hale, and Edwin Hubble pushed the limits of the visible universe even farther. Hubble. Astronomy, pp. 36-39.
By the early twentieth century, reflecting telescopes grew to mammoth proportions. Because Chaisson, E. (1994) The Hubble Earth is blanketed by a layer of air over 100 kilometers (62 miles) thick, ground-based telescopes wars. New York Harper Collins. must "see" through a soup.of air currents, water vapor, and dust in the atmosphere. This distorts Davidson, G. (1993, Feb) How the light passing through the atmosphere and ultimately the image collected by the telescope. we'll fix Hubble. Astronomy, pp. 42-49. The only way to get rid of distortion caused by the atmosphere is to place a telescope in orbit above it. In 1990, NASA used the space shuttle to place the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in Macauley, D. (1988) The way orbit around Earth at an altitude of about 613 kilometers (380 miles). HST is actually a things work. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. combination of both optical and spectrographic instruments which capture light that is collected by HST's primary mirror. These instruments use computers to digitize images and send them Smith, B. (1994, Jan) New eyes back to Earth via radio transmissions. The digitized images are reassembled into pictures by on the universe. National Geographic, pp. 2-41. computers on the ground. The primary mirror of HST is only 2.4 meters (8 feet) in diameter, which is small compared to many ground-based scopes. But because it's above the atmosphere, it Additional sources of infirmation can capture light from a volume of space almost 300 times greater than Earth-bound scopes. NASA CORE Lorain County Joint Vocational Unfortunately, soon after its launch, project scientists found that the HST primary mirror had a School 15181 Route 58 S. slight imperfection which impaired its focusing power. In optical terms, this imperfection is Oberlin, OH 44074 called spherical aberration. Shuttle astronauts repaired the problem and gave HST better focus. (216) 774-1051, ext. 293 or 294 By having HST in orbit above Earth's atmosphere, astronomers have now seen further than (catalog of A/V material available by request on school anyone has seen before. letterhead) Many critics argue that the money for government-funded space projects could be better spent NASA Spacelink here on Earth. Do the spin-offs and scientific knowledge gained from space programs justify, Ann: Spacelink Administrator their expense, or are they a waste of resources? Mail Code CA 21 c.Do you think there is life on other planets? If so, how might we go about contacting it? NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, AL 35812 concave a curved surface that is bent inward mirror a device used for reflecting light (Computer information service convex a curved surface that is bent outward reflecting telescope a telescope that uses mirrors to supplies news about current NASA programs, activities, 5,74 focus the point at which all the individual light concentrate light from a distant source 7.1rays are concentrated refracting telescope a telescope that uses a lens to lesson plans, etc.) focal length the distance between the mirror and concentrate light from a distant source Edmund Scientific the focal point spherical aberration an imperfection in a lens that c71 101 E. Gloucester Pike 1.) lens a device used for bending and concentrating causes light to be focused at more than one point, Barrington, NJ 08071 light distorting the image (609) 573-6250 (catalog for optics) 256 A We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities -4111111111101.-.11111.- educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.43 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. %NEWTON'S " IP I APPLE
Have you ever wondered why the side mirror pattern on the second sheet and label it SHOW NUMBER on your car says "objects in mirror are closer c`convex." (Note:To be able to draw the light -1 than they appear" or why your reflection rays reflected from the spoon, you must place 1209 -%always looks strange in fun house mirrors? the paper and spoon at the edge of the table This activity gives you the opportunity to so that the rays are reflected from the experiment with several different types of centernot the edgeof the spoon.) Organize a star parry for mirrors to shed light on how they focus. 4. Place the third piece of paper under the you and your friends. It's 411 light and this time, have the light rays shine easy to do! All you need Materials into the bowl of the spoon. Trace this pattern is a current star map flashlight on the paper and label it "concave." Turn on available monthly in comb the lights and compare the three reflection magazines like Sky and 7-) small, flat mirror patterns. Telescope, Astronomy, or Natural History and a three 8 1/2" x 11" sheets of plain relatively dark place to white paper Questions view the night sky. You darkened room 1. Compare the convex pattern with the flat may want to contact a pencil pattern. How are they different? How might local amateur astronomy group to find out if they large, shiny spoon this explain why convex mirrors spread out have regularly planned the light from an object? events. Or start your 1. Lay the flashlight flat on a table on top of 2. Compare the concave pattern with the flat own club at school! a piece of white paper. Make the room as pattern. How does this pattern explain why dark as possible and turn on the light so that concave mirrors concentrate the light from an the beam spreads out across the sheet of object? Can you identify the focal point? paper. Take the comb and place it in front of 3. Based on your experiment, why do you the light so that the beam shines through the think wider-diameter concave mirrors are teeth. You should see a series of light rays used to gather light from very distant spreading out from behind the comb. astronomical objects? 2. Take the flat mirror and hold it up on edge so that it is facing the light rays coming from the flashlight. Use your pencil to trace the pattern of light rays as they strike and reflect off the flat mirror. 3. After tracing the pattern, label the page "flat" and put it off to the side. Put a new sheet of paper under the light and place the spoon in front of the light rays so that the back of the spoon is facing the flashlight. Most people can see how dust, pollution, Trace this reflection or even lights can interfere with viewing 4 objects in space, but how can clear air 4 obstruct a view? To see how simple 1.4heating and cooling of the air can cause Try your hand at you to see ripples through a telescope, building a simple r41 try observing objects on the far side of a radiator when the radiator is hot. reflecting telescope. 1-1 Simple, inexpensive Another option would be to set up a hot plate on a table, turn it on high, and plans are available in Contact look over it at a small piece of aluminum various science project a local observatory and see if they foil taped to the wall behind it. If books found in most have any public viewing nights. You'd you're lucky, you should libraries. Many basic be surprised how many planetariums, see the foil twinkle parts can be obtained colleges, and universities have facilities that are just like a distant from local hardware open to the public at little or no charge. If you star at night. stores or from a source have never seen the rings of Saturn or the like Edmund Scientific Horsehead Nebula, it's well worth the trip. (see resources). 1r"
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatiot the National Science Teachers Association . 12.44 How can a raptor center or veterinary SHOW NUMBER clinic rehabilitate a bird of prey so it ilipAi3W1310...1CS can return to its natural environment? What should you do if you find an injured raptor? Raptor Hospital How can we help Injured raptors?
Raptors are majestic birds that can vary greatly in size and habitat. But they have one thing in Peggy visits a raptor center that specializes commonthey feed on carrion or meat taken by hunting. in treating wounded birds of prey. Although a large raptor like a bald eagle can have a wingspan up co 8 feet long and body length Segment length: 7:19 up to 31/2 feet, it and other raptors are nevertheless vulnerable animals. Birds of prey may encounter many things in their environment that could harm themoften because of their proximity to humans. The birds may be poisoned by eating prey that has consumed poison. They may get hit by a car or caught in a leg-hold trap. They could become ill from disease or 0Baldwin, F.D. (1991, Jan/Feb) parasites. How co identify birds of prey. Country Journal, pp. 20-22. When people find an injured bird of prey, they often contact a veterinarian, a raptor center, or 5.4 Clark, W.S. & Wheeler, B.K. 0 their local conservation department. Commonly, raptors that come to a veterinary center have 0(1987) A fie& guide to hawks of injuries to bone or flesh. Through expert care, many of them can be nursed back to health and North America. Boston: returned to the wild. Houghton Mifflin Co. A veterinarian thoroughly examines the injured raptor to assess its illness or injury. The Davenport, L. (1991/92, Dec/Jan) Sauk Prairie, examination might include blood tests and radiographs, pictures taken with X rays that show the Wisconsin: Where eagles soar. bird's bones and internal organs. Depending on what the doctor finds, the raptor may need to Mother Earth News, pp. 78-79, be kept in captivity and treated with medication, surgery, and bandages. To repair a broken 90-91. bone, the veterinarian may fix the break surgically, applying a pin, a plate and screws, or an Johnsgaard, EA. (1990) Hawks, external splint. A cast or bandage prevents the broken bone from moving. The injured bird is eagles, & falcons of North confined and fed its natural diet. Meanwhile, caretakers monitor its health and recovery. America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. While it is recovering, the bird loses some muscle strength due to its limited activity. Once it is healthy again, its rehabilitation takes a new course, shifting to a program that prepares it for Rowell, G. (1991, Apr) Falcon rescue. National Geographic, pp. reentry into its natural habitat. At the raptor center, the bird receives physical therapy 106-114. appropriate to its specific injury. For a broken wing, for example, the program would help restore the bird's range of motion and coordination and prepare its muscles, heart, and airways Savage, C. (1992) Peregrine fakons. San Francisco: Sierra for the physical exertion critical to its survival in the wild. Club Books,
Controlled practice flights are an important part of rehabilitation. Outdoor flights lengthen as Sutton, C. & Walton, R.K. the raptor's strength improves. Once the bird has gained endurance, the center's staff releases it (1994) North American birds of into its natural habitat. From there, it reestablishes itself in its environment, hunting and soaring prey. National Audubon Society Pocket Guide. New York: Alfred overhead. Hopefully, it will reproduce, ensuring its species' place in the ecosystem. A. Knopf, Inc. c. How does the anatomy of raptors compare to that of birds in your yard and at your bird feeder? Additional sources of information How are the diets of yard birds such as robins, jays, and blackbirds similar to those of raptors? Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Assn. How do they differ? RR 2, Box 191 Kempton, PA 19529-9449 What position do raptors occupy in the food chain?Where do other wild creatures fit in? (215) 756-6961
carrion dead and decaying flesh ornithology branch of zoology that studies birds National Audubon Society food chain a natural order that starts with a simple pellet a bolus of waste material that owls and 700 Broadway organism being consumed by a higher-order hawks spit up or regurgitate after consuming prey. New York, NY 10003 organism which, in turn, is eaten by yet a higher It contains parts of the prey the bird can't digest. (212) 979-3000 organism raptor bird of prey, such as hawks, osprey, falcons, Raptor Education Foundation habitat environment in which a species thrives and owls, and vultures 21901 E. Hampden Ave. is normally found rehabilitation a program to bring an injured or Aurora, CO 80013 hawk More than 200 species of birds are classified weakened creature back to health so it can perform (303) 680-8500 as hawks, including eagles. Hawks are active during its natural activities in the wild daylight and form three main categories: buteos, talons nails on a bird's foot that are sharp, curved, accipiters, and falcons. and long 25 c) We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.45 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association . MIL '
We often see raptors only as they are flying 2. Study each silhouette and try to identify, SHOW NUMBER through the sky. By studying raptor each type of raptor. (The three pictured are silhouettes, you can learn to identify different identified at the bottom of the page.) 1210 species from the ground. Although raptors 3. Project the detailed drawings of various may have different outward appearances, they types of raptors on the overhead projector. share many features that help them catch their Observe the different parts of the bird's prey. Discuss which features various species of anatomy. Take note of the A raptors share and learn about the food chain similarities among leading up to a bird of prey. various raptor Materials species. transparencies of various raptor 4. Sketch a silhouettes. (Several are included as bird of prey's food chain Start with illustrations on this page. You can also a raptor at the top of the food 4. find more silhouettes from books listed chain and work down. Where does in the resource section.) each "layer" in the food chain get transparencies of drawings showing its food? details of the anatomy of different raptors. (You'll find these in reference Questions books listed in the resources.) 1. Discuss the parts of a overhead projector raptor's anatomy that are crucial for it to catch paper prey. How do these parts differ from pencil nonraptor bird species? 2. What factors in a raptor's food chain could 1. Enlarge and make transparencies out of the contribute to the decline or health of a raptor three silhouettes on this page. Project the species? Have these factors changed over time? silhouettes on the overhead projector.
If you have a raptor center nearby, schedule a tour of its facilities. Or ask a specialist to Plan a trip to a zoo to visit bring a raptor to class for close the raptors. Schedule a inspection. Have the tour guide period with the zoo's raptor or specialist explain what people specialist to learn why the should do when they find an birds are in captivity, what injured raptor, and what steps Invite a wildlife specialist foods they eat, and the center takes when a bird is from your state conservation what role they serve brought to the facility. department to discuss the as examples of types of nests in which raptors in the wild. various raptors hatch and care for their young. What are the nests made of and where are they located? Will nesting raptors adopt young birds that are not their own?
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We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.46 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. How do atoms in photographic SHOW NUMBER film change when exposed to light? What happens when the film is developed? Is color film WAPPLE®LE® different from black-and-white? Photography How does a piece of photographic film form a picture?
David finds out You may have heard that photography is a "snap." That's because every picture begins with the firsthand what snap of a shutter. When the shutter opens, light is captured and recorded on photographic film. happens when film It doesn't matter if the film you're shooting is black-and-white or colorthe same chemical is developed.
processes are at work. Segment Length8:03 "Z1 Black-and-white film is made by suspending billions of tiny silver halide crystals in gehatin arid coating a clear sheer of plastic with the gelatin. Each tabular-shaped crystal contains silver and
bromide ions held together by strong electrostatic forces. Photons of light with the right amount of Bustillo, I.J. (1989, Feb) How energy can change these crystals, producing silver ions, bromine atoms, and free electrons. An to. Modern Photography. pp. electron wanders through the crystal until it is captured by a silver ion. In the process, silver ions 54-55. S.4 are changed into black metallic silver. Cyr, D. (1977) Teaching your +2. 0 The number of silver atoms formed depends on the amount of light each crystal receives. In an children photography. New York: American Photographic Book exposed crystal, as few as four silver atoms may form. These atoms usually clump together in Publishing. 0tiny dark specks too small to be seen even with the most powerful microscopes. Although the silver specks remain invisible to the naked eye, they form a pattern that depicts the Keller, E. (1970, Dec) Images in color. Chemist7 pp. 8-11. photographed subject. This is called a latent image. Keller, E. (1970, Oct) Images in In a darkroom, you immerse the film in developer to make the latent image visible. The silver. Chemistry pp. 6-12. developer acts by pushing electrons into the film. The silver specks channel electrons into the exposed crystals, where more silver ions are changed to black metallic silver. Unexposed crystals Mayan, G. (1991, Mar) Color from a closet. Popular react slowly or not at all with the developer. In this way, film exposed to light becomes darker Photography pp. 42-43. than unexposed areas of the emulsion. This produces a negative. Kolonia, P. (1993, Feb) Films of Then you put the negative into a stop bath, where silver ions stop changing into silver atoms. choice. Popular Photography pp. That's because the stop bath contains a weak acid that shuts off the supply of electrons from the 30-37. developer. Next, the negative goes into the fixer. The fixer contains a solution (hypo) that Langford, M. (1981) The dissolves silver bromide salts from the negative, leaving behind a dark silver image. After a final darkroom handbook (1st ed.). rinse in water to remove chemicals, the negative is ready to dry and print. New York: Random House. Color film is made by stacking three layers of black-and-white emulsion. Each layer is sensitive Neblette, C.B. (1970) to one of the three primary colors of emitted light (red, blue, and green). When exposed to Fundamentals ofphotography. New York: Van Nostrand light, color film forms a latent image just as black-and-white film does. But during Reinhold. development, the developer reacts with other chemicals to form colored dyes. The dyes form in the emulsion at the exact location of the exposed crystals. Later, the exposed and unexposed Willson, M. (1988, Mar) Make your own black-and-white silver is bleached out, leaving dye molecules that reproduce the color of the photographed prints. Astronomy, pp. 70-75. object. Additional sources of:information cv.What causes photographic film to fog? Eastman Kodak Company cv.Why does some photographic film appear grainy? 343 State St. Rochester, NY 14650 cv.Why can't you develop film in the daylight? (800) 242-2424
acids substances that release hydrogen ions in emulsion silver bromide crystals floating in gelatin. Communi7 resources water and taste sour Photographic film. Local photographer or photo developer a substance that changes silver bromide gelatin a water-soluble protein made by boiling shop crystals into black metallic silver animal skin and bones School photography darkroom electron a subatomic particle that carries a single hypo a water solution of sodium thiosulfate negative charge ions charged particles formed when neutral atoms Newspaper photojournalist electrostatic force an attraction or repulsion gain or lose electrons between electrical charges at rest photon a particle of light
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Make a photograph using a shoe box and 4. Take your pinhole camera out ona sunny SHOW NUMBER some aluminum foil. Learn how a camera day and make a picture by sliding the shutter f ocuses and controls light. Develop the latent (black paper) to one side of the pinhole. A 1210 image into a negative. good exposure time is 10 minutes but you may need to try other exposure times to get u Materials the best results with your camera. Don't bump shoe box or move your camera while the shutter is black construction paper Why are different film spee open. Do not hand-hold the camera available? The size of the glue stick instead, support it on an object such as a rock silver-nitrate grains on the aluminum foil or chair. After the exposure, close the shutter film determines the speed tape and remove the exposed paper in a darkened the larger the grains, the scissors room. To reveal the latent image, the paper faster the film. Research wh pin the speeds on a film box must be developed. represent. Which speeds are photo-enlarging paper 5. In a room that is either totally dark or better for which light 3 glass baking dishes illuminated by red light, slide the paper into a conditions? Then read Wha common paper developer and fixer tray of paper developer and agitate the That You See? by B. M. solutions solution for rwo minutes. Remove the paper Bolotovsky in Quantum magazine (Mar/Apr 1993, and allow it to drain. Next, slide the paper pp. 4-8). This article explah 1. Cut a 2.5-cm (1") square in the top of a into a tray of fixer to make the image why shutter speed and film shoe box. Line the inside of the shoe box and permanent. Agitate the fixer solution for four speed are part of the reason its cover with black construction paper minutes, then remove the paper. Finally, wash we can't always believe our attached with glue stick to help cut down on your negative in a tray under running water eyes. stray light reflections. Next, cut a 5-cm (2") for five minutes. Blot (do not rdb) the square of aluminum foil and press it smooth negative dry with a paper towel and leave it to on a flat surface. Use a straight pin to prick a dry overnight. Invite a photographer to small hole at the center of the aluminum foil. come and talk to your clas: 2. Now tape the aluminum foil over the Questions tl about photography. Ask rh cutout opening in the shoe box. Then cut a 1. How could you modify the pinhole :_qt..4 photographer to bring a 7.5-cm (3") square of black construction camera? Can you think of other camera H camera and accessories to paper. demonstrate the equipmen designs? and methods needed for 3. You must load your camera in a darkened 2. How does making a pinhole camera help i_45-1 good picture-taking. room. With the room darkened, cut a sheet us understand the workings of of photo-enlarging paper to commercial cameras? fit the bottom of the shoe 3. How would changing the box. Secure the paper, Who made the first size of the pinhole affect the photograph? emulsion (or shiny) side up, image? Does the distance Construct a time line by taping the four corners to between the photographic to show inventors of the bottom of the box. paper and the pinhole make photography from th Replace the cover on the box any difference? Why? camera obscura to chi present. and use two rubber bands to 4. What did the enlarging hold it in place. Insert the paper do in the developer 7.5-cm square of black solution? What happened construction when the paper went into paper under the rubber bands the fixer? What kinds of Discuss the settings on and over the pinhole to act as tools or resources would P-a 35mm, adjustable camera. How does the the shutter. Now you are make developing easier? o ready to take a picture. camera operate? Take pictures using different camera settings (shutter speed, aperture) to learn how to produce the best exposures.
4-0r
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What are the redwoods? APPLE® Should they be saved? I
Peggy learns the 67 They are the giants of the earth, bigger than dinosaurs or whales. They tower over meters amazing history of the (220feet) high, outlive most other forms of life, and have inspired pioneers, poets, and redwoods. presidents alike. They are the redwoods of California. Segment length: 8:29 Actually, the term "redwood" refers to several species. For example, the towering coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) grow in the mild, misty climate along the Pacific coast of California and southern Oregon. The oldest among them is2,200years; the tallest measures113meters(370 feet). Their cousins, the giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum), live in the harsher climate of Burnie, D. (1988) Eyewitness the Sierra Nevada mountains. These trees are more massive and live even longer. Although all books: Trees. New York: Alfred A. redwoods are valuable natural resources, the coast redwoods are the focus of this NEWTON'S Knopf. APPLE segment. Caduto, M.J. & Bruchac, J. Like all trees, the coast redwoods have developed a highly successful root, trunk, and leaf system 0 (1989) Keepers of the Earth: Native American stories and using air, water, and sunlight to live and reproduce. The shallow roots of the redwood can environmental activities for spread laterally over75meters(250feet) as they collect and send water and minerals to the 04children. Golden, CO: Fulcrum, leaves. The leaves, in turn, create food through photoomthesis and send the nutrients back down Inc. through the trunk to the roots. Earth Works (1990) 50 simple things kids cando tosave the The unusual characteristics of the redwood's trunk have enabled it to survive the centuries. The earth. Kansas City and New outer layer of a tree's trunk, or bark, is made up of dead cells. In redwoods, the bark is fibrous York: Andrews and McMeel and thick, often measuring30.5centimeters (one foot). The thickness of the bark and its lack of Books.
resin help redwoods resist damage from forest fires. Tannic acid in the bark helps the trees resist Hewes, J.J. (1992) Redwoods: disease and insect infestation. The layers under the bark sustain the life of the tree. The phloem, The world's Largest trees. New cambium, sapwood, and heartwood each plays a role in the healthy growth of the redwood tree. York: Smithmark Publishers. Because of the high demand for their wood, coast redwoods have long been a target of the National Audubon Society lumber industry. Ecologically, forests have felt this impact. Without the trees' roots in place, videotape: Rage over trees.PBS Video: (800) 344-3337. erosion plays havoc by clogging up streams with silt and destroying the watershed Teale, E.W. (1954) The Conservationist John Muir may have spoken for everyone working to save the redwoods when wilderness world of John Muir. he wrote, "The clearest way into the Universe is through a forest wilderness." Boston: Houghton Mifflin. c Conservationists and the logging industry have long been at odds. How would you explain the Additional sources of inftrmation issues? What do you think our national policy should be toward logging the forests? Arbor Day Foundation 211 N. 12th St. 0.- Can you identify areas near your home or school that suffer from ecological stress? What might Lincoln, NE 68508 be the problem? What are some solutions? (402) 474-5655 (membership and services)
Save the Redwood League cambium layer of the trunk that produces new photosynthesis the chemical process by which 114 Sansome St., Room 605 wood cells for the tree. The cambium is only one green plants convert sunlight and carbon dioxide San Francisco, CA 94104 cell thick and lies just beneath the phloem. into food (415) 362-2352 conifer a tree that produces seeds in cones resin a substance produced by some plants and National Office of Project erosion removal of surface soil by the forces of rain trees, often used to make varnish Learning Tree Ct and wind sapwood layer of the trunk beneath the bark that 1111 19th St. NW, Suite 780 heartwood innermost layer of a tree's trunk carries water and soil nutrients upward and Washington, DC 20036 0 consisting of dead, tightly packed cells that provide throughout the tree (202) 463-2462 the strength of the tree tannic acid a yellowish substance produced by phloem a layer of the bark of a tree's trunk that redwoods and other trees, often used in tanning, Community resources carries food downward from the leaves to the rest of dyeing, and making medicines LocalSoilConservation Service the tree and roots watershed the tributary streams of a major creek or Local university forestry river and its surrounding land department 262 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.49 NEWTON'S I. APPLE®
How does the height of a tree in your 7. To visualize your graph, try this. Find an SHOW NUMBER backyard compare to that of a 65-meter (214') open area outside. Using twine, measure the redwood? length of the 65-meter redwood. First measure 1211 the length of your stride. Have a friend hold Materials the ball of twine. Holding the other end of a tree the twine, count your strides to measure the Trees send water ruler length for the redwood. Once you reach 65 through their trunks tape measure meters, have a friend stand in that spot. and out their leaves. Fill graph paper and pencil Follow the same directions to measure the two cups with the same twine measuring at least amount of water, mark length of your tree. Imagine your tree next to the water levels, and 100 meters (328') a giant redwood as you compare the two tape paper covers over several friends lengths of twine. the cups' tops. Take two twigs, removing the 1.Select a tree to measure. Questions leaves from one. Place 2. Standing near your tree, press the ruler one twig in each cup, 1. Using your knowledge of right triangles, poking the stems horizontally against the bridge of your nose, can you explain why this technique of through the covers. holding the ruler at its end. measuring trees works? Wrap a plastic bag 3. Flip the ruler vertically, making sure to 2. Identify the trees you have around a few leaves to keep it at a distance of one ruler's length from graphed. Can you make any catch the moisture. your Ece. Which cup loses generalizations about the the most 4. Walk backward until the top of the ruler height and type of water? lines up with the top of the tree. trees you have 5. Using the tape measure, calculate the measured? distance between the tree and where you are standing. Add the measurement of your height to this calculation to find the approximate height of your tree. 6. Make a graph of the redwood tree, your tree, and your friends' trees.
Water comes up through the tree's trunk and out to the leaves. Does moisture evaporate through a conifer's needles as it does through leaves of a broadleaf tree? Find out. Tie a small plastic bag over the needles of a conifer. Do the same for a broadleaf tree. Check the bags after a few hours and observe the amount of moisture in each bag.
Take a trip to a lumberyard. Collect various wood samples, including a piece of redwood. Interview a lumberyard employee about the desirability and availability of redwood. Finally, identify the woods and compare their characteristics. Try driving a nail through each wood sample and compare and contrast the densities of each sample. O r, U
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110Alpvirs, What is electricity? How does electricity get from one place to another? What APPLE® makes electricity so dangerous? Electric ity Why don't birds get electrocuted when they sit on power lines? ok:
When it comes to understanding electricity, to get to the heart of the matter you must literally David conducts a study of electrical circuits. get to the heart of matterthe atom. Atoms are the building blocks of matter and they are composed of three particle types. The central core of the atom is called the nucleus and it Segment length: 9:01 contains positively charged particles called protons and neutral particles called neutrons. The movement of many charged particles in the same direction is called an electric current. Charged particles flow most easily through conductors, such as metals, or through some liquids, such as salt water. Electrons in metals are loosely attached to the atoms, so they can move easily. Catherall, E. (1981) Electrical The human body (which is mostly salt water) is also a good conductor, which is why electric power. London: Wayland shocks can be so dangerous. Insulators, on the other hand, do not conduct electricity well. Their Publishers, electrons are tightly bound to their atoms and do not move easily. Typical insulators include Cooper, A. (1983) Visual science rubber, wood, glass, and most plastics. electricity. Morristown, NJ: Silver Electricity will only flow when a power source, such as a battery or a generator, sets the electrons Burden Company. in motion and when the electrons can complete a full circle. Consider this exampleelectrons Hewitt, P. (1992) Conceptual flow from a battery down a wire to a light bulb, through the filament of the bulb, and then back physics (2d ed.). New York: up another wire to the battery. This closed loop is called a circuit. No electrical device, whether Addison-Wesley. it's a simple flashlight or a complex computer, will work unless the circuit that delivers the Kluger-Bell, B. (1990, Fall) electric current is a complete loop. Pickle power: My search for the perfect homemade battery. Electricity becomes dangerous to you when you become part of the electrical loopwhen the Exploratorium Quarterly, pp. electrons have enough energy and make adequate contact to pass through your body. You can 25-29. touch both ends of a flashlight battery and feel nothing, but if you're wet and in contact with Math, I. (1981) Wires and watts. household electricity, water can make a very good path through your skin and your body, New York: Charles Scribner's making you part of the electrical circuit! Sons. Electrical energy always seeks the shortest route around the circuit back to the source, which in Nye, B. (1993) Big blast of science. New York: Addison- the above example is the battery. If the wires both touch a conductor, such as a metal tabletop, Wesley. the electrons will take that shorter route back to the battery, rather than travel to the light bulb. (Conveniently, scientists call this a "short circuit.") Stanley, L. (1980) Easy-to-make electric gadgets. New York: So why don't birds get electrocuted when they sit on power lines? The power lines that are Harvey House. suspended in pairs between power poles are analbgous to the wires that run between the battery 3-2-1 Classroom Contact and the light bulb. As long as birds sit on only one, they offer no "shortcut" to complete the videotape: Generating Ekaricity. circuit. But if their wings accidently touch both adjacent power lines, the electrons take a new GPN: (800) 228-4630.
path and complete the circuit through the unfortunate bird's body! VanCleave, J. (1991) Physics fir Imagine a world without electrical power. How would you cook, clean, and entertain yourself? every kid. New York: John Wiley Publishers. Even though electrical energy is useful, its production often causes environmental problems. Acid precipitation from burning coal and disposal of nuclear waste are just two of them. What Vogt, G. (1986) Generating are some alternative power sources and how can conservation help minimize the damage? electricity. New York: Franklin Watts Publishing.
Williams, J. (1992) Projects with circuit a closed loop of conductors through which insulator a material through which electric charges electricity. Milwaukee: Gareth charges can flow cannot move Stevens Children's Books. conductor a substance through which electrical ion an atom that has gained or lost one or more charges can easily flow electrons and is thus a charged particle Community resources current a flow of electrical charges switch a device that closes or opens a circuit, Local power utility generator a device for producing electrical current thereby allowing or preventing current flow by moving a coil of wire in a magnetic field voltage the pressure behind the flow of electrons in a circuit 264 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of' KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.51 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. l y
Which common objects are insulators and second wire to the (-) end of the cell. The SHOW NUMBER which are conductors? To test it for yourself, light should go on because you have you can build a simple, battery-powered completed a circuit. If it doesn't, make sure all conductivity tester. the connections are taped tightly and make 1211 good contact. Materials 3. Tape one end of the third wire to the (-) flashlight with one fresh D cell end of the cell and touch its free end to the 3 pieces of insulated wire, each free end of the wire coming from che bulb approximately 15 cm (6") long with the holder. Again, the light should go on. Try ends stripped Examine your family's touching the two free ends of the wires to the electric bill. What is a roll of masking or duct tape penny at the same time. The bulb should light kilowatt? How much penny because the penny is made of copper, a good does the electric comb conductor. company charge for one several pieces of fabric 4. Collect your objects to be tested and kilowatt hour? Is that a constant rate? Make a metal fork or spoon predict if they are insulators or conductors. list of the appliances that several different rocks Then try them out with your tester. you think use the most various objects for testing electricity. Contact the Questions electric company to see 1. To build your tester, unscrew the top of 1. In general, what types of materials make if you are correct. Does your family use the same the flashlight which has the bulb assembly in the best conductors? amount of electricity it. Take one wire and tape it to the metal tip 2. Look inside the body of the flashlight. each month? Why or of the light bulb and tape a second wire to the How does the why not? metal ring that touches the side of the bulb. switch control 2. Tape the other end of the wire connected make the to the tip of the light bulb to the (+) end of a light go on D cell and touch and off? the free end of the
Build an electromagnet using a D cell, a large steel nail, and about 50 cm (20") of insulated wire. Strip the insulation Static electricity can do more off two ends of the wire than make your socks stick and carefully wrap the together. You can use it to light wire around the nail to a fluorescent tube. Get a small form tight coils. Don't fluorescent bulb and a balloon. overlap the coils and make In a darkened room, rub the sure that you leave at least 6 cm (2.4") of wire free balloon on your hair a few at each end. Connect the two ends of the wire to times. Bring the charged the two ends of the D cell and bring the tip of the balloon near one end of the nail very near some metal paper clips. The magnet bulb and you should see some will only attract if the circuit is complete. light flashes.
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How is money made? How long has paper money been around?
41.
You've heard the expression "Money doesn't grow on trees." So where does it come from? Peggy follows the paper money trail to Got a dollar bill in your pocket? Take a look at it. Notice the intricate artwork, the color of the Washington, DC. ink, the texture. Take a minute and think about where and how your dollar bill was made. Segment length: 8:39 Today your U.S. dollar bill, or bank note, is the most recognized and sought-after money in the world. But the United States did not invent paper money. Most notaphilists and numismatists credit the Chinese with the idea. From China, the concept of paper money to replace heavy coins spread to the rest of the world. Hessler, G. (1992) The comprehensive catalog of U.S. Paper notes have circulated in the United States since Colonial days. By 1836, at least 7,000 paper money. Port Clinton, OH: varieties of paper currency were in circulation, issued by state banks. But in 1862, the United BNR Press. States found itself in need of issuing government paper money to finance the Civil War. To Krause, B. (1992) Collecting accomplish this, it created the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, DC. paper money for pleasure and profit. Cincinnati, OH: The design of the current dollar bill is a process of 65 complicated and distinct steps. It begins Bercerway Books. with highly skilled engravers who hand-cut portraits, lettering, and ornamentation into soft steel to make the original die masters. Cantwell, L. (1984) Money and banking. New York: Franklin Look at your dollar bill again. Notice that the images are a series of fine lines, dots, and dashes. Warts. This process of engraving is the first step of intaglio printing. Next, the images of the die master Additional sources of information are transferred to a printing plate. Printing plates are then chromium-coated and readied for the Department of the Treasury high-speed presses. Bureau of Engraving and Printing Sheets of paper made of a special cotton-linen blend speed through the presses under 14 tons of 14th & C Street pressure per square inch. This pressure forces the paper into the recessed lines of the plate where Washington, DC 20228 (202) 874-3186 it picks up the ink. First the backs of the bills are printed with green ink, and then the faces are printed with black ink. Serial numbers and the Treasury and the Federal Reserve District seals U.S. Mint and numbers are ovoprinted onto the notes. 633 Third St. NW, 7th floor Washington. DC 20226 The sheets are cut into smaller units, packaged into bricks, and distributed to the Federal (202) 874-5924 Reserve Bank Districts. They, in turn, distribute them to individual banks. Eventually, the dollar American Numismatic Assn. bills wind up in our pockets. Right where you found yours! Education Department 818 N. Cascade Ave. Why is it important for a country to have standardized currency? Colorado Springs, CO 80903 What are some of the features of U.S. paper money? What are the advantages of having (719) 632-2646 intricately designed paper currency? Public Information Office Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PO Box 442 bank notes paper money issued by a bank intaglio printing lined-engraved, recess printing St. Louis, MO 63166-0442 bricks 40 units of 100 bank notes packaged process (314) 444-8421 together notaphilists collectors of paper money (cost of "The Money Tree" Bureau of Engraving and Printing a government numismatists collectors of paper money, coins, package is $25) office where U.S. paper money is made. It has two tokens, and related objects locationsWashington, DC, and Fort Worth, overprint official printing completed on a bank Community resources Local bank manager Texas. note after the initial printing has taken place die master metal sheet on which the original printing plate copies of the original engraved die Enthusiastic numismatist design of the bank note is engraved. Used to make master. These plates are made of plastic. the printing plates. DistrictFederal Reserve Bank Federal Reserve System the U.S. monetary closest to you organization, created in 1913, that issues and regulates U.S. currency 266
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If you could design your own paper money, filled. Wipe the ink off the surface with the SHOW NUMBER what would it look like? What images and cheesecloth without wiping the filled engraved symbols would you incorporate into your lines. 1212 design? What security features would you 4. When you are ready, lay damp paper over provide to prevent counterfeiting? What paper the sheet and roll the rubber roller over the would you use? Give this project a try and see paper to pick up the images. The most Research the symbolism how inventive you can be. effective method is to rub a wood burnisher of "The Great Seal of the United States" as over the area where the design is located. Do displayed on the back Materials not use a wooden roller. Cut your printed 4-4of the one-dollar bill. acetate or plastic sheet "bank notes." What is the meaning of at least 1/8" thick 5. Repeat the process for the backside of the "E Pluribus Unum"? sharp scissors "bank note." What is the eagle rubber roller or wood burnisher holding and how many stars are above its head? damp paper of various types Extend the activity. Have committees design What is the date in cheesecloth denominations of bank notes for class Roman numerals at the plate ink currency. Discuss the worth of each set of base of the pyramid, bills. Use the currency for payment of "goods and what does the eye signify at its top? 1. Discuss the distinguishing features and and services" in the class to simulate the role symbols of U.S. bank notes and bank notes of money in society. from other countries. Design your own bank note on paper before engraving your plastic. 2. Cut the plastic to the size of your bank Questions p-Plan an imaginary trip to a foreign country. note. Using pieces of wire or a straightened 1. What are common symbols and features Look at the "foreign pin, engrave your sheet. This approach of paper money? 5.4 exchange" chart in the roughly simulates the intaglio printing process 2. What must a society do to assure its paper business section of the used at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. money has value? 1-1local newspaper. How 3. Next, coat the surface of the sheet with 3. What are the pros and cons of becoming a much money should t, you bring along in U.S. ink, making sure that the engraved lines are "cashless" society? udollars? Convert that amount of money into the currency of the country you have so- Invite a local notaphilist chosen to visit. or numismatist to show r4his or her collection to your class. Discuss the tgo- H process of collecting How does U.S. paper money compare money and determining to the paper money of other countries? the quality of individual Z Start a class collection. Invite your it pieces. Starta class penny classmates to share money from around collection to n the world that they may have at home. incorporate some }-) Compare and contrast the sizes, of the concepts designs, counterfeiting prevention discussed. n techniques, and qualities of the material. Make enlarged copies of this paper money and put them on display.
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We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12 54 SHOW NUMBER Are all objects equally affected by gravity? Does a bullet that's been shot actually fall? Does anything get in the way of gravity?
I,
Your fuel gauge is below empty. Both engines of the cargo plane you're piloting have just David drops in on an sputtered and gone silent. The nose of the plane points down andyou begin a terrifying dive experiment to test weightlessness. toward Earth. In a panic, you make your way out of the cockpit and into the back of the plane where your parachute is stored. But a 2,000-kilogram crate is blockingyour path. What do Segment length: 9:30 you do? No problem! Since the weight of the crate on the plane's floor is actually zero, you wouldnot have to lift it in opposition to graviiy or slide it in opposition to its friction with the floor. The force required to overcome the inertia of the crate would be small enoughto allow you to move Ardley, N. (1992) The science book of gravity. Chicago: it by pushing hard with your feet braced against a wall. How is this so? Harcourt Brace.
Let's look at the crate under normal flight conditions. The weight of the crate pushes down Boslough, J. (1989, May) against the floor of the plane. What you might not realize is that the floor, which is supported Searching for the secrets of by the airplane's wings and the forces that keep the airplane aloft, also pushesup against the gravity. National Geographic,pp. 563-583. crate. It pushes up with a force equal to the weight of the crate, so inside the plane, you're aware of how heavy the crate is. Covault, C. (1991, June) Columbia crew launched to When your plane goes into free-fall, the crate is still pulled by gravity just as duringa normal gather unique zero-g life sciences flight. But the floor is no longer pushing up on the crate, since it and the crateare now falling data. Aviation Week and Space freely toward the earth. Gravity is still acting on both the crate and the plane, but inside the Technology pp. 68-69. airplane, without the upward push from the floor, the crate now seems to be weightless. Both Epstein, L. (1989)Thinking the crate and the pilot will float freely inside the airplane until somethinglike Earthstops physics.San Francisco: Insight them. Press. Astronauts in orbit experience weightlessness just like objects in the falling aircraft. Aspace shuttle Lafferty, P. (1992)Eyewitness science: Force and motion.New in orbit is actually in a state of free-fall as it travels around Earth. York: Dorling Kindersley.
Hard to imagine? Picture yourself in a small spaceship a few meters above the ground. Now face March, R. (1992) Physics fir the setting sun and go in a straight line for about 100 kilometers (62 miles). Ifyou go in a poets (3rd ed.). New York: perfectly straight line, you should notice that Earth is curvingaway from you. McGraw-Hill. A shuttle in orbit goes so fast that Earth curves "away" just as much as the shuttle falls. The Zee, A. (1989) Anold man's toy: shuttle falls, but never hits the ground! Gravity at work and play in Einstein's universe.New York: Falling appears to be different for different objects. For instance, which falls faster,a pen or a Macmillan. piece of paper? Why might one fall faster than the other? Additional sources of information c.In real life, when do you experience something like free-fall? For how long? American Institute of Physics Which falls faster, a one-ton plane or a ten-ton plane? One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740-3843 (301) 209-3000 (Ask about Operation Physics)
acceleration change in speed during a certain orbit falling around and around Earth NASA Education Division period of time resistance a force opposing the motion of an object Mail Code F Washington, DC 20546 cd3-1 ascent going up or opposing the forces trying to set an object in (202) 453-1000 descent going down motion 11 force that which, when acting alone on an object, weighdessness feeling or being observed as having Community resources ctcauses a change in the motion of the object no weight Physics department at a local t.) 0gravity force on Earth which pulls all objects college or university toward its center
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We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television, Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.55 0` filpNEWTON'S APPLE You have probably noticed an empty feeling in4. Take the scale into the first elevator. Then SHOW NUMBER your stomach when an elevator starts its one student at a time should get the descent. That feeling is a result of a decrease ofmaximum reading on the scale when the pressure against your feet and a corresponding elevator starts its ascent and the minimum change in the tightness of the muscles in your reading when the elevator starts its descent. abdomen. Your feet feel less pressure, because You must have a quick eye and should be You know that water the floor of the elevator is going out from prepared for approximate results. falls downhill. What if under you momentarily. Find out how you 5. Have each student record his or her own the whole waterfall falls? could measure this feeling in more concrete data for each elevator tried. Place a half-gallon terms, and learn which elevator has the fastest 6. Follow steps 2 through 5 for each elevator. plastic milk jug upright and punch a small hole acceleration. 2.5 cm (I") up from the Questions bottom. Place your Materials 1. What happens to your weight when you finger over the hole and bathroom scale (not digital) begin your ascent? How long does the change fill the jug with water. notebook paper last? Go outside and remove your finger to watch the pencil 2. What happens to your weight when you water flow. Now, gently begin your descent? How long does the toss the jug up and 1. Divide into small groups of two or three. change last? down without Choose some elevators located nearby. 3. Does a person's initial weight have completely letting go. 2. Create a data table like the one below for anything to do with the amount of change What happens? each of the elevators you are going to test. recorded? 3. Record each of your weights standing still. 4. What kind of change would occur if the elevator cable were to snap? This, by the way, could never happen.
Standing Still Ascent Descent Does the weight of objects weight of (student name) P-affect how fast they fall? Take o14 pennies. Make two piles of seven. Tape one pile together. weight of (student name) Hold one pile in your right hand arid the other in your weight of (student name) left. Reach both hands up high and cleanly drop the two piles at the same time. The taped pile is at least seven times the weight of each Place a half-gallon plastic milk jug upright and punch penny in the other pile. a small hole 2.5 cm (1") up from the bottom. Placing Any conclusions? your finger over the hole, fill the jug with water. Go to a playground with a friend as an observer. Find a 1_4 high place and make sure nobody is standing directly below. Take your finger off the holee and drop the jug. What does the observer see happening to the flow of S-1 water during the drop?
40..,Sky divers are in a state of free-fall only at the beginning of the jump. 0 Think of ways in whicha sky 4 diver could speed up or slow down the descent. Which body positions would be best for speed? Which would be best for hanging in 1_4 the air? r r, 4 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovatio the National Science Teachers Association. 12.56 SHOW NUMBER
NEW1ONSWhy would you choose one bridge design over another? How do bridges stay up? What different kinds of 110APPIE. bridges are built? What is a truss?
"London Bridge is falling down, falling down, falling down." We all know the first verse to that David finds out that a properly designed nursery rhyme. But have you ever heard this one: "Set a man to watch all night, watch all night, bridge made from dry watch all night"? People once felt that a bridge required a human spirit. They sometimes buried pasta can actually support his weight. 1a human sacrifice in the bridge's foundation, so that the spirit could "watch all night." Fortu- nately, we no longer sacrifice a night watchman when we build these structures. But there is still Segment length: 8:19 more to bridges than meets the eye. Bridge builders choose from one of several types of bridges or combine two or more. Three basic Burns, M. (1982) Math for 0 types are the arch, span, and suspension. The structural elements in a bridge are subjected to smarsy pants. Boston: Little, various compression and tension forces. Something bearing weight or being pushed together is Brown and Company. under compression while something being pulled apart is under tension. Clarke, D. (Ed.) (1979) The In an arch bridge, compression pushes the weight away from the arch and against the side walls encyclopedia of how itS built. New York: A & W Publishers, Inc. and the stones of the arch itself. The Romans were first to build arch bridges, and some of their t4bridges and aqueducts still stand today. Corbett, S. (1978) Bridges. New York: Four Winds Press. Span bridges consist of beams and/or trusses resting on supports or piers. When the span length would require a very large or heavy beam to support the loads, a truss system is often used. Since Spangenburg, R. (1991) The a truss is composed of triangles (the strongest polygons because their shapes cannot be story of America's bridges. New York: Facts on File. distorted), a truss bridge can support heavy loads with its relatively small weight. Stephens, J. (1976) Thwers, A suspension bridge hangs from cables firmly anchored at each of its ends. Towers positioned at bridges, and other structures. New regular intervals along the span also support it. The main elements of suspension bridges, the York: Sterling Publishing cables, are in tension. The trusses hang from the cables and the trusses, in turn, support the Company. deck. Trusses in these bridges provide stiffness to their decks. Suspension bridges are generally Stix, G.(1993,Apr) Concrete used for long spans. solutions. Scientific American, pp. 102-112. Engineers need to accommodate torsion in their bridge designs. What causes a bridge to twist? Wind. An example of torsion was the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in the state of Washington. A TVOntario videotape: Trussworthy. Landscape of suspension bridge without open trusses, this bridge twisted in the breeze. One day, the bridge Geomeny series. TV Ontario: twisted so violently in the wind that its center span collapsed. Since then, engineers test bridge (800) 331-9566. models in wind tunnels prior to construction and build their decks more stiffly. Whitney, C. (1983) Bridges. When determining what type of bridge to build, engineers evaluate terrain and length of span. New York: Greenwich House.
In addition, bridges change as our needs and resources change. Engineers constantly look for Wollomir, R. (1994, Jan) Inside ways to improve bridge designs and materials. During the recent earthquakes in California, for the lab and out, concrete is more example, engineers analyzed highway overpasses to find ways to make them stronger. than it's cracked up to be. Smithsonian, pp. 22-31. Why is it important to know whether parts of a bridge will be subjected to tension or compression? Additional sources of infirmation Design kits such as Structures or Why is a triangle the strongest polygon? The Structures Kit (found in teacher resource catalogs)
compression the act of pressing or pushing span portion of a bridge between two supports Roebling Chapter of the Society deck platform extending horizontally that often stress the force acting on a body divided by the for Industrial Archaeology carries the roadway body's cross-sectional area. Force per unit area. do Bierce Riley engineer person who uses mathematical and tension the act of stretching or pulling 19 Budd Street Morristown, NJ 07961 scientific principles to design and construct efficient torsion the act of twisting structures and machines truss a rigid triangular framework Communily resources girder a horizontal beam used for support Architect
Civil engineer 270 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with 12.57 the National Science Teachers Association. Bridging the Future Hold your own contest to design, build, and test a bridge. VINFRY Engineers first create a blueprint and model of3. Present your bridge to the large group. a bridge before they begin construction. Explain the rationale behind your design. SHOW NUMBER Models enable them to test the design of their 4. With all the groups together, test the bridges. Often, engineering companies must bridges for length, height, and strength. 1213 compete to win a contract. For their presentations, they explain features of their Questions designs with blueprints and models. For the individual groups: Concrete supports many c 1. How did you come up with the initial our bridges and overpasse! Materials design for your bridge? How is it holding up? Ice graph paper and road salt affect concre 2. Did your design change as you built your bridges. Read "Concrete pencils bridge? Solutions" by Gary Stix poster board (2' x 3')one 3. Which geometric shapes did you use in (Scientific American, April sheet per group your bridge? Why? 1993) and "Inside the lab scissors 4. How does the strength of the bridge and our, concrete is more glue than it's cracked up to be" compare to the weight of the bridge? by Richard Wollornir tape 5. Would you make any changes in the (Smithsonian, January string design of your bridge? 1994). What are the pros and cons of building 1. Each group will design and build a For the large group: bridges with concrete? WI freestanding bridge for a transportation system is it better than steel? Whs 1. Which bridge was the longest? Tallest? is reinforced concrete? of the future. First decide what type of Strongest? Heaviest? Why? transportation will cross the bridge and what 2. What materials do you envision being used type of bridge you will build. Create a in future bridges? blueprint of the bridge on graph paper. 3. How can computers help 2. Using your blueprint, create a dethgn bridges? model of your Invite a civil engineer to bridge from the 40-talk to your class about poster board. bridges. What types of bridges exist in your area? Each group is trdrAdd'AIWA :4" I&MI MIMI Which mathematics and only allowed one r rAlWallr -wq;raii science courses did the sheet of poster irP4 engineer take to prepare fo board, so measure a career in engineering? carefully before you What tools do engineers use to design bridges and cut. The only other other structures? materials you can use in the construction of your bridge are tape, glue, and string.
The longest cable suspension bridge is 1,410 meters (4,626'). Because its towers stand exactly Test compression, perpendicular to Earth's surface, 140-tension, and they are 3.49 cm (1 3/8") out of torsion on different parallel to allow for the Earth's materials. First, take a curvature. In a plane, two lines strip of Styrofoam perpendicular to the same line 10 cm x 38 cm (4" x 15"). are parallel. Why does this Ask someone to hold the ends change when you work with a so you can press down gently on curved surface? By the way, the 15"1 top to test compression. Hold each end Akashi-Kaikyo bridge in Japan, and pull it apart to test tension. Hold the two ends and twist to which will open in 1998, will be test torsion. What were the results of your tests? Find materials 1,990 meters (6,528') long! that are strong in tension, weak in compression, and vice versa. 40 i
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.58 3M Innovatio the National Science Teachers Association. What is an earthquake? Where do SHOW NUMBER most earthquakes occur in the NEWTON'S world? How do you measure earthquakes and what determines APPLE® how much damage they will cause? Earthquakes Why do earthquakes happen? -- Picture it. You're sitting on the sofa watching another fun-packed episode of NEWTON'S David probes the causes of earthquakes. APPLE when out of nowhere, you hear a dull roar. The room starts to shake, pictures fall off the wall, and for a few seconds it seems you've lost your sense of balance. Suddenly, all is quiet. Segment Length 7:59 0 Was it an explosion? Did a truck crash into your house? Finally, the announcement comes over the televisionyou have just survived an earthquake. Could this really happen to you? If you live in California, it happens fairly often. But what if you live in places like North Dakota, Florida, or New York? Are you safe? 0 Beatley, T. & Berke, P. (1992/93, TJ Well, don't get too comfortable. Earthquakes can happen in many places, although they are Winter) Time to shake up earthquake planning. Science c5- concentrated in certain areas. T echnology, pp. 82-89. An earthquake occurs when two parts of Earth's lithosphere slide past, away from, or into each O Bolt, B. (1993) Earthquakes (3d. other. According to current theory, Earth's surface is made up of many large slabs of crust ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. called plates, which ride like giant rafts on semifluid rock below. Geologists believe that the plates are driven by large convection currents created by heat generated deep within Earth by Coch, N. & Ludman, A. (1991) Physical geology. New York: the radioactive decay of certain elements. While most earthquakes happen at plate boundaries, Macmillan. some occur in the middle of a plate. Davidson, K. (1994, May) Just as the continents have moved, plate boundaries have also changed. Over the years, Earth's Predicting earthquakes. Earth lithosphere has been split up and put together many times, leaving millions of:scars or faults. Magazine, pp. 56-63. Many of these old faults are static, but every so often stresses build up because of rock Earthquakes. (1989) Educational movement in the mantle, causing a fault to rupture and an earthquake to occur. materials produced by NSTA and FEMA. To order, phone Today, geologists use two different scales to measure how strong an earthquake is. The Richter (800) 722-NSTA. scale measures the actual size (or amplitude) of the wave generated by a particular earthquake Robinson, A. (1993) Earth shock. on a seismograph. This is an indirect measure of the amount of energy released by the London: Thames & Hudson. earthquake. A one-point increase on the Richter scale equals a tenfold amplitude of wave increase, which equals approximately 32 times more earthquake energy. Ross, K. (1992, Fall) Shake tables in the classroom. Science A second type of scale, the modified Mercalli intensity scale, measures the amount and type of Teachers Bulktin, pp. 20-25.
damage that earthquakes do to buildings and other structures, and their effects on humans. 3-2-1 Classroom Contact Because of these differences in measurements, an earthquake with a low Richter magnitude videotape: Earth is change. GPN: reading that occurs in a densely populated area like Los Angeles can actually have a higher (800) 228-4630. Mercalli value or intensity than a high-magnitude quake in a desolate region like Antarctica. Additional sources of information What do you think would happen to your community if it were hit by a Richter magnitude-8 National Earthquake r. Information Service earthquake? What structures would be damaged? What evacuation plans could you make? U.S. Geological Survey How could you earthquake-proof your classroom? Box 25046MS 967 What are the pros and cons of releasing earthquake predictions to the public? Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 (800) 525-7848
Community resources convection current very slow movement of rock lithosphere outer solid portion of Earth College geology professor within Earth's mantle caused by heating and including the crust and uppermost mantle cooling mantle the zone inside Earth between the solid State geologic survey for epicenter the point on Earth's surface directly outer crust and the inner core geological maps above the focus of an earthquake seismograph a device for measuring and fault a crack in rock or soil along which there recording vibrations from earthquakes has been movement caused by stress subduction zone an area where one tectonic focus the point inside Earth which is the source plate (usually part of the ocean) is going down of the earthquake under a second plate 272 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is aproductionof KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.59 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. All Shook Up INAN-31tri Design and build an earthquake-proof structure.
One of the main causes of damage in an 3. Place the structure on the middle of the earthquake is the collapse of buildings not shake tray and see how it stands up to your SHOW NUMBER strong enough to withstand the shaking. quake. Try building several different designs to "4 Engineers and architects try to design see if one particular shape stands up better 1213 H buildings rigid enough to withstand the shock, than the rest. but flexible enough to give a little under the 4: Hold a design competition with your stress. By building and testing different friends. See who can build an earthquake- g models, they can "shake down" their ideas and proof structure using the least amount of ctsee which one "stands" the test of time. material. 5. Try varying the amount of time and the Materials strength of the shaking by how hard you pull 40 coffee stirrers or cocktail straws on the insert and how tight you stretch the Make a model of Earth's 40 mini marshmallows rubber bands. insides to see how plate a metric ruler r4tectonics work. The next 2 shallow cardboard boxes (the trays Questions time you cook oatmeal used for cases of soda cans work well) 1. What structural shapes seem to survive for breakfast, try placing a pair of scissors quakes best? Can you think of any existing some crackers on top of it while it simmers. Scatter 10-20 marbles buildings that use this type of design? them around and watch 4 short rubber bands 2. What type of earthquake motion was your ' how they move. Is there stapler shake tray simulating? Are there other motions any pattern to your in a quake? How might you duplicate them? continental cracker 1. Before building your models, you must first 3. Do you think that it is possible to build an collisions? build a shake tray. Place one cardboard box on earthquake-proof structure? Why or why not? a table and, with the scissors, cut the bottom 4. How does the amount of shaking time out of the second box so that it fits inside the affect building damage? first box with a 2-cm clearance around each 5. How does the strength of the shaking affect Make a plate tectonic side. Place the marbles in the first box and rest building damage? model of Earth by the cut piece of cardboard on top of them. Use tracing the present-day the stapler to attach one rubber band to each Adapted with permission from activity by Katharyn outlines of continents inside corners of the first box and then to the Ross, National Center for Earthquake Engineering from a map onto a Research, State University of New York at Buffalo. corners of the cardboard piece of heavy insert. The rubber bands construction paper. Cut out the different should be taut, but not land masses and see if overstretched. To start the you can put them back tray shaking, pull the insert together again. If you toward one side of the box and let try really hard, you it go. might be able to reunite Gondwanaland. 2. Using the marshmallows and straws (or stirrers) as building elements, assemble a structure that measures at least 50 cm high.
Conduct an earthquake drill for your family or school. What are the proper steps to take? Where should you go for cover? What materials should you store in advance?
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.60 3M Innovatio the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE Animals Vedgehog . Naturalist Nancy Gibson, host David Heil, and field Show- 1ZOG reporter Peggy Knapp, meet some fascinating ract or fiction? Red rog animals in season 12. The first thing you notice about a hedgehog is its Show- 111 pincushion of quills. To protect itself, the hedgehog erects its quills by using its strong skin muscles. Cunning (and These muscles also help the What terms come to mind when describing foxes? Wily? hedgehog draw its body Clever? Quick? As the most widespread member of the dog into a ball, like pulling family, the red fox deserves its reputation as a resourceful, a drawstring tight opportunistic forager. Surprisingly, the red fox compares with around the opening smaller cats in its hunting behavior and certain body features. of a bag. In this What techniques would the fox use to hunt rodents, curled-up rabbits, mice, fish, or even position, the spine- earthworms? Discuss the covered skin on the back and sides protect the . advantages of these fox animal's vulnerable underparts. What predator would behaviors or characteristics: want to bother this prickly character! Hedgehogs and stalking, surprise attacks, other small mammals have inspired writers and' long whiskers, catlike fur- artists over the centuries. Authors Beatrix Potter and covered paws, semi- Lewis Carroll made hedgehogs famous in their retractile claws, and children's books. Now you create a story for young vertical-slit pupils. children about hedgehogs. African Elephants Show- 3201 noniodo Dragon rriinhson the move Show- 1209 Next to its great size, the elephant's most remarkable feature is its kleating Up trunk. This extended, muscular upper lip (sometimes as wide as three feet at its base) serves as a combination nose, hand, arm, tool, and The largest of all living lizards, the Komodo food and water gatherer. In addition, the dragon grows to 300 centimeters (10 feet) long trunk greets, caresses, threatens, and weighs up to 135 kilograms (300 pounds). amplifies vocalization, and works It's well equipped for surviving as the top predator as a snorkel. With it, an on the small island of Komodo. Because it is a elephant can pick up a single reptile, however, it must thermoregulate its body leaf or suck up as much as during the day, increasing or decreasing its 72-90 liters (19-24 temperature to function properly. The critical gallons) of water each day. temperature of 41.7°C (107°F) is the highest Design an elephant temperature the dragon can tolerate. Locate the without a trunk, and show island of Komodo (see Indonesia) on a map. how it could perform all What techniques could this lizard use to stay the work normally done within a "preferred temperature range"? A with a trunk. How many Komodo dragon must travel in search of prey and new features did it take to can eat an entire boar in a quick meal. Predict replace the trunk? how it might spend the rest of the day. 274 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television.. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. 12.61 Snalses Shoia- 12,10 Siberian Tiger Sho.s.r 12,07 Various arrangements of colors, patterns, or VaniShing before our eyeS shapes mark many snakes' bodies. For some Disruptive coloration, a form of camouflage, helps conceal this snakes, the color scheme sends a warning large cat within its habitat. The stripes reduce the prey's ability "Poisonousstay away from me." Other to perceive the outline of the tiger's body. To illustrate this nonpoisonous snakes mimic the basic principal of coloration, conduct this appearance of the poisonous snakes experiment. Draw a simple animal figure, by using the same markings to using three colors. Note that on a white scare away predators. For background all three colors are visible. example, the poisonous Cut the drawing out and placeit coral snake and against a background that matches the docile, any one of its colors. See how nonpoisonous the silhouette isaltered scarlet king snake Unfortunately, the advantage of have similarly its cryptic coat cannot help marked bodies. Obtain an the endangered tiger survive poaching, loss of habitat, and an identification book on increasing human population. snakes. List the differences Learn more about what is between poisonous and being done to save the nonpoisonous snakes in your state. Siberian tiger. Are some of these snakes considered mimics? Why? Utallabies Tasmanian Devil S1041 12,05 Sho-cw 12,04 Leaping locomotion rer8cious marsupial With its "spring-loaded" method of locomotion, the wallaby is one of a menagerie of incredible animals As a carnivore and scavenger, the Tasmanian devil living in Australia. The wallabyand its larger has a fierce reputation. Its powerful teeth crush relative, the kangaroosurvive so well on this and chew all parts of its prey with ease, even the continent because they have an ample food supply of bones! With gusto it grasses and leaves, can devours carrion or I //T. go long periods of almost any living time without creature, including water, and have sheep and few natural poultry. predators. And, of What other course, their animals have strong, powerful reputations as thighs and fierce? List the disproportionately reasons for your choices. Does the fact that an long hind feet allow them to cover a lot of ground. animal is a predator influence your decision? Describe Australia's location, climate, and landscape. Why are these "fierce predators" important to the Why is it the home of the largest assortment of ecosystem and what will determine how well they marsupials in the world? survive? Resources
Buron, M. (1969) The hedgehog. London: Deutsch. Lindcn, E. (1994, Mar 28) Tigers on the brink. Time. pp. Nowak, R. (Ed.)(1991) Walkeri mammah of the world. 44-51. Baltimore: johns Hopkins University Press. Cajacob, T & and Burton, T. (1986) Close to the wild: Siberian tigers in a zoo. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, Inc. Lurz, D. & Lutz. J.M.(1991) Komodo: The living dragon. Weidensaul, S. (1992, Nov/Dec) Red shadows. Country Salem,OR:Dimi Press. Journalpp.35-36. Culler, ER. (1992) The Tasmanian devilAustralia: St.David's Park Publishing. Macdonald, D. (Ed.) (1984) Encyclopedia of mamma& New York: Facts on File. ) We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Teln Public Television.. Made possible by a grant froml.' 1/4. educational use! 3M Innovatic Educational materials developed with 12.62 the National Science Teachers Association. Science Try Its Tiy these experiments and observe what happens. Guess why it happens and compare your results to those on the back of the page.
TRY iv
M.ake a Barometer Now you can try NEWTONS APPLE On a rainy or stormy day, flip an empty soda experiments at home. bottle upside down into a glass measuring cup that has a spout and contains some colored water. The bottle must fit snugly 7n IT! in the measuring cup so that the lip of the Motorize a Paper Fish bottle will not touch the bottom of the Trace the following fish shape on a piece of cup. Make sure that the water in the cup paper and cut it out. Set the paper fish in a pan extends into the neck of the bottle. Mark of water. Drop a tiny amount of vegetable oil or a line on the cup to indicate the water detergent into the hole in the fish. level within the bottle. When the What happens? weather turns sunny, reexamine the water level within the bottle. Did it change? Why?
TRY TRY It! Listen to Taking Both Sides Vibrations Cut a 5-cm (2") strip lengthwise from an old Use a rubber band to newspaper. Holding the strip out straight, give it a half secure a metal spoon twist (180 degrees) and attach the two ends together. to the midpoint of a 2' Take a pen and carefully draw a line along the center string. Wrap the ends of the strip. Where do you end up? Is the line drawn of the string around on the inside or your index fingers. Rest outside of the your index fingers in paper? Now your ears. Rock your body so cut the that the spoon taps against the strip side of a table. along the What do you hear? line you drew. How many chains do you get? 276
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.63 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. T.R-si- IT! 713..'t IT! Soak Some Spuds T Catch a Bird Draw a picture of your Slice a small potato lengthwise into several pieces favorite bird on a small index that each have two flat sides. Place some of the card. On another card the pieces in one dish and the rest in another. Fill same size, draw a cage. Now both dishes with water. Add tape the two cards, drawing two tablespoons of sides out, on opposite sides of salt to one of a pen. Spin the pen between the dishes, your hands or fingers. Is your and label bird still free or it "salt did you water." Let catch it the potatoes and put soak for 15 it in minutes. the Compare the cage? potatoes. Is there a difference in firmness? Why?
The Science Behind "ScienceTry Its" Why do plugged Why do you have a strip with ears hear noises? Why does the water only one side? When the metal spoon taps against level change? Your chain is called a Mobius strip, which is a shape the table, it sends a vibration up described by a science called topology. When you The amount of air within the bottle is the string, through your fingers, twisted your strip, the inside and outside became one fixed at whatever the atmospheric and into your ears. Your eardrums continuous surface. And when you cut the strip, it pressure was on the day you turned the pick up the vibrations and send became one longer chain but still had only one them to your brain where they are bottle upside down. The pressure on the continuous surface. (Try the experiment again and give translated into sound. surface of the water depends on the the paper a full twist. You'll be surprised by the results.) current air pressure. As the weather becomes drier, the air pressure increases, forcing the water to rise in the bottle. Why does the fish move Why does the bird across the water? appear to be in the cage? Why does a potato become It appears to be caged because of how your eyes All liquids have a certain amount of surface limp in salt water? and brain work. When you see the image of the tension, a property that causes a liquid Through osmosis, water moves from areas of low bird, your brain holds onto the image for a surface to behave like an elastic skin. The salt concentrations to areas of high salt short timeeven though the image appears and vegetable oil or detergent decreases the concentrations. Adding salt to the water creates a disappears quickly. The same thing happens water's surface tension. If different parts of higher salt concentration in the dish than in the with the image of the cage. The two images the fish have contact with different surface potato. Consequently, water in a potato that is actually overlap in your brain so the bird tensions, the fish will be propelled. soaking in salt water migrates out, leaving behind appears to be in the cage. a limp spud!
r--1 To receive the entire 12th season NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials packet please write: NEWTON'S APPLE do NSTAMarketing Division 1840 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22201 12.64 3M Innovation Nowyou can do NEWTON'S APPLE Vhat part of your body at home! acts as a compass? A. Big toe 1. Vliat food contains the B. Eyes same chemical that the C. Nose brain produces id-hen D. Pointer finger people fall in. love? A. Oysters B. Grapes 4. Vhat is the largest C. Chocolate D. Roast beef human organ? A. Brain ;44^ B. Heart C. Stomach 3. Vow- many bees does it talSe D. Skin to mahe a jar of honey? A. 5,300 6. Vo.i many bones does B. 12 the average adult have? C. 1,000 D. 53,000 A. 87 B. 156 C. 206 D. 931
5. Vac,- much blood does your heart pump in an average day? A. 100 gallons B. 500 gallons C. 1,500 gallons D. 2,500 gallons
273
We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Educational materials developed with 12.65 3M Innovation the National Science Teachers Association. . Nyip,S4 ti 2,. Conapass? All humans have a trace amount of iron in their noses; 1. Love food? this helps them "sense" the earth's magnetic field. Many Chocolate contains the same people have the ability to use these magnetic deposits to chemical orient themselveseven when blindfoldedto within a phenylethylaminethat few degrees of the North Pole, exactly as a the brain produces when compass does. Now if we can find people fall in love. By something that points to
stepping up the heart beat where the pizza is.... and the body's energy levels, the Wer chemical causes a happy, slightly dreamy feeling. W000! W000! 4. Largest organ? 3. Bees and Voney? The skin is the largest organ. Measured as a whole, It takes about 5,300 bees to gather the skin weighs 6 pounds and covers about 20 enough nectar to make a pound of square feet on an average adult male. All of us honey. The average busy bee will only completely change our outer skin about every 27 produce about 1 /12 teaspoon (or .013 days. This adds up to almost 1,000 new outer ounces) of honey in its lifetime. No skins in a lifetime. By the time we are 70 years wonder they always look and sound as old, we've shed an average of 40 pounds. This beats some diet programs. busy as...BEES!!
5. Blood pumped? Each day your heart pumps, on average, 1,500 gallons of blood. In a lifetime, 6. Bones? the heart pumps enough blood to fill -isBabies are born with 350 bones, many 13 super tankers, each Oftlir of which fuse during growth, so upon holding one million 0reaching adulthood the number of barrels. Blood takes about Ear bones drops to only 206 There is a 16 seconds to be pumped 1410.4.eso,:- strange exception: one out of every from the heart to the toes tot 100 people has an extra rib (most and back again. commonly found in men). 41.411 NilAl Obviously, they must be able to take a good ribbing. TM
To receive the entire 12th season NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials packet please write: NEWTON'S APPLE do NSTA - Marketing Division 1840 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22201 12.66 3M Innovation Transparency Master
We've enlarged four Show 1203 illustrations from our lesson pages to assist you in making
transparencies for your Island rises above flight deck classroom. Some helpful Arrester cables for stopping Plane about to land hints on making and using planes atter landing transparencies are included at Bridge, where officers steer and direct the the bottom of each page. Lift
Plane being catapulted tor takeoff Rudder for steering
Propeller
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Hints for making clear transparencies. Make a copy of the original to work from (enlarge, if necessary). Use a thermofax or copier to make the transparency. Add color with a marker or color transparency film.
We encourage duplication for 280 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Madc possible by a grant from 3M. 12.673M Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. Show 1212
Standing Still Ascent Descent
weight of (student name)
weight of (student name)
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Transparency Master Show 1213 sprififitii!Ablate grPA-
Hints for using transparencies in your classrOom. Keep it simple. Make it interactive by leaving out some information and soliciting ideas from the class to fill in the blanks. Keep your students' attention by providing handouts only after you've finished your presentation. 9 C, g.. We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with 12.68 the National Science Teachers Association. Show 1201 NEWTON'S APPLE 12th Season Show 1207 RobinKarateHang GlidingLeach Science of the Rich 'n' Famous SiberianBlueFloodsDinosaur Seas Tiger Extinction Do you have a question about the world A Guiae Ertio-yiIevc3 ArcticSledShowElephant Project Dogs 1202 Special PanningAntibioticsInternetShow 1208 for Gold around you? Write us at: -EWTON'S APPLV ArcticLife Travel in Camp Taxidermy NEWTON'Sc/o Twin Cities APPLE Public Television .7t liorne Arctic Weather EthnobotanyShow 1209 P.O. Box 1200 ,wrft.t.,V AircraftShowCarrierBrain 1203 Carrier Life ShowKomodoInventor'sHubble 1210Telescope Dragons Fair St. Paul,172 Fourth MN 55101 Street SunscreensGarlicShowBrain 1204 Mapping SnakesSkippingPhotographyRaptor Stones Hospital We'll send reruns and may answer you a guide to our MovieShowTasmanian Dinosaurs1205 Devil MonumentsElectricityRedwoodsShow 1211 your questionon the show! WallabyScottBread Hamilton Chemistry Science of the Rich 'n' Famous ShowPrintingRed Fox1212 Money GlobetrottersSunMovieShow Sound1206 ScienceEffects of the ShowNatureGravity 1213Labs NEWTON'S APPLE is-a production of Twin Cities Public Television, Peggy Knapp, andyourNaturalist host scienceDavid Nancy Heil questions answerGibson, in Seasonfield reporter 12 of Hedgehog Rich 'n' Famous ) 82 GrizzlyChromakeyEarthquakesBridges Bear Saint Paul/Minneapolis and is made possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE! 283 Try these activities with your family and friends! Science Try It! at family.ofNEWTON'S our viewers We've APPLE createdwatch our thisis proud show special asthat guidea many to Cut astraight, 5-cmTaking (2") give strip it a lengthwisehalf Bothtwist (180 from degrees)Sides anold newspaper. Holding the. strip out 'VJ ihi EarthquakesShow 1213 Make a model of the inside of Earth and whattuneour to 12th inexpect at season home each toand week. help to letyou(Although you remember know to center ofIs the linestrip.and drawn Where attach on do thethe you pen twoinside endand ends orup?carefully together.outside draw Take a linea along the see how plate tectonics work.you cookNext timeoatmeal, warmsimmer it to a slowand scatter some top.crackers Watch on how they move. Is there We'veexpectwith NEWTON'S alsothe unexpected.)developed APPLE, some funyou'll science learn to of the paper? Now cut the strip along the line you drew. How many chainsdo you get? any pattern cracker collisions? to your continental familyactivities and that frierids. you can You do can with also your try the CT/4%, Baking powderShow 1205 is a chemical leaveningBread agent. Chemistry andthe"Science show.pencil (You handy Try It"may while activities want you're to thatkeep watching appear a paper on 0 Read the label on a baking powder product towhat learn ingredientsbaking powdertablespoon it contains. one of of Put water your a tablespoon overhands. the Now powder. of pour What a did Pleaseto writehear check how down your with the experimentsdirections.)your local PBS We'd turned station love out! Why do Cr., y you see, hear, and feel?with Repeat this activity Compare the results. baking soda and vinegar. NEWTON'Sfor the exact datesAPPLE and airs times in yourthat area. If shapewithYouryou chaindescribed have only is called by aone ascience Mobiusstrip side?called strip, topology. which is a Show 1203 el schedulethemSeason to of 12 find your doesn't out local when appear PBS they station,in theplan Fall call to run1994 whenoutsideWhen youyou became cut twisted the one strip, your continuous it strip, became the surface. insideone longer Andand r.- .) difficult?don't possible use. Which For with a day, theBrair/ hand tasks try doing are particularly you as muchnormally as 1Z-1 0 (e.g.,referit. If you to1201 it call by for theto "Hang ask show for Gliding"). number a particular listed show, full(Trychain twist. the but experiment stillYou'll had be only surprised again one and continuous by give the results.)the papersurface. a thewhen challengesuch Do as tyingthey learnyou think young new actions,this is children similar face to /...i,:el 0 .4 28-i NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of Twin Cities Public Television, Saint Paul/Minneapolis and is made possible by pouring juice theirinto a glass?shoes or a grant from 3M. 285 3M and Science Education
3M recognizes its responsibilities as a corporate citizen by The Technical Teams supporting educational, cultural, community, health, and human Encouraging Career services activities in communities where 3M has a major presence. Horizons (TECH) program Support of NEWTON'S APPLE is only one example of its encourages students to commitment to science education. explore technical careers by is- bringing 3M scientist and For over 40 years, the 3M Technical Forum organization has engineering role models guided employees in volunteer outreach programs designed to into the middle and junior encourage students from kindergarten through college to consider high school classroom. TECH is recognized careers in science and nationally for emphasis on encouraging young =NM. engineering. Today, the 3M women in scientific careers. Technical Forum Science Encouragement Programs cover STEP (Science Training Encouragement a broad scope. Program) is a partnership between 3M and the St. Paul School District, providing classroom Through the award-winning 3M instruction and summer jobs to minority and Visiting Wizard program, more tag disadvantaged students. Through STEP, than 250,000 elementary and ;.4 students earn credit toward graduation and are secondary school children have 1 MI introduced to culturally diverse, modern-day been shown the fun of science 0! _ . .4.-1, heroes. through hands-on, high-quality, educationally-sound, science Science Student Recognition Day invites two enrichment demonstrations. Every year, the Wizards also sponsor a outstanding high school seniors and teachers from local schools to science sharing resource fair for elementary teachers in Minnesota a shadow program with 3M scientists and engineers. and western Wisconsin. Through TWIST Richard G. (Teachers Working in Drew Creativity Science and Award Day is Technology), teachers named after from selected local Dick Drew, school districts spend scientist and six weeks working on inventor. High a challenging and school juniors active technical are nominated project in an by their industrial setting. science or math teachers While many of these programs are based at 3M headquarters for their creative flair and in St. Paul, some 3M plants at other locations around the world persistence intechnical or scientific pursuits. They spend the day have similar programs. For information about 3M Technical touring 3M labs, participating in a career panel, and listening to an Forum Science Encouragement Programs, call (612) 733-2508. expert speaker on creativity.
286 We encourage duplication for NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities educational use! Public Television. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 12.71 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with thc National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials Production Team National Science Teachers Association Lynae Berge, Outreach Coordinator Bill G. Aldridge, Executive Director Paddy Faustino, Outreach Assistant Karen Baker, Project Coordinator Sue Wichmann, Freelance Editor Brian Aldridge, Program Manager Jennifer Laughlin, Program Assistant Writing Team Julie A. Fisher, Ann Arbor, MI Advisory Panel Thomas A. Frei, Fargo, ND Jerry Bell, American Academy for the Advancement of Science Maria L. M. Hidalgo, St. Paul, MN Joan Dykstra, National Parent Teacher Association Cheryl Lani Juarez, Educational Technology Specialist, Miami Museum of Louise Hicks, Fairfax County Public Schools Science, Miami, FL Dale Marcellini, Washington Zoological Park Mike McClure, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Hopkinsville Phyllis Marcuccio, National Science Teachers Association Community College, Hopkinsville, KY William McDonald, Montgomery County Public Schools Pamela O'Brien, Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, MN Oakie Russell, Public Broadcasting Service Natalie Rusk, Science Museum of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Russell Wright, Montgomery County Public Schools Colleen M. Sauber, Freelance Writer, St. Paul, MN Caren Barzelay Stelson, Freelance Writer and Designer of Educational 3M/NEWTON'S APPLE Education Committee Curriculum, Edina, MN Richard Hanson John Huizinga Stephen M. Tomecek, Director, Science Plus Inc., Queens Village, NY Barbara Kaufmann, Chair Mary Hurlocker Bob Barton Patty Konsti Content Review Panel Harvey Berwin Gary Kwong Richard Aldridge, Aerospace Consultant, Fredericksburg, VA Sue Butzer Walt Lager Joan Armistead, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Reston, VA Yvonne Cadwallader Mike Lovejoy Louise Ashmun, Wasilla, AK Mary Chilinski Marlyce Paulson Alan R. Baker, M.D., Rockville, MD Peggy Dingman Margaret Barker, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY Clinton H. Brown, Montgomery County Public Schools, Rockville, MD NEWTON'S APPLE Staff Jeffrey C. Callister, Newburgh Free Academy, Newburgh City Schools, David Heil, Host Newburgh, NY Peggy Knapp, Field Reporter Rick Constant, Recreational Equipment Incorporated, Laurel, MD Nancy Gibson, Naturalist Robert S. Donaldson, Ellicott City, MD Richard Hudson, Executive Producer Janet Gerking, Larimie High School, Laramie, WY Doug Bolin, Series Producer Gregg M. Gochnour, Rockville, MD Kristian Berg, Senior Producer Linda Gojak, Hawken School, Lyndhurst, OH Dan Fiorucci, Segment Producer Heidi Hughes, Wild Bird Company, Rockville, MD Jeff Nielsen, Segment Producer Mario Iona, Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics, Gary Leatherman, Segment Producer University of Denver, CO Amy Kenefick, Associate Producer Michael Jay, Chancery Software Inc., Bellingham, WA Kim MacDonald, Associate Producer Fred Kaplan, Germantown, MD Darren Howelton, Production Assistant Steven Kostant, Girard Video, Washington, DC Kevin Williams, Production Assistant M. Sheila Marshall, National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA Tom Adair, Freelance Segment Producer Joan Braunagel McShane, Davenport Community Schools, Davenport, IA Linda Flynn, Freelance Segment Producer Melinda B. Mills, Science Department Head, Space Center Intermediate Leslie Kratz, Freelance Segment Producer School, Houston, TX Lynne Reeck, Freelance Segment Producer John Padalino, Pocono Environmental Education Center, Christine Maloney, Production Manager Dingmans Ferry, PA Meighan Maloney, Production Manager James Proctor, Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC Melissa Butts, Assignment Manager Don Scopel, Lt., U.S. Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT Candice Coleman, Production Office Coordinator C. Thomas Settlemire, Ph.D., Biology and Chemistry Depts., Lynae Berge, Outreach Coordinator Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME Karen Simon, U.S. Hang Gliding Association, Colorado Springs, CO Design Group Irwin L. Slesnick, Biology Department, Western Washington University, Steve Weil, Project Design Director Bellingham, WA Katie Osborn, Project Designer Dale Syphers, Professor, Physics Department, Bowdoin College, Jeff Brice, Illustrator, NEWTON'S APPLE 12th Season Poster Brunswick, ME J. Michael Gatlin, Illustrator, Lesson Pages Dennie Thorpe, Denmarc Productions, Fairfax, CA Stephen M. Tomecek, Director, Science Plus Inc., Queens Village, NY Michael L. Weiss, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD John Wilczak, HSC Software, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 4) 3
We encourage duplication for educational use! NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Twin Cities Public Television. lvitle possible by a grant from 3M. 3M Innovation Educational materials developed with the National Scicncc Teachers Association. 12.72 Seasons 9101112 Index
SUBJECT INDEX SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Acid Rain 910 9.39 - 9.40 African Elephants 1201 12.61 AIDS 1007 10.31 - 10.32 Air Bags 913 9.53 - 9.54 Air Pressure 1010 10.45 - 10.46 Aircraft Carrier 1203 12.17 - 12.18 Antarctica I 1006 10.2710.28 Antarctica II 1006 10.29 - 10.30 Antibiotics 1208 12.39 - 12.40 Archeology 1108 11.37 - 11.38 Archery 1009 10.4110.42 Arctic Survival 1202 12.13 - 12.14 Arctic Nutrition 1202 12.15 - 12.16 Aurora Borealis 1010 10.43 - 10.44
Bats 903 9.55 Bears 912 9.56 Polar 1112 11.62 Bends 1111 11.49 - 11.50 Bison Roundup 1110 11.4511.46 Black Holes 1102 11.15 - 11.16 Blood Typing 1012 10.5310.54 Bomb Squad 1104 11.23 - 11.24 Brain 1203 12.19 - 12.20 Brain Mapping- 1204 12.21 - 12.22 Bread Chemistry 1205 12.2712.28 Bridges 1213 12.57 - 12.58 Broken Bones 1008 10.3710.38
Camels 908 9.55 Cancer Causes 904 9.159.16 Cancer Treatments 905 9.21 - 9.22 Caribou 1005 10.59 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 1107 11.3511.36 Chimpanzees 1113 11.61 Cockroaches 1008 10.35 - 10.36 Collisions 913 9.539.54 Compact Discs 1111 11.51 - 11.52
288 vii SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Condors 1009 10.60 Cougars 1003 10.59 Cryogenics 1011 10.49 - 10.50
Dairy Farm 1109 11.43 - 11.44 Dams 1012 10.51 - 10.52 Diabetes 1013 10.5510.56 Diet , 1005 10.25 - 10.26 Dinosaur Extinction 1207 12.33 - 12.34 Dinosaurs I 906 9.239.24 Dinosaurs II 906 9.259.26 Dolphins 1108 11.61 Domed Stadium 907 9.27 - 9.28
Eagles 911 9.56 Earthquakes 1213 12.59 - 12.60 Election Polls 1003 10.1510.16 Electric Cars 1003 10.17 - 10.18 Electricity 1211 12.51 - 12.52 Elephants, African 1201 12.61 Emergency Rescue 1102 11.1311.14 Ethnobotany 1209 12.41 - 12.42
Family Guide (season 9) 9.59 - 9.60 Family Guide (season 10) 10.67 - 1068 Family Guide (season 12) 12.6912.70 Firefighting 1109 11.41 - 11.42 Floods 1207 12.35 - 12.36 Forests, Old-growth 1107 11.3311.34 Fox, Red 1211 12.61 Frisbee Physics 904 9.17 - 9.18
Galaxy Mapping 1013 10.57 - 10.58 Garbage 1112 11.53 - 11.54 Garlic 1204 12.23 - 12.24 Glass Recycling 1007 10.3310.34 Gravity 1212 12.55 - 12.56
Hang Gliding 1201 12.9 - 12.10 Heart Attack 1110 11.47 - 11.48 '42fTh SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Hedgehog 1206 12.61 High Jump 910 9.419.42 Hip Replacement 913 9.519.52 Hollywood Stunts 1002 10.11 - 10.12 Horses, Miniature 902 9.55 Household Chemistry 1002 10.1310.14 Hubble Telescope 1209 12.43 - 12.44 Hummingbirds 1103 11.61
In Vitro Fertilization 1103 11.19 - 11.20 Infrared Light 1112 11.5511.56 Internet 1208 12.37 - 12.38
Jumbo Jets 1105 11.25 - 11.26
Karate 1201 12.11 - 12.12 Komodo Dragon 1209 12.61
Lizards 1107 11.61 Llamas 909 9.56 Locks and Dams 1012 10.5110.52 Luge 901 9.7 - 9.8
Mazes .1108 11.39 - 11.40 Medical Quakeries 911 9.439.44 Memory 1103 11.17 - 11.18 Meteors 1105 11.27 - 11.28 Microwave Ovens 911 9.45 - 9.46 Monster Makeup 1004 10.1910.20 Money, Printing 1212 12.53 - 12.54 Mount Rushmore 1113 11.5711.58 Movie Dinosaurs 1205 12.2512.26 Movie Sound Effects 1206 12.2912.30 Mosquitoes 1104 12.62 Murder Mystery 903 9.139.14 Musk Ox 1002 10.59
Newspaper 1104 11.21 - 11.22 Nutrition 1005 10.25 - 10.26
29u ix SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Oil Spills 1005 10.23 - 10.24 Olympic Training Center 901 9.59.6 Omnimax 1009 10.39 - 10.40 Ostrich 1013 10.60 Otters, River 1109 11.62 Ox, Musk 1002 10.59 Owl, Spotted 1107 11.33 - 11.34 Ozone 1004 10.21 - 10.22
Penguins 1006/1012 10.59 Permafrost 1106 11.31 - 11.32 Photography 1210 12.4712.48 Photosynthesis 907 9.29 - 9.30 Pigs, Pot belly 913 9.56 Piranhas 1010 10.60 Printing Money 1212 12.53 - 12.54 Polar Bears 1112 11.62 Porcupines 905 9.55
Raptor Hospital 1210 12.45 - 12.46. Red Fox 1211 12.61 Redwoods 1211 12.4912.50 Reindeer 1102 11.62 Rhinoceros 1008 10.60 River Otters 1109 11.62 Rock Climbing 1101 11.9 - 11.10
Satellite Technology 1001 10.9 - 10.10 Science Subject Index (season 11) 11.7 - 11.8 Science Subject Index (season 12) 12.712.8 Science Try Its (season 9) 9.57 - 9.58 Science Try Its (season 10) 10.61 - 10.62 Science Try Its (season 11) 11.63. - 11.64 Science Try Its (season 12) 12.63 - 12.64 Season Index (season 9) 9.3 Season Index (season 10) 10.5 Season Index (season 11) 11.5 Season Index (season 12) 12.5 Sewer Science 905 9.19 - 9.20 Siberian Tiger 1207 12.62 9 1 SUBJECT INDEX
SHOW SUBJECT NUMBER PAGE(S)
Sky Blue 909 9.37 - 9.38 Slinky Physics 908 9.339.34 Snakes 1210 12.64 Solar Eclipse 912 9.499.50 Solar Powered Cars 902 9.99.10 Soviet Space 909 9.35 - 9.36 Smell 1101 11.11 - 11.12 Steroids 902 9.11 - 9.12 Street Smart (season 10) 10.6310.64 Street Smart (season 11) 11.6511.66 Street Smart (season 12) 12.65 - 12.66 Sun 1206 12.31 - 12.32 Surveys 1003 10.1510.16
Taste 1101 11.1111.12 Tasmanian Devil 1204 12.62 Tears 908 9.319.32 Telecommunications 912 9.47 - 9.48 Television 1001 10.710.8 Tiger, Siberian 1207 12.62 Traffic Control 1011 10.4710.48 Transparency Master (season 10) 10.65 - 10.66 Transparency Master (season 11) 11.6711.68 Transparency Master (season 12) 12.6712.68
Virtual Reality 1113 11.59 - 11.60
Wallabies 1205 12.62 Wolverines 1007 10.59 Wolves 1111 11.62 Windsurfing 1106 11.2911.30
292
xi atteachers Aire Saying*AbOut_ Newton;sApple Teal-tiers Guides:
`11'We NeWton's Apple materials engage students at a, level not achieved by ttOrksheets, videos
-reAding akme. Learning,Can't ".lelijt happe
.. "Excellent! Keep up the good .j,pb + of bringMqdeas and resources. . to* teacherAL 44, 1,0r- r ' t rep "Wery helpful ,and fun materials. Thank 3,ou!"
"Very useful to deverop lessons and direct.student-teacher discussion, wryten exercises easylo implement." .
"We reallY.,enjoy Newton's, Apple! We havg&tten**V. smiie good ideas for slicat'fair mt- jects frorti your activities."
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