DOCSLIB.ORG

Innovation Is in Ourdna Letter from Our Contents Page 12 Our Editor Features

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Innovation Is in Ourdna Letter from Our Contents Page 12 Our Editor Features Magazine for the Science & Technology Innovation Center in Middletown, NJ • Premier Edition Honoring the Past, Creating the Future Innovation is in ourDNA Letter from Our Contents page 12 our Editor Features 2 The History of AT&T 94 Data Transmssion — Fax Welcome to our Science & Technology Innovation Center of Middletown, New Jersey magazine premier edition. The new Innovation Center is a place 12 The Transistor 100 Cellular Phones of inspiration and learning from the history of AT&T and significant inventions that our company has created over the past 142+ years that contribute to 13 Bell Solar Cell 104 Project AirGig™ the advancement of humanity. Over my years at AT&T, I have spoken to many The Telstar Project Our Contributors people who never knew that AT&T had a history of innovation in so many 16 109 areas beyond the creation of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. Coax Cable 24 Throughout the years, AT&T has been a key player in local and long-distance 30 Fiber Optics in the AT&T Network voice telephony, motion pictures, computers, the cable industry, wireless, and Science & Technology broadband. AT&T has served the nation’s telecommunication needs and par- 34 Vitaphone and Western Electric ticipated in many technology partnerships in every industry throughout the globe. The breadth of technology and innovation goes on and on, but a 44 Picturephone Irwin Gerszberg few of the innovations you might see at our new Innovation Center include: Innovation ground-to-air radio telephony, motion picture sound, the Telstar satellite, Theseus Honoring the Past, Creating the Future AVP Advanced Technology Research 48 telephone switching, the facsimile machine, military radar systems, the AT&T Science & Technology transistor, undersea cable, fiber communications, Picturephone via T1’s, coin 50 A Short History of UNIX™ EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Innovation Center phones, touch-tone dialing, AMPS cellular phones, UNIX™ and C language Irwin Gerszberg programming. 55 Museum and Map [email protected] MANAGING EDITORS Pam Bogdan, Don Barnickel As a forward-thinking technology company, AT&T is continually re-inventing 58 Transmission Evolution itself. Innovation has been alive in our corporate DNA for the past 142+ years. ARCHIVISTS Sheldon Hochheiser, Melissa Wasson, While this magazine is a tribute to the great people that give us such a rich 64 Millimeter Waveguide William Coughlin history and future, it is my hope to inspire every person visiting the Innova- Undersea Transmission tion Center and reading this magazine to become a part of AT&T’s legacy of 68 ART DIRECTOR innovation. With the opening of our new Center, it will be the first time people John MacNeill 76 The Evolution of Switching will see many of the artifacts on permanent display to inspire the current and PHOTOGRAPHER all future generations of AT&T employees. 86 Telephone Booth Michael Mills ILLUSTRATOR Finally, I would like to thank our leadership and the many individuals who 90 Sharing the Conversation Jacqueline Bogdan made the Center and this magazine possible: our partners in this project, Hank Kafka, Scott Mair, Marachel Knight, Sihem Ben Saad, Middletown I2I; the AT&T Archivists — Sheldon Hochheiser, Bill Caughlin and Melissa Wasson; from Corporate Real Estate Jeff Onori and Chuck Ott; for help with Cen- ter media Barbara Laing and Dave Mahar; and the many volunteer authors, editors and other contributors who shared their spare time to produce the articles in this magazine. page 104 AT&TAT&T SCIENCE SCIENCE & & TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 1 The History A Company Grounded in Innovation of AT&T By Sheldon Hochheiser Welcome to this exploration of Morse code, but what he called an applied for and received a second AT&T’s long history of innovation. “undulating current,” a continuous patent for a practical telephone. AT&T was founded with an innova- electrical wave analogous in form tion — Alexander Graham Bell’s in- to the sound wave. By June 1875, he Bell, however, was not interested vention of the telephone in 1876, and had proven his idea by transmitting in business, so he left the commer- we have been innovating ever since speech sounds (but not intelligible cialization of his invention and the in the interests of using technology speech) down an electrical wire. This company founded to exploit it, the — telecommunications — to bring led Bell to file a patent application first Bell Telephone Company, in the people together. on February 14, 1876. The patent, hands of his chief financial backer #174765, was issued on March 7. and now father-in-law Gardiner The Birth of the Hubbard. Bell and his wife left for Telephone England on a long honeymoon. He Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scot- “Mr. Watson, come was 31, and never had to work for a land in 1847. By the early 1870s, he here; I want you!” living again. was living in Boston and working as a teacher of the deaf, a profes- The Telephone in the sion he learned from his father. Like Three days later on March 10, using 19th Century many young men with a technical a newly designed instrument, the Hubbard raised the capital to com- bent, he turned to the cutting-edge liquid transmitter, Bell succeeded mercialize the telephone primarily technology of the day, the electri- in transmitting the first intelligible by what we would call franchising — cal telegraph, as an area where he speech ever sent via electricity: “Mr. he licensed people in various cities could make his fortune by invention. Watson, come here; I want you!” to operate telephone businesses Along with a few others, he thought Thomas Watson, Bell’s assistant, under Bell’s patents. The first such of making the telegraph transmit heard it down the hall on his reed franchisee, George Coy of New speech rather than Morse code, receiver. Watson wrote this and Haven, CT, invented the telephone but unlike the others he combined several subsequent sentences down switchboard, and with it opened the his newly acquired knowledge of in his notebook, which is one of the world’s first telephone exchange in electricity with an understanding of treasures of the AT&T Archives and New Haven on January 28, 1878. The Alexander Graham Bell (1876) speech and hearing. In the summer History Center. It is so fragile that telephone caught on; by 1881 there Photo courtesy AT&T Archives and History Center of 1874, he had a key intellectual a replica is on display at the AT&T were telephone exchanges licensed breakthrough—what was needed Science and Technology Innova- in almost every place in the United was not the digital on-and-off of tion Center. The following year, Bell States with over 10,000 residents. By 2 | AT&T SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION AT&T SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 3 Theodore Vail (1915) then the parent company had been American Bell and became the par- can Bell, and later as the founding Photo courtesy AT&T Archives and History Center reorganized as the American Bell ent company of what soon began president of AT&T when it was the Telephone Company, and Hubbard to be referred to collectively as the long-distance subsidiary. Vail was a and the other initial owners had lost Bell System. Over the years, AT&T visionary, a firm believer in systems control of the business to a group acquired a controlling interest, and and networks. He fought the inde- of wealthy Bostonians. American then complete ownership of most of pendents by many means, including coils, placed according to a theory Bell and its franchisees continued its licensees, which it combined into the nation’s first public image adver- developed independently in 1899 to grow. In 1882, American Bell a smaller number of companies. tising campaign. He used the slogan by George Campbell at AT&T and acquired a majority interest in the “One Policy, One System, Universal Michael Pupin at Columbia Universi- Western Electric Company, a leading This followed the 1894 expiration Service” to convince the American ty reduced attenuation, permitting manufacturer of electrical equip- of Bell’s second patent at which people and government that the circuits of up to around 2,000 miles, ment. It became the sole supplier of time it became legal for others to United States would best be served such as one AT&T opened between telephone equipment to American open telephone exchanges. Within by having a single national telephone New York and Denver in 1911. What Bell and its licensees. Engineers a decade, over 6,000 independent system under AT&T control. He was needed was a way to amplify employed by Western Electric, such telephone companies had gone argued that the telephone, by the the signal. So, Carty hired a bright as Charles Scribner, made numerous into business across the United nature of its technology, was a nat- young physicist, Dr. Harold Arnold, in inventions to improve the telephone States, but while Bell’s market share ural monopoly where competition 1910 to work in the Western Electric system from multiple switchboards dropped from 100 percent to 50 was inherently inefficient. Govern- Engineering Department on an elec- to underground cables. percent, its number of subscribers ment regulation was the appropriate trical amplifier. In late 1912, indepen- increased by 700 percent as the tele- alternative. dent inventor Lee de Forest brought And after the success of an 1884 phone became democratized. his invention, the audion, the first long-distance line connecting New He succeeded, but with limits, when three-element vacuum tube to York and Boston, American Bell Theodore Vail—One AT&T Vice President Nathan Kings- AT&T. It would do a small amount of formed a subsidiary in 1885, the New Policy, One System, bury negotiated an agreement with amplification but would break down, York-based American Telephone Universal Service the U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Invention of the Transistor
    The invention of the transistor Michael Riordan Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 Lillian Hoddeson Department of History, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Conyers Herring Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 [S0034-6861(99)00302-5] Arguably the most important invention of the past standing of solid-state physics. We conclude with an century, the transistor is often cited as the exemplar of analysis of the impact of this breakthrough upon the how scientific research can lead to useful commercial discipline itself. products. Emerging in 1947 from a Bell Telephone Laboratories program of basic research on the physics I. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS of solids, it began to replace vacuum tubes in the 1950s and eventually spawned the integrated circuit and The quantum theory of solids was fairly well estab- microprocessor—the heart of a semiconductor industry lished by the mid-1930s, when semiconductors began to now generating annual sales of more than $150 billion. be of interest to industrial scientists seeking solid-state These solid-state electronic devices are what have put alternatives to vacuum-tube amplifiers and electrome- computers in our laps and on desktops and permitted chanical relays. Based on the work of Felix Bloch, Ru- them to communicate with each other over telephone dolf Peierls, and Alan Wilson, there was an established networks around the globe. The transistor has aptly understanding of the band structure of electron energies been called the ‘‘nerve cell’’ of the Information Age. in ideal crystals (Hoddeson, Baym, and Eckert, 1987; Actually the history of this invention is far more in- Hoddeson et al., 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • A HISTORY of the SOLAR CELL, in PATENTS Karthik Kumar, Ph.D
    A HISTORY OF THE SOLAR CELL, IN PATENTS Karthik Kumar, Ph.D., Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP 901 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001 [email protected] Member, Artificial Intelligence & Other Emerging Technologies Committee Intellectual Property Owners Association 1501 M St. N.W., Suite 1150, Washington, D.C. 20005 [email protected] Introduction Solar cell technology has seen exponential growth over the last two decades. It has evolved from serving small-scale niche applications to being considered a mainstream energy source. For example, worldwide solar photovoltaic capacity had grown to 512 Gigawatts by the end of 2018 (representing 27% growth from 2017)1. In 1956, solar panels cost roughly $300 per watt. By 1975, that figure had dropped to just over $100 a watt. Today, a solar panel can cost as little as $0.50 a watt. Several countries are edging towards double-digit contribution to their electricity needs from solar technology, a trend that by most accounts is forecast to continue into the foreseeable future. This exponential adoption has been made possible by 180 years of continuing technological innovation in this industry. Aided by patent protection, this centuries-long technological innovation has steadily improved solar energy conversion efficiency while lowering volume production costs. That history is also littered with the names of some of the foremost scientists and engineers to walk this earth. In this article, we review that history, as captured in the patents filed contemporaneously with the technological innovation. 1 Wiki-Solar, Utility-scale solar in 2018: Still growing thanks to Australia and other later entrants, https://wiki-solar.org/library/public/190314_Utility-scale_solar_in_2018.pdf (Mar.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Cells from Selenium to Sihcon: Powering the Future. Part 2 by C M Meyer, Technical Journalist
    GENERATION Solar cells from selenium to sihcon: Powering the future. Part 2 by C M Meyer, technical journalist An amazingly simple device, capable of performing efficiently nearly all the functions of an ordinary vacuum tube, was demonstrated for the first time yesterday at Bell Telephone Laboratories where it was invented. Known as the transistor, the device works on an entirely new physical principle discovered by the laboratories in the course of fundamental research into the electrical properties of solids.” Press release from Bell Telephone Laboratories announcing the first transistor, 1 July 1948 (Ref.6). The very first photoelectric cell was a pretty crude device. It was basically a large, thin layer of selenium that had been spread onto a copper metal plate, and covered with a thin, semitransparent gold-leaf film. Even by February 1953, the efficiency of such selenium cells was not very high: only a little less than 0,5%. Small wonder then that a more efficient substitute was needed. So it is hardly surprising that scientists working for Bell Telephone Laboratory, many on commercialising the newly discovered transistor, were aware of this need. One of them, Daryl Chapin, had begun work on the problem of providing small amounts of intermittent power in remote humid locations. His research originally had nothing to do with solar power, and involved wind machines, thermoelectric generators and small steam engines. At his suggestion, solar power was included in his research, almost as an afterthought. After obtaining disappointing results with a The first attempt to launch a satellite with the Vanguard rocket on 6 December 1957.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Manhattan/The Financial District
    05_773395 ch01.qxd 2/6/06 7:39 PM Page 7 • Walking Tour 1 • Lower Manhattan/The Financial District Start: Battery Park/U.S. Customs House. Subway: Take the 4 or 5 to Bowling Green, the 1 to South Ferry, or the R or W to Whitehall Street. Finish: African Burial Ground. Time: Approximately 3 hours. Best Time: Any weekday, when the wheels of finance are spin- ningCOPYRIGHTED and lower Manhattan is a maelstrom MATERIAL of activity. Worst Time: Weekends, when most buildings and all the finan- cial markets are closed. The narrow, winding streets of the Financial District occupy the earliest-settled area of 7 05_773395 ch01.qxd 2/6/06 7:39 PM Page 8 8 • Memorable Walks in New York Manhattan, where Dutch settlers established the colony of Nieuw Amsterdam in the early 17th century. Before their arrival, downtown was part of a vast forest, a lush hunting ground for Native Americans that was inhabited by mountain lions, bobcats, beavers, white-tailed deer, and wild turkeys. Hunters followed the Wiechquaekeck Trail, a path through the center that today is more often referred to as Broadway. This section of the city still centers on commerce, much as Nieuw Amsterdam did. Wall Street is America’s strongest symbol of money and power; bulls and bears have replaced the wild beasts of the forest, and conservatively attired lawyers, stockbrokers, bankers, and businesspeople have supplanted the Native Americans and Dutch who once traded otter skins and beaver pelts on these very streets. A highlight of this tour is the Financial District’s architec- ture, in which the neighborhood’s modern edifices and grand historical structures are dramatically juxtaposed: Colonial, 18th-century Georgian/Federal, and 19th-century neoclassical buildings stand in the shadow of colossal modern skyscrapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Army Radio Communication in the Great War Keith R Thrower, OBE
    Army radio communication in the Great War Keith R Thrower, OBE Introduction Prior to the outbreak of WW1 in August 1914 many of the techniques to be used in later years for radio communications had already been invented, although most were still at an early stage of practical application. Radio transmitters at that time were predominantly using spark discharge from a high voltage induction coil, which created a series of damped oscillations in an associated tuned circuit at the rate of the spark discharge. The transmitted signal was noisy and rich in harmonics and spread widely over the radio spectrum. The ideal transmission was a continuous wave (CW) and there were three methods for producing this: 1. From an HF alternator, the practical design of which was made by the US General Electric engineer Ernst Alexanderson, initially based on a specification by Reginald Fessenden. These alternators were primarily intended for high-power, long-wave transmission and not suitable for use on the battlefield. 2. Arc generator, the practical form of which was invented by Valdemar Poulsen in 1902. Again the transmitters were high power and not suitable for battlefield use. 3. Valve oscillator, which was invented by the German engineer, Alexander Meissner, and patented in April 1913. Several important circuits using valves had been produced by 1914. These include: (a) the heterodyne, an oscillator circuit used to mix with an incoming continuous wave signal and beat it down to an audible note; (b) the detector, to extract the audio signal from the high frequency carrier; (c) the amplifier, both for the incoming high frequency signal and the detected audio or the beat signal from the heterodyne receiver; (d) regenerative feedback from the output of the detector or RF amplifier to its input, which had the effect of sharpening the tuning and increasing the amplification.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Property Tax Commitment Book
    Farmington Personal Property Tax Commitment Book - 2019 19.980 8/30/2019 8:10 AM 2019 Taxes Receivable Page 1 Account Name & Address Category Breakdown Assessment Exempt Total Tax 164 101 PARK AVENUE 31,600 0 31,600 631.37 PARTNERS INC 200 SUMMIT LAKE DRIVE MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 31,600 FLOOR 2 VALHALLA NY 10595 1356 615 WILTON ROAD 342 3D GAMES 12,000 0 12,000 239.76 133 BROADWAY SUITE 1 FURNITURE & FIXTURES 10,500 OTHER 1,500 FARMINGTON ME 04938 133 BROADWAY 471 3M COMPANY 0 0 0 0.00 C/O RYAN LLC PO BOX 4900 DEPT 575 SCOTTSDALE AZ 85261 4900 357 82 HIGH STREET INC 3,500 3,500 0 0.00 103 SAWTELLE LANE FURNITURE & FIXTURES 2,700 MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 400 FARMINGTON COMPUTER, copiers etc 400 ME 04938 103 SAWTELLE LANE 1036 A POOCHS PARADISE 6,200 0 6,200 123.88 KEENE, SHELLY & WHITE, FURNITURE & FIXTURES 2,200 JEANNE 442 FARMINGTON FALLS MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 4,000 ROAD FARMINGTON ME 04938 442 FARMINGTON FALLS ROAD 368 ACME LAND SURVEYING LLC 49,900 45,200 4,700 93.91 108 FAIRBANKS ROAD FURNITURE & FIXTURES 13,800 SUITE 5 MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 29,900 FARMINGTON ME 04938 COMPUTER, copiers etc 6,200 108 FAIRBANKS ROAD 665 ADAMS BROS MONUMENT CO 2,400 0 2,400 47.95 488 FARMINGTON FALLS MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 2,100 ROAD OTHER 300 FARMINGTON ME 04938 108 HIGH STREET Assessment Exempt Total Tax Page Totals: 105,600 48,700 56,900 1,136.87 Subtotals: 105,600 48,700 56,900 1,136.87 Farmington Personal Property Tax Commitment Book - 2019 19.980 8/30/2019 8:10 AM 2019 Taxes Receivable Page 2 Account Name & Address Category Breakdown Assessment Exempt
    [Show full text]
  • RECEIVED 7012 SEP 14 Pm I
    RECEIVED 7012 SEP 14 pM i ATTORNEYS AT LAW Molly O'Leary lU i-: 1iSSOj Tel: 208-938-7900 Fax: 208-938-7904 [email protected] P.O. Box 7218 Boise, ID 83707 - 515 N. 27th St. Boise, ID 8370 14 September 2012 Ms. Jean Jewell Hand Delivered Commission Secretary Idaho Public Utilities Commission 472 W. Washington Al l - I Boise, ID 83702 RE: IN THE MATTER OF THE JOINT APPLICATION OF AT&T COMMUNICATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN STATES, INC. AND AT&T CORP. TO AMEND CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY NO. 295 TO REFLECT MERGER OF THE APPLICANTS Dear Ms. Jewell: Enclosed please find the above-referenced JOINT APPLICATION for filing on behalf of AT&T COMMUNICATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN STATES, INC. AND AT&T CORP. We have enclosed an original and seven (7) copies, as well as an additional copy to be file-stamp for our records. Very truly yours, Molly ' ry Ric dso O'Leary, PLLC End. Molly O'Leary (ISB No. 4996) RICHARDSON & O'LEARY, PLLC 1 1 2 515 N. 27th Street Boise, Idaho 83702 Telephone: (208) 938-7900 Fax: (208) 938-7904 E-mail: [email protected] Attorneys for AT&T Communications of the Mountain States, Inc. and AT&T Corp. BEFORE THE IDAHO PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION IN THE MATTER OF THE JOINT ) APPLICATION OF AT&T ) CASE NO. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN) STATES, INC. AND AT&T CORP. TO ) JOINT APPLICATION TO AMEND AMEND CERTIFICATE ) CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND ) CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY NECESSITY NO. 295 TO REFLECT ) No. 295 MERGER OF THE APPLICANTS ) AT&T Communications of the Mountain States, Inc., (hereinafter "AT&T Comm.") and AT&T Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Electret Microphone Replacement for a Carbon Insert
    The VMARS Newsletter Issue 29 Electret microphone replacement for a carbon insert Colin Guy G4DDI When I found that I had a dud carbon insert in an H33F/PT handset, and I couldn’t find another insert that fitted (the original is about 1” diameter) I looked around for an alternative. Trevor Sanderson’s excellent article “The RAF Microphone” (Radio Bygones issue 79/80) makes reference to the use of electret inserts with an IC preamplifier in telephones and aircraft headsets, but the information given was too scant to make construction of one of these possible without reference to the IC data sheet, and the IC’s are expensive and difficult to obtain. I had a GPO type 21A insert, but the innards of this when dismantled were still too large to fit into the available space. The H33 handset is very slim, and also virtually solid, so there is very little room in which to place a preamplifier. A dig around on the internet turned up the following article written by F. Hueber, originally published in Elektor Electronics December 1994, and is published here with permission from Elektor Electronics magazine, December 1994, copyright Segment B.V., Beek (Lb.), The Netherlands, www.segment.nl. The original article included a pcb layout, but I built mine on a strip of veroboard four tracks wide by about 2” (see photo) and mounted it on the back of the ptt switch. The electret insert was acquired from a scrap telephone and all the rest of the components from TV panels. To save space the rectifier and R12 weren’t included, care being taken to ensure that the polarity was correct.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Switching Systems, I.E., System Testing and Accep- Tance and System Maintenance and Support
    SSyyed Riifffat AAlli DDiiggiittaall SSwwiittcchhiinngg SSyysstteemmss ((Syystemm Reliaabbiilliittyy aandd AAnnalysis) Bell Communications Research, Inc. Piscataway, New Jersey McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York • San Francisco • Washington, DC. Auckland • BogotA • Cara- cas • Lisbon • London Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • Montreal • New Delhi San Juan • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto 2 PREFACE The motive of this book is to expose practicing telephone engineers and other graduate engineers to the art of digital switching system (DSS) analysis. The concept of applying system analysis techniques to the digital switching sys- tems as discussed in this book evolved during the divestiture period of the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs) from AT&T. Bell Communications Research, Inc. (Bellcore), formed in 1984 as a research and engineering company support- ing the BOCs, now known as the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), conducted analysis of digital switching system products to ascertain compatibility with the network. Since then Bellcore has evolved into a global provider of communications software, engineering, and consulting services. The author has primarily depended on his field experience in writing this book and has extensively used engineering and various symposium publications and advice from many subject matter experts at Bellcore. This book is divided into six basic categories. Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 cover digital switching system hardware, and Chaps. 5 and 6 cover software ar- chitectures and their impact on switching system reliability. Chapter 7 primarily covers field aspects of digital switching systems, i.e., system testing and accep- tance and system maintenance and support. Chapter 8 covers networked aspects of the digital switching system, including STf SCP, and AIN.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Relationships Bring New Apple Varieties to Oppenheimer
    - Advertisement - Old relationships bring new apple varieties to Oppenheimer May 22, 2012 The Oppenheimer Group has been synonymous with New Zealand apples and pears for over 60 years. But 2012 will have more flavor than ever, thanks to new partnerships with old friends. ENZA, the owner of premium varieties Jazz and Envy apples, will continue to play a pivotal role in Oppenheimer’s approach of supplying leading varieties to the North American market year round, while fruit from other growers will complement this partnership, according to John 1 / 2 Anderson, chairman, president and chief executive officer of Vancouver, BC-based Oppenheimer. “This spring we will see several varieties unique to the Heartland Group of Nelson, New Zealand, added to the portfolio of new tastes that Oppenheimer offers,” Mr. Anderson said in a May 9 press release. Cutting-edge varieties Divine, Smitten, Tentation and Eve are among the newcomers. “Together with ENZA Jazz and Envy apples, we are in a position to offer retailers the opportunity to set new expectations about apples in the minds of consumers. By reserving a slot for new varieties, our customers can rotate the newest flavors from April through October, when fresh-crop Jazz, Pacific Rose and Envy return to the market.” If this line-up wasn’t enough, Oppenheimer marketed more of the remarkable new Honey Belle pear available from KiwiCrunch of New Zealand’s Hawke’s Bay this year, according to David Nelley, Oppenheimer’s apple and pear category director. “In 2011, we experienced good success with trials of this diminutive, super-sweet, crunchy pear in Canada, and we have been building on that this spring in both the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Telecom Meltdown for a Listing of Recent Titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library, Turn to the Back of This Book
    The Great Telecom Meltdown For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library, turn to the back of this book. The Great Telecom Meltdown Fred R. Goldstein a r techhouse. com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Goldstein, Fred R. The great telecom meltdown.—(Artech House telecommunications Library) 1. Telecommunication—History 2. Telecommunciation—Technological innovations— History 3. Telecommunication—Finance—History I. Title 384’.09 ISBN 1-58053-939-4 Cover design by Leslie Genser © 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-939-4 10987654321 Contents ix Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Gave Cable Providers an Advantage on “Triple Play” 122 RBOCs Took the Threat Seriously 123 Hybrid Fiber-Coax Is Developed 123 Cable Modems
    [Show full text]
  • Bell System Practices Index
    BELL SYSTEM PRACTICES SECTION 460-000-006 AT & TCo Standard Issue 6, February 1979 ALPHABETIC-NUMERIC INDEX STATION, KEY, PBX, AND PRIVATE SERVICE SYSTEMS 1. GENERAL Here is a list of the symbols and the service 1.01 This section provides an alpha-numeric index manual to which they refer. of sections required for the installation and maintenance of customer product equipment and SA-Station Service Manual I apparatus. SB-Station Service Manual II SC-Station Specialties Service Manual I 1.02 This section is reissued to update the SO-Station Specialties Service Manual II alpha-numeric index. CA-Coin Service Manual I CB-Coin Service Manual II 1.03 This index combines the features of both !A-Interconnect Service Manual I alphabetic and numeric indexes. Sections IB-Interconnect Service Manual II can be located by referring first to the common KA-Key Service Manual I nomenclature or ordering nomenclature, then referring KB-Key Service Manual II to a major indention for the type of information KC-Key Service Manual III such as Identification, Installation, Maintenance, PA-Dial PBX Service Manual Reference, Service, etc., and then to the alphabetical or numerical listing. 1.04 Many of the section numbers in this index are preceded by a two letter symbol such as SA. This symbol indicates that the section is contained in a service manual in addition to the standard BSP files. NOTICE Not for use or disclosure outside the Bell System except under written agreement Printed in U.S.A. Page 1 SECTION 460-000-006 AC-TYPE (USED WITH 220-, 226-, 2220-, ADDRESSABLE
    [Show full text]