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Taliban Fragmentation FACT, FICTION, and FUTURE by Andrew Watkins
PEACEWORKS Taliban Fragmentation FACT, FICTION, AND FUTURE By Andrew Watkins NO. 160 | MARCH 2020 Making Peace Possible NO. 160 | MARCH 2020 ABOUT THE REPORT This report examines the phenomenon of insurgent fragmentation within Afghanistan’s Tali- ban and implications for the Afghan peace process. This study, which the author undertook PEACE PROCESSES as an independent researcher supported by the Asia Center at the US Institute of Peace, is based on a survey of the academic literature on insurgency, civil war, and negotiated peace, as well as on interviews the author conducted in Afghanistan in 2019 and 2020. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Andrew Watkins has worked in more than ten provinces of Afghanistan, most recently as a political affairs officer with the United Nations. He has also worked as an indepen- dent researcher, a conflict analyst and adviser to the humanitarian community, and a liaison based with Afghan security forces. Cover photo: A soldier walks among a group of alleged Taliban fighters at a National Directorate of Security facility in Faizabad in September 2019. The status of prisoners will be a critical issue in future negotiations with the Taliban. (Photo by Jim Huylebroek/New York Times) The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. An online edition of this and related reports can be found on our website (www.usip.org), together with additional information on the subject. © 2020 by the United States Institute of Peace United States Institute of Peace 2301 Constitution Avenue NW Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202.457.1700 Fax: 202.429.6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org Peaceworks No. -
Afghanistan Agricultural Strategy
TC:TCP/AFG/4552 FINAL DRAFT TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES FOR AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN prepared by FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome January 1997 AFGHANISTAN VERSITY I NR II II I I II 111111 3 ACKU 00006806 3 TC:TCP/AFG/4552 FINAL DRAFT TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES FOR AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN prepared by FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome January 1997 Printed at: PanGraphics (Pvt) Ltd. Islamabad. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Assistance to Agriculture 6 1.3 Strategy Development 6 1.4 Constraints 8 1.5 Assumptions 9 1.6 Timing 10 1.7 Strategy Framework 11 2. THE STRATEGY 12 2.1 National Goal 12 2.2 Agricultural Sector Goal 12 2.3 Strategic Priorities 12 2.4 Development Profiles 16 2.4.1 Creating Food Security 16 2.4.2 Increasing Economic and Social Development 21 2.4.3 Raising Skills and Employment 25 2.4.4 Developing Natural Resource Management 29 3. ISSUES 32 3.1 Role of Government 32 3.2 Resource Utilisation 34 3.3 Creating Capacity 35 3.4 Credit 36 3.6 Sustainability 37 4. IMPLEMENTATION 38 4.1 Accurate Data 38 4.2 Delivering Services 38 4.3 Input Supply 39 4.4 Research 39 4.5 Extension and Training 40 4.6 Monitoring and Evaluation 40 4.7 Project Outlines 41 ANNEX 1. -
“TELLING the STORY” Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: a Regional Perspective (2011-2016)
“TELLING THE STORY” Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: A Regional Perspective (2011-2016) Emma Hooper (ed.) This monograph has been produced with the financial assistance of the Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the position of the Ministry. © 2016 CIDOB This monograph has been produced with the financial assistance of the Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the position of the Ministry. CIDOB edicions Elisabets, 12 08001 Barcelona Tel.: 933 026 495 www.cidob.org [email protected] D.L.: B 17561 - 2016 Barcelona, September 2016 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES 5 FOREWORD 11 Tine Mørch Smith INTRODUCTION 13 Emma Hooper CHAPTER ONE: MAPPING THE SOURCES OF TENSION WITH REGIONAL DIMENSIONS 17 Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: A Regional Perspective .......... 19 Zahid Hussain Mapping the Sources of Tension and the Interests of Regional Powers in Afghanistan and Pakistan ............................................................................................. 35 Emma Hooper & Juan Garrigues CHAPTER TWO: KEY PHENOMENA: THE TALIBAN, REFUGEES , & THE BRAIN DRAIN, GOVERNANCE 57 THE TALIBAN Preamble: Third Party Roles and Insurgencies in South Asia ............................... 61 Moeed Yusuf The Pakistan Taliban Movement: An Appraisal ......................................................... 65 Michael Semple The Taliban Movement in Afghanistan ....................................................................... -
The Politics of Disarmament and Rearmament in Afghanistan
[PEACEW RKS [ THE POLITICS OF DISARMAMENT AND REARMAMENT IN AFGHANISTAN Deedee Derksen ABOUT THE REPORT This report examines why internationally funded programs to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate militias since 2001 have not made Afghanistan more secure and why its society has instead become more militarized. Supported by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) as part of its broader program of study on the intersection of political, economic, and conflict dynamics in Afghanistan, the report is based on some 250 interviews with Afghan and Western officials, tribal leaders, villagers, Afghan National Security Force and militia commanders, and insurgent commanders and fighters, conducted primarily between 2011 and 2014. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Deedee Derksen has conducted research into Afghan militias since 2006. A former correspondent for the Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant, she has since 2011 pursued a PhD on the politics of disarmament and rearmament of militias at the War Studies Department of King’s College London. She is grateful to Patricia Gossman, Anatol Lieven, Mike Martin, Joanna Nathan, Scott Smith, and several anonymous reviewers for their comments and to everyone who agreed to be interviewed or helped in other ways. Cover photo: Former Taliban fighters line up to handover their rifles to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan during a reintegration ceremony at the pro- vincial governor’s compound. (U.S. Navy photo by Lt. j. g. Joe Painter/RELEASED). Defense video and imagery dis- tribution system. The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. -
'Pashtunistan': the Challenge to Pakistan and Afghanistan
Area: Security & Defence - ARI 37/2008 Date: 2/4/2008 ‘Pashtunistan’: The Challenge to Pakistan and Afghanistan Selig S. Harrison * Theme: The increasing co-operation between Pashtun nationalist and Islamist forces against Punjabi domination could lead to the break-up of Pakistan and Afghanistan and the emergence of a new national entity: an ‘Islamic Pashtunistan’. Summary: The alarming growth of al-Qaeda and the Taliban in the Pashtun tribal region of north-western Pakistan and southern Afghanistan is usually attributed to the popularity of their messianic brand of Islam and to covert help from Pakistani intelligence agencies. But another, more ominous, reason also explains their success: their symbiotic relationship with a simmering Pashtun separatist movement that could lead to the unification of the estimated 41 million Pashtuns on both sides of the border, the break-up of Pakistan and Afghanistan, and the emergence of a new national entity, an ‘Islamic Pashtunistan’. This ARI examines the Pashtun claim for an independent territory, the historical and political roots of the Pashtun identity, the implications for the NATO- or Pakistani-led military operations in the area, the increasing co-operation between Pashtun nationalist and Islamist forces against Punjabi domination and the reasons why the Pashtunistan movement, long dormant, is slowly coming to life. Analysis: The alarming growth of al-Qaeda and the Taliban in the Pashtun tribal region of north-western Pakistan and southern Afghanistan is usually attributed to the popularity of their messianic brand of Islam and to covert help from Pakistani intelligence agencies. But another, more ominous reason also explains their success: their symbiotic relationship with a simmering Pashtun separatist movement that could lead to the unification of the estimated 41 million Pashtuns on both sides of the border, the break-up of Pakistan and Afghanistan, and the emergence of a new national entity, ‘Pashtunistan,’ under radical Islamist leadership. -
Taking Stock of Taliban Perspectives on Peace
Taking Stock of the Taliban’s Perspectives on Peace Asia Report N°311 | 11 August 2020 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 235 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Fundamental Taliban Perspectives on Peace ................................................................... 4 A. Foreign Influence and Its Implications ..................................................................... 4 B. History, Honour and Legitimacy ............................................................................... 6 C. Toward an Islamic System ......................................................................................... 7 III. The U.S.-Taliban Agreement as a Stage Setter for Peace Talks ....................................... 9 IV. Signs of a Rhetorical Shift? .............................................................................................. 13 A. The Haqqani Op-Ed ................................................................................................... 16 B. Mullah Fazl’s Audiotape ............................................................................................ 17 C. No Spring Offensive Announcement ........................................................................ -
Iran's Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan
Iran’s foreign policy towards Afghanistan (2001-2014) The Doctoral Dissertation submitted to THE UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Political Science (Dr. rer. pol.) by Farid Muttaqi First Supervisor: Professor Dr. Klaus Schlichte Second Supervisor: Professor Dr. Mushtaq Kaw Bremen, 2018 ii First reviewer: Professor Dr. Klaus Schlichte Second reviewer: Professor Dr. Mushtaq Kaw Date of Submission: October 15, 2018 Date of Oral Defence: March 7, 2019 iii Abstract (English) The present Ph.D. dissertation deals with the analysis of Iran’s foreign policy towards Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. The main purpose is to understand and explain the motives for Iran’s contradictory behavior and actions with regard to its neighbouring country Afghanistan. The main research question is: “What is the nature of Iran’s foreign policy towards Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014?” Conceptually, Iran’s foreign policy is interpreted in the study from the realism (Hans Morgenthau; John Mearsheimer) perspective. This is done in a format that provides an overview of the history of Iran- Afghanistan relations, presents an in-depth analysis of the formal power structure of Iran, singles out four main visions of Iran’s government which help to interpret the interplay of the three major foreign policy interests Iran has: security, political and economic interests. This is a qualitative study which makes use of historical reconstruction, content analysis, and the analysis of the semi-structured interviews, conducted in Iran and in Afghanistan as part of the field trip research. -
Counterinsurgency in Pakistan
THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY institution that helps improve policy and POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY decisionmaking through research and SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY analysis. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND Support RAND INFRASTRUCTURE Purchase this document WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Security Research Division View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Counterinsurgency in Pakistan Seth G. Jones, C. Christine Fair NATIONAL SECURITY RESEARCH DIVISION Project supported by a RAND Investment in People and Ideas This monograph results from the RAND Corporation’s Investment in People and Ideas program. -
The Threat of Talibanisation of Pakistan : a Case Study of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and North West Frontier Province (NWFP)
This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The threat of talibanisation of Pakistan : a case study of federally administered tribal areas (FATA) and north west frontier province (NWFP) Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari 2015 Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari. (2015). The threat of talibanisation of Pakistan : a case study of federally administered tribal areas (FATA) and north west frontier province (NWFP). Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. http://hdl.handle.net/10356/65418 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/65418 Downloaded on 05 Oct 2021 15:33:34 SGT THE THREAT OF TALIBANISATION OF PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA) AND NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE (N.W.F.P.) SYED ADNAN ALI SHAH BUKHARI S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to extend my deepest gratitude to Professor Ahmed Saleh Hashim and Professor Rohan Gunaratna, who encouraged, guided and helped me through the course of this study. Without their guidance and supervision, I would not have been able to finish this study successfully. Professor Hashim deserves special thanks for helping me in laying out a theoretical foundation for the study. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Professor Ron Mathews, former Head of Studies at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), who was always instrumental and patient in motivating me to ensure my success. I would like to thank Arabinda Acharya, former Research Fellow, for guiding my research and helping me developing knowledge and understanding of the terrorism and counter-terrorism phenomenon. -
Petersberg Papers on Afghanistan and the Region
Liechtenstein Colloquium Report Petersberg Papers on Afghanistan and the Region Wolfgang Danspeckgruber Editor Volume IV 2009 Petersberg Papers on Afghanistan and the Region Wolfgang Danspeckgruber Editor Liechtenstein Colloquium Report Volume IV © 2009 The Trustees of Princeton University Produced and published by the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination This report was made possible in part by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The statements made and the views expressed herein are solely the responsibility of the contributing authors. Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 USA Telephone: 609.258.6200 Facsimile: 609.258.5196 Electronic Mail: [email protected] Website: www.princeton.edu/lisd CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 4 Foreword Wolfgang Danspeckgruber .................................................................................................................. 6 Special Statements Opening Address Rangin Dadfar Spanta .................................................................................................................. 7 An Exit Strategy for Afghanistan Volker Stanzel .............................................................................................................................. 10 Special Statement Rita Kieber-Beck ........................................................................................................................ -
Campaigning Against Fear Women’S Participation in Afghanistan’S 2005 Elections
Campaigning against Fear Women’s Participation in Afghanistan’s 2005 Elections I. SUMMARY................................................................................................................................ 2 Key recommendations.................................................................................................................. 4 II. BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................... 5 Status of Afghan women .........................................................................................................5 Women’s political rights .......................................................................................................... 6 Obstacles to women’s political participation after the Taliban (2001-2005) ................... 7 III. BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN THE SEPTEMBER 2005 ELECTIONS .................................................................................................................10 Few women as candidates or political party members......................................................11 Barriers to election employment and civic education for women...................................13 Insecurity and violent attacks................................................................................................15 Warlords and commanders as candidates ...........................................................................19 Campaigning in rural areas ....................................................................................................24 -
Takhar Province Operational Coordination Team (OCT) Meeting Date: Wednesday 12 February, 2014 @ 10:00 Hours Venue: Concern Worldwide Meeting Hall S No
Takhar province Operational Coordination Team (OCT) meeting Date: Wednesday 12 February, 2014 @ 10:00 hours Venue: Concern Worldwide meeting hall S No. Agenda item Key points discussed Decision/action point (s) 1 OCHA warmly welcomed participants and participants introduced Welcome & themselves. introductions 2 WFP; WFP has distributed 13.667 MTfood for 60 natural disaster Humanitarian affected families in torby village of Darqad district of Takhar province. situation updates WFP has distributed 13.667 MT food for 60 natural disaster affected (Protection, families in torby village of Darqad district and 8.273 MT food to 36 NFI/Shelter, Health canal overflow affected families in Quchi , Nahri Sayed and Baba Zarif and Nutrition, Food areas of Taluqan / Takhar province. Security and DACAAR; DACCAR has started its Risk Reduction projects in Khoja Agriculture, WASH Ghar, Rustaq, Dashti Qala , Yangi Qala and Eshkemish districts of & Education) and Takhar province, DACAA field team will be ready to join the winter impact in assessment team in their working areas in case of any natural Takhar province. disaster. CAFF/CHDP; CAFF/CHDP provide health services in its clines in different areas of the Taluqan city , IOM; distributed 60 winterization kits for torby village of Darqad district. IOM has distributed 36 winterization kits for canal overflow affected families in Quchi , Nahri Sayed and Baba Zarif areas. Concern Worldwide; Concern world-wide has implemented the following activities under HPP( Humanitarian Preparedness Plan), emergency fund in last two months, In Takhar, the following activities are done under emergency fund in last two months: · Rehabilitation of the drainages system of women detention centre in Taloqan city, and digging of a septic well.