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The Threat of Talibanisation of Pakistan : a Case Study of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and North West Frontier Province (NWFP)

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The Threat of Talibanisation of Pakistan : a Case Study of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and North West Frontier Province (NWFP) This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The threat of talibanisation of Pakistan : a case study of federally administered tribal areas (FATA) and north west frontier province (NWFP) Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari 2015 Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari. (2015). The threat of talibanisation of Pakistan : a case study of federally administered tribal areas (FATA) and north west frontier province (NWFP). Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. http://hdl.handle.net/10356/65418 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/65418 Downloaded on 05 Oct 2021 15:33:34 SGT THE THREAT OF TALIBANISATION OF PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA) AND NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE (N.W.F.P.) SYED ADNAN ALI SHAH BUKHARI S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to extend my deepest gratitude to Professor Ahmed Saleh Hashim and Professor Rohan Gunaratna, who encouraged, guided and helped me through the course of this study. Without their guidance and supervision, I would not have been able to finish this study successfully. Professor Hashim deserves special thanks for helping me in laying out a theoretical foundation for the study. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Professor Ron Mathews, former Head of Studies at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), who was always instrumental and patient in motivating me to ensure my success. I would like to thank Arabinda Acharya, former Research Fellow, for guiding my research and helping me developing knowledge and understanding of the terrorism and counter-terrorism phenomenon. I would also like to thank all the researchers who have contributed to the field of radicalisation, terrorism and Talibanisation – without your work there would be no accumulation of knowledge and nothing for me to build on. I am also grateful to all the administrative staff of the Graduate Studies Programme of the School, who has always been there to extend help to me in both relaxed and distressed situations. Above all, Roxane Romano Domingo deserves special thanks for helping me in organizing my thesis submission and going an extra mile to take care of thesis matters owing to my inability to be physically present in Singapore. Last but not the least, I am thankful to my family, especially my wife, Dr. Sadia Sulaiman, who facilitated and helped me in the writing of the thesis and my brother Amir Ali Shah for his unflinching support. My friend, Anders Nielson deserves special thanks for familiarising me with the subject matter. I would like to thank my children for having tolerated my indulgence in thesis writing and spending less time with them. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….1 Aim of the Study…………………......……………………………………………………3 Working Hypothesis…………………….………….………………………………….....8 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………12 Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………………...20 Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………..25 Chapterization of the Thesis……………………………………………………………29 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review Introduction………………………………………………………………………………31 Sources of Talibanisation in FATA………………………………………………...……31 Existing Explanations for the Sources of Talibanisation in FATA ……………….….....38 Institutions and Instability in FATA………………………………………….……….…41 Sources of Radicalisation within Societies and States…………………….……………..48 The Role of State Institutions in Stability……………………………….……………….52 Gaps in Literature……………………………………………………………..…………59 CHAPTER 3: History of Evolution of FATA and NWFP Introduction………………………………………………………………………………60 Physical Features and Climate……………………………………………...……………61 Economy and Livelihood………………………………………………...………………63 The People…………………………………………………………………………...…..63 History of N.W.F.P………………………………………………………………………67 Formation of North West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.) ……………………………..…84 N.W.F.P. Merges With Pakistan……………………………………………………...….90 CHAPTER 4: Institutional Drawbacks in the Talibanisation of FATA Introduction………………………………………………………………………………95 Institutions in FATA: Salient Features………………………………………………..…95 Talibanisation of FATA …..………………………………………………………..…..110 Establishment of a Taliban State….………………………………………………….…114 Collapse of the local administration in FATA…………………………………….……117 The State Strikes Back…………………………………………………………….……123 CHAPTER 5: Comparative Peace in N.W.F.P Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…………128 Administrative System in the N.W.F.P………………………………….…….………..130 Threat of Talibanisation of NWFP………………………………………….………….137 Key Drivers Behind the Threat of Talibanisation of NWFP…………………..……….148 Reversing the Taliban Gains ……………………………………….…………..………153 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion…………………………………………………….………157 Findings of the Study…………………………………………………………………...159 Contribution of the Study……………………………………………………………….160 Policy Recommendations……………………………………………………………….161 Bibliography…………………….……………………………………………….…….163 Abstract The terrorist attacks in the United States of America (U.S.) on 11 September 2001 had its epicenter in Afghanistan. The subsequent U.S.-led war on terror in Afghanistan overthrew the Taliban regime in the country and dismantled Al-Qaeda (AQ) network. However, the Taliban and AQ terrorists successfully fled Afghanistan and took refuge in the adjoining Pashtun-inhabited western border areas, including the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. Gradually, the Afghan Taliban and AQ were able to spread their ideology and recruit local Pashtun tribesmen to their cause of waging jihad in Afghanistan and abroad. The rise of the Pakistani Taliban in FATA witnessed a gradual Talibanisation of the entire region between 2003-2008. The Taliban successfully exerted control over the area by side-lining the political administration in FATA. The subsequent Talibanisation virtually diminished the state authority in the region. Gradually, FATA became a no-go area for the government. During the same time, the Pakistani Taliban, after successfully Talibanising the FATA, attempted to Talibanise the adjoining North West Frontier Province or N.W.F.P. (now renamed as the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province). Despite causing much mayhem in the N.W.F.P, the Taliban failed in Talibanising the Province. This thesis seeks to understand why the Pakistani Taliban were able to Talibanise the FATA region but failed to do so in the adjoining N.W.F.P., despite the fact that both are predominantly Pashtun-inhabited and share similar ethnicity, culture, language, religion and are geographically contiguous with each other. A logical explanation could be the difference in the constitutional status of both FATA and N.W.F.P., and the nature of institutions which exist in both the area. The presence of British-era archaic institutions in FATA failed to deter the onslaught of the Taliban, while formal governance institutions existing in the N.W.F.P. inhibited the Talibanisation of the Province. MAP OF FATA AND NWFP Source: “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province”, http://humshehri.org/place/khyber- pakhtunkhwa-province/ (Accessed on April 12, 2015) 1 CHAPTER 1: Introduction Introduction This thesis discusses the Talibanisation phenomenon in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan and explains why another geographically contiguous territory, such as the North West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.)1 has not been affected. Despite commonalities in culture, customs, traditions, ethnicity and religion, the N.W.F.P. remains relatively insulated from the spread of Talibanisation. In this thesis, I argue that the lack of institutionalized governing structures in FATA has resulted in the virtual absence of governance. This situation has enabled the Taliban militants to enforce their writ on the region. Compared to FATA, the existence of formal institutional governing structures has made the N.W.F.P. relatively stable politically, economically and socially, and has created an environment which is hostile to the spread of the ideology that the Taliban espouse. Pakistan is a cause of concern for the international community due to rising extremism and terrorism in the country. Of particular concern is the western border area of Pakistan that adjoins Afghanistan, commonly known as the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The presence of terrorist sanctuaries in FATA since 2002 has provided an array of jihadist groups, including Al-Qaeda and various splinters of the Taliban – both local and Afghan –to survive and thrive, and also provided them with the opportunity to plan and execute acts of terrorism in the South and Central Asian region and beyond.2 A study conducted by a United States-based research institute, The New American Foundation, in July 2011 reported that terrorist safe-havens in Pakistan presents the biggest threat to the U.S. and other Western countries. The study further 1 The NWFP was renamed as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province through 18 Amendment passed by 2 Julian Borger, “Pakistan Poses Global Security Worry, Says Top US Official”, The Guardian, March 4, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/04/pakistan-global-security-threat 2 concluded that out of the 32 “serious” jihadist terrorist plots against the West between 2004 and 2011, 53 percent had operational or training links to established jihadist groups in Pakistan.3 As the US plans to wind
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