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2016 Pages - 72 Indian Farmer a Monthly Magazine ISSN 2394-1227 Volume: 3 Issue-8 August- 2016 Pages - 72 Indian Farmer A Monthly Magazine Volume: 3, Issue-8 August -2016 Sr. Full length Articles Page Editorial Board No. Roughage: Let’s Make It Nutritious 528-535 1 Tarun Kumar Varun, Mokshata Gupta and Zulfqar ul Haq Editor In Chief Role of soil organic carbon in climate Mitigation and Sustainable Agri- 2 536-540 culture Sunil Kumar, R N Meena andVikram Kumar Dr. V.B. Dongre, Ph.D. 3 Advancement Of Somatic Embyogenesis In Cotton 541-543 Soalnki H. V., Mehta D. R. and Rathod V. B. Editor 4 Mulberry: The Super Fruit 544-546 Dr. A.R. Ahlawat, Ph.D. Aanchal Johari and Isha Kaushik 5 Silage: A boon for fodder scarcity 547-549 Members S. S. Kadam and Mohd. Arif, Dr. Alka Singh, Ph.D. 6 Handling Of Livestock and Livestock Products for Marketing 550-552 Dr. K. L. Mathew, Ph.D. Binoy Chandra Naha, Prasanta Boro, Lalrengpuii Sailo, Atherajendra Prasad, Rajni Chaudhary and Om Prakash Dr. Mrs. Santosh, Ph.D. 7 Importance of Genomic Selection and Genetic Association Study For 553-555 Dr. S. S. Patil, Ph.D. Livestock Improvement Binoy Chandra Naha, Prasanta Boro, Lalrengpuii Sailo, Chandra Prakash, Athe Rajendra Prasad, Rajni Chaudhary and Om Prakash Subject Editors 8 Concept of climate change and impact on livestock production and re- 556-562 Agriculture production B.D. Savaliya, S.S. Parikh and P.M. Gamit Dr. R. S. Tomar, Ph.D 9 Orchid: Its Commercialization and Varietal Development 563-568 Veterinary Science Varun Kumar Badaya, Amit Dadheech, Meenakshi Dhoot and Irfan Khan Dr. P. SenthilKumar, Ph.D. 10 Calf Pneumonia 569-570 Vikash Sharma, Lalit, Babulal Jangir and Madan Pal Home Science Dr. Mrs. Surabhi Singh, Ph.D. 11 Mycotoxicosis in poultry 571-577 Kamdev Sethy, S. S. Parhi, S.R. Barik, P. Swain, S.M. Nayak and S. Khadenga Horticulture Dr. Timur Ahlawat, Ph.D 12 Stakeholders and Their Roles In Conservation Of Animal Genetic Re- 578-580 sources (AnGRs) Of India K. Jagadeesan 13 Application of Stem Cells in Veterinary Practice 581-585 Prasanna Pati, Umesh Kumar,D.N.Mohanty,A.K.Nahak and Laxman Sharma 14 Light Trap: An Eco-Friendly Tool For The Managemnt Of Insect Pests 586-589 P. S. Wadaskar, D. M. Jethva, D. V. Jadav and T. K. Balas 15 Genetics for disease resistance – Scope in dairy animals and poultry 590-598 Beena Sinha, Ragini Kumari, Anjali Kumari and Tripti Kumari (Note: ‘Indian Farmer’ may not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed in the articles published herein. The views are expressed by authors, editorial board does not take any responsibility of the content of the articles) Indian Farmer 3(7):528-535; August-2016 Varun et al Roughage: Let’s Make It Nutritious Tarun Kumar Varun1 , *Mokshata Gupta2 , and Zulfqar ul Haq2 1 Division of Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI, Karnal- 132001, Haryana 2 Division of Animal Nutrition, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, R.S.Pura, J&K, 181102 *Corresponding Author email- [email protected] n tropical countries like India, livestock attributes include lignification, subsist mainly on crop residue based silicification, crystallinity of cellulose, etc. I diets and are suffering from the which are known to be the inherent shortage of feed both in terms of quality nutritive constraints in straw. Although and quantity. The available roughage and straw produced every year is plentiful, but concentrate for livestock feeding can meet the amount a ruminant can consume is not only 50 and 10% respectively of their sufficient to sustain a reasonable level of requirement. They are generally fed high production due to its low nutritive value i.e fibrous crop residues (wheat straw, rice low voluntary intake, slow rate of digestion straw, stovers, etc) characterized by high and low content of available energy, indigestible fibre due to increased protein, minerals and vitamins and thus lignification of cellulose i.e. cellulose exists animal productivity. Therefore, it has not in an undefined complex with lignin, which been maximally utilized for livestock lowers its digestibility. production yet and may be fed as part of Although straw is an important the roughage component of the diet. The feedstuff, and indeed the staple feed in situation strongly demands the large parts of the developing world for improvement of the nutritive value of high ruminants, it is not preferred by animals. A fibrous crop residues through various characteristic of straw is that it mainly treatments for the efficient utilization of consists of highly lignified cell wall existing feed resources. Therefore various material, which often constitutes upto 80% physical and chemical treatments have of the dry matter. It includes cellulose, been suggested which improves the feed hemicellulose and lignin in the ratio 4:3:3, quality either by increasing digestibility or respectively, while the rest comprises of by enhancing palatability, by weakening nitrogenous compounds and ash. Nutritive and breaking down lingo-cellulose bonds in value of straw is controlled by its chemical crop residues , thus increasing daily feed attributes that limit the digestion of intake and enhance the rate of digestion cellulose and hemicellulose. These and availability of nutrients. 528 | P a g e Indian Farmer 3(7):528-535; August-2016 Varun et al Supplementation with limiting nutrients lignin. To break down these components also improves the utilization of straw. cellulase, hemicellulase and ligninase are Among the various chemical treatments, required. These enzymes are not produced urea treatment is simple because urea is by the animals themselves but the cheaper, easily available and assumed to be reticulorumen of ruminants maintains equivalent to anhydrous or aqueous microorganisms that do produce cellulase ammonia for upgradation of straws. and hemicellulase. However, lignin cannot Sodium hydroxide is the single most be broken down in the rumen due to the effective chemical for improving the lack of ligninase enzyme. Even if lignin digestibility of various low quality could be degraded in the rumen it would roughages. However, these treatments have not provide much energy for the animals. their own limitations and few are Lignin, however, has important effects on environment unfriendly. livestock production through effects on Recently, the biological treatments degradability and feed intake. of crop residues have been developed to Theoretically, lignin located between the improve the accessibility of cellulosic cellulose microfibrils is regarded as the fractions and thus improving their most abundant natural aromatic organic digestibility and feeding value. The major polymer that plays a role in resisting obstruction in biological conversion of compressing forces, providing protection lignocelluloses is the physical protection of against consumption by insects and cellulose by lignin against cellulolytic mammals, and also inhibiting the rate and enzymes. The potential of biological degree of microbial degradation. treatments has been explained by the Silica, an element of the cell walls, ability of certain microbes to disrupt plant reduces palatability and the degradability cell wall by partial breakdown of the lignin- of straw in the rumen due to its direct carbohydrate complex thus improving their action in preventing colonization by utilization in the rumen by increasing the ruminal microorganisms. The combination availability of fermentable energy to of low intake, low degradability, low ruminal microbes. nitrogen content and an unbalanced The aim of this paper provides an mineral composition means that straw overview of some techniques to improve alone may not even meet the animal’s the nutritive value of straw as livestock maintenance needs. The fiber is very feed and hence their performance and difficult to degrade, which is further productivity. complicated by the poor functioning of the NUTRITIVE QUALITY AND UTILIZATION rumen due to the unbalanced availability of OF ROUGHAGES IN RUMINANT nutrients, the low protein content, the lack Straw consists predominantly of cell walls, of easily available energy comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, and 529 | P a g e Indian Farmer 3(7):528-535; August-2016 Varun et al and the low content of essential minerals Feeding of high-energy feedstuffs such as P and S. Hence, due to the low has a negative associative effect on the degradability and the poor rate of degree of utilization of roughage. One of the degradation, animals will tend to consume primary species responsible for the less. digestion of roughages is cellulolytic Roughages comprise over 50% of all bacteria. The primary end-product of feedstuffs fed to livestock animals digestion of roughages is acetate which is a especially ruminants. They are plant-based relatively weak acid. The primary end- feedstuffs with high fiber content which product of fermentation of high-energy provide a range of nutrients to the animals. feedstuffs is propionate which is a They also function to maintain and relatively strong acid. An additional end- optimize the efficiency of the GI tract. They product of microbial fermentation of high- are high in fibrous carbohydrates such as energy feedstuffs is lactate which is also a cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Their stronger acid. Compared to roughages, the mineral content is influenced by the type of digestion rate and extent are higher and the roughage and mineral content of the soil. In resultant pH of the rumen is lower for high- general, they are high in calcium, energy feedstuffs. The lower pH has a potassium, micro-minerals and fat-soluble negative effect on the microorganisms vitamins and moderate to low in responsible for digestion of roughages (the phosphorus as compared to concentrates. cellulolytic microbes are inhibited by a pH Legumes have a higher calcium and of 6.0 or lower). Therefore, the magnesium contents compared to grasses. incorporation of high-energy, high non- They are also a good source of the B- fibrous carbohydrate feedstuffs decreases complex vitamins.
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