Fruit from China Into the Continental United States a Qualitative
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Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Importation of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) United States fruit from China into the continental Department of Agriculture United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest October 3, 2017 Risk Assessment Version 4.0 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fruit of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) for consumption from China into the continental United States. The risk ratings in this risk assessment are contingent on the application of all components of the pathway as described in this document (e.g., washing, brushing, and disinfesting). Citrus fruit produced under different conditions were not evaluated in this risk assessment and may have a different pest risk. The proposed species or varieties of citrus for export are as follows: Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. grandis (= C. maxima) cv. guanximiyou (pomelo), C. kinokuni (cherry orange), C. poonensis (ponkan), and C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin). This assessment supersedes a qualitative assessment completed by APHIS in 2014 for the importation of citrus from China. This assessment is independent of the previous assessment, however it draws from information in the previous document. This assessment is updated to be inline with our current methodology, incorporates important new research, experience, and other evidence gained since 2014. Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of China, we developed a list of potential pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States that are known to occur in China and that are known to be associated with the commodity plant species anywhere in the world. From that list, we identified and further analyzed organisms that are reasonably likely to be associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and post-harvest processing. Of the pests selected for further analysis, we determined that the fungi Zasmidium fructicola and Zasmidium fructigenum are not candidates for risk management because they rated negligible for the likelihood of introduction. We determined that the below listed pests are candidates for risk management. In the current risk assessment, all the listed arthropods met the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and they received an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above Negligible. The pathogens Phyllosticta citricarpa (citrus black spot), and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (citrus canker) are of limited distribution in the United States and are considered quarantine pests. USDA-APHIS previously conducted pest risk assessments examining the likelihood that these pathogens will spread through the movement of commercial citrus fruit intended for consumption. USDA-APHIS has determined that asymptomatic or commercially packed fruit is not an epidemiologically significant pathway for the introduction and establishment of these pathogens into new areas. For the above reasons, these pathogens were not analyzed in the pest risk assessment; however, additional import requirements will be specified in the risk management document as a condition of entry for citrus fruit from China to the continental United States. Taxonomy Scientific name Likelihood of Introduction overall rating Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus junicus Ma & Yuan Medium Ver. 4.0 October 3, 2017 i Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Taxonomy Scientific name Likelihood of Introduction overall rating Acari: Tuckerellidae Tuckerella knorri Baker & Tuttle Medium Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Resseliella citrifrugis Jiang Medium Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) High Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Medium Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) High Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) High Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) High Bactrocera pedestris (Bezzi) High Bactrocera tau (Walker) Medium Bactrocera tsuneonis (Miyake) High Lepidoptera: Carposinidae Carposina niponensis Walsingham Medium Carposina sasakii Matsumura Medium Lepidoptera: Crambidae Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée Medium Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) Medium Fungi Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) van der Aa Analyzed previouslya Bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (ex Hesse) Analyzed previouslya Gabriel et al. a Plant pests with limited distribution and under official control in the United States; therefore, additional import requirements may be required. Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document. Ver. 4.0 October 3, 2017 ii Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Background .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Initiating event ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity .................... 4 1.4. Description of the pathway .................................................................................................. 5 2. Pest List and Pest Categorization ............................................................................................ 6 2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list ................................................................ 6 2.2. Pest list ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list ............................................................................. 89 2.4. Pests considered for further analysis .................................................................................. 94 3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential ................................................................................................. 97 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 97 3.2. Assessment results .............................................................................................................. 98 4. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment ................................................................. 143 5. Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 144 Ver. 4.0 October 3, 2017 iii Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China 1. Introduction 1.1. Background This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commercially produced fresh fruit of citrus (Citrus spp.) for consumption from China into the continental United States. The proposed species or varieties of citrus for export are as follows: Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. grandis (= C. maxima) cv. guanximiyou (pomelo), C. kinokuni (cherry orange), C. poonensis (ponkan), and C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin). The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on “Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests” (IPPC, 2016b). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the “Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms” (IPPC, 2016a). Three stages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2. This is a qualitative risk assessment. We express the risk based on qualitative ratings for the likelihood and consequences of pest introduction via imported citrus fruit from China. The details of the methodology and rating criteria are found in the Guidelines for Plant Pest Risk Assessment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (PPQ, 2012). The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken in Stage 3 (Risk Management) and is not covered in this risk assessment. Risk management will be specified in a separate document. 1.2. Initiating event The Chinese General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine