Comparative Biology of Invasive Rugose Spiralling Whitefly Aleurodicus Rugioperculatus Martin on Three Host Plants
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20038--Sanjay Kumar Pradhan Indian Journal of Entomology, Review Article (2020) DoI No.: COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF INVASIVE RUGOSE SPIRALLING WHITEFLY ALEURODICUS RUGIOPERCULATUS MARTIN ON THREE HOST PLANTS SANJAY KUMAR PRADHAN, A N SHYLESHA1, K SELVARAJ*AND SUMALATHA, B V1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065 1Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insects Resources, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560024 *Email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT Comparative biology of invasive rugose spiralling whitefly (RSW) Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was studied on three host plants viz., coconut (Cocos nucifera L), banana (Musa spp. L) and Indian shot (Canna indica) under caged as well as field conditions. The RSW life cycle was shorter on coconut compared to that of banana and Indian shot plant. Thus coconut is preferred hosts for its growth and development. A fecundity of 49.50± 4.09 and total duration of the nymphal instars being of 23.2± 1.38 days. Duration to lifestages on banana was less under field conditions as compared to that under caged conditions.These results on the comparative biology and growth will help to develop suitable IPM strategies for this invasive pest. Key words: Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, biology, coconut, banana, Canna indica, fecundity, nymphal instars, duration, total life cycle Globalization in agriculture trade has led to deliberate and Andhra Pradesh. Due to its excreting excessive or accidental introduction of many quarantine pests, honey dew, which gets deposited on plant leaves as well diseases and weeds (USDA, 2001). These introduced as anything under the infested plants, its damage is more pests pose major threat to the native biodiversity and serious. It is now well established on coconut, banana such insect species invading India include whiteflies and oil palm (Selvaraj et al., 2019). Prolonged dry spell viz., Aleurothrixustrachoides (Back) (Dubey and from June onwards could be one of the predisposing Sundararaj, 2015), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin factors for RSW (Srinivasan et al., 2016). The deficit (Sundararaj and Selvaraj, 2017), Paraleyrodesbondari rainfall, increased temperature and reduced humidity Peracchi, Paraleyrodesminei Iccarino (Josephrajkumar caused its flare up (Josephrajkumar et al., 2018). The et al., 2019; Mohan et al., 2019), Aleurotrachelusatratus female oviposits on the abaxial surface of leaves and (Selvaraj et al., 2019) and Aleurothrixusfloccosus cover them with white, fluffy wax, creating distinctive (Maskell) (Sundararaj et al., 2020).Whiteflies get spiral patterns. Nymphs complete development on accidentally introduced owing to their small size, cryptic a broad range of native and non-native host plants nature and immature stages being attached to the under (Mannion, 2010). There is meager information available surface of leaves. Due to these characteristics, these are on the biology of this whitefly, except for few studies one of the most commonly transported arthropod groups in Florida and in India (Taravati and Mannion, 2014; through trade of plant materialsPreview (Simala et al., 2015). In Elango et al., 2019). Due to its invasiveness and rapid India, 463 whitefly species belonging to 68 genera are spread, there is a need to study its biology variations known to feed on many agricultural, horticultural and for establishing an effective control strategy andalso forestry crop plants(Selvaraj et al., 2019). the vulnerable stage during the lifecycle for biotic and abiotic factors and also the perennial sources Among the invasive whiteflies, the RSW A. of infestation are to be brought out, for which the rugioperculatus is polyphagous, feeding on 35 host information on biology play a crucial role. As it is plants in India, including many economically important recently introduced into India, this comparative biology plants. Within 2 years it has spread into many intensive study was conducted on its three important host plants coconut growing states viz., Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil viz., coconut, banana and Indian shot plant. Nadu, Goa, Assam, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat 2 Indian Journal of Entomology, Review Article 2020 MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rugose spiralling whitefly was maintained on The observations on the adult longevity, fecundity, banana plant in a greenhouse at 28± 2oC at the ICAR- total duration and nymphal durations on coconut, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, banana and Indian shot are given in (Table 1). The eggs Bengaluru(130.05’.48’’N,770.34’.30’’E) with a natural of RSW were observed to be laid on the ventral surface photoperiod (L:D) of approximately 12:12hrfollowing of the coconut leaves. The observations on the adult recommended package of practices. Adults were longevity revealed that it lasted for 10.2± 0.80 days and collected from this culture for the inoculation and 7.2± 0.58 days in female and male, respectively with evaluatedthe biology on the three host plants under caged fecundity as 49.50± 4.09 eggs. The total duration for conditions. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. Deejay), the nymphal instars was 23.2± 1.38 days and 37.6± 2.55 banana (Musa spp. L Var. Local) and Indian shot (Canna days taken to complete life cycle on coconut, including indica L.var. Local) plants were raised in mud pot inside adult longevity. Therefore present results on coconutare cages (150x70x70 cm) in the polyhouse. Plants were almost in agreement with earlier reports (Taravati and used when they reached 3-4 leaf stages (3-4 weeks old) Mannion, 2014; Taravati et al., 2018; Elango et al., and recommended packages of practices followed to 2019). On banana, the fecundity was 58.00± 5.12; total raise healthy plants. Biology on banana was also studied duration of nymphal instars was 29.6± 1.67 days; and under field conditions using transparent square (10x10x3 took 48.7± 2.98 days to complete its life cycle, including cm) shaped cages fabricated from plastic sheets. adult. On Canna indica, fecundity these were 56.60± 5.04, 25.7± 1.66 and 42.9± 2.95 days, respectively. The Five plants of each host plant (replications) were present results on biology of RSW on C. indica are close planted in mud potsand placed inside the cage before in agreement with those Taravati and Mannion (2014) inoculation of adults. Each host plant was maintained and Taravati et al. (2018). in separate cage and 20 pairs of adults were released. Observations on size of different stages (in mm) and egg Under field conditions, the average fecundity was laying pattern, fecundity (numbers) and egg, nymphal, 61.10± 5.30. The mean duration of total nymphal instars total nymphal,adult longevity and total developmental was 27.4± 1.44 days. RSW took a mean of 41.9± 2.36 periods (days) were made at 24 hr intervals. Changes in days to complete the life cycle including adult longevity the morphology of nymphal instars were observed. The on banana plants. Total duration to complete different leaves were observed under 40x stereozoom microscope lifestageson banana plant was less under field conditions to determine instars. Rangeand mean values for the as compared to caged conditions and this could be due developmental period of each instar, females and males, to prevailing high temperature and relative humidity. fecundity and longevity were calculatedfrom these The results revealed that total developmental period observations. The number of observations for each of of RSW on coconut is shorter as compared to that on the life history parameter varied depending upon the banana and C. indica. Thus, coconut is observed to be progress in development and survival of the crawlers the preferred host. and adults. Similarly, to study the biology under field conditions on banana, freshly emerged 20 pairs of The adult female laid eggs in loose spiral pattern adults were released in transparent plastic cages and on the abaxial surface of leaves overlaid by wax but adults were removed three days after release. 20 pin sometime on the adaxial surface of leaves, fruits, sized small holes were made on the transparent plastic and stems also. Later, it spreads to entire leaves with cages for air circulation and maintain the temperature overlapping generations (Fig.1a-d). The eggs are and humidity. Egg spirals Previewon the leaves were marked elliptical, yellowish and were attached with a pedicel and observations were made as described in biology (Fig.1e). Pedicel is a hollow extension of chorion under caged conditions. Ten samples of stages of A. which was inserted into stomata of host plant during rugioperculatus were observed under 40x stereozoom oviposition (Paulson and Beardsley, 1985). Moisture microscope and the measurement of length and width absorbed from the host plant through pedicel is essential of eggs, nymphs (I to IV) were made. Besides these, for normal egg development. It also provides security length, width, length of pincer (in males) wasalso to the eggs to host plant leaves (Deshpande, 1936 and measured, along with observations on the change in Poinar, 1965). The present study observed that the egg morphology of instars. The ratio between the length and changed its colour from translucent to pale yellow and width (L: W) of each life stage was calculated. before hatching to brown. Egg was observed to be Comparative biology of invasive rugose spiralling whiteflyAleurodicus rugioperculatus martin