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Activité Biologique Des Extraits Foliaires De Cleome Arabica L. (Capparidaceae) Chez Schistocerca Gregaria (Forskål, 1775)

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Activité Biologique Des Extraits Foliaires De Cleome Arabica L. (Capparidaceae) Chez Schistocerca Gregaria (Forskål, 1775) République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻘﺮاﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ Université de Mohamed Kheider –BISKRA Réf :………….. Faculté des Sciences Exactes et des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Mémoire en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Magister en Biologie Spécialité : Ecologie Animale Option : Gestion des populations naturelles en zone arides et semi-aride Activité biologique des extraits foliaires de Cleome arabica L. (Capparidaceae) chez Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) Présenté par : Lebbouz Ismahane Membres de jury : Président BELHAMRA Mohamed MC Univ. Biskra Encadreur OULD EL HADJ M. Didi Professeur Univ. Ouargla Examinateur LAAMARI Malik Professeur Univ. Batna Examinateur SAKER Med Lakhdar MC Univ. Ouargla Invité d’honneur LAKHDARI Fattoum MC Directrice/CRSTRA Année universitaire : 2009/2010 République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻘﺮاﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﯿﺔ Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ Université de Mohamed Kheider –BISKRA Réf :………….. Faculté des Sciences Exactes et des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Mémoire en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Magister en Biologie Spécialité : Ecologie Animale Option : Gestion des populations naturelles en zone arides et semi-aride Activité biologique des extraits foliaires de Cleome arabica L. (Capparidaceae) chez Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) Présenté par : Lebbouz Ismahane Membres de jury : Président BELHAMRA Mohamed MC Univ. Biskra Encadreur OULD EL HADJ M. Didi Professeur Univ. Ouargla Examinateur LAAMARI Malik Professeur Univ. Batna Examinateur SAKER Med Lakhdar MC Univ. Ouargla Invité d’honneur LAKHDARI Fattoum MC Directrice/CRSTRA Année universitaire : 2009/2010 Dédicace A la lumière de ma vie, mes parents Ce modeste travail est dédié Remerciements Tout d’abord un grand merci à mon Dieu, le tout puissant de m’avoir donnée, le courage, la volonté et la force pour réaliser ce travail. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi à tous les personnes qui ont participé de prés ou loin à la réalisation de ce travail et je cite en particulier Mr OULD EL HADJ Mohamed Didi professeur au département de biologie à la faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie et des sciences de la terre et de l’univers de l’université Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla, d’avoir accepté d’encadrer et diriger ce travail, merci pour votre présence et votre disponibilité permanente, pour vos conseils et votre patience, et pour m’avoir fourni les moyens matériels nécessaires à l’expérimentation, ayant permis la réalisation sans difficulté du présent travail. J’ai l’honneur de vous exprimer mes sincères reconnaissances et mes respectueuses gratitudes. Il m’est très agréable de remercier Mr BELHAMRA Mohamed maître de conférences au département des sciences de la nature et de la vie de la faculté des sciences exactes et des sciences de la nature et de la vie de l’université de Mohamed Kheider–Biskra vous qui me faites le grand honneur de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Je voudrais remercier également les membres du jury, Mr LAAMARI Malik professeur au département d’agronomie de la faculté des sciences de l’université de Batna, Mr SAKER Mohamed Lakhdar maître de conférences au département des sciences agronomiques de la faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie et des sciences de la terre et de l’univers de l’université Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla, et Melle LAKHDARI Fattoum directrice du CRSTRA à Biskra, pour avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail; mes sincères reconnaissances et remerciements et mes respectueuses gratitudes. Je tiens à remercier aussi Mr. KEMASSI Abdellah maître assistant au département de Biologie au centre universitaire de Ghardaïa de m’avoir guidé au cour de l’expérimentation ainsi que pour ses remarques et conseils fructueux. Je remercie aussi Mr LAZHER, chef de département d’acridologie à l’institut nationale de protection des végétaux (INPV), à ALGER pour m’avoir donné des individus du Criquet pèlerin qui m’ont permis l’élevage. Permettez-mois de vous exprimer ma profonde gratitude, ma vive reconnaissance et mes profonds respects. Je voudrai bien remercier tous le personnel des bibliothèques (département de biologie, chimie et pharmacie) de l’université Mentouri-Constantine, département de biologie et d’agronomie de l’université Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla, les laborantins du laboratoire de protection des écosystèmes en zones arides et semi-arides de l’université Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla, BOUGHABA L. et Mr SAADINE S. E., merci pour l’aide, votre encouragement et gentillesse. J’adresse également mes sincères remerciements à mes collègues de la première promotion de post-graduation à l’université Mohammed Khider-Biskra; le seul garçon FOUZI, ASMA, AICHA, HAYET, NASSIMA, BAHIA et IKRAM pour votre encouragement, l’ambiance chaleureuse et amicale durant l’année théorique. J’exprime mes profonds remerciements à SABRINE, ROKAIA, AICHA, FARAH, SOUMIA et ALIA. Que ceux qui ne sont pas nommés ici, me pardonnent s’ils ont été oubliés, ce n’est que par l’écrit. Enfin merci à ma famille et plus particulièrement à mes parents pour leur soutien continu. Sommaire Introduction. ……………………………………………………..……………… 10 Chapitre l.– Aperçu général sur Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775) en relation avec les substances acridicides ou acridifuges. ……………………….. 12 l.1.- Position systématique. ……………………………..………………………… 13 l.2.- Description morphologique. …………………………………………………. 13 l.3.- Cycle biologique du criquet pèlerin. …………………………………………. 14 l.3.1.- Développement embryonnaire. ……………………………………….......... 14 l.3.2.- Développement larvaire. …………………………………………………… 17 l.3.3.- Vie imaginale. …………………………………………………………........ 17 l.4.- Polymorphisme phasaire chez le criquet pèlerin. ……………………………. 20 l.4.1.- Différences éthologiques. ………………………………………………...... 21 l.4.2.- Différences physiologiques……………………………………………........ 21 l.4.3.- Différences morphologiques. …………………………………………......... 22 l.5.- Aire de répartition. …………………………………………………………… 22 l.5.1.- Aire de récession (rémission). ……………………………………………... 22 l.5.2.- Aire d’invasion. ……………………………………………………………. 22 l.5.3.- Aires de récession et de multiplication (grégarigène). …...….……….. …... 24 l.6.- Importance économique. ……………………………...……………………… 24 l.7.- Lutte antiacridienne. …….…………………………………………………… 25 l.7.1.- Lutte mécanique. ………………….……………………………………….. 26 l.7.2.- Lutte préventive. …………………………………………………………… 26 l.7.3.- Lutte chimique. ………………………………………….…………………. 27 l.7.3.1.- Insecticides utilisés en lutte chimique. …………………………..…......... 27 l.7.3.2.- Lutte chimique et toxicité. ……………………………..…………............ 28 l.7.3.2.1.-Toxicité. ……………………………………………...…………............. 29 l.7.3.2.2. - Voies de pénétration des toxines. ……………………………............... 29 l.7.3.2.2.1. - Diverses manifestations de la toxicité. ……………………................ 30 l.7.3.3.- Conséquences de la lutte chimique sur les écosystèmes. ………………... 31 l.7.3.3.1.- Apparition de déséquilibres au niveau des biocénoses. …………........... 31 l.7.3.3.2.- Apparition de souches résistantes. ……………………………............... 32 l.7.3.3.2.1.- Mécanismes de résistance comportementale. ………………. ………. 32 l.7.3.3.2.2- Mécanismes de résistance physiologique. ……………………. ……... 33 l.7.3.3.2.3.- Mécanismes de résistance biochimique. ……………………………... 33 l.7.4.- Lutte biologique. …………………………………………………………… 34 l.7.4.1.- Ennemis naturels du criquet pèlerin. …………………………………...... 34 l.7.4.1.1.- Parasite et parasitoïde. …………………………………...……….......... 35 l.7.4.1.2.- Prédateurs. ……………………………………………………………... 35 l.7.4.1.3.- Agents pathogènes. ……………………………………………………. 36 l.7.4.2.- Insecticides botaniques. …………………………………………….......... 36 l.7.4.2.1.- Métabolites secondaires chez les végétaux et relations plante –insecte. 36 l.7.4.2.1.1.- Alcaloïdes. ……………………………………………………............ 37 l.7.4.2.1.2.- Huiles essentielles. ……………………………………………............ 38 l.7.4.2.1.3.- Composés phénoliques. ………………………………………............ 42 l.7.4.2.2.- Plantes acridicides ou acridifuges. ……………………………………... 44 Chapitre II.- Méthodologie de travail. ………………………………………… 47 2.1.- Principe adopté. ……………………………………………………………... 48 2.2.- Matériel d’étude. …………………………………………………………….. 48 2.2.1.- Matériel biologique. ……………………………………………………….. 48 2.2.1.1.- Cleome arabica. ……………………………………………………......... 49 2.2.1.1.1.- Position systématique. ………………………………………… ……... 49 2.2.1.1.2.- Description morphologique. …………………………………………... 49 2.2.1.1.3.- Répartition géographique. ……………………………………………... 50 2.2.1.1.4.- Importance socioéconomique. …………………………………............ 50 2.2.1.1.5.- Données phytochimiques. ……………………………………………... 50 2.2.1.2.- S. gregaria. …………………………………………………………........ 52 2.2.1.2.1.- Choix des stades. ………………………………………………………. 52 2.2.1.2.2.- Elevage de S. gregaria. ………………………………………………... 52 2.2.2.- Matériels et méthodes d’extraction des extraits bruts. …………………...... 52 2.2.2.1.- Hydro-distillation. ……………………………………………………….. 52 2.2.2.2.- Macération. ……………………………………………………………… 54 2.3.- Tests de toxicité. …………………………………………………………….. 54 2.3.1.- Traitement par contact. ……………………………………………………. 54 2.3.2.- Traitement par ingestion. ………………………………………………...... 54 2.4.- Exploitation des résultats. …………………………………………………… 56 2.4.1.- Calcul de la TL50. ………………………………………………………...... 56 2.4.2.- Calcul du coefficient d’utilisation digestif
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