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Nahuas De La Costa-Sierra De Michoacán Sandra Monzoy Gutiérrez

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Nahuas De La Costa-Sierra De Michoacán Sandra Monzoy Gutiérrez ISBN 970753046-4 NAHUAS DE 9 789707 530461 LA COSTA-SIERRA DE MICHOACÁN Xayacates en el atrio de la iglesia de Ostula, Michoacán. Fotógrafa: Sandra Monzoy Gutiérrez, 2003. Acervo personal. NAHUAS COSTA SIERRA_FORRO.indd 1 27/1/06 12:53:08 http://www.cdi.gob.mx NAHUAS COSTA SIERRAfinal.indd 1 27/1/06 12:20:03 NOTA SOBRE EL AUTOR Sandra Monzoy Gutiérrez es etnóloga, desde 2003 ha realizado estudios sobre población indígena de la Costa-Sierra de Michoacán como parte del proyecto Etnografía de las Regiones Indígenas en el Nuevo Milenio, del Instituto Nacio- nal de Antropología e Historia. Fotografía 1a. de forros y portadilla: Danzante nahua de La Placita de Morelos, Michoacán. Fotógrafo: Lorenzo Armendáriz, 1993. Fototeca Nacho López, CDI. Fotografía página 5: Detalle de niña de Ostula, Michoacán. Fotógrafa: Sandra Monzoy Gutiérrez, 2004. Acervo personal. http://www.cdi.gob.mx NAHUAS COSTA SIERRAfinal.indd 2 27/1/06 12:20:04 NAHUAS DE LA COSTA-SIERRA DE MICHOACÁN SANDRA MONZOY GUTIÉRREZ http://www.cdi.gob.mx NAHUAS COSTA SIERRAfinal.indd 3 27/1/06 12:20:04 CDI 972.004 C65 NAHUAS MICH. Monzoy Gutiérrez, Sandra Nahuas de la Costa – Sierra de Michoacán / Sandra Monzoy Gutiérrez . -- México : CDI, 2006. 48 p. : maps., retrs., tabs. – (Pueblos indígenas del México contemporáneo) Incluye bibliografía ISBN 970-753-046-4 1. INDIOS DE MICHOACÁN (COSTA) – NAHUAS 2. INDIOS DE MICHOACÁN (SIERRA) – NAHUAS 3. IDENTIDAD ÉTNICA – NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) 4. DESARROLLO DE LA COMUNIDAD – NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) 5. TENENCIA DE LA TIERRA – NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) 6. NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) – CONDICIONES SOCIOECONÓMICAS 7. NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) – HISTORIA 8. NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) – VIDA SOCIAL Y COSTUMBRES 9. NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) – POLÍTICA Y GOBIERNO 10. EDUCACIÓN INDÍGENA – NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) 11. MEDICINA TRADICIONAL – NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) 12. VIVIENDA NAHUA (DE MICHOACÁN) 13. NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) – RELIGIÓN Y MITOLOGÍA 14. SISTEMA DE CARGOS 15. NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) – FIESTAS RELIGIOSAS 16. DANZAS NAHUAS (DE MICHOACÁN) 17. DANZA DE CONQUISTA 18. DANZA DE CORPUS 19. DANZA DE SAN ANTONIO 20. DANZA DE MOROS Y SONDADOS 21. DANZA DE XAYACATES 22. DANZA A LA VIRGEN 23. PASTORELAS I. t. II. Ser. D.R. © 2006 Sandra Monzoy Gutiérrez Primera edición, 2006 D.R. © 2006 Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas Av. Revolución 1279, Colonia Tlacopac, Delegación Álvaro Obregón, C.P. 01010, México, D.F. ISBN 970-753-046-4 / Nahuas de la Costa-Sierra de Michoacán ISBN 970-753-006-5 / Pueblos Indígenas del México Contemporáneo http://www.cdi.gob.mx. Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total del contenido de la presente obra, sin contar previamente con la autorización del titular, en términos de la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor, y en su caso de los tratados internacionales aplicables. La persona que infrinja esta disposición se hará acreedora a las sanciones legales correspondientes. Impreso y hecho en México http://www.cdi.gob.mx NAHUAS COSTA SIERRAfinal.indd 4 27/1/06 12:20:05 NAHUAS DE LA COSTA-SIERRA DE MICHOACÁN NAHUAS DE LA COSTA-SIERRA DE MICHOACÁN INTRODUCCIÓN 5 ENTRE LA GRAN VARIEDAD DE GRUPOS INDÍGENAS QUE VIVEN EN EL ES- TADO DE MICHOACÁN SE ENCUENTRA LA COMUNIDAD NAHUA, UBICA- DA EN LA REGIÓN COSTA-SIERRA, la cual limita con el océano Pacífico; por su amplia extensión territorial, conformada por varios pueblos, las localidades quedan muy alejadas entre sí, lo que no impide que guarden estrechos lazos sociales que las mantienen integradas. Actualmente, para los indígenas nahuas su identidad está muy presente en el quehacer cotidiano; hay varios elementos que han despertado su propio interés por reencontrarse con las tradiciones, lo que se manifiesta en la defensa de su territorialidad, pues para ellos la tierra es el elemento fundamental que los ha sostenido: “De la tie- rra naces y a la madre tierra regresas cuando mueres”, suelen decir algunos. Las nuevas generaciones de indígenas nahuas son las más preocu- padas por recuperar las costumbres y la cultura de sus antepasados, ya que estos elementos les empezaban a resultar ajenos. http://www.cdi.gob.mx NAHUAS COSTA SIERRAfinal.indd 5 27/1/06 12:20:05 PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS DEL MÉXICO CONTEMPORÁNEO La principal característica de la iden- época prehispánica, cuando existían tidad nahua es precisamente haber na- pequeños asentamientos humanos que cido nahua. A diferencia de otros pue- se comunicaban en dialectos derivados blos indígenas, en los que la lengua, el de la lengua náhuatl o mexicana y cu- vestido y sus actividades económicas yos integrantes, además de la caza, la determinan la pertenencia a cierto gru- pesca y la recolección, practicaban una po social, en los nahuas de Michoacán agricultura incipiente.1 Durante la épo- esos elementos no definen totalmen- ca colonial, las actividades económicas te su identidad, ya que, por una par- que predominaron fueron la producción te, son pocos los pobladores que ha- de maíz, algodón y, en pequeña escala, blan la lengua náhuatl y ya casi no se caña de azúcar, mientras que en tempo- utiliza el vestido tradicional; y, por otra, radas no agrícolas los pobladores reco- las actividades económicas que reali- lectaban copal, coco, miel y ceras para za este grupo bien pueden insertarse en la fabricación de velas. En las comuni- actividades del medio rural no necesa- dades ubicadas en la costa se extraía riamente indígena; por lo mismo, la de- sal. La cacería y la pesca se intercala- 6 finición de la identidad de la comunidad ban con las actividades agrícolas. nahua de Michoacán involucra forzosa- La historia del acceso a tierras culti- mente elementos internos y externos a la vables por parte de los indígenas nahuas propia población, como sus costumbres, presentó diferencias: en primer lugar, su organización social comunitaria, el con otros pueblos indígenas del estado realce reciente de los grupos indígenas de Michoacán (purépechas, otomíes y de México, la economía nacional, el fe- mazahuas, principalmente), y en segun- nómeno migratorio, etcétera. do, debido a los efectos de la expedición Ubicarse en la región de la Costa- de leyes y decretos federales y estatales Sierra de Michoacán representa un fac- con relación a la posesión de terrenos tor importante de identidad para este comunales y de pequeña propiedad. Por grupo, ya que la extensión de los territo- ejemplo, en la comunidad de Coire, mu- rios que habitan ha constituido un par- teaguas en su relación con la sociedad mestiza actual. 1 Gerardo Sánchez Díaz, La costa de Michoacán, Históricamente, los espacios que México, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás ocupa la comunidad se remontan a la de Hidalgo, 2001. http://www.cdi.gob.mx NAHUAS COSTA SIERRAfinal.indd 6 27/1/06 12:20:05 NAHUAS DE LA COSTA-SIERRA DE MICHOACÁN nicipio de Aquila, las autoridades virrei- tamientos permanentes entre las pobla- nales les otorgaron título de propiedad ciones indígenas y el gobierno estatal.3 en 1704, el cual se confirmó por decre- Algunos autores registran que en las co- to presidencial dos siglos después, el 12 munidades nahuas de Pómaro y Maquilí de diciembre de 1956. En la actualidad, la población indígena sufrió despojos de para los pobladores de esta localidad su sus tierras, sobre todo durante el último dinámica de identidad sobre el territo- tercio del siglo XIX, los cuales se exten- rio gira en torno de dicha validación. Sin dieron hasta los primeros diez años del embargo, en otras localidades de la cos- XX (ver Sánchez, 1982 y 1991). ta la historia fue diferente. La actual percepción de los poblado- A raíz del reparto de tierras comuna- res nahuas es que las tierras nunca ha- les, derivado de la expedición de la Ley bían sido codiciadas por otro grupo (aun de Desamortización de Bienes Muertas cuando los registros históricos de los pe- el 25 de junio de 1856 y de la promul- riodos colonial e independiente señalan gación del artículo 27 de la Constitución lo contrario). Consideran que a raíz del de 1857, la comunidad perdió su perso- contacto que se estableció debido a las nalidad jurídica. No obstante, los indíge- políticas federales de educación de los 7 nas encontraron diferentes medios para años cincuenta del siglo XX, cuando se hacer lo que decía la ley, pero mante- trató de impulsar la educación y el pro- niendo la costumbre del pueblo; es de- ceso de mexicanización en todo el terri- cir, en forma corporativa.2 En el caso de torio de la República, nuevas personas, los pueblos nahuas de Michoacán, el es- sobre todo agentes educativos, arribaron cenario se complicó debido a los decre- al área nahua, principalmente a las co- tos específicos promulgados por diversos munidades indígenas de la sierra, con gobiernos estatales, generándose enfren- cretó que en cada uno de los distritos del estado se nombrara un juez de letras, encargado exclusivo 2 Luis Vázquez León, Ser indio otra vez. La pu- de las resoluciones en primera instancia de todos repechización de los tarascos serranos, México, los negocios pendientes que tuvieran las comuni- Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 1992, dades indígenas con sus colindantes, con el fin de p. 243. promover el reparto. Ley expedida por el gobierno 3 Debido a las presiones de las comunidades para del estado de Michoacán el 15 de septiembre de resolver el problema agrario, en 1859 el general 1859 para terminar los negocios de indígenas sobre Epitacio Huerta, gobernador de Michoacán, de- tierras, Morelia, 1859. http://www.cdi.gob.mx NAHUAS COSTA SIERRAfinal.indd 7 27/1/06 12:20:06 PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS DEL MÉXICO CONTEMPORÁNEO ción mestiza detente grandes extensio- Los nahuas se han convertido en un nes territoriales. pueblo casi monolingüe, que utiliza Debido al contacto entre la comu- más el castellano que su propia lengua.
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