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POINT PLEASANT 1774 Prelude to the American Revolution
POINT PLEASANT 1774 Prelude to the American Revolution JOHN F WINKLER ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAMPAIGN 273 POINT PLEASANT 1774 Prelude to the American Revolution JOHN F WINKLER ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS Series editor Marcus Cowper © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 The strategic situation The Appalachian frontier The Ohio Indians Lord Dunmore’s Virginia CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 20 Virginia commanders Indian commanders OPPOSING ARMIES 25 Virginian forces Indian forces Orders of battle OPPOSING PLANS 34 Virginian plans Indian plans THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE 38 From Baker’s trading post to Wakatomica From Wakatomica to Point Pleasant The battle of Point Pleasant From Point Pleasant to Fort Gower THE AFTERMATH 89 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 93 FURTHER READING 94 INDEX 95 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com 4 British North America in1774 British North NEWFOUNDLAND Lake Superior Quebec QUEBEC ISLAND OF NOVA ST JOHN SCOTIA Montreal Fort Michilimackinac Lake St Lawrence River MASSACHUSETTS Huron Lake Lake Ontario NEW Michigan Fort Niagara HAMPSHIRE Fort Detroit Lake Erie NEW YORK Boston MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND PENNSYLVANIA New York CONNECTICUT Philadelphia Pittsburgh NEW JERSEY MARYLAND Point Pleasant DELAWARE N St Louis Ohio River VANDALIA KENTUCKY Williamsburg LOUISIANA VIRGINIA ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH CAROLINA Forts Cities and towns SOUTH Mississippi River CAROLINA Battlefields GEORGIA Political boundary Proposed or disputed area boundary -
Indian Warfare, Household Competency, and the Settlement of the Western Virginia Frontier, 1749 to 1794
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2007 Indian warfare, household competency, and the settlement of the western Virginia frontier, 1749 to 1794 John M. Boback West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Boback, John M., "Indian warfare, household competency, and the settlement of the western Virginia frontier, 1749 to 1794" (2007). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 2566. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/2566 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Indian Warfare, Household Competency, and the Settlement of the Western Virginia Frontier, 1749 to 1794 John M. Boback Dissertation submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor -
Along the Ohio Trail
Along The Ohio Trail A Short History of Ohio Lands Dear Ohioan, Meet Simon, your trail guide through Ohio’s history! As the 17th state in the Union, Ohio has a unique history that I hope you will find interesting and worth exploring. As you read Along the Ohio Trail, you will learn about Ohio’s geography, what the first Ohioan’s were like, how Ohio was discovered, and other fun facts that made Ohio the place you call home. Enjoy the adventure in learning more about our great state! Sincerely, Keith Faber Ohio Auditor of State Along the Ohio Trail Table of Contents page Ohio Geography . .1 Prehistoric Ohio . .8 Native Americans, Explorers, and Traders . .17 Ohio Land Claims 1770-1785 . .27 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . .37 Settling the Ohio Lands 1787-1800 . .42 Ohio Statehood 1800-1812 . .61 Ohio and the Nation 1800-1900 . .73 Ohio’s Lands Today . .81 The Origin of Ohio’s County Names . .82 Bibliography . .85 Glossary . .86 Additional Reading . .88 Did you know that Ohio is Hi! I’m Simon and almost the same distance I’ll be your trail across as it is up and down guide as we learn (about 200 miles)? Our about the land we call Ohio. state is shaped in an unusual way. Some people think it looks like a flag waving in the wind. Others say it looks like a heart. The shape is mostly caused by the Ohio River on the east and south and Lake Erie in the north. It is the 35th largest state in the U.S. -
Pioneers of Mason County
._ M91...)2.....A1I . Vr .,. \4 ...m‘,x1 lllli [H9113 Pioneers of Mason County. In 1794, the town of Point ant islocated, belonged to Thom Pleasant was established, and its as Lewis, the son of General name confered upon it, and in Lewis, 9000acres in the forks of 1804, the county was taken oil the Ohio, and Kanawha, was to of Kanawha, and Point Pleasant be equally divided between his was made the county seat. At three sons Thomas, Andrew and the formation of the county, it William. Thomas came before contained 432 square miles, and 1789, and took control of it. His in this large tract of country, I father had died in 1781,and his will try and give a short sketch - will was probated in 1792. of some of the pioneer settlers. Thomas Lewis remained in Kan Among those who recieved land awha a short time, and then grants, were Andrew Lewis, Geo came to the mouth of the river, Muse, Peter Hog, Andrew Steph and built his cabin at the mouth ' enson, Andrew Waggoner,,John of Old Town "Creek, where once Poulson, John West, Hugh Mer stood an Indian village, that had cer, George Washington. The been deserted some years before. grant of Andrew Lewis includ This farm is now owned by the ed Point Pleasant. Few of the venerable W. O. Roseberry. In original owners of the land set 1791Thomas Lewis established tled upon their land, but many the ferries, and coming at so of the descendents came out, and early a date, he became promi took possession of them, and nent in all the affairs of the coun some of it was sold to'other set try, It has been stated, that he tlers. -
The Original Purchase Was Blood, and Mine Shall Seal the Surrender”: the Importance of Place in Botetourt County’S Resolutions, 1775
“The original purchase was blood, and mine shall seal the surrender”: The Importance of Place in Botetourt County’s Resolutions, 1775 Sarah E. McCartney On March 11, 1775, the Virginia Gazette published a statement of support and instruction from the freeholders of Botetourt County to their delegates at the upcoming Second Virginia Convention, scheduled to begin just nine days later.1 The Second Virginia Convention, held at St. John’s Church in Richmond, Virginia, is best remembered as the place of Patrick Henry’s “Liberty or Death” speech; however, Henry’s passionate address and statement that he had “but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience” were not the first stirring sentiments or emphasis on history and experience expressed in Virginia in 1775.2 Through the winter months of 1775, four counties—Augusta, Botetourt, Fincastle, and Pittsylvania—which were part of Virginia’s frontier region known as the “backcountry” and spanned the Shenandoah Valley and Allegheny Mountains, published resolutions articulating their agreement with the growing patriotic fervor.3 These resolutions also gave instructions to county delegates and Virginia’s patriot leaders to champion the revolutionary cause. This article specifically considers the resolutions from Botetourt County and situates those resolutions within the context of the region’s settlement history and experience, arguing for the importance of place as a foundational element of revolutionary-era sentiment in a frontier region where historians often focus on movement and impermanence. The Botetourt Resolutions Resolutions from Fincastle County, Botetourt County’s neighbor, were the first in a wave of statements issued by Virginia’s western counties through the winter months of 1775, and they have received substantial attention from historians;4 however, the Botetourt Resolutions (see Appendix) are less well known despite similar language and a compelling portrait of backcountry hardships and experience. -
Historic American Indian Tribes of Ohio 1654-1843
Historic American Indian Tribes of Ohio 1654-1843 Ohio Historical Society www.ohiohistory.org $4.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS Historical Background 03 Trails and Settlements 03 Shelters and Dwellings 04 Clothing and Dress 07 Arts and Crafts 08 Religions 09 Medicine 10 Agriculture, Hunting, and Fishing 11 The Fur Trade 12 Five Major Tribes of Ohio 13 Adapting Each Other’s Ways 16 Removal of the American Indian 18 Ohio Historical Society Indian Sites 20 Ohio Historical Marker Sites 20 Timeline 32 Glossary 36 The Ohio Historical Society 1982 Velma Avenue Columbus, OH 43211 2 Ohio Historical Society www.ohiohistory.org Historic American Indian Tribes of Ohio HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In Ohio, the last of the prehistoric Indians, the Erie and the Fort Ancient people, were destroyed or driven away by the Iroquois about 1655. Some ethnologists believe the Shawnee descended from the Fort Ancient people. The Shawnees were wanderers, who lived in many places in the south. They became associated closely with the Delaware in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Able fighters, the Shawnees stubbornly resisted white pressures until the Treaty of Greene Ville in 1795. At the time of the arrival of the European explorers on the shores of the North American continent, the American Indians were living in a network of highly developed cultures. Each group lived in similar housing, wore similar clothing, ate similar food, and enjoyed similar tribal life. In the geographical northeastern part of North America, the principal American Indian tribes were: Abittibi, Abenaki, Algonquin, Beothuk, Cayuga, Chippewa, Delaware, Eastern Cree, Erie, Forest Potawatomi, Huron, Iroquois, Illinois, Kickapoo, Mohicans, Maliseet, Massachusetts, Menominee, Miami, Micmac, Mississauga, Mohawk, Montagnais, Munsee, Muskekowug, Nanticoke, Narragansett, Naskapi, Neutral, Nipissing, Ojibwa, Oneida, Onondaga, Ottawa, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Peoria, Pequot, Piankashaw, Prairie Potawatomi, Sauk-Fox, Seneca, Susquehanna, Swamp-Cree, Tuscarora, Winnebago, and Wyandot. -
Practical Reasons for Algonkian Indian Stream and Place Names
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by KnowledgeBank at OSU PRACTICAL REASONS FOR ALGONKIAN INDIAN STREAM AND PLACE NAMES AUGUST C. MAHR1 Department of German, Ohio State University, Columbus 10 INTRODUCTION There is a good reason why, in the North-American East, Middle East, and, partly, in Kentucky and West Virginia, the frequently occurring Indian names for streams, places, and neighborhoods are of Algonkian rather than Iroquoian pro- venience. Although in their cultural character more southerly than the Alkonkians, who mainly lived south of them, the Iroquoians, principally the Five (or Six) Nations, had since their first contacts with the colonializing Europeans remained sedentary in their old settlement area in the northern parts of the present State of New York. The Algonkian Delaware, however, although hailing from the north, roamed southward first, to eastern Pennsylvania afterwards, and finally, under white pressure, westward through the full length of Pennsylvania and into the Ohio Country along the Muskingum, their Wolf Tribe, the Munsee, staying in the regions of northwest Pennsylvania. In the Muskingum basin, the Delaware (or Lenni Lenape) were preceeded by their Algonkian cousins, the Shawnee. First met by Whites in the south, in the 17th century, the Shawnee lived in two separate portions, on the Cumberland river in Tennessee and Kentucky, and on the Savannah river in South Carolina. Toward 1700 the eastern section migrated into northeastern Pennsylvania, and early in the 1700's the other moved eastward and, eventually, across the Ohio river. When the eastern column, about the middle of the 18th century, migrated from northeastern Pennsylvania westward to the Ohio river system, the two formerly separate portions of the Shawnee met about 1750 in the Ohio country and united for the first time in their nation's history (Encycl. -
'O'er Mountains and Rivers': Community and Commerce
MCCARTNEY, SARAH ELLEN, Ph.D. ‘O’er Mountains and Rivers’: Community and Commerce in the Greenbrier Valley in the Late Eighteenth Century. (2018) Directed by Dr. Greg O’Brien. 464 pp. In the eighteenth-century Greenbrier River Valley of present-day West Virginia, identity was based on a connection to “place” and the shared experiences of settlement, commerce, and warfare as settlers embraced an identity as Greenbrier residents, Virginians, and Americans. In this dissertation, I consider the Greenbrier Valley as an early American place participating in and experiencing events and practices that took place throughout the American colonies and the Atlantic World, while simultaneously becoming a discrete community and place where these experiences formed a unique Greenbrier identity. My project is the first study of the Greenbrier Valley to situate the region temporally within the revolutionary era and geographically within the Atlantic World. For many decades Greenbrier Valley communities were at the western edge of Virginia’s backcountry settlements in what was often an “ambiguous zone” of European control and settlers moved in and out of the region with the ebb and flow of frontier violence. Settlers arriving in the region came by way of the Shenandoah Valley where they traveled along the Great Wagon Road before crossing into the Greenbrier region through the mountain passes and rivers cutting across the Allegheny Mountains. Without a courthouse or church, which were the typical elements of community in eighteenth- century Virginia society, until after the American Revolution, Greenbrier settlers forged the bonds of their community through other avenues, including the shared hardships of the settlement experience. -
Virginia State Library
VIRGINIA STATE LIBRARY List of the Colonial Soldiers of Virginia Special Report of the Department of Archives and History for 1913 H. J. ECKENRODE, Archivist RICHMOND Davis Bottom, Superintendent of Public Printing 1917 List of the Colonial Soldiers of Virginia Preface. When colonial warfare is mentioned, the mind goes back to the first Eng lish planting on American soil, to helmeted and breast-plated soldiers with )likes and muskets. who were the necessary accompaniment of the settler in the wilderness. Virginia was essentially a military colony and remained so !or many years; every man was something of a soldier as well as farmer und jack-of-all-trades. Guns, pistols, and armor were part of the regular house furnishing. Danger was always to be apprehended from the Indians, who, In 1622, after many threalenings, rose against the small, sickly colony and decimated it. This massacre inaugurated a war which lasted for several years, ending in the extermination of many tribes in eastem Virginia. Twenty-two years later, In 1644, the massacre was repeated on a smaller se.alc. followed by inevitable retaliation. J•Jxtcnsion westward, beyond the first limit of settlement, the peninsulas between the James, York, and Rappahannock, brought the colonisls into con tact with other tribes, and small forts were erected in various places and garrisoned with rangers, who for a long period guarded this head-of-tide water frontier against the savages. Fighting was frequent. The Indian troubles culminated in 1676 with Bacon's Rebellion. Na thaniel Bacon raised a force of some hundreds of men to punish the Indians for long-continued depredations, and finally crushed the Indian power east of the Blue Ridge. -
CHRONICLES of BORDER WARFATE Alexander Scott Withers 1831
CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFATE Alexander Scott Withers 1831 VIRGINIA North – junction Alleghany/Monongahela West – Ohio River NW of Blue Ridge to the Lakes (Great Lakes) NW of Ohio River Delaware warlike tribe SW Virginia Cherokees warlike tribe WINCHESTER = Trading Post *Thomas Morlin peddler Wiliamsburg *John Salling weaver Wiliamsburg travel to Roanoke Salling taken captive Hunting Party Gulf Mexico Sold to Spaniards Redeemed Gov. Canada Back in Williamsburg after six years captivity Greater part of those venturing into the wilderness were Scottish Presbyterian Dissenters . *Religious Principles *Rigid Morality *Industrious, Enterprising *Culture mix of religion, morals, industry, piety, prejudices . 1753 BEVERLY WV settled by Robert Files and David Tygart 1738 Area known as ‘Orange County’ is subdivided into Frederick and Augusta Counties. Eventually becomes four states… Subdivided into 33 counties Avg. population: 289,362. GREAT BRITIAN Scotts/N.England John Lewis and Jon Mackey encountered Salling Let us examine this more closely… 1726 Morgan Morgan on Mill Creek 1732 Lewis moves below Staunton Mackey moves near Buffalo-gap Salling moves below Natural Bridge 1736 Lewis meets Ben.Burden –agent of Lord 1749 in County of Frederick, a man of lunacy Fairfax wandered some distance and discovered a river *gives buffalo calf to Gov. Gooch that flowed westwardly it was the GREENBRIER *gets 500,000 acres but must settle 100 families in RIVER . ten years on waters of Shenandoah Stephen Suel and Martin ______ 1737 *goes to England gets 100 families Erected a cabin in the area and had an altercation, *Each family gets 1000 acres resulting in Stephen living in a hollow tree. -
The Battle of Point Pleasant
The Battle of Point Pleasant A Critical Event at the Onset of a Revolution by Colin Mustful, Published: 2014 J J J J J I I I I I Table of Contents Essay The Battle of Point Pleasant Appendices Appendix A – Letters Appendix B – Personal Accounts Appendix C – Agreements Appendix D – Gratitude Paid to Lord Dunmore Bibliography J J J J J I I I I I Just six months prior to the onset of the American Revolution a major battle raged between colonial Virginians and the native Indians of western Virginia. This was the Battle of Point Pleasant fought on October 10, 1774. For various reasons, this battle has been recognized by some as the first battle of the American Revolution. However, evidence clearly shows that the Battle of Point Pleasant had no connection with the American Revolution. Rather, the Battle of Point Pleasant was the final battle of the American Colonial Wars. Though it was not a part of the Revolution, it was a critical event in American history that acted to open the settlement of the west and to free Colonial resources to ensure victory in the war for independence. On October 10, 1774, the principle event of Lord Dunmore‘s War, the Battle of Point Pleasant, raged between colonial Virginians and the native Indians of western Virginia. The battle ended in just one day with the retreat of the natives and victory for the settlers. The Battle of Point Pleasant resulted in the subjugation of western Indian tribes and in the advancement of the line of settlement west from the Alleghany Mountains to the Ohio River. -
COLONEL WILLIAM PRESTON, 1729-1783 Bruce Douglas Tuttle Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic
COLONELWILLIAM PRESTON, 1729-1783 by Bruce Douglas Tuttle Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTEROF ARTS in History APPROVED, George Green Shackelford, Chairman Weldon A. Brown John R, Ross July 1971 Blacksburg, Virginia ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to pay special thanks to my major professor, Dr. George Green Shackelford, for his criticisms and for his suggestions which transformed this work from a vivid idea to a finished product. I am grateful to Dr. Weldon A. Brown and to Dr. John R. Ross for their kind and constructive examina- tion and evaluation as second and third readers of this thesis. I desire particularly to acknowledge my debt to Miss Mary Preston Gray of Bristol, Virginia, who made available her private collection of papers which dealt with her Preston ancestors. The staffs of the Caroll M. Newman Library of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, the Alderman Library of the University of Virginia, the Virginia Histor- ical Society, and the county clerk's offices of Augusta, Botetourt and Montgomery have been gracious to me by making convenient the collections entrusted to them, and I thank them collectively, lastly, I wish publicly to express immeasurable grati- tude to my wife, Rebecca, whose patience, understanding and suggestions during the past nine months provided the neces- sary incentive to continue this project to its termination. ii TABLEOF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements e t • • e I I I I I I e I e I e I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ii Chapters I.