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Endocrine Function in Aquatic Invertebrates and Evidence for Disruption by Environmental Pollutants

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Endocrine Function in Aquatic Invertebrates and Evidence for Disruption by Environmental Pollutants Endocrine Function in Aquatic Invertebrates and Evidence for Disruption by Environmental Pollutants L. C. V. Pinder, T. G. Pottinger, Z. Billinghurst and M. H. Depledge Research Contractors: NERC Institute of Freshwater Ecology Plymouth Environmental Research Centre Environment Agency Endocrine Modulators Steering Group Rio House (EMSG) Waterside Drive CEFIC Aztec West Av. E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4 Almondsbury bte 2 B-1160 Bristol Brussels BS12 4UD R&D Technical Report E67 R&D Technical Report E67 Commissioning Organisations Environment Agency Endocrine Modulators Steering Group (EMSG) Rio House CEFIC Waterside Drive Av. E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4 Aztec West, Almondsbury bte 2 B-1160 Bristol Brussels BS12 4UD Tel: 01454 624400 Tel: Fax: 01454 624409 Fax: 32-2-6767241 8 Environment Agency 1999 ISBN: 1-873160-78-X All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Environment Agency. The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Environment Agency. Its officers, servants or agents accept no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of this information, or reliance upon views contained therein. Dissemination Status Internal: Release to Regions External: Release to Public Domain Statement of use The purpose of this report is to identify the potential impacts that might occur in invertebrates from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The report reviews the endocrinology of the invertebrate groups and presents evidence for endocrine disruption from laboratory and field investigations. The report is to be used by the Agency to: • highlight the risk to invertebrates from EDCs, and the effects that could occur in groups particularly at risk. • identify knowledge gaps that should be addressed to assess the “health” status of invertebrate populations • inform Agency policy on the investigation, and control, of endocrine disrupting chemicals released to the environment. Research Contractor This document was produced under R&D Project E1-033 by: The Institute of Freshwater Ecology Plymouth Environmental Research Centre Windermere Laboratory University of Plymouth The Ferry House Drake Circus Far Sawrey Plymouth Ambleside PL4 8AA Cumbria LA22 0LP Tel: 015394 42468 Tel: 01752 232968 Fax: 015394 46914 Tel: 01752 233039 IFE Report number: WI/T11068I7/1 EA Project Leader The Environment Agency Project Leader for R&D Project E1-033: Dr G. C. Brighty (National Centre for Ecotoxicology and Hazardous Substances) The EMSG Project Leader: Dr T. H. Hutchinson (Chairman of the EMSG Aquatic Research Programme, Zeneca, Brixham) R&D Technical Report E67 ii CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................vi. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................1 KEYWORDS..............................................................................................................................6 GLOSSARY / ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................7 1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................8 2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS OF INVERTEBRATES.................................................................................................10 2.1 Insecta .............................................................................................................................10 2.1.1 The insect endocrine system............................................................................................11 2.1.2 Development and moulting..............................................................................................13 2.1.3 Reproduction....................................................................................................................13 2.1.4 Diapause...........................................................................................................................14 2.1.5 Vertebrate-type steroids in insects...................................................................................14 2.2 Crustacea ........................................................................................................................15 2..2.1 The crustacean endocrine system ....................................................................................15 2.2.2 Moulting...........................................................................................................................17 2.2.3 Reproduction....................................................................................................................17 2.2.4 Metabolic hormones in Crustacea....................................................................................18 2.2.5 Control of water balance..................................................................................................18 2.2.6 Pigment hormones ...........................................................................................................19 2.2.7 Pheromones......................................................................................................................19 2.2.8 Vertebrate-type steroids in Crustacea..............................................................................19 2.3 Mollusca..........................................................................................................................21 2.3.1 The molluscan endocrine system.....................................................................................22 2.3.2 Vertebrate-type steroids in molluscs................................................................................24 2.4 Echinodermata ...............................................................................................................25 2.4.1 Hormone function in echinoderms...................................................................................26 2.4.2 Vertebrate-type steroids in echinoderms .........................................................................26 2.5 Other Groups .................................................................................................................27 2.5.1 Coelenterata .....................................................................................................................27 2.5.2 Porifera.............................................................................................................................28 2.5.3 Acoelomata ......................................................................................................................28 2.5.4 Aschelminthes..................................................................................................................29 2.5.6 Annelida...........................................................................................................................29 2.5.6 Protochordata ...................................................................................................................30 R&D Technical Report E67 iii 2.6 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................33 3. THE DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING EFFECTS IN INVERTEBRATES...............................................................................34 3.1 What type of laboratory test is most appropriate for the detection of chemicals with endocrine disrupting effects in invertebrates?..............................................................................34 3.1.1 Detecting endocrine-disrupting activity in vertebrates....................................................34 3.1.2 Bioassays for invertebrate hormones: potential indicators of endocrine disruption? ..................................................................................................36 3.1.3 Are specific bioassays an appropriate approach to the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in invertebrates?...................................................................................................................37 3.1.4 Should detection of effects encompass understanding of mechanisms? .........................40 3.2 The application of existing toxicity testing protocols to the detection of endocrine disruption in invertebrates .....................................................................41 3.2.1 The range of existing invertebrate toxicity testing systems.............................................42 3.2.2 Aquatic insects as test organisms.....................................................................................43 Diptera: Chironomidae....................................................................................................44 Other Dipteran families...................................................................................................45 Hemiptera and Coleoptera ..............................................................................................45 Ephemeroptera.................................................................................................................45 Trichoptera ......................................................................................................................45 3.2.3 Crustaceans as
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