University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Zoology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of

September 2005

Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: S

Mary Ann Basinger Maggenti University of California-Davis

Armand R. Maggenti University of California, Davis

Scott Gardner University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology

Part of the Zoology Commons

Maggenti, Mary Ann Basinger; Maggenti, Armand R.; and Gardner, Scott, "Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: S" (2005). Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/6

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 800 On line Di ctio nar sagittal triact (PORIF) A thyreofe-rayed megasclere spicule hav- Inve S ing one ray very unlike others, rgtebnerally T-shaped. rate sagittal triradiates (PORIF) Tetraxon spicZuooles with two equal log angles and one dissimilar angle. see triradiayte(s). sagittate a. [L. sagitta, arrow] Having the shape of an arrow- sabulous, sabulose a. [L. sabulum, sand] Sandy, gritty. head; sagittiform. sac n. [L. saccus, bag] A bladder, pouch or bag-like structure. sagittocysts n. [L. sagitta, arrow; Gr. kystis, bladder] (PLATY: saccate a. [L. saccus, bag] Sac-shaped; gibbous or inflated at ) Pointed vesicles with a protrusible rod or nee- one end. dle. saccharobiose n. [Gr. sakchar, sugar; bios, life] Sucrose. salient a. [L. saliens, leaping] Projecting outward; prominent. sacciform a. [L. saccus, bag] Having the shape of a sac or saliva n. [L. saliva, spit] The secretion of the salivary glands pouch; saccular. that moisten the mouth parts, the food, and begins diges- tion; in many it also contains active consti- saccule n. [L. dim. saccus, bag] 1. A small sac or pouch. 2. tutents. Sometimes applied to a small invagination of the cuticle. salivarium n. [L. saliva, spit] 1. (ARTHRO: ) In sacculus n. [L. dim. saccus, bag] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepi- Acarina, the chamber in the buccal cone into which the doptera, the inner basal process of the coxite of male ex- salivary ducts open. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The small cavity ternal genitalia. behind the hypopharynx and between it and the labium saccus n. [L. saccus, bag] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, into which the salivary duct opens. an internal, midventral, cephalad invagination of the vin- salivary canal (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. In Hemiptera, the mouth culum. apparatus having separate food and salivary canals; the n. [Gr. sakos, shield; glossa, tongue] (MOLL: Gas- posterior of the two situated between the opposed styliform tropoda) In , having a single toothed maxillae, through which salivary fluids are secreted by a . salivary pump. 2. In Diptera, a canal extending the length saddle n. [A.S. sadol] 1. (ANN: Oligochaeta) In Lumbricidae, of the hypopharynx for passage of saliva from the salivary the clitellum incomplete ventrally, extending from the back pump; the salivary outlet canal. to below the lateral setae. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, salivary chromosomes (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a large sclerite on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the polytene chromosomes found in the interphase nuclei of 10th abdominal segment of larval Culicidae and some other the salivary glands of the larvae. nematocerous . see annular. salivary ducts (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, tubes through Saefftigen's pouch (ACANTHO) An elongate genital pouch of which saliva passes from the salivary glands; anteriorly males inside the genital sheath, continuous with the spaces fused forming the common salivary duct opening into the of the bursal cap, that functions to inject fluid for eversion salivary pump. of the bursa. salivary gland 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Glands that open into the sagittae see penis valves mouth, esophagus or at the beginning of the alimentary sagittal a. [L. sagitta, arrow] Of or pertaining to the vertical canal, that secrete a digestive substance. see labial gland, median anteroposterior plane in a bilaterally symmetrical esophageal glands, peptonephridia. 2. (MOLL: Cephalo- . see parasagittal. poda) In Sepia and the second salivary glands se- 801 802 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar crete proteolytic enzymes. simple organic nutrientsyfroof m surrounding medium. Inve salivary pump (ARTHRO: Insecta) A modified salivarium into saprozoite n. [Gr. sapros, rottenr;tebzoon, animal] An animal rate which the common salivary duct opens at the base of the that lives on dead or decaying organicZomoatter. see sapro- log hypopharynx. phyte. y salivary syringe see salivary pump sarcobelum n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; belos, sting] (MOLL: Gastro- saltation n. [L. saltare, to leap] An evolutionary process that poda) In Pulmonata, a glandular node projecting into the proceeds by leaps and bounds through the production of prepuce from the junction of the penis sheath and propuce. mutants that differ greatly from the progenitor(s). see sarcode n. [Gr. sarx, flesh] Protoplasm. anamorphosis. sarcolemma n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; lemma, covering] An outer Saltatoria n. [L. saltare, to leap] A name commonly misap- membrane enclosing the nucleated sarcoplasm in which the plied to grasshoppers, crickets and their allies. muscle fibers are embedded. saltatory a. [L. saltare, to leap] Adapted for leaping. see fur- sarcolysis n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; lyein, to loosen] Phagocytosis of cula. muscles. saltigrade a. [L. saltare, to leap; gradus, step] Leaping sarcolyte n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; lytos, broken] (ARTHRO: Insecta) movement as in insects and . In Diptera, spherical bodies filled with muscle fragments in sanguine a. [L. sanguis, blood] Having the color of blood. the blood of the pupae during metamorphosis. sanguinivorous a. [L. sanguis, blood; vorare, to devour] sarcomere n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; meros, part] Any one of a series Feeding on blood. of units occurring at regular intervals along a muscle fiber, each unit encompasses the actin and myosin filaments; in sanidasters n.pl. [Gr. sanidion, small board; aster, star] (PO- most invertebrates each sarcomere is set-off by Z discs. RIF) Rod shaped streptasters; a small rod-like spicule with sarcomeric a. see I-bands, T-tubule. spines at intervals. sarcophagous a. [Gr. sarx, flesh; phagein, to eat] Feeding on sapphirine a. [Gr. sappheiros, sapphire] Sapphire blue. flesh. saprobe see saprobiont sarcoplasm n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; plasma, formed or molded] saprobic a. [Gr. sapros, rotten] Living on decaying organic The undifferentiated protoplasm of a muscle cell; between matter. the myofibrils. saprobiont n. [Gr. sapros, rotten; bios, life] Living in an envi- sarcoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum in striated ronment rich in decaying organic matter and low in oxygen. muscle fibers; surrounding the myofibrils. saprobiotic a. sarcosomes n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; soma, body] Former name for saprophagous a. [Gr. sapros, rotten; phagein, to eat] Feeding mitochondria in muscle cells. on dead or decaying animal or plant materials. sarcostyle n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; stylos, pillar] (CNID: Hydrozoa) saprophyte n. [Gr. sapros, rotten; phyton, plant] A plant that The dactylozooid on a column; nematophore. lives on dead and decaying organic matter; sometimes in- sarcotheca n. [Gr. sarx, flesh; theke, case] (CNID: Hydrozoa) correctly extended to include as well as plants. The sheath of a sarcostyle; nematotheca. saprophytic a. see saprozite. sarothrum see scopa saprozoic nutrition 1. Feeding on decaying organic matter. 2. Deriving sustenance by absorption of dissolved salts and saw n. [A.S. sagu, saw] (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In Symphyta, 803 804 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar transverse ridges provided on the fused 2nd valvulae. b. In scalloped a. [OF. escalope,y osfhell] Indented, cut at the edges Inv Diptera, the anterior serrated plate of the spiracular appa- into rounded hollows or segmeenrtes of circles; crenate. bra ratus of Mansoniini larvae. te Z scalp n. [Dan. skalp, shell] (MOLL) A bed ofosohl ellfish, especially ogy saw bristles (ARTHRO: Crustacea) A heavy row of setae be- of mussels or oysters. tween the molar and incisor process on the gnathal lobe of scalpellum see lancet the mandible. scalpriform a. [L. scalprum, chisel; forma, shape] Chisel- saxicavous a. [L. saxum, rock; cavus, hollow] Said of rock- shaped. boring mollusks. scanning electron microscope (SEM) A microscope with an saxicolous a. [L. saxum, rock; colere, to inhabit] Living among electron beam that scans the specimen producing an image rocky or stony areas. of the surface on a florescent screen. scabellum n. [L. scabellum, footstool] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In scansorial a. [L. scandere, to climb] Adapted for climbing or Diptera, the distal basal portion of the halteres. clinging. scabrous a. [L. scaber, rough] Rough; rugged; with little rigid scape, scapus n. [L. scapus, shaft] 1. A stem or shaft. 2. (AR- points or minute irregularities. THRO: Chelicerata) A structure associated with the epi- scalariform, scalaroid a. [L. scalaris, ladder; forma, shape] gynum of some female Arachnida, partially covering the Ladder-like; having transverse bars and spaces like a lad- vulva. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The first or basal segment of der. an antenna; in Diptera, the two basal segments of the an- scales n.pl. [OF. escale, husk] 1. A small, more or less flat- tenna. 4. (CNID: ) a. In Alcyonaria, the main stem tened, plate-like exterior covering. 2. (ARTHRO) a. In Cheli- of Pennatulacea. b. In Actinaria, the lower thick-walled re- , flattened, modified setae of Arachnida. b. In Crus- gion of the column. tacea, small calcareous plate on the peduncle of scaphe n. [Gr. skaphe, boat] (ANN: Polychaeta) In Amphicteni- lepadomorph barnacles. see scaphocerite. c. In Insecta, dae, a flattened caudal appendage bearing the anus. flat unicellular outgrowths of the body-wall; highly modified scaphiform, scaphoid a. [Gr. skaphe, boat] Boat-shaped. clothing hairs of all Lepidoptera, many Collembola, in some Thysanura, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. 3. scaphium n. [Gr. skaphe, boat] 1. A boat-shaped structure. 2. (MOLL) a. In , localized projections of the outer (ARTHRO: Insecta) In male Lepidoptera, a dorsal sclerotiza- shell; usually on a rib. b. In Polyplacophora, small calcare- tion of the genitalia, below the uncus, and above the anus. ous bodies decorating the dorsal side of the girdle, some- see subscaphium. times closely set, overlapping and of various shapes, being scaphocerite n. [Gr. skaphe, boat; keras, horn] (ARTHRO: smooth or with minute striations. 4. (NEMATA: Sacernentea) Crustacea) The flattened exopod of the antenna; a scale; a Thickened, retrorse modifications of the body annuli. squama. scalids n.pl. [Gr. skalidon, hoe] 1. (KINOR) Circlets and longi- scaphognathite n. [Gr. skaphe, boat; ganthos, jaw] (ARTHRO: tudinal rows of spines on the protrusible cone-shaped head Crustacea) In Decapoda, the exopod of the maxilla, often and neck. 2. (LORI) In Nanaloricus mysticus, many re- used to produce the respiratory current in the gill chamber; curved spines on the cone-shaped anterior end (introvert) bailer or gill bailer. on its lateral surface. 3. (PRIAP) Longitudinal riblike, conical Scaphopoda n. [Gr. skaphe, boat; pous, foot] A class of Mol- projections arranged in circles and longitudinal rows on the lusca containing the tusk or tooth shell that are bilaterally barrel-shaped anterior proboscis region (introvert). symmetrical with an elongate, gently curved, tubular shell 805 806 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar open at both ends; an exclusively marine dweller. butterfly wing. see biochy roof me. Inv erte scapula see parapsis schistosomula n.; pl. -lae [Gr. scbhriazein, split; dim. soma, te Z body] (PLATY: ) In Schistostoomolatidae, the post- scapulus n.; pl. -li [L. dim. scapus, stem] 1. (CNID: Anthozoa) ogy In Actinaria, the short upper part of the scape/scapus. 2. penetration stage in the definitive host; the ju- (NEMATA) The enlarged sensory portion of a metaneme. venile stage between a cercaria and an adult. scapus see scape schizeckenosy n. [Gr. schizien, to split; eckenos, empty out] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In , a system of waste elimina- scarabaeiform larva (ARTHRO: Insecta) A grublike larva with tion with blindly ending midgut by a lobe from the ven- a well sclerotized head, and poorly sclerotized body, but triculus breaking free and being expelled though a split in well developed thoracic legs and abdomen, without prolegs, the posterodorsal cuticle. and is usually short-legged and inactive. schizochroal n. [Gr. schizien, to split; chroa, superficial ap- scarabaeoid a. [L. scarabaeus, beetle; Gr. eidos, like] 1. pearance] (ARTHRO: Trilobita) Bound isolated lenses that Scarab-like. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coleoptera, a member form around semicircular facets. see holochroal. of the Scarabaeoidea; third and fourth instar larva of the Meloidae, the blister beetles. schizocoel, schizocele n. [Gr. schizein, to split; koilos, hol- low] A coelomic cavity formed from the splitting of the scarified a. [L. scarifico, to scratch] To scratch or cut. mesodermal band or plate. scariose a. [F. scarieux, membranous] Thin, dry and scaly. schizodont a. [Gr. schizein, to split; odous, tooth] (MOLL: Bi- scatophagous a. [Gr. skatos, dung; phagein, to eat] Eating valvia) With a two cusped-tooth. dung or excrement; merdivorous; coprophagous. schizogamy n. [Gr. schizein, to split; gamos, marriage] (ANN: scavenger n. [ME. skavawer, collector of a toll] Any organism Polychaeta) Fission into a sexual and an asexual individual. that feeds on dead plants or animals and decaying matter schizogenesis see fission or animal wastes. schizolophe n. [Gr. schizein, to split; lophos, crest] (BRACHIO) scent brush/tuft Hairs or scales that function in diffusion of A lophophore indented to form a pair of branchia bearing a odorous secretions. row of paired filamentous appendages. schizolophous a. scent glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) Glands that manufacture and schizopeltid n. [Gr. schizein, to split; pelte, shield] (ARTHRO: store for subsequent release, volatile, usually highly odorif- Chelicerata) The prodorsal shield (peltidium) subdivided by erous substances. see brush organs, pheromone. one or more transverse scissures, composed of pro- scent pore see ostiole peltidium, mesopeltidium and metapeltidium, or pro- scent scales (ARTHRO: Insecta) Scales distinguished from peltidium and postpeltidium. clothing scales by their extreme length, sometimes called schizopod larva see mysis stage hairs. see androconia. schizorhyses n.pl. [Gr. schizein, to split; rhysos, delivering] sceptrules n. [Gr. dim. skeptron, royal staff] (PORIF: Sclero- (PORIF) Canals in the dictyonal framework that runs longi- spongiae) Microscleric monactinal triaxonic spicules that in- tudinally or obliquely from gastroderm to the dermis and clude clavules with terminal umbels or smooth heads. are lined by flagellated chambers. schemochrome n. [Gr. schema, shape; chroma, color] (AR- Schmidt's layer (ARTHRO: Insecta) The zone of deposition of THRO: Insecta) Colors produced by physical or structural new cuticle during molting; the exact nature of this zone is surfaces, devoid of pigment, as the iridescent colors of a not known. 807 808 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar Schwann cell (ARTHRO: Insecta) An elongate cell into which sclerotized a. y of Inv motor axons sink and become suspended by a suspensory erte scoleces pl. of scolex bra fold; lemnoblast; neurilemma cell. te Z ool scolecid, scoleciform, scolecoid a. [Gr.ogsykolex, worm] scientific name The formal nomenclatural designation of a Scolex-like. taxon. scolex n. [Gr. skolex, worm] (PLATY: ) The head or scissorial area (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coleoptera, the cutting holdfast organ. area on the mandible of a Scarabaeoidea larva; between the dentes and molar area. scolopale n.; pl. -ia [Gr. skolos, pointed object; L. palus, stake] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A variously shaped cup or cone scissure n. [L. scindere, to cut] 1. A cleft or split in a body or with longitudinal ridges and a central filament connecting surface. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, a relatively with the process of a central nerve cell; may have a termi- narrow band of soft skin that cuts the sclerotized cuticle nal button; sensory cell of the scolopidium; scolops; cu- into plates. ticular sheath; corpus scolopale. sclerification see sclerotization scoloparium see proprioceptor sclerite n. [Gr. skleros, hard] 1. (ARTHRO) Any sclerotized area scolopidium n.; pl. -ia [Gr. dim. skolos, pointed object] A of cuticle limited by lines or flexible, membranous mechanoreceptor (part of a chordotonal organ) consisting portions of cuticle. 2. (BRYO) A thickened line in the oper- essentially, of three cells: sensory neuron (scolopale), en- culum, mandible or frontal membrane. 3. (CNID) A calcare- veloping cell, and an attachment, or cap cell; scolopo- ous skeletal member of the mesogloea. phore; sensillum scolopophorum. see myochordotonal scleritization n. [Gr. skleros, hard; facere, to make] (ARTHRO: organ. Insecta) The formation of sclerites. scolopoid sheath see scolopale scleroblasts n.pl. [Gr. skleros, hard; blastos, bud] (PORIF) scolopophore, scolophore n. [Gr. skolos, pointed object; Special amoebocytes in responsible for secreting phoreus, bearer] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. Complex sensilla the skeleton; consisting either of spicules, fibers of spongin consisting of a bundle of sensory cells whose endings are or both. separated from the body by one or more accessory cells, sclerocyte n. [Gr. skleros, hard; kytos, container] (PORIF) that are receptive to mechanical stimuli; scolopidium. 2. A Cells that secrete spicules. organ perceiving continuous vibration. see tangore- sclerophagous see duraphagous ceptor. sclerosepta n.pl.; sing. -um [Gr. skleros, hard; septum, parti- scolopophorus organ see chordotonal organ tion] (CNID: Hydrozoa) Calcareous rods of corals projecting scolops see scolopale from the basal plate in a fan-like shape between the mes- scolus n.; pl. scoli [Gr. skolos, pointed object] 1. Thorny proc- enteries of the polyp. esses of the body-wall. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In Coleop- sclerotin n. [Gr. skleros, hard] (ARTHRO) A colorless or tera, long branched projection of coccinellid beetles. b. In quinone tanned amber or brown material occurring in the Lepidoptera, characteristic of nymphalid and saturniid lar- cuticle that accounts for much of the stiffening of the sur- vae; sphingid larvae also have a similar process in the anal face structures. sclerotic a. horn. sclerotization n. [Gr. skleros, hard] Hardening by deposition scolytoid larva (ARTHRO: Insecta) A fleshy larva resembling of sclerotin or other substances in the cuticle. sclerotic, the larva of scolytid beetles. 809 810 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar scopa n.; pl. -ae [L. scopa, broom] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hy- Small secondary spinesyoonf the scrobicular tubercles of the Inv menoptera, special hairs (pollen brush) or modified to form test. erte bra a corbicula (pollen basket). scopate a. te Z scrobiculus n. [LL. dim. scrobis, ditch] A piotoolr depression. ogy scopiform a. [L. scopa, broom; forma, shape] Formed like a scrobis n.; pl. -es [LL. scrobis, ditch] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In brush. Scarabaeoidea larvae, a sunken lateral mandibular region scopula n.; pl. -ae [L. dim. scopa, broom] A small, dense tuft defined by two apically converging lateral carinae. of hair; scopa. scrotal membrane (ARTHRO: Insecta) The peritoneal envelope scopules n.pl. [L. dim. scopa, broom] (PORIF) Sceptrules with covering the testes; sometimes pigmented. few spines arranged in a regular cluster. scrotiform a. [L. scrotum, pouch; forma, shape] Purse- or scopuliferous, scopuliform a. [L. dim. scopa, broom] Brush- pouch-shaped. like. scrotum see scrotal membrane scopulipedes a. [L. dim. scopa, broom; pes, foot] (ARTHRO: n. [L. sculptura, carving] The pattern or marking of Insecta) In Hymenoptera, bees with pollen gathering impressions or elevations on the surface of an animal. structures on the feet. sculptured a. scotopic see superposition scutal angle (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, an angular projec- scraper n. [A.S. scrapian, scraper] 1. Any structure or special- tion of the scutal margin anterior to the prescutal suture, ized part of a structure adapted for rasping or scraping. 2. or in front of the prespiracular area. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Orthoptera, the sharpened anal angle scutal margin (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In thoracic barnacles, the of the front wing that functions as a stridulating mecha- edge of the tergum, articulating with the scutum or the nism. see file. edge of any other plate adjacent to the scutum. screening a. [OF. escren, barrier] Selective procedures to iso- scutate a. [L. scutum, shield] In the shape of a shield; es- late animals or chemicals from populations, complex mix- cutcheon; clypeate; peltate. tures, or background material. scute n. [L. scutum, shield] (ARTHRO: Insecta) An external screw dislocation (BRYO) Spiral growth resulting from lattice scale. defects in calcite crystals making up their skeletal units. scutel see scutellum scrobe n. [LL. scrobis, ditch] A groove or furrow for the recep- tion of an appendage. scutellar angle (ARTHRO: Insecta) The expanded wing angle of the elytra adjacent to the scutellum. scrobicula n. [LL. dim. scrobis, ditch] (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) A bare area surrounding a boss (base of a spine) on the test; scutellar bridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a ridge on both areola. sides of the scutellum connecting with the scutum. scrobicular tubercles (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) Secondary tu- scutellar bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, bristles along bercles with spines encircling the base of a spine on the the posterior margin of the scutellum. test. scutellate a. [L. dim. scutum, shield] Divided into small plate- scrobiculate a. [LL. dim. scrobis, ditch] Marked with pits or like areas. hollows. scutellum n.; pl. scutella [L. dim. scutum, shield] 1. (ARTHRO: scrobicules n. [LL. dim. scrobis, ditch] (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) Insecta) a. A sclerotic subdivision of the thoracic . b. In Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Homoptera, the scutellum 811 812 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar (mesoscutellum); large and usually triangular or subtrian- from a thin layer of resyisotaf nt endochorion and a thick am- Inve gular. c. In Diptera, a posterior rounded or triangular lobe. ber layer that joins the cap to thrteebrest of the chorion. rate 2. (NEMATA: ) One of a pair of large caudal seam n. [A.S. seam] A visible line of junctZuoreo between parts; a log chemosensory organs opening in the lateral fields in some suture. y species of the Hoplolaiminae. seam cells (NEMATA) The central cell row in the lateral chords scutiform a. [L. scutum, shield; forma, shape] In the shape of that have no membranous extension beneath the cuticle. a shield; peltate. sebaceous a. [L. sebaceus, tallow] Pertaining to secretion, or scutigerous a. [L. scutum, shield; gerere, to bear] Having a composed of oily or fatty substances. shield-like structure. sebific duct/gland Tubes of the collaterial glands. scutoscutellar suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) The sulcus dividing the mesonotum into the scutum and scutellum; V of V- Secernentea, secereneteans n.; n.pl. [L. secernere, to shaped sulcus with arms diverging posteriorly. separate] One of the two major classes of the Nemata, including most of the plant- and animal-parasitic scutulis see scutellum ; formerly Phasmidia. see Adenophorea. scutum n.; pl. scuta [L. scutum, shield] 1. Any long, horny or second antennae (ARTHRO: Crustacea) 1. Antennae of the chitinous plate. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, the second cephalic segment. 2. Antennae of some males are large, anteriodorsal sclerite. 3. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In uniramous; two-jointed structures used to clasp females thoracic barnacles, a paired plate or . a. In Lepado- during mating. morpha, one on each side of the occludent margin of the capitulum. b. In Verrucomorpha, a fixed scutum, one of 4 secondary fiber (PORIF) A fiber that connects primary fibers principal plates, and a movable scutum, 1 of 2 opercular and is not oriented to the surface. plates. c. In Balanomorpha, one of 4 opercular plates. 4. secondary host see intermediate host (ARTHRO: Insecta) The middle division of the thoracic no- secondary intergradation The intergradation or hybridization tum, anterior to the scutellum. a. In Hymenoptera, the of two distinct and previously isolated populations that major part of the dorsum of the mesothorax in winged have reestablished contact. see primary intergradation. Formicidae. b. In Diptera, sometimes referred to as the eunotum. 5. (BRYO: ) In anascan secondary iris cells see accessory pigment cells Cheilostomata, a broad, flat, lateral, marginal spine over- secondary ocelli (ARTHRO: Insecta) Ocelli of the larvae of hanging the frontal area. holometabolous insects; lateral ocelli. scyphistoma n. [Gr. scyphos, cup; stoma, mouth] (CNID) A secondary pigment cells see accessory pigment cells polypoid larval stage attached to the bottom that secondary pleometrosis (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, gives rise to free-swimming medusae; a strobila. see hy- a process in a colony in which a founding queen is later dra-tuba. joined by others to form a pleometrotic association. see scyphomedusae see pleometrosis. Scyphozoa, scyphozoans n.; n.pl. [Gr. scyphos, cup; zoon, secondary reproductive see nymphoid reproductive animal] An exclusively marine class in the Phylum , secondary riblet (MOLL: Bivalvia) A riblet appearing later in in which the medusoid stage predominates having 8 development, however, weaker than primary riblets. notches in the margin of the bell; . secondary segmentation Any form of body segmentation not sealing bar (ARTHRO: Insecta) In eggs, a structure formed conforming with the embryonic . 813 814 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar secondary setae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some caterpillars, setae enclosing the 1st valvulayeo.f Inve of indefinite locations and numbers; usually not present on second vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) In rDteipbtera, when present, lying rate first instar. immediately behind the subcostal veinZ,oaolways united with log secondary sexual characters Characters that distinguish the the radial sector vein. y sexes, though not functioning directly in reproduction. secretion n. [L. secretio, separation] A substance or fluid pro- secondary shell layer (BRACHIO) Shell deposited by outer duced in the body by a cell or gland; the passage of this epithelium median of outer lobes. a. In Articulata, substance to the outside of the cell or gland. secretory a. secreted intracellularly as fibers. b. In Inarticulata, if pre- secretory granules (NEMATA) Proteinaceous granules pro- sent, never fibrous. duced in the salivary (esophageal) glands, then transported secondary sockets (BRACHIO) A pair of small depressions be- anteriorly to the gland ampullae where breakdown occurs; hind the cardinal process lobes that receive the secondary thought to release digestive enzymes to be injected into teeth. the food cell during feeding. secondary somatic hermaphrodite see gynandromorph section n. [L. sectare, to cut] 1. Pertaining to a subdivision of secondary spicules (PORIF) Microscleres distributed through- a taxon or a series of related elements in one portion of a out the mesenchyme. higher taxon. 2. A thin slice of an organism or part of one used for microscopic study. secondary teeth (BRACHIO) In Stropheodontidae, two projec- tions from the ventral process that fit into sockets of the sectorial cross vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) A cross vein between brachial valve. the two branches of the radial sector. second axillary (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. A sclerite articulating secund a. [L. secundus, following] Having parts or organs on partly with the preceding sclerite and partly with the base one side only; pointed one way; unilateral. of the radius; submedia. 2. An articulation sclerite of an in- secundibracts n. [L. secundus, following; brachium, arm] sect wing along the first axillary that touches the base of (ECHINOD: Crinoidea) Brachials between the first and 2nd the radial vein anteriorly, with a ventral portion of the axillaries; dicostalia. sclerite set below the wing surface; intra-alare. securiform a. [L. securis, ax; forma, shape] Hatchet-shaped. second-form reproductive see nymphoid reproductive sedentary a. [L. sedere, to sit] Remaining in one place; sta- second longitudinal vein see second vein tionary. second maxillae 1. (ARTHRO: Chilopoda) The fourth pair of seductor gubernaculi see gubernaculum head appendages. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The fifth and seed n. [A.S. saed, seed] (MOLL: Bivalvia) A young oyster; not last pair of head appendages. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The designated by a specific size range. third pair of gnathal appendages; united in the labium. seed galls (NEMATA) Seedheads converted to galls containing second trochanter (ARTHRO) The second segment of the leg; cryptobiotic larvae or adults. prefemur; ischiopodite. segment n. [L. segmentum, piece] 1. A part or subdivision of a second valvifers (ARTHRO: Insecta) In the ovipositor, a basal body or appendage that is marked off or separate between pair of lobes or oblong plates supporting the base of the joints or articulations. 2. (ANN) A portion of the body, along second valvulae. the anteroposterior axis, between two consecutive in- second valvulae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In the ovipositor, a dorsal tersegmental furrows and the associated septa. 3. (AR- elongate pair of processes, uniting to form the sting sheath THRO: Crustacea) A podomere. see article. 815 816 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar segmental blood vessel (ANN) A blood vessel in the body self-cleansing (MOLL: Bivyaolvf ia) Removal and ejection of Inv wall, connecting anteriorly from dorsal to ventral arteries, . erte bra and posteriorly by plexes around the gut. te Z self-fertilization The union of gametes deroivoel d from the same ogy segmental spines (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, 12 major individual; autogamy; automixis. see cross-fertilization. bristles occurring in transverse rows on each segment of selfing see self-fertilization syrphid fly larvae. self-sedimentation (MOLL: Bivalvia) In oysters, pseudofeces segmentation n. [L. segmentum, piece] 1. The division of a and feces that are ejected. jointed appendage or limb. 2. Cleavage. sellate a. [L. sella, saddle] Saddle-shaped. segmentation cavity see blastocoel seller groove (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a short segmentation nucleus Nucleus formed by union of male and transverse groove on the carapace, dorsally anterior to the female pronuclei during fertilization. cervical groove of Nephropidae. segregate n. [L. segregare, to separate] An individual that selva n. [L. silva, wood] A tropical rain forest. differs in some genetic characters from the parental stock due to segregation of genes. selvage n. [A.S. self; edge, its own proper edge] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Ostracoda, the principal ridge of the contact segregation n. [L. segregare, to separate] 1. The act of plac- margin sealing the valves closed. ing apart; separation. 2. The separation of the two genes of an allelomorphic pair during meiosis. sematic a. [Gr. sema, sign] Functioning as a warning of dan- ger, as signalling colors of insects, or disagreeable odors of seizing jaws see grasping spines certain poisonous or dangerous animals. see allosematic, sejugal a. [L. se, apart; jugare, to join] Indicating the furrow antiaposematic, aposematic, parasematic, pseu- or interval separating divisions or segments of an inverte- dosematic, episematic, pseudepisematic, pseu- brate body. daposematic. selection see natural selection sematophore see spermatophore selection pressure The effect of the environment in selecting semelparity n. [L. semel, once; parere, to bear] Producing individuals best suited for survival and reproduction. see young only once in a lifetime. semelparous a. natural selection. semiaquatic a. [L. semis, half; aqua, water] Living in wet selenaster n. [Gr. selene, moon; aster, star] (PORIF) A micro- places, or partially in water. sclere similar to a stellaster, but based on a spiraster. semidominant see codominant seleniform a. [Gr. selene, moon; L. forma, shape] In the semifenestra a. [L. semis, half; fenestra, window] (NEMATA: shape of a full moon. Secernentea) In Heterodera one of a pair of openings in the seleniform cell see plasmatocytes vulval cone separating the vulval bridge. see circum- n. [Gr. selene, moon; zone, girdle] (MOLL: Gastro- fenestrate. poda) In dibranchiates, a spiral band of crescentric growth semigeographic speciation see parapatric speciation lines or threads (lunulae) on the shell surface due to the semilunar a. [L. semi, half; luna, moon] A half-moon shaped semicircular end of a notch or slit on the outer ; a slit marking with sharp ends. band; corresponds to the anal fasciole of some other groups. seminal a. [L. semen, seed] Pertaining to structures in which sperm are involved. 817 818 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar seminal bursa (PLATY: Turbellaria) A term used to describe the Semper's cells see cells ofySoef mper Inv sac for receiving sperm during copulation that will be erte Semper's larva (CNID: Anthozoa) InbZraoantharia, pelagic larva stored for a period of time; bursa seminalis. see bursa te Z with long cilia. ool copulatrix. ogy Semper's rib (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, a degenerate seminal canal (ARTHRO: Insecta) In female Coleoptera, a duct trachea present in the wing, alongside a functioning tra- or canal that connects the spermatheca with the vagina, chea within the vein cavity. functioning in sperm transport. senescence n. [L. senescere, to grow old] The gradual dete- seminal ducts see vas deferens rioration of function in an organism leading to an increased seminal funnel (ANN: Oligochaeta) The internal opening of the probability of death; the ageing process. vas deferens. senility n. [L. senex, old] Old age. seminal furrows/grooves (ANN) Referring to distinct mark- senior homonym The earliest published of two or more identi- ings in the epidermis associated with male, or prostatic cal names for the same or different taxa. see homonym, pores, through which sperm and/or prostatic secretions junior homonym. move at the time of copulation. senior synonym The earliest published of two or more avail- seminal receptacle Diverticulum of oviduct or pouch external able names for the same taxon. see synonym, junior to the oviduct for storing spermatozoa delivered by the synonym. male; receptaculum seminalis. see spermatheca, bursa copulatrix, copulatory pouch, copulatory sac, seminal sense club see rhopalium bursa, spermatheca. sense cone/peg (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. A minute cone or peg, seminal vesicle 1. A male sac-, tube- or pouch-like structure sensory in function. 2. Sense cone of Hayes, see nesium. in which spermatozoa is stored before being discharged; sense organ A simple or multicellular receptor organ, com- seminal reservoir; vesicula seminalis. 2. (ANN) A pouch prised of at least one sensory cell and accessory structures. usually formed in a posterior septum of a testicular seg- sensilla n.; pl. -ae [L. sensus, sense] see sensillum. ment where the latter stages of spermatogenesis occur. sensilla candelari (ARTHRO: Insecta) In the fulgorid Pyrops semination n. [L. semen, seed] Discharge of sperm. see in- folded sensory plaque organs having numerous bipolar semination. neurons arranged in groups; may have evolved from a semiochemical n. [Gr. semeion, mark or signal; chemeia, cluster of basiconic sensilla. transmutation] Chemicals involved in the chemical interac- sensilla circumfila (ARTHRO: Insecta) Thin-walled chemore- tions between individual organisms, subdivided into two ceptors with pores on fine surface ridges of elaborately major groups, pheromones and allelochemics. looped sensilla on the antennae of cecidomyids. semipupa n. [L. semis, half; pupa, puppet] (ARTHRO: Insecta) sensilla pouch (NEMATA) An expansion of the amphidial tube, In hypermetamorphosis, the interpolated stage between containing the sensory elements of the sensilla situated the active larva and the true pupa; the stage preceding pu- posterior to the amphidial pouch; fusus amphidialis. pate; prepupa. sensillium see sensillum. semisocial a. [L. semis, half; scocius, ally] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, female bees of the same generation living sensillum n.; pl. -la [L. sensus, sense] 1. A receptor complex in a colony with some individuals being primarily egg layers composed of a sense cell or units of sense cells plus associ- and some primarily workers (auxiliaries). ated structures: innervated hair, flat sensory plate, or sen- 819 820 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar sory pit. 2. A small epithelial sense organ or nerve ending; plates. y of Inve a simple receptor complex. sensillum rhinarium see rhinariurmteb rate sensillum ampullaceum A sense organ in which the sense Zoo sensillum scolopophorum see scolopidiumlog cone is a flask- or pouch-shaped cavity with no external y structure evident; ampullaceous sensillum; sensory flasks. sensillum styloconicum A sense organ having a terminal sensory cone, usually in a pit in the cuticle, innervated by sensillum auriforme (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, a sense nerve fibers running to its tip; thought to be olfactory in organ with flattened disks, similar to sensillum campani- function; sensilla styloconica; terminal sensory cone. formium. sensillum squamiformium (ARTHRO: Insecta) A sense organ sensillum basiconicum A sense organ with an external proc- with a scale-like external appearance with nerve fiber end- ess in the form of a minute cone or peg; basiconic sensil- ings at its base; usually occurring on the wing veins and lum. abdomen; sensory scales. sensillum campaniformium A thin, flexible, dome-shaped sensillum trichodeum A sense organ bearing an elongate sense organ that has no pore or opening, sometimes oc- seta, articulated with the body wall by a membranous curring in groups, that respond to strains on the cuticle, as socket so that it is free to move; a mechanoreceptor or less opposed to individual muscle movement; sensory cupolum. often as a chemoreceptor; trichoid sensillum; a tactile sen- sensillum chaeticum A sense organ with an external process sillum. in the form of a spine- or bristle-like seta, tactile in func- sensitization n. [L. sensus, sense] The process or state of tion. sensitiveness or hypersusceptibility to specific substances sensillum coeloconicum A sense organ with an external in contact with the body tissues. process in the form of a thin-walled conical or peg-like sensorium n.; pl. -riums, -ria [L. sensus, sense] The sensory projection in a shallow pit below the surface of the body apparatus, comprising sense organs and their nerve cen- wall; coeloconic sensillum; sensory pit-peg. ters. sensillum coelosphaericum (ARTHRO: Insecta) Olfactory re- sensory a. [L. sensus, sense] Having communication with the ceptor, lacking pore tubules, found on the last antennal sensorium. segment of Nicrophorus, composed of a complicated net- work of filaments. sensory cell A unicellular receptor sensillum coleum A sense organ that is completely covered sensory cell, type I Bipolar nerve cells in or beneath the epi- with a sheath except for the internal canal. dermis of the body wall, or the epithelium of the ectoder- mal parts of the alimentary canal and their distal processes sensillum insiticum A sense organ that shows no evidence of are usually connected with specific ectodermal sense or- an external structure or pore, but the ciliary process or gans. modified cilia are embedded in the cuticle. sensory cell, type II Bipolar or multipolar sense cell in the sensillum opticum A light perceiving sense organ; an om- inner surface of the body and on the wall of the alimentary matidium of a . canal, their distal processes go to the epidermis, connective sensillum placodeum A sense organ in the form of a flat, tissue, somatic muscles, splanchnic muscles or alimentary plate-like external membranous cover over an enlarged epithelium. pore tubule, with the outer surface continuous with the sensory neuron A neuron that acts as a receptor or receives general surface; maybe olfactory in function; sensory excitation directly from a receptor that is not a neuron; an 821 822 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar axonic connection usually to the central nervous system. septum. 2. (BRYO) An inyteofrnal membrane of a communica- Inve sensu lato L. In a broad sense; S.L. tion organ. see dietella. rteb rate septum n.; pl. -ta [L. septum, partition] Z1o.oAny dividing wall, sensu proprio L. In the original sense; S.Pr. log membrane or partition separating cavities orymasses of tis- sensu stricto L. In the strict sense; a limited sense; S.S. sue; a dissepiment. 2. (ANN) Two layers of peritoneal cells senti n.pl.; sing. sentus [L. sentire, to feel] (ARTHRO: Insecta) enclosing muscle fibers, and blood vessels that separate In Hemiptera, unbranched, cone-like projections of the adjacent segments. 3. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) For barnacles, body wall with a few short, stout setae on the trunk of lar- see transverse septum. 4. (BRACHIO) Long, narrow, ele- vae of coccinellids. vation of the secondary (shell) layer, usually bladelike. a. septa pl. septum In Articulata, within underlying floor of valve with high, narrow deflections of fibrous calcite starting near the pri- septal a. [L. septum, partition] Pertaining to a septum. mary layer. b. In Inarticulata, comparable deflections of septal filaments (CNID: Anthozoa) Thread-like processes ar- the shell lamellae. 5. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) A calcareous ranged along the free edges of the septa that contain gland tube that supports the siphuncle. 6. (MOLL: ) A cells and nematocysts. transverse plate secreted with early formed whorls of shell. septalial plates (BRACHIO) Crural plates forming the floor of sere n. [L. serere, to join] A chain of communities that follow the septalium and joining with the earlier-formed part of one another in sequence, prisere (primary sere) to a climax the median septum. typical of a particular climate and geographical area. see septalium n. [L. septum, partition] (BRACHIO) Troughlike hydrosere, xerosere, lithosere. structure of the brachial valve between hinge plates, con- serial a. [L. series, a row of things] Pertaining to or consisting sisting of septial plates enveloping and supported by the of or arranged in a series or row. median septum. serial crochets (ARTHRO: Insecta) Crochets of larvae, the dis- septal plate (BRACHIO) When present, one of two plates that tribution of the bases or points of attachment. see unise- fuse forming the duplex median septa in the brachial valve rial circle, biserial crochets, multiserial crochets. and bearing the outer plate on their ventral surface. sericate a. [L. sericus, silken] Having short, thick, silky down; septasternum see pleurosternum sericeous. septate a. [L. septum, partition] Partitioned off into septa. sericin n. [L. sericus, silken] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, septiform a. [L. septum, partition; forma, shape] Having the a protein containing a high content of the amino acid ser- shape of an enclosure or septum. ine, that hardens in air to form the glue surrounding the threads emitted from the spinneret of the silkworm. septula pl. septulum sericose n. [L. sericus, silken; os, mouth] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In septula n.; pl. -ae [L. dim. septum, partition] (ARTHRO: In- Hymenoptera, the opening for the duct of the silk glands. secta) In Scarabaeoidea larvae, a narrow bare region of the raster: between a transverse palidium and base of the serictery, sericterium n.; pl. -teria, -teries [L. sericus, lower anal lip, or between a pair of oblique palidia diverging silken] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The spinning gland or glands. a. backward to the end of the anal slit, or between a pair of In ant larvae, used as shuttles in weaving nests. b. The backward diverging, or parallel, or curved palidia to the in- silk-producing glands of a caterpillar. see silk gland. side ends of the anal slit. series n. [L. series, succession] In , the sample septulum n.; pl. -tula [L. dim. septum, partition] 1. A small taken in the field by the collector, or the sample available 823 824 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar for taxonomic study. see hypodigm. sessile n. [L. sedere, to sit]yIonfcapable of movement from place Inv to place; attached directly, wiethrtoeut a stem or petiole; per- serific glands (ARTHRO: Insecta) Glands of silk production that bra manently attached. te Z secrete a viscous fluid that solidifies passing through the ool ogy orifice of the spinneret, emerging as two semi-crystalline sessoblast n. [L. sedere, to sit; Gr. blastos, bud] (BRYO: Phy- threads. lactolaemata) A statobast cemented to the substrate. serology n. [L. serum, whey; Gr. logos, discourse] The study seston n. [Gr. sesis, sifting] Microplankton; all organisms living of sera and the nature, and interactions of antigens and or dead, swimming or floating in aquatic habitats. see antibodies. nekton, neuston, plankton. serosa n. [L. serum, whey] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The outer em- seta n.; pl. setae [L. seta, bristle] 1. A bristle, hair or filament bryonic envelope. process of the cuticle with which it articulates or through serosal cuticle (ARTHRO: Insecta) An embryonic covering in- which it protrudes. see poison seta, penial seta. 2. (ANN) corporating the vitelline membrane on the outside, and Chaeta. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Hollow structures formed as consisting of a chitinous endocuticle (white cuticle), with an extensions of the epidermal layer; macrotrichia or scales. epicuticle (yellow cuticle) having a second wax layer. 4. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, a bristle or spine on trophi and cirri. setal, setate a. serotinal a. [L. serus, late] Appearing later in the season than is customary with related species. setaceous a. [L. seta, bristle] Bristlelike, slender. serous a. [L. serum, whey] Secreting a watery, colorless se- setal membrane The membranous floor of a hair socket. rum. setal sac (ANN: Polychaeta) A pocket of the parapodial rami serpentinous a. [OF. serpentine, greenish mineral] A dirty, containing a single cell at the base, that continually pro- dark green. duce new setae as the old are lost. serra n. [L. serra, saw] A saw-like structure. setate a. [L. seta, bristle] Provided with bristles. serrate a. [L. serra, saw] Marginal teeth or notches like a saw. setiferous a. [L. seta, bristle; ferre, to carry] Bearing setae or bristles; setigerous; chaetiferous. serration n. [L. serra, saw] A saw-like formation. setiform a. [L. seta, bristle; forma, shape] Having the shape of serratulate a. [L. serrula, small saw] Having little teeth or a bristle or seta. serrations. setigenous a. [L. seta, bristle; Gr. genitus, to produce] Giving serriform a. [L. serra, saw; forma, shape] Saw-toothed; hav- rise to setae. ing the form of a series of notches. setiger n. [L. seta, bristle; gerere, to bear] (ANN: Polychaeta) serrula n. [L. dim. serra, saw] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In spi- A segment carrying setae. ders, a serration on the lateral margin of each maxillary lobe for cutting into prey. setigeris n. [L. seta, bristle; gerere, to bear] (ARTHRO: In- secta) A structure on the protibia similar in form and use as serrulate a. [L. dim. serra, saw] Finely serrate; having small the strigil or scraper; the tibial comb. fine teeth or minute notches. setigerous a. [L. seta, bristle; gerere, to bear] Bearing setae; serum ; pl. -a n. [L. serum, whey] The liquid part of the blood; setiferous. the secretion of a serous membrane. setigerous lobe (ANN: Polychaeta) The lobe of the parapodium sesquiocellus n. [L. sesqui-, one and one half; dim. oculus, that bears the setae. eye] A large ocellate spot including a smaller one. 825 826 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar setigerous tubercles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, bumps natural phenomena, patyholfogy, or artificial means. Inv occurring on the scutellum or legs, each bearing a spine or erte sexthecal a. [L. sex, six; Gr. theke, cbarsae] (ANN) Having 3 pairs bristle at the . te Z of spermathecae. ool ogy setireme n. [L. seta, bristle; remus, oar] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In sexual cell see gametes aquatic forms, the hairy, oar-like leg. sexual dimorphism The notable phenotypic difference be- setula n.; pl. -lae; setule n.; pl. setules [L. dim. seta, bris- tween sexes of the same species. see polymorphism. tle] (ARTHRO) Slender hair- or bristle- or thread-like, fragile setae. sexuales n.pl. [L. sexus, sex] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In the life-cy- cle of aphids and adelgids, apterous forms produced on the setulose a. [L. dim. seta, bristle; -osus, full of] Set with short, primary host; the eggs the females lay hatch in the au- blunt bristles. tumn, giving rise to nymphs of the apterous fundatrices. sex n. [L. sexus, sex] The physical characteristics by which an sexual hybrid A hybrid in which the DNA is recombined by the animal is classed as male or female. fusion of haploid nuclei of different mating types. sex cell see gametes sexual pore see gonopore sexual congress The association of males and females for sexual reproduction Reproduction involving the fusion of two sexually reproductive purposes. cells (gamete nuclei), resulting from meiosis. sex chromosome A special chromosome, not occurring in sexual zooid (BRYO) a. In Gymnolaemata, autozooid in which identical number or structure in the two sexes, usually de- sex cells develop, may or may not show skeletal modifica- termines sex; the X and Y chromosomes. see chromo- tion. b. In Cheilostomata, it may loose the feeding ability. some, autosome. sexupara n.; pl. -ae [L. sexus, sex; parere, to bear] 1. Pro- sex hormone A hormone that influences primary and secon- duction of male and female offspring by parthenogenesis dary sexual characters and sexual behavior. then available for sexual reproduction. 2. (ARTHRO: In- sex-limited character A character occurring in only one sex. secta) The later generation of parthenogenetic viviparous see secondary sexual characters, sex-linked charac- Aphididae females originating from alienicola. ter. shaft n. [A.S. sceaft, shaft] The cylindrical part of a limb or sex-linked character A character controlled by a gene located structure. in a sex chromosome. see sex chromosome. shagreened a. [Turk. saghri, crupper] Having numerous sex-linked genes Genes in the sex chromosomes, linked in tooth-like projections. heredity to the genes determining sex. sheath n. [A.S. sceth, shell or pod] A covering enclosing an sex mosaic Intersex; gynandromorph. organism, part or organ. sexprostatic a. [L. sex, six; Gr. pro-, before; stare, stand] sheath laminae (BRYO: ) A concentrically en- (ANN) Having 6 prostates in 3 consecutive segments. closed stylet core, continuous with zoarial sheaths, but sexradiate a. [L. sex, six; radius, ray] Having 6 radii; hexacti- normally at right angles to them. nal. sheath of penis see ligula sex ratio The percentage of males and females of a specified shell n. [A.S. scell, shell] A hard, rigid, calcareous or chitinous age distribution in a population. structure covering an animal or part of an animal. sex reversal To change from one sex to the other, either by shell fold 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) The part of the carapace be- 827 828 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar hind the cephalon. 2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) The outer fold of the twisted. y of Inv mantle edge that houses the periostracal glands at its erte sigmoid a. [Gr. the 16th letter, sigmbra; eidos, form] Shaped base. te Z like the letter S; sigmoidal. ool ogy shell gland 1. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) see maxillary gland. 2. sigmoid curve see logistic curve (MOLL) Specialized epithelium that secretes the shell man- tle. 3. (PLATY: Trematoda) Mehlis' gland. signa n.pl.; sing. signum [L. signum, sign] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In female Lepidoptera, spines or dentate or roughened shield n. [A.S. scyld, shield] 1. A dorsal cover; carapace; patches on the inner wall of the corpus bursae, thought to scutellum; scutum; clypeus. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In De- function in holding or breaking up spermatophores. capoda, the anterior part of the cephalothorax of Paguri- dae. 3. (ARTHRO: Diplopoda) The second tergite. 4. silicalemma n. [L. silex, flint; Gr. lemma, peel] (PORIF) A unit (NEMATA) The interlabium. membrane enclosing the axial filament of a siliceous spi- cule. shoulder a. [A.S. sculdor, shoulder] 1. Any obtuse angulation. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) The angulation of the shell whorls, siliceous, silicious a. [L. silex, flint] Of or pertaining to silica. forming the abaxial edge of the sutural ramp or shelf; silicoblasts n.pl. [L. silex, flint; Gr. blastos, bud] (PORIF) A cell shoulder angle. that secretes all or part of a siliceous spicule. shovel n. [A.S. scofl, shovel] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Ephemer- siliquiform a. [L. siliqua, a pod; forma, shape] Having the optera, the expanded, flattened leg joints. shape of a silique; long, tubular and narrow like a pod. sibling species True species populations that are reproduc- silk n. [Gr. serikos, silk] 1. A secretion that hardens so rapidly tively isolated, but morphologically identical or nearly so; on extrusion that it may be produced as a long continuous cryptic species. thread. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) Secreted by specialized side n. [A.S. side, side] (MOLL: Gastropoda) The surface of a salivary glands in Acari; anterior of the abdomen in Ara- shell, when present, between the shoulder and abapical neae; the galea of Pseudoscorpionida. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) suture or margin of the base. Secreted from dermal openings on the abdomen in some Coleoptera; foretarsi in Embioptera and some empidid Siebold's organ see crista acoustica Diptera; malpighian tubes discharging at the anus in Neu- sieve area (PORIF) The area containing inhalant apertures. roptera, some Coleoptera and Hymenoptera; mouth cavity sieve plate 1. (ECHINOD) see madreporite. 2. (PORIF) A (usually modified salivary glands) in Psocoptera, Sipho- plate-like porous structure below the osculum. naptera, some Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera and Hy- menoptera. sieve tracheae (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Ricinulei, bundles of tracheae that arise from a tubule of an ectodermal invagi- silk glands Glands that secrete the liquids that produce silk on nation on the 8th . see tube tracheae. exposure to the air. sigillum n.; pl. sigilla (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) 1. In some spi- silk press (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera larvae, a structure ders, the impressed, suboval, clear areas on the sternum. similar to a typical salivary pump in which the silk is 2. In Acari, the external mark of a muscle insertion. molded to a thread; silk regulator; thread press. sigma n. [Gr. the 16th letter, sigma] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) See silvicolous a. [L. silva, forest; colere, to dwell] Inhabiting or furca. 2. (PORIF) A C-shaped diactinal microsclere. growing in forests or woodlands. sigmaspires n.pl. [Gr. the 16th letter, sigma; speira, twist] simple a. [L. simplex, simple] Without embellishment; not (PORIF) Diactinal microsclere sigmas that are spirally modified, forked, toothed, branched or divided. 829 830 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar simple (ARTHRO: Insecta) The ocelli. ture. siphonal a. y of Inv erte simple seta see unjointed seta siphonal area (MOLL: Bivalvia) The pobrsaterior sector of the shell te Z surface, usually demarcated anteriorlyoolby the umbonal simple skeletal wall (BRYO: Stenolaemata) Having the wall ogy calcified only on edges and one side. ridge; secreted at the openings in the mantle edge or ele- vated to form siphons. simple velum (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Ostracoda, a velate structure of flange- or ridgelike form. (MOLL: Gastropoda) A tubular or troughlike extension of the for the enclosure of the . simple-walled colony see fixed-walled colony siphonal fasciole (MOLL: Gastropoda) The curved growth lines sinciput n. [L. semi-, half; caput, head] 1. Upper or forepart of near the foot of the marking successive positions the head. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) The head area between the of the . vertex and clypeus, especially in Coleoptera. siphonal fold (MOLL: Gastropoda) A ridge corresponding to the single band of crochets see mesoseries siphonal notch that winds spirally around the columella. single-walled colony see fixed-walled colony siphonal notch (MOLL: Gastropoda) A narrow sinus of the ap- sinistral a. [L. sinistra, left] Pertaining to the left; to the left of ertural margin near the base of the columella functioning the median line. for protrusion of the inhalant siphon. sinistral gastropods (MOLL) Having the genitalia on the left siphonal retractor muscles (MOLL: Bivalvia) Muscles that re- side of the head-foot mass or pallial cavity, and commonly tract siphons into the shell. the shell, when viewed with the apex uppermost, with the siphonal tube (MOLL: Bivalvia) A tube composed of aggluti- aperture on the left. see dextral gastropods. nized particles derived from boring and fused to the si- sinistron n. [L. sinistra, left] The left side of the body. phonoplax. see chimney. sinistrorse a. [L. sinistra, left; vertere, to turn] An organism siphonoglyph n. [Gr. siphon, tube; glyphein, to engrave] spirally twisting to the left. see dextrorse. (CNID: Anthozoa) A special groove or canal from the mouth sinuate a. [L. sinus, curve] Wavy; tortuous; curving in and to the actinopharynx, functioning to circulate fluid through out. the coelenteron. sinuatolobate a. [L. sinus, curve; Gr. lobos, lobe] Sinuate and siphonoplax n. [Gr. siphon, tube; plax, plate] (MOLL: Bivalvia) lobed. A chitinous or calcareous structure secreted by the mantle diverging or fused to form a tube on the posterior margin sinuosity a. [L. sinus, curve] Series of curves or bends. of the valves; probably for protection of the siphons. sinupalliate a. [L. sinus, curve; pallium, mantle] (MOLL: Bival- siphonostomatous a. [Gr. siphon, tube; stoma, mouth] via) Having a pallial sinus or recess in the posterior part of (MOLL: Gastropoda) Having the apertural margin notched or the pallial impression due to the retraction of the siphons. formed with a canal for the protrusion of the siphon. sinus n. [L. sinus, curve] A depression; bend; embayment. siphonozooid n. [Gr. siphon, tube; zoon, animal; eidos, form] sinus gland (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Storage release site for (CNID: Anthozoa) A small, modified polyp with reduced or neurosecretory material synthesized within the cell bodies lacking tentacles, having a well developed siphonoglyph to containing hormones produced by x-organ and other sites propel water through the canal system of the colony. of the central nervous system. siphons see gastrozooid siphon n. [Gr. siphon, tube] Any tubular or siphon-like struc- siphuncle n. [Gr. dim. siphon, tube] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) see 831 832 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar cornicle. 2. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) A tubular vascular ex- a. In Polyplacophora, any aobf rupt indentation in the insertion Inve tension borne at the apex of the visceral hump, that runs plate. b. In Gastropoda, a shallrotweb incision to deep fissue in rate through the outer chambers of the nautiloid shell and se- the outer margin of the aperture. Zoo log cretes gas into them for buoyancy. siphunculate a. slit band see selenizone y Siphuncula, sipunculans, sipunculids n.; n.pls. [Gr. dim. slit ray (MOLL: Polyplacophora) A shallow groove or row of siphon, tube] A phylum of bilaterally, unsegmented, cylin- pores or pits beginning at a slit and extending to the apex drical, deposit-feeding, benthic marine worms, with tenta- of the valve on the ventral side. cles and mouth located at the anterior extremity of the in- trovert. slit sense organs see lyriform organs sistentes n. [L. sistere, to stop] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The first slit sensilla (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, small pits lying generation of apterous exules on the secondary host that just distal to the walking leg joints; insertions of the den- give rise to the alate sexuparae and apterous progredientes drites of the joint proprioceptors of Homarus. in the genus Adelges. slope-faced (MOLL: Bivalvia) Referring to the face of the shell, sitopore n. [Gr. sitos, food; poros, pore] (ARTHRO: Insecta) i.e., central, anterior or posterior slope. The basal part of the cibarial floor of the hypopharynx of snout n. [ME. snoute, snout] (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Proso- generalized chewing insects. branchia, a non-retractable, short, mobile eminence at the sitophore sclerite see esophageal sclerite anterior end on which the mouth is formed. situs n. [L. situs, place] The locality; site; situation; relative social facilitation (ARTHRO: Insecta) An increase of activity position. from seeing or hearing others engaged in the same activ- ity. skeletal duplicature (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In some Cephalo- carida, the outer chitinous body covering that is shed dur- social hierarchy see hierarchy ing ecdysis. social homeostasis (ARTHRO: Insecta) The steady state skeleton n. [Gr. skeletos, dried, body] A hardened frame work maintenance either by control of microclimate in the nest, of an organism functioning for support and protection of or the control of population density, behavior and physiol- softer parts; may be external or internal and solid or ogy of the society members. jointed. skeletal a. social hormones see pheromones skin n. [ON. skinn, skin] The cuticle; the covering. social insects (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. The ants, termites and skin bodies (SIPUN) A group of glandular cells often present on some bees and wasps in which individuals of the same spe- the surface of the trunk. cies cooperate in caring for the young, a reproductive divi- sion of labor is present, and an overlap of at least two gen- skin gill see papula erations in life stages contributing to the colony; eusocial skin rings see annular insects. 2. A social that belongs to either a presocial skototaxis n. [Gr. skotos, darkness; taxis, arrangement] The or eusocial species. orientation of an organism towards darkness. social interaction (ARTHRO: Insecta) Relationships among in- slavery see dulosis dividuals of a colony in which the behavior of one or a few indivduals influences others in the colony; social facilitation slime tubes see Cuvierian organs and social homeostasis are two interactions. slit n. [A.S. slutan, to tear] 1. A long cut or incision. 2. (MOLL) social parasite (ARTHRO: Insecta) A symbiont found in the 833 834 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar nests of social insects, that feeds upon the food stores of walls, and large open yrooofts, on the palp or legs; sense Inve the colony. function unknown. rteb rate social parasitic castration (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to a soleniform a. [Gr. solen, pipe; L. forma, Zfooorm] Shaped like a log Formicidae colony becoming parasitic on another colony of razor handle. y a different species and eliminating the reproductives of it's solenocyte n. [Gr. solen, pipe; kytos, container] Specially host colony. modified tubular, ciliated or flagellated cells occurring in social parasitism (ARTHRO: Insecta) The coexistence of two protonephridia and nephridia of some invertebrates and species of social insects in the same nest, in which one is lower . a. In protonephridial systems called flame parasitically dependent on the other. see symphile. cells or flame bulb; collectively all the flame bulbs, their society n. [L. socius, companion] An organized cooperative collecting tubes, 'bladder' when present, and external ori- group of individuals of the same species; communication fices; present in such invertebrates as: platyhelminths, between members is implied. nemertines, priapulids, , kinorhynchs, gastrotrichs and some ; function uncertain, may be excretory, socii n.pl.; sing. -us [L. socius, companion] (ARTHRO: Insecta) osmotic pressure regulator or both. b. In nephridial sys- In male Lepidoptera, lightly sclerotized, paired, hairy pads tems of some invertebrates and lower chordates its func- on the caudal margin of the tegumen near the base of the tion is attributed to excretion; structure similar to flame uncus in the genitalia. For Odonata, see superior ap- bulb system, but supplied with blood vessels, to help filtra- pendages. tion and absorption from blood; archinephridium. sociobiology n. [L. socius, companion; bios, life; logos, dis- solenomerite n. [Gr. solen, pipe; meros, part] (ARTHRO: Dip- course] The study of all aspects of communication and so- lopoda) In Julida, the tubular part of the opisthomerite with cial organization. the sperm channel and flagellum channel or groove. sociotomy see colony fission solenophage n. [Gr. solen, pipe; phagein, to feed] (ARTHRO) A socket n. [OF. soket, plowshare] (MOLL: Bivalvia) A cavity in blood-feeder whose mouthparts pierce directly into a blood the hinge to receive the tooth of the opposite valve. vessel to feed. sodium pump A mechanism of neurones to move sodium ions solid ramose colony see dendroid out of the cell during the recovery phase. solitaria n. [L. solus, alone] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The low density soft-part polymorph (BRYO: Gymnolaemata) In Cheilosto- phase of locusts and some caterpillars. see gregaria, mata, a zooid with sexual features, brood chamber, or kentromorphism. elongate tentacles to produce exhalant currents with no in- solitary n. [L. solus, alone] Living alone or in pairs, not in creased skeletal covering. colonies or groups. soldiers n. [L. solidus, a coin solider's pay] (ARTHRO: Insecta) solute n. [L. solvere, to loosen] 1. In a solution; a substance In Isoptera, members of a worker subcaste specialized for dissolved in another. 2. Wholly separate; free. see adnate. colony defense. soma n. [Gr. soma, body] The body of an animal, with the ex- solenia n.pl.; sing. -ium [Gr. solen, pipe] (CNID: Anthozoa) ception of the germ cells. somatic a. Endodermal tubes connecting polyps in some colonies. somatic cells Any cells of the body of an individual, except the solenidion n.; pl. -ia [Gr. dim. solen, pipe] (ARTHRO: Chelicer- germ cells. ata) In Acari, a hollow, microcephalic, pili-, baculi- or claviform, seta-like formation of the tegument with thin somatic chaetae see somatic setae 835 836 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar somatic crossing-over Reciprocal chromatin exchange be- tome. y of Inv tween homologous chromosomes during somatic mitosis. erte sonication n. [L. sonus, sound] Thbera disruption of cells by te Z somatic hybrid Non-sexual or vegetative hybrid. sound waves. ool ogy somatic layer The external layer of the mesoderm. sonifaction n. [L. sonus, sound; facere, to make] The produc- somatic musculature 1. Muscles of the body. 2. (NEMATA) tion of sound; sonorific. Longitudinally oriented muscle cells, usually spindle- sordid a. [L. sorditus, dirty] Of a dirty or muddy color; dull. shaped, containing a noncontractile portion and a contrac- sorotrochous a. [Gr. soros, heap; trochos, wheel] (ROTIF) tile portion that control body movement. Bearing a compound wheel organ or trochal disc. somatic mutation Mutation in any cell other than a germ cell spadix n. [L. spadix, palm frond] 1. (CNID: Hydrozoa) A central or its precursor. core on which the sex cells ripen on the blastostyle. 2. somatic setae 1. Any setae on the body. 2. (ANN) Setae of the (MOLL: Cephalopoda) In male Nautilus sp., tentacles that somatic segments that function in locomotion. form a specialized reproductive structure. somatoblast n. [Gr. soma, body; blastos, bud] A cell that spado n. [Gr. spadon, a eunuch] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In hymen- gives rise to somatic cells. opteran bees and ants, a worker or neuter individual. somatocoel n. [Gr. soma, body; koilos, hollow] (ECHINOD) The spanandry n. [Gr. spanios, rare; andros, male] Progressive posterior of the three regions of coelomic sacs of the em- decrease in number of males. bryonic coelom, anterior (axocoel), and middle (hydrocoel). spanogamy n. [Gr. spanios, rare; gamos, wife] Progressive somatocyst n. [Gr. soma, body; kystis, bladder] (CNID: Hy- decrease in females. drozoa) In Siphonophora, the beginning of the stem gas- spanogyny n. [Gr. spanios, rare; gyne, female] (ARTHRO: In- trovascular canal that may contain an oil droplet. secta) The disappearance of mosquito colonies requiring somatoderm n. [Gr. soma, body; derma, skin] (MESO) The blood meals when maintained on a plant food source. outer rings of cells around the body; jacket cells. sparganum n. [Gr. sparganon, swaddling band] (PLATY: somato-esophageal muscles Muscles common to the eso- Cestoda) A second stage larva of Pseudophyllidea, with an phageal region. elongated shape and lack of cystic cavity; a plerocercoid. somato-intestinal muscles Muscles found in the region of the spat n. [A.S. spaetan, to spit] (MOLL: Bivalvia) A microscopic intestine, extending from the body wall. larval stage. somatome n. [Gr. soma, body; tome, cutting] A somite. spatfall n. [A.S. spaetan, to spit; A.S. feallan, fall] (MOLL: Bi- somatoplasm n. [Gr. soma, body; plasma, formed or molded] valvia) The en masse settlement of larva. The body-tissues. spatha n. [Gr. spathe, blade] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenop- somatopleure n. [Gr. soma, body; pleura, side] The somatic tera, a dorsal lobe of the aedeagus. layer. spathulate see spatulate somatotheca n. [Gr. soma, body; theke, case] (ARTHRO: In- spatulate a. [L. spatula, spoon] Spatula-like in form; flat- secta) Area of pupa covering the abdominal rings. see tened, while broad apically and narrowed basally. gasterotheca. spear see stylet somite n. [Gr. soma, body] A division of the body; a body specialization n. [L. specialis, special] An animal or structure segment of a metamerically segmented animal; a soma- 837 838 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar that has adapted to a habitat or condition during the course panal organ. c. The shinyyofareas of some caterpillars. d. In Inve of . ichneumonid Hymenoptera, a srltiegbht, polished or sculptured rate speciation n. [L. species, kind] The division of a phyletic line; prominence on the upper hind part of tZhoeomesepisternum. log the process of species multiplication; the origin of disconti- sperm n.; pl. & sing. [Gr. sperma, seed] Any ymale gamete; nuities between populations resulting from the develop- spermatozoid; spermatozoa. ment of reproductive isolating mechanisms. see allopatry, spermaduct n. [Gr. sperma, seed; L. ducere, to lead] Any duct sympatric speciation. for carrying sperm; spermiduct; sperm duct; vas deferens. species n.; sing. & pl. [L. species, kind] A group of inter- spermagonium n.; pl. -ia [Gr. sperma, seed; gonos, off- breeding (or potentially interbreeding) natural populations spring] (NEMATA) The sperm-producing structure of a di- that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. gonic female. see subspecies, isolate. spermalege see ectospermalege, mesospermalege, Ri- species group A group of closely related species, usually with baga's organ partially overlapping ranges. spermary, spermarium n. [Gr. sperma, seed] The male go- species inquirenda A species of doubtful status due to inade- nad, in which the sperm cells are produced. quate description and lack of preserved specimens. spermatangium n. [Gr. sperma, seed; angon, jar] (MOLL: species name 1. A scientific name of a taxon at the rank of Cephalopoda) Evaginated spermatophores ready to release species. 2. A binomen, the combination of a generic name sperm; sperm sacs; sperm bladders; sperm bulbs. and a specific name. spermateleosis n. [Gr. sperma, seed; teleiosis, completion] species nova New species; sp. nov.; sp. n. Spermiogenesis. specific character A common feature or structure in all indi- spermatheca n.; pl. -ae [Gr. sperma, seed; theke, case] A viduals of a species. saccate genital structure in female invertebrates in which specific density see economic density sperm from the male is received and may or may not be specific epithet see specific name stored; seminal receptacle; copulatory sac; copulatory pouch; seminal bursa; seminal receptical; ectospermalege. specificity n. [L. species, kind] Condition of an individual or group of organisms being specific to a host, locale, etc. see spermathecal chaeta (ANN: Oligochaeta) In tubificids, chaeta host specificity. (seta) usually in ventral fascicles on segment x; shape is usually different from somatic chaeta. specific name The second name in a binomen and in a tri- nomen. spermathecal gland (ARTHRO: Insecta) A special gland open- ing into the duct of the spermatheca, or near the junction specophile see sphecophile of the latter with the vagina. spectrum n.; pl. spectra [L. spectrum, appearance] A statisti- spermatid n. [Gr. sperma, seed] One of four haploid cells of cal survey of species distribution. the male after the meiotic divisions; an immature sper- specular membrane see mirror matozoon. speculum n.; pl. -ula, ums [L. dim. specere, to look at] 1. An spermatocyst n. [Gr. sperma, seed; kystis, bladder] (MOLL: ocellus. see eyespots 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In Lepidop- Gastropoda) In some Opisthobranchiates, a sperm storage tera, the brilliant metallic markings, or transparent spots sac proximal to the bursa copulatrix. on the wing. b. The thin, delicate membrane of the tym- spermatocyte n. [Gr. sperma, seed; kytos, container] An 839 840 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar auxocyte of males that give rise to the spermatids. spermatozeugma n. [Gr. sypoefrma, seed; zeugma, join] United Inve spermatodactyl n. [Gr. sperma, seed; dactylos, finger] (AR- by fusion of two or more spermratteobzoa. rate THRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, modification of the chelicera in spermatozoon n.; pl. -zoa [Gr. sperma, Zsoeoed; zoon, animal] log order for sperm transfer from the male's gonopore to the The matured and functional male sperm cell.y female copulatory receptacles. sperm bladders/bulbs see spermatangium spermatogenesis n. [Gr. sperma, seed; genesis, beginning] sperm cell A small, usually motile gamete. The formation and development of spermatozoa. sperm conceptacles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hemiptera, paired spermatogonial cyst see sperm cyst enlargements of the wall of the common oviduct of female spermatogonium n.; pl. -ia [Gr. sperma, seed; gonos, off- Cimicidae. spring] The gonads of male animals that give rise to the sperm cyst (ARTHRO: Insecta) A cellular capsule within the spermatocytes. testis containing the spermatocytes. spermatolophis n. [Gr. sperma, seed; lophos, crest] (ARTHRO: sperm duct (ANN) Ducts or tubes conveying sperm from the Insecta) In certain Thysanura, sperm packets thought to be male funnels towards the exterior. see spermaduct, vas formed in the nongranular portion of the vas deferens. deferens. spermatophore n. [Gr. sperma, seed; pherein, to bear] A spermiducal glands 1. Glands associated with the sperm packet or capsule of spermatozoa for transfer from male to ducts of many invertebrates. 2. (ANN) see prostate female. glands. spermatophore cup (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some Orthoptera spermiducts n.pl [Gr. sperma, seed; L. ducere, to lead] The and Neuroptera, a cup-like cavity at the anterior end of the male gonoducts; spermaducts; spermoducts; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct; in recent literature called a mold. sperm ducts. spermatophore sac 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In male Caelifera, sperm induction (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Arachnida, the pas- the sac into which the gonopore opens. b. For Ensifera see sage of spermatozoa from the genital orifice beneath the endophallic cavity. 2. (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Prosobran- base of the abdomen into the receptacle in the male chia, Neritidae and Phenacolepadidae, a large spermato- palpus. phoric sac associated with the vagina. 3. (MOLL: Cephalo- poda) A large diverticulum of the male reproductive system spermiogenesis n. [Gr. sperma, seed; genesis, beginning] functioning in storage for spermatophores. The formation of spermatozoa from the spermatids pro- duced during the meiotic divisions of spermatocytes; sper- spermatophoric sac see Needam's sac/organ mateleosis. spermatophory n. [Gr. sperma, seed; pherein, to carry] A spermoduct see sperm duct type of fertilization in which stalked spermatophores are placed on the substrate for the females to take up into her spermora n. [Gr. sperma, seed; L. os, mouth] (ARTHRO: In- genital tract. see gonopody. secta) In Isoptera, the external opening of the spermathe- cal duct. spermatophragma see sphragis sperm sacs 1. (ANN) Seminal vesicles or testis sacs or sper- spermatopositor n. [Gr. sperma, seed; ponere, to place] (AR- mathecae. 2. (MOLL: Cephalopoda) see spermatangium. THRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, a small evaginable male organ for depositing spermatophores; penis. sperm web (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Arachnida, a web on which male spiders deposit the semen before taking it into spermatotheca see spermatheca 841 842 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar the palpus. containing spherules reypoofrted to contain neutral or acid Inv mucopolysaccharide, glyco-merutecroproteins, lipochrome, sphaeridium n.; pl. -idia [Gr. dim. sphaira, ball] (ECHINOD) bra trosinase and sulfated sialomucin. setee sZpherule cell. Minute, spherical bodies covered by ciliated epidermis, ool ogy usually lodged in pits in the test or almost completely en- spherulous cell (PORIF) Cells with multiple, large vesicles closed; confined to the ambulacral areas around the mouth containing coarse granular material. or scattered along the entire ambulacra; believed to be sphincter n. [Gr. sphinkter, binder] Any ring-like muscle that gravity receptors. contracts, constricts, or closes an orifice. sphaeroclone n. [Gr. dim. sphaira, ball; klon, twig] (PORIF) A sphingiform larva (ARTHRO: Insecta) A larva with a cylindrical megasclere spicule with a subglobular desma produced by body with short or no setae, and a mediodorsal horn or swelling of the centrum. button on the 8th abdominal segment. sphecology n. [Gr. sphex, wasp; logos, discourse] The study sphragis n. [Gr. spragis, seal] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some of wasps. Lepidoptera, a structure formed by male glandular secre- sphecophile n. [Gr. sphex, wasp; philos, love] (ARTHRO: In- tions or actual male genital parts remaining in the female secta) A symbiont of wasps; any organism that must spend after insemination that inhibits subsequent copulations of at least a portion of its life cycle in a wasp colony. the female; spermatophragma; mating plug. sphenoid a. [Gr. sphen, wedge; eidos, like] Wedge shaped; spicate a. [L. spica, spike] Spike-shaped; possessing spikes. cuneate; cuneiform. spiciform a. [L. spica, spike; forma, form] Spike-shaped, as spherasters n. [Gr. sphaira, ball; aster, star] (PORIF) A large- some setae. centered spicule with many definite rays. spicula pl. of spiculum spheres n.pl. [Gr. sphaira, ball] 1. Any globular body. 2. (PO- spicular sheath (NEMATA) A conical or tubular extension of the RIF) Rounded bodies in which growth is concentric around a cuticle distally sheathing the spicules beyond the body pro- center. file. spherocyte see spherule cell spicular muscles (NEMATA) Muscles for the protraction and spheroidocyte n. [Gr. sphaira, ball; eidos, form; kytos, con- retraction of the spicules. tainer] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Round hemocytes with fat-like spicular pouch (NEMATA) A cuticular lined pouch that contains droplets, granular and other inclusions and occasionally the spicules and is formed from the spicular primordia. crystals. spicule n. [L. spicula, small spike] 1. Any minute pointed spine spherula n. [Gr. dim. sphaira, ball] A small sphere. or process. 2. (MOLL: Polyplacorphora) The dorsal girdle spherular cell see spherule cell decorations of various size, shape and frequency. 3. spherulate a. [Gr. dim. sphaira, ball] Having one or more rows (NEMATA) Blade-like, sclerotized male copulatory organs, of minute tubercles. usually paired, located immediately dorsad to the cloaca. 4. (PORIF) An element of the skeleton, composed spherule cell (ARTHRO: Insecta) Hemocytes, varying in shape, mainly of silica or calcium carbonate, and rarely spongin. that possess few to many, acidophilic inclusions, that may fill the whole cell. see spherulocyte. spicule hair (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, irritative hair usually formed by one or more trichogen cells; size, shape, spherulocyte n. [Gr. dim. sphaira, ball; kytos, hollow] (AR- internal cell components, and body arrangement are vari- THRO: Insecta) Ovoid or round hemocytes, variable in size, able. see spine hairs. 843 844 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar spiculiferous a. [L. spicula, small spike; fero, bear] Provided chaeta) Composite setay owf ith terminal blades tapering to Inve with spicules. fine tips; spines. rteb rate spiculiform a. [L. spicula, small spike; forma, shape] Spicule- spinigerous a. [L. spina, thorn; gerere, tZooocarry] Spine-bear- log shaped. ing. y spiculose a. [L. spicula, small spike] Bearing spicules. spinneret n. [A.S. spinnan, to spin] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) spiculum n.; pl. spicula [L. spicula, small spike] Spicular In spiders, three pairs of glands at the subcaudal end of structures, as the spines of and dart of certain the abdomen, covered with minute tubes. see fusula; snails. sericose. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) An external apparatus from which silk exudes and is spun; produced by dermal gland spigots n.pl. [L. spica, spike] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Arach- openings on the abdomen in Coleoptera; fore tarsi in Em- nida, conical spinning tubes on the spinnerets. bioptera and some Diptera; by the Malpighian tubes dis- spiked-tail stage (NEMATA: Secernentea) In Heteroderidae, charging at the anus in Neuroptera, some Coleoptera and the pointed tail of the second stage larval cuticle retained Hymenoptera; discharged from the mouth cavity, usually during initial expansion of the vermiform body. modified salivary glands in Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, some spina n.; pl. spinae [L. spina, thorn] 1. A spine. 2. (ARTHRO: Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera; in lar- Insecta) a. The medium apodemal process of the spi- val bees, the salivarium. 3. (NEMATA: Adenophorea) The nasternum. b. The medium apodeme. terminal pore of the caudal glands; the cement glands. spinasternum n. [L. spina, thorn; sternum, breast plate] (AR- spinning bristle (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Embioptera, hollow, THRO: Insecta) An instersegmental sclerite of the thoracic seta-like silk ejectors on the ventral surface of the fore tar- venter bearing a spina, associated with or united with the sus. sternal sclerite immediately anterior to it; the intersternite. spinning glands 1. (ARTHRO) Glands that secrete a silky ma- spinate a. [L. spina, thorn] Bearing spines; spiniform. terial; silk glands. 2. (ANN: Polychaeta) Glands of the parapodia that secrete the tube forming material. spination n. [L. spina, thorn] The development or arrange- ment of spines. spinose, spinous a. [L. spina, thorn] Full of spines; beset with spines; armed with sharp spines. spindle n. [A.S. spinnal, to spin] 1. Fusiform; tapering gradu- ally at both ends. 2. (PORIF) A straight monaxial spicule. spinulate a. [L. dim. spina, thorn] Having very small spines. spindle cell see plasmatocytes spinule n. [L. dim. spina, thorn] A minute spine. spine n. [L. spina, thorn] A pointed process or outgrowth; spinulifer n. [L. dim. spina, thorn; ferre, to bear] (BRACHIO) A thorn-like. radulifer with laterally compressed crura. spine base (BRYO) A collar-like skeletal inflation at the base of spinulose, spinulous a. [L. dim. spina, thorn] Having small a spine. spines. spine hairs (ARTHRO: Insecta) Poisonous weapons of many spiracle n. [L. spirare, to breathe] (ARTHRO) A breathing pore caterpillars, usually of multicellular origin and provided with or orifice leading to the tracheal or respiratory system; pointed tips, that upon penetration into human skin are stigma. spiracular a. broken, causing irritation; primitive setalike normal hairs. spiracular area (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, the first spiniform a. [L. spina, thorn] Resembling a spine in shape. pleural area. spiniger n. [L. spina, thorn; gerere, to carry] (ANN: Poly- spiracular atrium (ARTHRO: Insecta) A cavity from which the 845 846 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar trachea extend into the body. cle-shaped. y of Inv erte spiracular cleft (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some larvae, spiracles spiral n. [L. spira, coil] A curved lineborra surface extending out- te Z found in a closed or open cleft; in closed cleft, one or two ward with continuously increasing radiusooolf curvature. ogy liplike structures are usually present; stigmatic cleft. spiral amphid (NEMATA: Adenophorea) A coiled amphid tube spiracular depressions (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coccoidea, usu- beneath the cuticle that appears as a spiral. ally found on the margin at the base of the spiracular se- spiral cleavage A type of early embryonic cleavage in which, tae. after the first few divisions, the cells of the upper quartet in spiracular disk (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a flat area on the eight-celled stage lie above and between the cells of the caudal segment containing the spiracular openings of the lower quartet and thus tend to form a spiral pattern. aquatic larvae. spiral conic (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Trochidae, an advancing spiracular gills (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some aquatic pupae, the spiral, winding around an axis and forming a cone shape. long processes formed by the peritreme and atrial regions n.pl.; sing. spiralium [L. spira, coil] (BRACHIO) Two of one or more pairs of spiracles; adapted both for aquatic spirally coiled supports of the secondary shell for the plec- and aerial respiration. tolophe or spirolophe. spiracular grooves see spiracular cleft spiral thread/filament see taenidium spiracular line (ARTHRO: Insecta) The colored or pigmented spiramen n. [L. spiramen, vent] (BRYO) A median pore, not line adjacent to or coinciding with the line of the spiracles connected to the ascus, in the frontal wall on the proximal of caterpillars. side of the orifice. spiracular muscles (ARTHRO: Insecta) The occlusor and dila- spirasters n.pl. [L. spira, coil; aster, a star] (PORIF) Spirally tor. twisted streptasters. spiracular plate see peritreme n. [L. spira, coil] (MOLL: Gastropoda) The complete series spiracular processes (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some Scara- of whorls of a spiral shell except the last. baeoidea, dendriform trabeculae that form the filter appa- spire angle (MOLL: Gastropoda) In plane through entire shell ratus. axis, angle between two straight lines that touch all the spiracular sclerite (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a sclerite of whorls on opposite sides; these lines can only be drawn if the metapleuron below the metathoracic spiracle. the rate of the increase is constant. spiracular setae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coccoidea, setae of spirignath, spiritrompe see galea various shapes and sizes terminating each spiracular pore spirocyst n. [L. spira, coil; Gr. kystis, bladder] (CNID: Antho- band. zoa) In Zoantharia, a type of nematocyst with a thin, sin- spiracular sieve plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) A platelike sclerite gle-wall capsule that is acidophilic and contains a long, covering the spiracle that functions to exclude entry of dust spirally coiled, unarmed thread of uniform diameter. see or water into the tracheal system. nematocyst. spiracular spines (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coccoidea, large seta spirogyrate a. [L. spira, coil; gyratus, circular] (MOLL: Bival- usually associated with each spiracular pore cluster. via) 1. Umbones coiled outward from the saggital plane. 2. spiraculate a. [L. spirare, to breathe] With spiracles. In oysters, having the beak in a distinct spiral. spiraculiform a. [L. spirare, to breathe; forma, shape] Spira- spiroid a. [L. spira, coil] Spiral-shaped. 847 848 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar spirolophe n. [L. spira, coil; Gr. lophos, crest] (BRACHIO) A spongioblasts see spongocyyotfe Inv lophopore with brachia spirally coiled and bearing single erte spongiocoel see spongocoel bra rows of paired filamentary appendages. te Z ool spongioplasm n. [L. spongia, sponge; Gr. ploagsyma, formed or splanchnic a. [Gr. splanchnon, entrail] Of or pertaining to the molded] The a, H, and I bands of fibrillar bundles of mus- viscera. cles. splanchnic layer (ARTHRO: Insecta) The inner layer of the spongiose a. [L. spongia, sponge] Sponge-like. mesoderm applied to the wall of the alimentary canal; splanchnopleure. spongocoel(s) n. [L. spongia, sponge; Gr. koilos, hollow] (PO- RIF) A canal(s) or cavity(ies) that conveys water from the splanchnic nerves (ARTHRO: Insecta) Nerves originating from flagellated chambers. the last abdominal ganglion and continuing to the hind in- testine and the reproductive system. spongocyte n. [L. spongia, sponge; Gr. kytos, container] (PO- RIF) A cell that secretes spongin. splanchnopleure see splanchnic layer spontaneous generation Abiogenesis. splendent a. [L. splendens, shining] Shining; glossy; reflecting light intensely. spoon see bouton, flabellum splicing a. [D. splissen, to split] Methods of attaching one sporadic a. [Gr. sporas, scattered] Occasional occurrence. piece of DNA to another; gene splicing. sporoblast n. [Gr. spora, seed; blastos, bud] A cell mass that split sense organs (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Arachnida, cu- will develop into a sporocyst within an oocyst. ticular sense organs of spiders responding to cuticular sporocyst n. [Gr. spora, seed; kystis, bladder] 1. A stage of stress and vibrations. sporozoan development, usually within a protective enve- splitter n. [MD. splitten, to split] In taxonomy, an individual lope; the oocyst. 2. (PLATY: Trematoda) An asexual stage who divides taxa expressing minute shades of difference of development. and relationship, through the formal recognition of sepa- sporogony n. [Gr. spora, seed; gonos, offspring] The multiple rate taxa and their elaborate categorical ranking. fission of a zygote; a sporont. spoil, spoile see exuvia sporont n. [Gr. spora, seed; on, a being] An undifferentiated spondylium n. [Gr. spondylos, vertebra, joint] (BRACHIO) A U- cell mass within an oocyst. shaped ridge formed by the fusion of the distal ends of the sporosac n. [Gr. spora, seed; sakkos, bag] (CNID: Hydrozoa) dental plates that accommodate the ventral muscles. In Siphonophora, gonophores held in place and not re- sponge n. [L. spongia, sponge) 1. The common name for the leased into the water during larval development. Porifera. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In , the usu- sporozoite n. [Gr. spora, seed; zoon, animal] The stage of de- ally orange egg mass brooded by female crayfish. velopment of a sporoblast which has divided and exited the spongicolous a. [L. spongia, sponge; colere, to inhabit] Living oocyst into the hemocoel and migration begins; the malar- in sponges. ial stage found in the salivary glands of insects. spongiform a. [L. spongia, sponge; forma, form] Sponge-like; spout n. [ME. spouten, to vomit] (MOLL: Gastropoda) A rudi- soft and porous. mentary siphonal canal. spongin n. [L. spongia, sponge] (PORIF) Collagenous material spraing n. [Scot. of Scand. origin, sprang, stripe] A bright of the skeleton formed of homogeneous fibers or plaques. streak or stripe. 849 850 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar spring tide A series of tides with a relatively large tidal range, squamul alaris see alar sqyuoafma Inv occurring at or soon after the new or the full moon. see erte squamulate, squamulose a. [L. dimbr.asquama, scale] Having neap. te Z small scales. ool ogy spur n. [A.S. spora, spur] 1. A movable spine-like process. 2. squarrose a. [L. squarrosus, rough] Rough with projecting (ARTHRO: Crustacea) a. In Cirripedia, a pendent-like pro- scale-like processes, divided into upright and nonparallel jection from the basal margin of the tergum. b. In Ostra- with the plane. coda, a flattened spine-like projection in some dimorphic genera. squat a. [OF. esquatir, to press down] More broad in propor- tion than to height. spur fasciole (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, a slight de- pression on the outer surface of the tergum to the apex in stabilamentum, stabilimentum n. [L. stabilis, firm; amen- line with the spur. tum, strap] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Arachnida, one of a series of obvious zigzag lines at the hub of certain orb spi- spur furrow (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, a groove on der webs that warn birds to avoid them. the outer surface of the tergum to the apex in line with the spur. stadium n.; pl. stadia [L. stare, to stand] 1. The stage or pe- riod in an animals life. 2. The interval between molts of a spurious a. [L. spurius, false] Morphologically untrue; false. larva; stade. see instar. spurious claw (ARTHRO) A false claw; a claw-like stout bristle. stage see stadium spurious legs see prolegs stalk n. [A.S. stel, stalk] A supporting structure, such as a spurious vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) A fold or thickening of the pedicel. wing membrane between two true veins. staphyla n.; pl. staphylae [Gr. staphyle, bunch of grapes] A squama n.; pl. -mae [L. squama, scale] 1. Any decumbent group of gongylidia used as food by Attine ants that grow scale. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) A scale-like exopod of the the fungus. antenna. see scaphocerite. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In stase n. [Gr. stasis, standing] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) 1. One of Hymenoptera, a dorsolateral lobe of the phallobase; in the successive instars of the postembryonic development of ants, the first abdominal segment. b. In Hemiptera, the a specific species. 2. In Acari, an instar independent of fimbriate or spine-like marginal process of coccoids; plates; growing molts, that is distinct within a species and can be scaly hairs. c. In Lepidoptera, the scale-like structure cov- homologized with the corresponding instars of other spe- ering the wing base of the fore wings. see patagium. d. In cies. Diptera, the calypters; palpiger; alar squama; antisquama; alula; in mosquitoes, the short broad scales on the wing stasis n. [Gr. stasis, standing] The stopping of normal proc- veins; median scale; flat scale. e. In Odonata, the lateral esses, i.e., growth, fluid movement, etc. expansion of the . f. In Diaspidinae, see gland stasoid a. [Gr. stasis, standing; eidos, like] (ARTHRO: Chelicer- spines. 4. (MOLL: Bivalvia) A thin, long, concentric imbri- ata) The life cycles of some instars that cannot be homolo- cation. gized with corresponding instars of other species of the squamate, squamiform a. [L. squama, scale] Scale-like; same group. squamoid. statary phase (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a period in squamous, squamose a. [L. squama, scale] Covered with the army ant cycle in which the colony does not move from scales. site to site; the queen lays eggs, and the brood is mostly eggs and pupae. see nomadism. 851 852 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar static a. [Gr. statikos, to cause to stand] Pertaining to rest or stelliform a. [L. stella, a stayro;fforma, form] Star-shaped. Inv equilibrium. see dynamic. erte stelocyttarous a. [Gr. stele, pillar;brkayttaros, partition] (AR- te Z statis organ see statocyst THRO: Insecta) Pertaining to nests, eosopl ecially of social ogy statis sense The sense of balance or maintenance in the air or wasps, in which the brood combs are attached to the sup- water. port by pillars and not connected with the envelope. see astelocyttarous. statistical method Special mathematical methods for the elu- cidation of quantitative variations affected by a multiplicity stem see hydrocaulus of factors. stemapoda, stemapod n. [Gr. stema, penis; pous, foot] (AR- statoblast n. [Gr. statos, fixed; blastos, bud] (BRYO: Phylac- THRO: Insecta) In larval Noctuoidea, elongated anal pro- tolaemata) A sessile or free, ovoid or discoid chitinized bud, legs. with large yolky cells and organized germinal tissue, that stem cell see prohemocyte give rise to polypides; resting buds; winter eggs. see stemma n.; pl. stemmata, stemmatas [Gr. stemma, gar- floatoblast. land] (ARTHRO: Insecta) The lateral ocelli of larval holome- statocone n.; pl. -ia [Gr. statos, fixed; koni, dust] A minute tabolous insects that vary in number from one on each side calcareous granule in a statocyst. in tenthredinid larvae to 6 on each side in lepidopterous statocyst n. [Gr. statos, fixed; kystis, bladder] An organ of larvae; a simple eye; an ocellus. balance found in many invertebrates, variable in structure stem nematogen (MESO: Rhombozoa) A young nematogen from an open canal, vesicle, or closed chambers composed with the same number and arrangement of cells as the of one to many cells (lithocytes), that contains a concretion larva, but with many agamete cells that give rise to ordi- of granules of sand, lime, diatom shells or quartz grains nary nematogens. (statolith), or capsules of ciliated cells enclosing a fluid with stenobathic a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; bathys, depth] An organ- one or more statoliths suspended within; otocyst. ism restricted to a narrow vertical range of movement. see statocyte see lithocyte eurybathic. statolith n. [Gr. statos, fixed; lithos, stone] A movable concre- stenobenthic a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; benthos, depth of the tion of granules of sand, lime, diatom shells, or quartz sea] An organism living within a narrow range of depth of grains contained in a statocyst, that functions in equilib- the sea bottom. see eurybenthic. rium; lithite. stenocephalous a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; kephalon, head] statorhabd see rhopalium Having a narrow, elongated head. stauractine a. [Gr. stauros, cross; aktis, ray] (PORIF) A tet- stenogamous a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; gamos, union] (ARTHRO: ractinal spicule with all four rays in a single plane. Insecta) Pertaining to Culicidae that require only a small stegasimous a. [Gr. stege, roof] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In enclosure when mating in captivity. see eurygamous. Acari, having the prodorsal sclerite project over the cheli- stenogastric a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; gaster, stomach] With a cerae. see astegasimous. shortened abdomen or gaster. stellate a. [L. stella, a star] Star-shaped; resembling the rays stenoglossate a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; glossa, tongue] (MOLL: of a star. Gastropoda) Pertaining to the radula consisting of 1-1-1 or stellate cells Stelliform plasmatocyte-like cells often adhering 0-1-0 rows of teeth. to internal tissues. see plasmatocyte. stenohaline a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; halinos, saline] Any or- 853 854 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar ganism capable of withstanding only slight variations of sa- narrow host range. y of Inv linity in its environment; stenosalinity. see . erte steppe n. [Russ. step', lowland] Shobrrta grass plains, generally te Z stenohygric a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; hygros, moist] Pertaining treeless. ool ogy to an organism tolerating only a narrow atmospheric hu- stercoral a. [L. stercus, dung] 1. Pertaining to excrement. 2. midity range. Living in or feeding on dung. Stenolaemata, stenolaemates n.; n.pl. [Gr. stenos, narrow; stercoral pocket (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) A dilated portion of laimos, throat] A class of "tubular bryozoans", exclusively the proctodeum of certain spiders in which fecal matter and marine, with circular lophophores lacking an epistome. excreta temporarily accumulate. stenomorphic a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; morphe, shape] 1. Gen- stereoblastula n. [Gr. stereos, solid; blastos, bud] An early, era with limited morphological characters. 2. Dwarfed. solid blastula larva, all of whose cells reach the external stenonoty n. [Gr. stenos, narrow; notos, back] A small thorax. surface. stenophagous a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; phagein, to eat] Exist- stereogastrula n. [Gr. stereos, solid; gaster, stomach] A gen- ing on only a limited variety of foods. see euryphagous, eral term for solid metazoan larvae. omnivorous. stereoisomer n. [Gr. stereos, solid; isos, equal; meros, part] stenopodium n. [Gr. stenos, narrow; pous, foot] (ARTHRO: Different three-dimensional configurations of organic mole- Crustacea) Slender, sometimes setose, elongate append- cules that have different light rotational properties. age, composed of rod-like segments. stereokinesis n. [Gr. stereos, solid; kinesis, movement] A re- stenopterous a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; pteron, wing] Having a flex sensitivity inhibition due to passive contact stimuli; narrow, complete wing. thigmotaxis. stenosaline see stenohaline stereom(e) n. [Gr. stereos, solid] 1. The rigid material of the stenosis a. [Gr. stenos, narrow] Constriction of vessels, ducts, invertebrate skeleton. 2. (BRYO: Stenolaemata) The extra- etc. zooidal skeletal deposits, additions to structural skeleton, or to the vesicle roof skeleton. stenotele n. [Gr. stenos, narrow; telos, the end] (CNID) A stinging nematocyst; a sprially coiled thread armed with stereotaxis n.; pl. -taxes [Gr. stereos, solid; taxis, arrange- spiral rows of projections that is provided at its distal end ment] The directive response of an organism to contact with a lid (); a penetrant. with solids; thigmotaxis. a. Positive stereotaxis: toward the contact. b. Negative stereotaxis: away from the contact. stenothermal a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; therme, heat] Confined stereotactic a. to living within a narrow range of temperatures. see eu- rythermal. stereotropism n. [Gr. stereos, solid; tropos, turn] A move- ment in direction determined by contact with a solid body. stenotopic a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; topos, place] Organisms a. Positive stereotropism: toward contact. b. Negative having a limited geographical distribution or occurring in stereotropism: away from contact. stereotropic a. restricted habitats. see eurytopic. sterile a. [L. sterilis, unfruitful] Incapable of producing viable stenovalent a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; L. valens, strong] An or- gametes. ganism restricted to few types of environmental conditions. see euryvalent. sterilization n. [L. sterilis, unfruitful] 1. Rendering an animal incapable of reproduction. 2. Rendering a substrate free of stenoxenous a. [Gr. stenos, narrow; xenos, host] Having a organisms. 855 856 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar sterinx n. [Gr. sterinx, support] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Ostra- tending from the coxal ygolafnd orifice, between coxae I and Inve coda, one of a pair of connecting pieces lateral to the tropis II, to the subcapitular gutter. rteb rate in the male copulatory apparatus. sternal verrucae (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) IZnooOpilioacariformes, log sterna pl. of sternum paired wart-like structures in the sternal regiyon. sternacosta n. [Gr. sternon, chest; L. costa, rib] (ARTHRO: In- sternannum see basisternum secta) An internal transverse ridge connecting the bases of sternapophysis n. [Gr. sternon, chest; apo-, separate; phy- the sternal apophyses. sein, to grow] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, protuberance sternacostal suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) The external suture of (single, paired or three) in the sternal region of leg I. the thoracic sternum through the apophyseal pits separat- sternaulus n.; pl. -li, -lices [Gr. sternon, chest; aulos, tube] ing the basisternum from the sternellum. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In ichneumonid Hymenoptera, a hori- sternal a. [Gr. sternon, chest] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Pertaining to zontal groove on the lower edge of the mesopleurum from the sternum. the prepectal carina backwards, sometimes reaching the sternal apophyseal pits (ARTHRO: Insecta) In higher insects, base of the middle coxa; the dividing line between the an external indentation marking the point of origin of the mesosternum and mesopleurum. sternal apophysis. sternellum n. [Gr. dim. sternon, chest] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A sternal apophysis (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of a pair of lateral part of the eusternum posterior to the sternacostal suture. apodemal arms of the eusternum marked by pits joined by sternellar a. a sulcus, thus dividing the eusternum into a basisternum sternite n. [Gr. sternon, chest] (ARTHRO) The main ventral and a sternellum; in higher insects they arise in the midline sclerite of a somite. and separate internally, forming the Y-shaped furca. see sternopleural bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, bristles pleural apophysis. on the sternopleuron. sternal canal (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, an internal sternopleurite n. [Gr. sternon, chest; pleuron, side] (ARTHRO: skeletal structure of some crabs formed by the meeting of Insecta) The ventral sclerite of the thoracic pleuron that the sternal apodemes from opposite sides of the body articulates with the coxa and becomes fused with the ster- above the nerve cord; sternum canal. num; a sternopleuron. sternal coxal process (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. A projection of sternopleuron see sternopleurite the sternum serving for the ventral point of articulation with the coxa. 2. In Culicidae, a winglike expansion of the sternum n.; pl. sterna [Gr. sternon, chest] 1. (ARTHRO) The meso- and metabasisterna; ventral process. primary ventral portions of the , or the composite ventral sclerite of a segment. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) The sternal laterale (ARTHRO: Insecta) A plate on each side of the sclerotized plate of spiders between the coxae marking the sternum or presternum in some lower insects. floor of the cephalothorax. sternal plastron see sternum sternum canal see sternal canal sternal process (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Mysidacea, a projec- sterols n.pl. [Gr. stereos, solid] Alcohols of high molecular tion arising from the midsection of the sternite. weight containing benzene-rings found in plants and ani- sternal spatula see breastbone mals. sternal taenidium (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Opilioacariformes, sterrasters n. [Gr. sterrhos, solid; aster, star] (PORIF: Des- a surface canal in the sternal region of the podosoma ex- mospongiae) Large centered, globular spicules with rays 857 858 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar reduced to small projections from the spherical surface. of larvae; spiracular disyk;ofrespiratory disk. see spiracular Inv line erte sterrula n. [Gr. sterrhos, solid] (CNID: Anthozoa) A solid free- bra te Z swimming larva of Alcyonaria; stereoblastula. stigmatal line see spiracular line ool ogy stethidium n. [Gr. stethos, breast] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In stigmatal spine (ARTHRO: Insecta) In larval Diptera, the ex- Acari, the nonsclerotized prodorsum. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) trusible structure (modified terminal spiracles) in the anal The thorax and its appendages. siphon. stethosoma n. [Gr. stethos, breast; soma, body] (ARTHRO: stigmatic cord (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some larvae, a delicate Chelicerata) In Acari, that part of the body from the cir- cord running from the scar of a nonfunctional spiracle to an cumcapitular furrow to the disjugal furrow; prosoma with- adjacent part of the tracheal system. out the gnathosoma. stigmatic scar (ARTHRO: Insecta) The mark on the surface Stewart's organs (ECHINOD: Echinoidea) In cidaroids, made by the ecdysial tube after molting. coelomic pouches associated with Aristotle's lantern, func- stigmatiferous a. [Gr. stigma, mark; L. ferre, to bear] (AR- tioning for interchange of gases. THRO: Insecta) Bearing spiracles or stigmata. stichic a. [Gr. stichos, row] Pertaining to a row parallel to the stigmergy n. [Gr. stigma, mark; mergere, to dive] (ARTHRO: longitudinal axis. Insecta) In social insects, the directing of work by individ- stichocyte n. [Gr. stichos, row; kytos, container] (NEMATA: ual colony members based on work previously accom- Adenophorea) An individual cell of a stichosome. plished as opposed to direct signals from nestmates. stichosome n. [Gr. stichos, row; soma, body] (NEMATA: Ade- stimulus n.; pl. stimuli [L. stimulus, a goad] Any change of nophorea) A longitudinal series of cells (stichocytes) that external or internal conditions resulting in a change in the form the posterior esophageal glands. activities of an organism. sticklac n. [A.S. sticca, stick; Skr. laksa, lac] (ARTHRO: In- sting apparatus (ARTHRO: Insecta) In female Hymenoptera, secta) Branches or twigs covered with the dried lac of scale the modified ovipositor of aculeates and many terebrantes, insects. see lac. usually containing the venom gland and one accessory stigma n.; pl. stigmata [Gr. stigma, mark] 1. A spiracle or gland, the Dufour gland; others may sometimes be pre- breathing pore. 2. (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, a sclerite sent: the Koshevnikov or Koshewnikow gland, the Bordas' surrounding a spiracle. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. A colored gland, the sting sheath gland, or anal gland. wing spot. see monostigmatous. b. In Odonata, a - sting autotomy (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, enlarged ening of the wing membrane along the costal border near barbs on the sting apparatus that remain at the sting site; the apex. c. In Diptera, An apodeme at the base of the autothysis. ventral surface of the postgenital lobe of female mosqui- stinging button (CNID) A group of nematocysts on a jellyfish toes; basal median (longitudinal) apodeme; a sclerite sur- tentacle, especially the Portuguese man-of-war. rounding a spiracle on a maggot. 4. (PLATY: Trematoda) In Schistosomatoidea, an operculum-like area of an eggshell sting sheath (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, the cover of through which the miracidium hatches. the sting formed by the lateral halves of the third valvulae. stigmal vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) A short vein extending poste- sting sheath gland/sheath gland (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hy- riorly from the costal margin of the wing; stigma. menoptera, a gland in the sting sheath valves of various bees, in the form of a high palisade gland epithelium be- stigmatal field (ARTHRO: Insecta) An area around the spiracles neath a strongly sclerotized strip on the outer sides of the 859 860 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar sheaths; function unknown. oid. y of Inve stipe n. [L. stipes, a stem] 1. A stem or stalk-like appendage. stoma n.; pl. stomata [Gr. stomar,tebmouth] 1. Any of various rate 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Eucarida, a stemlike basal part small, simple mouth openings of invertZeoborates. 2. (NEMATA) log of an appendage with sometimes squamate or other- The mouth or buccal cavity, from the orayl opening and shaped expopod, i.e., the second joint of the antenna-like usually includes the anterior end of the esophagus appendage. (=pharynx). stipes n.; pl. stipites [L. stipes, a stem] 1. (ARTHRO: Chelicer- stomach n. [Gr. stoma, mouth] The digestive cavity of inver- ata) The distal end of the embolus (copulatory organ) of tebrates. spiders. 2. (ARTHRO: Diplopoda) The lateral lobes of the stomata pl. of stoma gnathochilarium. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. The second seg- ment or division of a maxilla that bears endite lobes, the stomatal a. [Gr. stoma, mouth] Pertaining to the stoma. lacinea and galea on its inner apical angle and the telopo- stomate a. [Gr. stoma, mouth] 1. Bearing a mouth. 2. (ANN) A dite (palpus) laterally; may be combined with basi-, disti-, with a funnel; an open nephridium. etc. b. In Diptera, a rodlike structure located inside the stomatodaeum see stomodeum head ventral to the tentorial arms. 4. (ARTHRO: Pauropoda) One of the three articles of the first maxilla, along with stomatogastric see recurrent nerve, stomogastric nerv- cardo and lacinia. 5. (ARTHRO: Symphyla) Two pairs of ous system maxillae similar to those of insects, except lacking a joint stomatostyle, stomatostylet n. [Gr. stoma, mouth; stylos, separating the cardo and stipes. pillar] (NEMATA: Secernentea) A stylet or protrusible hollow stipiform a. [L. stipes, a stem; forma, shape] Resembling a spear found in fungus feeding plant parasitic and insect stalk. parasitic nematodes of the suborders Tylenchina and Aphelenchina, presumed to have evolved from the walls of stipital a. [L. stipes, a stem] Pertaining to the stipe(s). the stoma. stipple n. [D. stippelen, to spot] Numerous circles or dots; stomatotheca n. [Gr. stoma, mouth; theke, case] (ARTHRO: shading effects produced by dots, circles or small marks. Insecta) That part of the pupal covering over the mouth Stobbe's gland (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Lepidoptera, paired mul- structures. ticellular aphrodisiac pheromone producing glands in the stomoblastula n. [Gr. stoma, mouth; blastos, bud] (PORIF: second abdominal segment of male noctuids. Calcarea) A developmental period of the amphiblastula, stock n. [A.S. stocc, stem, race] (ANN: Polychaeta) The sexual when the blastula opens and ingests adjacent choanocytes. individuals from which other individuals arise asexually. stomocnide see injector stolon n. [L. stolo, a branch] 1. (ANN) Individuals that are stomodeal bridge (ARTHRO: Chilopoda) A commissure that budded or fragmented asexually off of other individuals. 2. anteriorly connects the tritocerebral glanglia. (BRYO: Stenolaemata) In Stolonifera, a tubular kenozooid or extension of an autozooid from which autozooids are stomodeal canal (CTENO) Paired canals lying parallel to the budded. 3. (CNID: Anthozoa) A stem-like structure from stomodeum or pharynx; the pharyngeal canal. which polyps arise. see hydrocaulus. stomodeal feeding (ARTHRO: Insecta) A mixture of salivary stolonate a. [L. stolo, a branch] Having stolons; stoloniferous. secretions and regurgitated intestinal contents received from another insect. see proctodeal feeding. stoloniferan n. [L. stolo, a branch; ferre, to bear] (BRYO: Stenolaemata) An autozooid budded from a single kenozo- stomodeal nervous system see stomatogastric sympa- 861 862 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar thetic nervous system Gastropoda) Equivalent ytoofchiastoneury. Inv erte stomodeal valve see cardiac valve stria n.; pl. striae [L. stria, furrowb]raA groove or depressed te Z line. striate a. ool stomodeum, stomodaeum n. [Gr. stoma, mouth; hodos, ogy way, road] The anterior ectodermal portion of the alimen- striation n. [L. stria, furrow] A longitudinal ridge or furrow. tary canal; the fore-intestine or foregut. stricture n. [L. stringere, to bind tight] A binding or contrac- stomogastric nerve see recurrent nerve tion, as of a passage in a body. stomogastric nervous system (ARTHRO: Insecta) The nerv- stridulating organs The impact of some part of the body ous system directly connected to the brain, innervating the against the substratum; friction method, rubbing two parts fore and middle intestine, heart and certain other parts; of the body together; vibrating membrane; sound produced the esophageal nervous system; sympathetic system. by a pulsed air stream. stone canal (ECHINOD: Asteroidea) A vertical canal containing stridulation n. [L. stridere, to make a creaking or grating calcareous deposits in its wall, that descends to the oral noise] Any sound produced by a lower animal. side of the disc, joining a circular canal (the water ring) at stridulatory a. [L. stridere, to make a creaking or grating the inner side of the ossicles that ring the mouth. noise] Pertaining to or the nature of stridulation. storage pots (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, containers striga n.; pl. strigae [L. striga, furrow] A narrow, transverse constructed of cerumen for food storage by social bees; a line or streak. honey pot. strigate a. [L. striga, furrow] Marked with fine, closely set strahl n.; pl. strahlen [Ger. strahl, ray] A ciliary process, ray grooves. or barbule. strigil n. [L. strigilis, scraper] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. A curved straight-hinge see protostracum structure at the apex of the fore tibia of many insects that strangulated a. [L. strangulare, to strangle] Constricted; con- functions as a scraper, a tibial comb or antenna cleaner. 2. tracted; held in. In some Hemiptera, a currycomb-like structure situated on strata pl. of stratum the dorsal surface of the abdomen. stratification n. [L. stratum, a cover; ficare, to make] Act or strigilation n. [L. strigilis, scraper] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hy- process of being made up of layers. menoptera, licking secretions from the body of another animal. stratum n.; pl. -ta [L. stratum, a cover] 1. A layer of tissue or cells that compose an organ. 2. A group of organisms in- strigilator n. [L. strigilis, scraper] One who licks the surface of habiting a particular geographical area. 3. A layer of vege- another to collect secretions from the body. tation, usually at the same stage of development. 4. A strigose a. [L. striga, furrow] Covered with strigae; marked layer of sedimentary rock or earth. with fine, closely set grooves. strepsilaematous a. [Gr. strepsis, twisting; laimos, throat] strigose ventral areas (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hemiptera, the Having a pharynx rotated along its length. see euthylae- inner side of the hind tibiae containing wart-like tubercles, matous. each bearing a subapical tooth; rubbing against the femur streptasters n.pl. [Gr. strepsis, twisting; aster, star] (PORIF) produces an audible sound. Short, spiny, microscleric monaxon spicules. strigula n.; pl. -ulae [L. striga, furrow] A fine, short trans- streptoneury n. [Gr. strepsis, twisting; neuron, nerve] (MOLL: verse mark or line. 863 864 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar strike n. [OE. strican, to stroke, level out] (ARTHRO: Insecta) strongyloxea n. [Gr. stronygoyflos, rounded; oxys, sharp] (PO- Inv The deposition of Diptera eggs or larvae on a living host. RIF) A monactinal megasclereerwteith one end rounded and bra the other pointed. te Z string reef (MOLL: Bivalvia) Oysters crowded into a long, nar- ool ogy row accumulation. strophe n. [Gr. strophos, twisted] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In males striola a. [L. dim. stria, furrow] Finely impressed parallel lines. of higher Diptera, spiral curling of parts of the postabdo- men into a protected position at rest. stripe n. [MD. strijp, stripe] A longitudinal color marking. structural colors Colors resulting from structure rather than strobila n.; pl. -lae [Gr. strobilos, anything twisted, pine cone] pigment. 1. An organism, or stage of an organism, from which suc- cessive annular disc embryos bud off. 2. (CNID: Scyphozoa) structural gene Any gene that determines the structure of a A scyphistoma larva of a jellyfish consisting of ephyrae. 3. polypeptide through the production of messenger RNA. (PLATY: Cestoda) A tapeworm, consisting of scolex, 'neck', structure n. [L. structus, build] Any organ, appendage or part immature, mature and usually gravid proglottids. of an organism. strobilation, strobilization n. [Gr. strobilos, anything twisted, struma n.; pl. -ae [L. struma, scrofulous tumor] (ARTHRO: In- pine cone] 1. The formation of a chain of body segmenta- secta) In most Coccinellidae larvae, distinct tubercles of the tion into zooids. 2. (CNID: Scyphozoa) The ephyrae of jelly- body wall bearing spines. strumose a. . see monodisk, polydisk. 3. (PLATY: Cestoda) The stupeous a. [L. stupa, coarse fiber of flax or hemp, tow] Cov- proglottids. ered with fiber-like filaments. strobilocercoid n. [Gr. strobilos, anything twisted, pine cone; stupulose a. [L. stupa, coarse fiber of flax or hemp, tow] Cov- kerkos, tail; eidos, like] (PLATY: Cestoda) In Schistotaenia , ered with coarse decumbent hairs. a cysticercoid that undergoes some strobilation. stylamblys see appendix interna strobilocercus n. [Gr. strobilos, anything twisted, pine cone; kerkos, tail] (PLATY: Cestoda) A simple cysticercus with stylate a. [Gr. stylos, pillar] With a style; stylelike. evidence of strobilation. style, stylus n.; pl. styli [Gr. stylos, pillar] 1. (ARTHRO: Cheli- stroma n.; pl. stromata [Gr. stroma, bed] Connective tissue cerata) The embolus of spiders. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) see framework of an organ. telson. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. Any slender, tubular or spinelike appendage at the end of the abdomen. b. In some strombiform a. [Gr. strombos, a top, a spiral shell; L. forma, Diptera, a bristlelike process at the terminal segment of the shape] (MOLL: Gastropoda) Roughly biconical, with ex- antenna. 4. (BRYO: Stenolaemata) A general term for a panded outer lip; said of the shell of . rodlike skeletal structure forming a spinose projection on (MOLL: Gastropoda) In Strombus , a curve or the zoarial surface; canaliculus; stylet. see acanthopore. notch in the outer lip, above the anterior notch. 5. (CNID: Hydrozoa) A calcareous projection. 6. (MOLL) see strongylaster n. [Gr. strongylos, rounded; aster, star] (PORIF) crystalline style. 7. (PORIF) A monactinal spicule dissimi- A star-shaped spicule with small center and rays with lar at the two ends. stylate a. rounded edges. style sac (MOLL) The posterior conical region of the stomach, strongyle n. [Gr. strongylos, rounded] 1. (NEMATA: Se- lined with cilia, but devoid of chitin. cernentea) A common name for the order Strongylida. 2. stylet n. [Gr. stylos, pillar] 1. Any small rigid bristle or needle- (PORIF) A diactinal monaxon (spicule) rounded at both like appendage or organ. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) see cau- ends. dal ramus. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) One of the piercing 865 866 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar structures in the sucking mouth parts; the shaft of the ovi- small, longer than wide,yporfojection on the parapodium. Inve positor. 4. (BRYO: Stenolaemata) A rodlike skeletal struc- styloid a. [Gr. stylos, pillar; eidos,rtleikbe] Long and slender; be- rate ture oriented almost perpendicular to the zoarial surface Zo lonoid; aciform. olo and parallel to the zooecia. 5. (CNID) The large, lowermost gy thorn on the hampe (butt) of a stenotele nematocyst. 6. stylopization n. [Gr. stylos, pillar; ops, eye] (ARTHRO: Insecta) (NEMATA) A sclerotized, usually hollow, structure used for The endoparasitism by the coleopterous female Strepsip- feeding, releasing secretions and entering plants and ani- tera (Stylops), of other insects; stylopized. mals (Arthropoda); a spear. see stomatostyle, odon- stylose a. [Gr. stylos, pillar] Bearing a style or several styli. tostyle. 7. (NEMER) A nail-shaped structure on the end of stylostome n. [Gr. stylos, pillar; stoma, mouth] (ARTHRO: the proboscis that typically reaches 50-200 m, used in the Chelicerata) In acarid Trombiculidae, a hard, tube-like capture of prey. structure formed by the host's tissues under the influence stylet extension see of secretions by the feeding . stylet knobs (NEMATA) Various thickenings (apodemes) at the stylote a. of style base of the stylet, usually 3 in number, that serve as at- stylus n.; pl. styli [Gr. stylos, pillar] Style; stylet; a short tachment points for the protractor muscles. see basal slender, fingerlike process. knobs. subalar sclerite (ARTHRO: Insecta) A sclerite behind the pleu- styletocytes n.pl. [Gr. stylos, piller; kytos, container] (NEMER) ral process into which wing movement muscles are in- Large epithelial cells in which the stylets are formed. serted. stylet sac see trophic sac subalternate a. [L. sub, under; alternus, alternate] Not quite stylet sheath (ARTHRO: Insecta) In aculeate Hymenoptera, the opposite, yet not regularly alternate. dorsal part of the terebra. subanal lobe/appendage see catoprocess styli pl. of style and stylus subanal scale see anal scale styliferous a. [Gr. stylos, pillar; L. fero, bear] Having one or subantennal groove (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a facial more styli. groove that facilitates the scape. styliform a. [Gr. stylos, pillar; L. forma, shape] Shaped like a subantennal ridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the inner style or stylet; formed of parallel-sides and a pointed apex. supporting ridge of the subantennal suture of Culicidae. styliger plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Ephemeroptera, a sclerite subantennal suture (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. Sutures ventral to on the posterior portion of sternum 9, variable in shape, the antennal socket. 2. In Culicidae larvae, a short line lat- which on the posterior margin gives rise to a pair of slender erally below the antennal prominence, associated with the and usually segmented appendages called forceps or clasp- subantennal ridge. ers; a subgenital plate. subapical lobe (ARTHRO: Insecta) In the genitalia of male Culi- stylocerite n. [Gr. stylos, pillar; keras, horn] (ARTHRO: Crusta- cidae, a mesal lobe found at or distal to the middle of the cea) A rounded or spiniform process on the outer part of gonocoxite. the proximal segment of the antennular peduncle; anten- nular scale. subapotorma n. [L. sub, under; Gr. apo, from; tormos, socket] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Scarabaeoidea larva, a heav- styloconic sensilla see sensillum styloconicum ily sclerotized process extending forward from the stylode n. [Gr. stylos, pillar; eidos, like] (ANN: Polychaeta) A subtorma on each side mediad of the longitudinal row of 867 868 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar inwardly directed, closely set, phobae of the hypopharynx. Located posterior to theycoefphalic region. Inv erte subapterous see brachypterous subcerebral glands (ROTIF) Paired gblarands of the retrocerebral te Z organ/sac. ool subassociation n. [L. sub, under; ad, to; socius, companion] ogy This term has been used by various authors as a substitute subchela n. [L. sub, under; Gr. chele, claw] (ARTHRO: Crusta- for the term association when not in agreement with the cea) The distal end of a limb developed as a prehensile definition: a group assemblage of organisms, in a specific structure by the folding back of a dactyl against the propo- geographical area with one or two dominant species. dus or widest part of it; may arise from propodus folded subbasal a. [L. sub, under; Gr. basis, base] Just distad of the back against the carpus; gnathopod. base. subchelate a. [L. sub, under; Gr. chele, claw] 1. (ARTHRO) subbiramous a. [L. sub, under; bis, two; ramus, branch] Having an appendage in which the terminal podomere that (ANN: Polychaeta) Parapodia in which the notopods are re- can fold back like a pincer against the subterminal po- duced and neuropods are well developed. domere. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Provided with subchela. subbranchial a. [L. sub, under; Gr. branchia, gills] Beneath subclass n. [L. sub, under; classis, division] In classification, a the gills. major subdivision of a class, comprised of related orders. subbranchial region (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Brachyura, the subclimax n. [L. sub, under; Gr. klimax, ladder] 1. The stage ventral part of the carapace beneath the gill area. preceding the climax in a complete sere. 2. A geographi- cally smaller area than that of a 'climax'. subcapitular a. [L. sub, under; capitalis, relating to the head] (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, pertaining to the ventral subclypeal pump see cibarial pump surface of the infracapitulum. subclypeal tube see pseudotrachea subcapitular apodeme (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, a subcolony n. [L. sub, under; colonia, farm] (BRYO: Stenolae- sclerotized continuation of the mentum internally, to which mata) A functional grouping within a colony, in which the several tendons are attached. skeletons may or may not be of the same structure. subcapitular gutter (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In anactinotrichid subcosta n. [L. sub, under; costa, rib] (ARTHRO: Insecta) A Acari, the median taenidium on the ventral surface of the longitudinal vein between the costa and the radius. infracapitulum; the deutosternum. subcoxa n. [L. sub, under; coxa, hip] 1. (ARTHRO) A secondary subcarina n. [L. sub, under; carina, keel] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) proximal subdivision of the coxopodite. 2. (ARTHRO: Crusta- In Lepadomorpha, a small, unpaired plate below the carina. cea) see precoxa. subcarinate a. [L. sub, under; carina, keel] Shaped like a subcoxal pleurites 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Sclerites that are shallow keel. separated primitively or fused, that form the pleural sup- subcastes n.pl. [L. sub, under; castus, pure] (ARTHRO: In- port for the coxa. 2. (ARTHRO: Chilopoda) Small, variously secta) In Hymenoptera, the various forms of mature Formi- shaped sclerites associated with the bases of the coxa. cidae of a caste. see major worker, media worker, mi- subcutical n. [L. sub, under; cutis, skin] (ARTHRO: Insecta) nor worker. Newly secreted basal cuticle whose granular ultrastructure subcellular a. [L. sub, under; cellula, small cell] Applies to or- shows microfibrils that have not undergone orientation. ganelles in a cell. subdentate a. [L. sub, under; dens, tooth] Small teeth or subcephalic a. [L. sub, under; Gr. kephale, head] (NEMATA) notches. 869 870 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar subdiscal/subdiscoidal vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) The wing subgenital plate (ARTHRO:y oInf secta) A platelike sternite that Inve vein forming the posterior margin of the third discoidal cell. underlies the genitalia, usuallyrtienb the 9th abdominal ster- rate subdorsal a. [L. sub, under; dorsum, back] Pertaining to the num in males, and 7th or 8th in femaZleoso; in some ichneu- log sector between the dorsal and lateral surface. subdorsal monid Hymenoptera, the 7th sternite in mayles, the 6th in n. females; vulvar lamina. subdorsal keel/plate see dorsal plates subgenual organ (ARTHRO: Insecta) A cordotonal organ situ- ated in the proximal part of the tibia; when a two-part or- subdorsal line (ARTHRO: Insecta) In caterpillars, a subdorsal gan, the one more proximal is known as the "true sub- longitudinal line between dorsal and lateral; if addorsal line genual organ." present, between it and the lateral line. subgenus n.; pl. subgenera [L. sub, under; genus, tribe] The subdorsal ridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) In some Hymenoptera cat- name of an optional category between the genus and spe- erpillars, an elevated longitudinal line along the subdorsal cies; capitalized and placed in parentheses following the row of abdominal tubercles. genus name. subesophageal body (ARTHRO: Insecta) A number of large subhepatic carina (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a nar- binucleate cells in the body cavity closely associated with row ridge extending posteriorly from the branchiostegal the inner end of the stomodeum in Orthoptera, Plecoptera, spine. Isoptera, Mallophaga, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. subhepatic region (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, that subesophageal ganglion The nerve plexus below the esopha- part on the ventral surface of the carapace below the he- gus. patic region, bounded by the pterygostomial and suborbital subfamily n. [L. sub, under; familia, family] A category of the regions. family group containing related tribes or genera, and end- subimago n. [L. sub, under; imago, image] (ARTHRO: Insecta) ing in -inae. In Ephemeroptera, the first of two winged instars after it subfossorial a. [L. sub, under; fossor, digger] Adapted for emerges from the water surface, or underwater. subi- digging. maginal a. subgalea n. [L. sub, under; galea, helmet] (ARTHRO: Insecta) subjective synonym Two or more synonyms based on differ- An inner sclerite of the maxillary stipes; parastipes; some- ent types, but recognized as referring to the same taxon by times fused with the lacinia or merged into the stipes. taxonomists who hold them to be synonyms. subgenal areas (ARTHRO: Insecta) The narrow lateral marginal subliminal a. [L. sub, under; limen, threshold] A stimulus in- areas of the head setoff by the subgenal sulcus above the sufficient or inadequate to illicit a perceptible response. see mandibles and maxillae. liminal. subgenal ridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) A submarginal structure on sublingual gland see pharyngeal gland, ventral the inner surface of the head arising from the subgenal sul- sublittoral, sublittoral zone 1. A lake bottom too deep for cus. rooted plants to grow. 2. In , a zone from the inter- subgenal sulcus (ARTHRO: Insecta) The lateral suture below tidal zone to the end of the continental shelf. the gena, and above the base of the mandibles and maxil- submalleate a. [L. sub, under; malleus, hammer] (ROTIF) A lae. modified malleate mastax. subgeneric name see subgenus submargin n. [L. sub, under; margo, margin] (MOLL: Bivalvia) 871 872 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar One of the dorsal edges of the shell body which adjoins the submentapleural carina y(AoRf THRO: Insecta) In certain Hy- Inve lower border of the auricle in Pectinacea. menoptera, the lower margin rotfebthe lower division of the rate submarginal a. [L. sub, under; margo, edge] Placed within the mesopleurum, between the bases of Zthoeo middle and hind log margin. coxae. y submarginal area (ARTHRO: Insecta) In the hind wings, a subneural a. [L. sub, under; Gr. neuron, nerve] Under the section between the anterior (costal) margin and the first central nervous system or ventral nerve cord. strong vein. subocular sulcus (ARTHRO: Insecta) In smaller Ichneumoni- submarginal cell (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, one or dae, a sharp groove extending from the base of the eye to more cells just behind the marginal cell. the mandibular socket. submarginal striae see proplegmatium suboesophageal see subesophageal submarginal tubercles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Coccidae, round suborbital region (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Brachyura, a nar- tuberacles, when present, variable in number, surrounding row region bordering the lower margin or orbit. a central invaginated tube, occurring in the dorsal submar- suborbital spine (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In a decapod carapace, ginal area of the body. a spine slightly below and posterior to the middle of the or- submarginal vein (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Chalcidoidea, a vein bit. just behind and paralleling the costal margin of the wing. n. [L. sub, under; Gr. phyle, tribe, race] A major submedia see second axillary subdivision in classification between phylum and class. submedian cell (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a cell be- subquadrangle n. [L. sub, under; quadri-, four; angulus, an- hind the median cell, in the basal posterior of the wing. gle] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In odonatan Zygoptera, a cell just behind the quadrangle. submedian denticle (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Stomatopoda, the small projection(s) just laterad of the midline on the subradular organs (MOLL: Polyplacophora) Two eversible terminal margin of the telson (medial to submedian teeth). pads, probably of chemoreceptive function, at the base of the subradular sac. submedian groove (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Decapoda, a lon- gitudinal groove in the submedian dorsal part of the cara- subradular sac (MOLL: Polyplacophora) A blind sac of the pace, contiguous with the postrostal carina. posterior wall of the buccal cavity containing cushion- shaped sensory structures (subradular organs) hanging submedian lobes (NEMATA: Secernentea) In the superfamily from the roof. Criconematoidea in Tylenchina, the paired, reduced, strongly modified subdorsal and subventral lips. subrostrum n. [L. sub, under; rostrum, beak] (ARTHRO: Crus- tacea) In Lepadomorpha Cirripedia, a single plate below the submedian tooth (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Stomatopoda, the rostrum. strong spinelike or blunt projection just laterad of the mid- line on the terminal margin of the telson. subscaphium n. [L. sub, under; scaphium, hollow vessel] (AR- THRO: Insecta) In male Lepidoptera, a ventral sclerotization submentum n. [L. sub, under; mentum, chin] (ARTHRO: In- of the genitalia, below the anus; gnathos. secta) 1. The basal sclerite of a labium. 2. In some Col- eoptera, a distinct sclerite defined by a suture intervening subscutellum n. [L. sub, under; dim. scutum, shield] (AR- between the mentum and the gula; in others, has also THRO: Insecta) In some Diptera, especially Tachinidae, the been applied to the undifferentiated anterior margin of the anterior region of the mediotergite differentiated as a con- gula. submental a. vex, transverse ridge or lobe; often called postscutellum. 873 874 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar subsocial n. [L. sub, under; socius, companion] (ARTHRO: In- cells in the wing behind ythoef triangle. Inv secta) Applied to adults caring for their young for some pe- erte subtribe n. [L. sub, under; tribus, btraibe] In classification, a riod of time. see presocial. te Z rank below the tribe and above the genuoso.l ogy subsocies n.pl. [L. sub, under; socius, companion] A term subtylostyle n. [L. sub, under; Gr. tylos, knot; style, pillar] used by various authors when there is disagreement as to (PORIF) 1. A monactinal megasclere with a sub-apical ex- the definition of the word associes. pansion. 2. A tylostyle with an indistinct knob at one end subspecies n. [L. sub, under; species, kind] A subdivision of a and pointed at the other. see tylostyle. species inhabiting a geographic subdivision of the range of subulate a. [L. subula, awl] Shaped like an awl; slender and the species and differing taxonomically from other popula- tapering to a point, with sides convex. tions of the species. subumbrella n. [L. sub, under; dim. umbra, shade] (CNID) substitute see supplementary reproductive The concave oral surface of a medusa or jellyfish. see substitute king see supplementary reproductive exumbrella. substitute name A name proposed to replace a preoccupied subventral esophageal glands (NEMATA) Esophageal salivary name that assumes the same type and type-locality. glands lying in the subventral sectors of the posterior substrate n. [L. sub, under; stratum, bed] 1. A substance on esophagus. which an enzyme acts. 2. see substratum. subvibrissal setae/setulae (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, the substrate race A local race selected by nature to have a simi- setae/setulae along the anteroventral margin of the gena. larity of coloration with that of the substratum. succession see sere substratum n.; pl. substrata [L. sub, under; stratum, bed] succinct a. [L. sub, under; cingere, to gird] Compact; con- The ground or other surface in or upon which organisms tracted; reduced. live, walk, crawl or are attached. succursal nest (ARTHRO: Insecta) In social insects, a resting subsume n. [L. sub, under; sumere, to take] To include under; or hiding place constructed by workers, but not qualifying to put under another as belonging to it, i.e., in zoological as a true nest due to the absence of brood rearing. classification. sucker n. [A.S. sucan, to suck] An organ creating a vacuum, subtegular ridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) A transverse ridge near utilized by various invertebrates for locomotion, ingesting the upper edge of the mesopleurum, below the tegula and or holding food, or adhering to the substrate. base of the front wing. suctorial a. [L. sugere, to suck] Having vacuum organs; subtegulum n. [L. sub, under; tegulum, covering] (ARTHRO: adapted for sucking. Chelicerata) In Arachnida, one of the sclerotized plates that suffused a. [L. suffusus, to pour beneath] To overspread, as protect the hematodocha of the male papal organ of some with fluid or color; to cover the surface. suffusion n. spiders. sugent, sugescent a. [L. sugere, to suck] Suctorial. subtorma n. [L. sub, under; Gr. tormos, socket] (ARTHRO: In- secta) In Coleoptera, the heavily sclerotized, transverse, sulcate a. [L. sulcus, furrow] Having a groove or furrow. curved process of certain Scarabaeoidea larvae, located sulci n.pl. [L. sulcus, furrow] (ARTHRO: Insecta) Grooves of a near the proximal border of the hypopharynx. purely functional origin, such as strengthening ridges of the subtriangle n. [L. sub, under; tri, three; angulus, angle] (AR- head. THRO: Insecta) In Odonata Anisoptera, A cell or group of sulciform a. [L. sulcus, furrow; forma, shape] Being groove- 875 876 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar like or groove-shaped. adults; paragnath. y of Inve sulculus n. [L. dim. sulcus, furrow] (CNID: Anthozoa) In di- supermale n. [L. super, over; dimrt.ebmas, male] (ARTHRO: In- rate glyphic Actiniaria, having the second, sometimes small, si- secta) Abnormal male with one x-chromZooosome for 3 sets of log phonoglyphs situated at the dorsal end of the pharynx. see autosomes in Drosophila. y sulcus. supernumerary crossveins (ARTHRO: Insecta) Crossveins sulcus n.; pl. sulci [L. sulcus, furrow] 1. A furrow, groove or added to the normal number. fissure. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) A suture formed by an infold- supernumerary segment (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Cecidomyidae ing of the body wall. see sulci. 3. (BRACHIO) The major de- Diptera, a segment intercalated between the head and the pression of the valve surface, externally concave in trans- prothorax. verse profile and radial from the umbo. 4. (CNID: Anthozoa) A groove leading into the gullet. see siphonoglyph. 5. supero-marginal plates (ECHINOD: Asteroidea) Upper mar- (MOLL: Bivalvia) The radial depression of the shell surface. ginal plates that form the outline of the arm of sea-stars. see infero-marginal plates. sulcus, radial posterior (MOLL: Bivalvia) A groove that sets off the posterior flange from the main shell body. superoptimal stimuli Sensory stimuli reponse stronger than the natural stimuli for which the response had been se- sulcation n. [L. sulcus, furrow] 1. Scored by furrows or lected. grooves. 2. Encircled by channels. superorder n. [L. super, over; ordo, order] In classification, a summer egg A thin-shelled, rapidly developing egg; tachy- group below class and above order. blastic. see winter egg. superorganism n. [L. super, over; Gr. organon, organ] A col- summit n. [L. summum, the highest point] 1. The apex; the ony of social organisms, or organisms and their environ- top. 2. (MOLL: Bivalvia) The highest dorsal point of the shell ment, of interdependent relationships which may be stud- profile when the cardinal plane is horizontal. ied as though they were a single organism. superclass n. [L. super, over; classis, a division] In classifica- superposed a. [L. super, over; ponere, to place] Placed one tion, above the class and below the phylum. upon another; superimposed; placed directly over some superfamily n. [L. super, over; familia, family] In classifica- other part. tion, above the family and below the order. superposition eye (ARTHRO) In nocturnal or crepuscular ar- superfemale see metafemale thropods, an eye that permits the passage of light through superficial epicuticular layer see cerotegument the non-pigmented wall of one to the iris of a neighboring one; an adaptation to protect sensitive photo- supergenus n. [L. super, over; genus, race] In classification, receptors from overstimulation during the day; clear-zone above the genus and below the family. eye. see apposition eye. superior appendages (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Odonata, lateral superposition image (ARTHRO) A less distinct but brighter im- movable, paired appendages on the 9th or 10th abdominal age due to the lens system focusing the light to the retina. segment; well developed in the males, reduced or vestigial see mosaic image. in females. supersedure n. [L. super, over; sedere, to sit] (ARTHRO: In- superior hemiseptum see proximal hemiseptum secta) In Hymenoptera, the replacement of an old or sick superlinguae n.pl. [L. super, over; lingua, tongue] (ARTHRO: queen by a new queen in a honeybee colony. Insecta) The two lateral lobes of the hypopharynx of superspecies n. [L. super, over; species, kind] A monophyletic 877 878 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar group of mainly or entirely allopatric species that are mor- ventral umbo away fromy tohfe apex of the delthyrium. Inv phologically too different to be included in a single species erte suprabranchial a. [L. supra, above; bGrra. branchia, gills] (MOLL) or are reproductive isolates; an artenkreis. te Z Above the gills. ool ogy supertribe n. [L. super, over; tribus, tribe] In classification, supracerebral glands see pharngeal glands, lateral below the subfamily and above the tribe. supracheliceral limbus (ARTHRO: Chelicerata) In Acari, an supplement n. [L. supplere, to fill up] 1. (ARTHRO: Insecta) In extension of part of the tegulum above the chelicera of Odonata, an adventitious vein formed by a number of Gamasida. crossveins lining up to form a continuous vein behind and more or less parallel to one of the main longitudinal veins. supraclypeal area see postclypeus 2. (NEMATA) Variously sized, often paired, papilliform sen- supraesophageal ganglion (ARTHRO) The brain; the nerve sory nerve terminations in the male ventral caudal area; mass above the esophagus. genital papillae. supraneural pore see coelomopores supplementary organs (NEMATA) Secondary sexual charac- supraneuston n. [L. supra, above; Gr. neustos, able to swim] teristics along the body of male nematodes either sensory Small animals living on the surface film of water. or glandular. see supplement. supraorbital carina see gastroorbital carina supplementary reproductive (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Isoptera, a queen or male, in the form of adultoid, nymphoid or er- supraspecific a. [L. supra, above; species, kind] Applied to a gatoid, that take over as a functional reproductive after the category or evolutionary phenomenon above the species removal of the primary reproductive of the same sex. level. supporting walls (BRYO) Zooidial walls that support orificial suprasquamal ridge (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a ridge walls. between the base of the lower calypter to the anterolateral angle of the scutellum. supra adv. [L. supra, above] In scientific terms, a prefix, de- noting above or higher; on the dorsal side; opposite to in- supratidal a. [L. supra, above; A.S. tid, time] Pertaining to the fra. ; above the high tide mark; a subdivision of the neritic zone. supra-alar bristles (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Diptera, a longitudi- nal row of bristles on the lateral portion of the mesonotum, supratympanal organ see subgenual organ above the root of the wing. suranal a. [L. supra, above; anus] Above the anus; supra- supra-anal see superior appendages anal. supra-anal hook see uncus suranal plate (ARTHRO: Insecta) A heavily sclerotized area on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment; a plate or lobe supra-anal opening (MOLL: Bivalvia) The opening of the ex- dorsad of the anus; epiproct; anal plate. see ectoproct. current canal. surface ornamentation (MOLL: Bivalvia) A regular relief pat- supra-anal pad (ARTHRO: Insecta) The reduced epiproct, be- tern on the surface of many shells. low the posterior of the tenth tergum. surface pheromone A pheromone active only on or very close supra-anal plate (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Notostraca, usually to the body; contact or near contact must be made. tongue-shaped, but may be spatulate to rounded, plate situated posteriorly on the dorsal side of the telson. surface tension Surface film on liquids caused by cohesion of the molecules of the liquid at the free surface. supra-apical foramen (BRACHIO) A pedicle foramen in the 879 880 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar surpedal area or lobe (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a sutural plate (MOLL: Polypylaocfophora) Lamina of the articula- Inv lobe or area just above the prolegs and below and behind mentum across the jugal sinusertoef the intermediate and tail bra the spiracle on the abdomen of Symphyta larvae; su- valve, extending between the suturatlelaZminae. ool ogy prapedal area; postepipleurite. sutural shelf (MOLL: Gastropoda) A horizontally flattened band surstyli n.pl.; sing. -lus [L. supra, over; Gr. stylos, pillar] (AR- that may contact the adapical suture of the whorls. THRO: Insecta) In Diptera, paired appendages of the ninth sutural sinus see jugal sinus abdominal tergite (epandrium); suprastyli. sutural slope (MOLL: Gastropoda) An angle between the su- suspensor n. [L. sub, under; pendere, hang] 1. (ARTHRO: In- ture and plane perpendicular to the axis; sometimes secta) In Hymenoptera, a structure composed of carton or equated to the sutural angle. wax attaching the comb nests of bees and wasps. 2. (NEMATA: Adenophorea) Muscles associated with the spi- suture n. [L. sutura, seam] 1. Line of junction of 2 parts gen- cules, enclosing the distal part of the spicules of erally immovably connected. 2. (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Paratrichodorus and other males in Diphtherophorina. Cirripedia, a line or seam at the juncture of two compart- mental plates; weakly calcified areas of the integument for suspensorium n.; pl. -ria [L. sub, under; pendere, to hang] 1. separation at ecdysis. 3. (ARTHRO: Insecta) Grooves mark- Anything that suspends a part. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) a. In ing the line of fusion of two former plates; a narrow mem- Blattoidea, a pair of linear sclerites extending toward the branous area between sclerites; line of juncture of elytra in lateral mouth angle on each side of the proximal half of the Coleoptera. 4. (MOLL: Gastropoda) The continuous spiral hypopharynx. b. In Coleoptera, extends from the adoral line on the shell surface where whorls adjoin. sutural a. face upwards to end in the lateral walls of the stomodeum; fultura. c. Suspensory ligaments that insert into the body swarming n. [A.S. swearm, swarm] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In so- wall or dorsal diaphragm suspending developing ovaries in cial insects: a. The departure of a queen and workers from the hemocoel. the parental nest to establish a new colony of highly euso- cial bees. b. In ants and termites, often applied to the suspensory fold of the Schwann cell see mesaxon mass departure of reproductive forms from the nests at the suspensory muscles see dilator beginning of the nuptial flight. sustentacular cells Supporting cells of organs as differenti- swimmeret n. [A.S. swimman, to swim] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) ated from the cells that provide the function of the organ. An abdominal appendage functioning as a swimming organ; sustentor/sustentator n. [L. sustinere, to sustain] (ARTHRO: pleopod. Insecta) One of two hooks on the posterior part of a but- swimming bell (CNID) Any bell or umbrella-shaped cnidarian terfly pupa; cremaster. that moves through the water by contractions, especially sutural angle see sutural slope Siphonophora; nectocalyx; nectophore. sutural edge (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Cirripedia, the margin of swimming plate (CTENO) A short ridge bearing large fused the compartmental plate along the suture. cilia, arranged in eight meridional rows that function in lo- comotion. sutural laminae (MOLL: Polyplacophora) Apophyses plates; anterior plate-like projections of the articulamentum ex- switch gene The gene influencing the epigenotype to switch to tending from either side of an intermediate or tail valve; a different developmental pathway. may be separated by a sinus or partially joined by a lami- sycon n. [Gr. sykon, fig] (PORIF) A sponge in which the choa- nar extension of the articulamentum. nocyte layer shows folding accompanied by superficial thickening of the mesohyl. 881 882 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar sylleibid n. [Gr. syllektos, gathered together] (PORIF) An aq- sympatric a. y of Inve uiferous system transitional between syconoid and leucon- symphile n. [Gr. syn, together; phrtielebin, to love] (ARTHRO: In- rate oid conditions, with elongate choanocyte chambers grouped secta) A symbiont that is accepted byZoao host colony as a log around a common exhalant channel. member of their group and is licked, fed, pryotected, trans- sylvan, silvan a. [L. sylva, silva, forest] Pertaining to or in- ported or even reared with the host's own larvae; a true habiting the forests or woodland areas. guest. sylvatic, silvatic a. [L. sylva, silva, forest] In disease , symphily n. [Gr. syn, together; philein, to love] (ARTHRO: In- a parasite existing normally in the wild and not in the hu- secta) In Hymenoptera, the relationship of ants and their man environment. see synanthropism. nest guests, that abide with them, with mutual benefit or symbiology n. [Gr. symbiosis, life together; logos, discourse] fondness; commensalism. symphilic, symphilous a. The study of symbioses. symphynote a. [Gr. symphysis, junction, seam; notos, back] symbion(t) n. [Gr. symbiosis, life together; on, being] Any (MOLL: Bivalvia) Having the valves firmly fixed or soldered organism that exists in a relationship of mutual benefit with at the hinge. another organism; a symbiote. symphysis n. [Gr. symphysis, junction, seam] A union be- symbiosis n. [Gr. symbiosis, life together] 1. The mutually tween two parts. beneficial living together of individuals of two different spe- symplesiomorphy n. [Gr. syn, together; plesios, near; mor- cies. 2. Interrelationship of different species of organisms, phe, form] Shared primitive homologous character states; ranging from beneficial, to neutral, to dehabilitating. sym- normally used in cladistic taxonomy. see plesiomorphy. biotic a. see mutualism, commensalism, parasitism. sympod, sympodite see protopod symbiote n. [Gr. symbiosis, life together] An organism living in symptomatology n. [Gr. symptoma, anything that has be- symbiosis; symbiont. fallen one; logos, discourse] A branch of medical science symmetry n. [Gr. symmetria, due proportion] The mode of concerned with symptoms of diseases. body organization. symmetical a. see bilateral symme- synanthropism n. [Gr. syn, together; anthropos, man] The try, radial symmetry. propensity of an organism to live in or around human sympathetic system 1. That portion of the autonomic nervous dwellings. system directly connected with the brain and innervating synapomorphy n. [Gr. syn, together; apo, separate; morphe, the fore and middle intestine, heart and certain other parts. form] The sharing of derived characters by several species. 2. (ARTHRO: Insecta) see stomogastric nervous system, see plesiomorphy. ventral sympathetic nervous system. synapse, synaptic junction, neurosynapse The central sympatric hybridization The production of hybrid individuals mechanism of intercommunication of nerve impulses pass- between two sympatric species. ing from neuron to neuron. synaptic a. sympatric speciation Speciation with geographic isolation; synapsis n.; pl. -ses [Gr. synapsis, union] The intimate con- the reproductive isolation occurring between segments of a junction of homologous chromosomes that occurs during single population. the prophase of the meiotic division. sympatry n. [Gr. syn, together; patria, native country] The synaptene n. [Gr. synapsis, union] The zygotene of meiosis. occurrence of two or more populations in the same area; usually referring to areas of overlap in species distributions. synaptic junction see synapse 883 884 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar synaptic knobs Swellings on the axon ends where contact is gether. 2. Synapsis. 3. yAomf embrane connecting two sepa- Inve made with dendrites of another nerve cell. rate parts permitting movementrtebbetween them. rate synapticulum n.; pl. -la [Gr. synapsis, union] (CNID) One of syndiacony n. [Gr. syn, together; diakonoZso,oservant] (ARTHRO: log numerous conical or cylindrical calcareous processes con- Insecta) A form of commensalism between aynts and plants necting the septa. synapticular a. with both obtaining benefit. synaptinemal complex Organelle present during pachytene syndrome n. [Gr. syn, together; dramein, to run] Signs and stage of eukaryote meiosis visable in electron micrographs. symptoms characteristic of a particular disease. synaptorhabdic a. [Gr. synapsis, union; rhabdos, rod] (MOLL: synecete see synoekete Bivalvia) Pertaining to ctenidia where filaments are con- synechthran n. [Gr. syn, together; echtos, hate] An insect nected at their interlamellar edges by strands of cellular guest that is persecuted by its host, and manages to stay tissue; organic interfilamentary junctions. see eleutheror- alive by greater speed and agility or the use of defensive habdic. mechanisms; an animal engaged in synechthry. see me- synaptychus n. [Gr. syn, together; apo-, away from; ptychos, tochy. fold] (MOLL: Cephalopoda) Double calcareous plates fused synechthry n. [Gr. syn, together; echtos, hate] The relation- with other paired plates. see anaptychus. ship between a symbiont, generally a scavenger, parasite syncerebrum n. [Gr. syn, together; L. cerebrum, brain] The or predator, that is treated in a hostile manner by the host; supraesophageal glanglia or brain of many invertebrates. metochy. synchronic speciation Speciation that occurs at the same synecology n. [Gr. syn, together, oikos, household; logos, dis- time level. see allochronic speciation. course] The relationship of populations and communities to synchronizer n. [Gr. syn, together; chronos, time] An envi- biotic factors in the environment. see autecology. ronmental factor that influences the phenomena of cir- synectic a. [Gr. syn, together; nektikos, habitual] Pertaining to cadian rhythm to conform to a daily cycle instead of wan- cells that retain their relative position during gastrulation. dering. synergism n. [Gr. synergos, associate] The cooperative action synclerobiosis n. [Gr. syn, together; keros, chance; bios, life] of two entities to effect a greater difference than both to- (ARTHRO: Insecta) In Hymenoptera, a temporary associa- gether, i.e., hormones, parasites, muscles. synergistic a. tion of two species of ants of independent colonies. syngamy n. [Gr. syn, together; gamos, marriage] 1. Union of synconoid grade (PORIF) A grade of construction intermediate male and female gametes following fertilization to form a between the asconoid and the leuconoid, in which each ra- zygote; gametogamy; hylogamy. see pseudogamy. 2. dial canal is subdivided into elongate-flagellate chambers Permanent union of both female and male reproductive grouped around a common excurrent channel. see leucon- units; male element sometimes greatly reduced and para- oid grade, asconoid grade. sitic in the female. syncyte n. [Gr. syn, together; kytos, container] A polyploid or syngenesis n. [Gr. syn, together; genesis, beginning] 1. Re- multinucleate cell. production between two sexually dimorphic parents; sexual syncytium n.; pl. syncytia [Gr. syn, together; kytos, con- reproduction. 2. The theory that the germ of the offspring tainer] A continuous mass of protoplasm with several or is derived from both parents, not from either alone. many nuclei; a multinucleate cell. syncytial a. syngenic see isogenic syndesis n. [L. syndesis, a binding together] 1. Binding to- syngonic a. [Gr. syn, together; gone, seed] The production of 885 886 Maggenti and Gardner On line Di ctio nar both sperm and eggs by the same gonad; hermaphroditic sponse favorable to boytohf emitter and receiver. see al- Inve reproduction. see digonic, amphigonic. lelochemic. rteb rate synhaploid n. [Gr. syn, together; haploos, single] A condition synonyms n.pl. [Gr. syn, together; onymZao,oname] In nomen- log derived from the fusion of two or more haploid nuclei. see clature, two or more names for the same tayxon. see sen- double haploid. ior, junior, objective, subjective synonym. synony- synhesmia n. [Gr. syn, together; hesmos, swarm] A group of mous a. organisms swarming together in consequence of a repro- synonymy n. [Gr. syn, together; onyma, name] A chronologi- ductive drive. see androsynhesmia, gynosynhesmia. cal list of scientific names applied to a given taxon, includ- synistate a. [Gr. syn, together; histos, tissue] (ARTHRO: In- ing dates of publication and authors of the names. secta) In Neuroptera, referring to the ligula being reduced synopsis n.; pl. -es [Gr. syn, together; opsis, view] In taxon- to the condition of a median and sometimes slightly bilobed omy, a general summary of current knowledge of a group. process, or totally atrophied. synoptic a. [Gr. syn, together; opsis, view] Pertaining to synizesis n. [Gr. syn, together; hizein, to sit] The clumping of structures that upon comparison, are virtually identical. chromosomes in early prophase of the first meiotic divi- synoptical key The arrangement of the more essential char- sion; may be either normal or abnormal. acters in order to identify specific taxa by selecting only synkaryon n. [Gr. syn, together; karyon, nucleus] A zygote those that apply. nucleus formed by fusion of two gametic nuclei. synscleritous a. [Gr. syn, together; skleros, hard] (ARTHRO) synlophe n. [Gr. syn, together; lophos, crest] (NEMATA: Se- The joining of a tergite and a sternite to form a complete cernentea] In numerous Trichostrongylidae, an enlarged ring. see discleritous. longitudinal or oblique cuticular ridge on the body surface syntagma see tagma that serves to hold the nematodes in place on the gut wall. syntelic a. [Gr. syn, together; telos, fulfillment] In mitosis, synoecius, synoecious a. [Gr. synoikos, living in the same centromeres of the two chromatids of each chromosome if house] Producing both male and female gametes. they are oriented to the same spindle pole at the first mei- synoecy n. [Gr. synoikos, living in the same house] 1. Com- otic division. mensalism involving social insects where the guests are in- synthesis n.; pl. -ses [Gr. syn, together; titheni, to place] The differently tolerated by the hosts. 2. An association be- formation of a more complex substance from simpler ones. tween two species where one is benefited without harm to the other. see symphily, synechthry. synthetic a. [Gr. syn, together; titheni, to place] Combining the structural characters of two or more dissimilar groups synoekete n. [Gr. synoikos, living in the same house] A toler- or forms into one group or form. ated guest of a host colony. synthetic lethals Lethal chromosomes derived from normally synoenocytes n. [Gr. syn, together; oenos, wine colored; ky- viable chromosomes by crossing over. tos, container] (ARTHRO: Insecta) In dipteran Chironomi- dae, localization of oenocytes as distinctive organs. synthetic theory The evolutionary theory, with mutation and selection as the basic elements. synomone n. [Gr. syn, together; omone, mimics the ending of hormone] A chemical substance produced or acquired by synthorax n. [Gr. syn, together; thorax, chest] (ARTHRO: In- an organism, that upon contact with an individual of an- secta) The meso- and metathorax fused as a single unit of other species, evokes a behavioral or physiological re- wing-bearing insects; pterothorax. 887 Maggenti and Gardner syntrophy n. [Gr. syn, together; trophon, food] (ARTHRO: In- secta) In social insects, the accidental feeding of symphiles or synoeketes during normal brood care. syntype n. [Gr. syn, together; typos, type] Every specimen in a type-series in which no holotype or lectotype was desig- nated. syntypic a. [Gr. syn, together; typos, type] Referring to the same type. synxenic a. [Gr. syn, together; xenos, guest] The rearing of one or more individuals of a single species along with one or more known species of organisms. see axenic, dixenic, monoxenic, polyxenic, trixenic, xenic. synzoea n. [Gr. syn, together; zoe, life] (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Malacostraca, pelagic juvenile stages of Stomatopod lar- vae. syringe see salivary pump syringium n. [Gr. syrinx, pipe] (ARTHRO: Insecta) 1. The sali- vary pump in Hemiptera. 2. An organ for ejecting disagree- able fluids in some insect larvae. systematics n.pl. [Gr. syn, together; histani, to place] Taxon- omy. systematist n. [Gr. syn, together; histani, to place] A student of taxonomy. systole n. [Gr. systole, contraction] The contraction of any contractile cavity, i.e., the heart. systolic a. see diastole. syzygy n.; pl. syzygies [Gr. syzygos, united] 1. The combin- ing of organs without loss of identity. 2. (ECHINOD: Cri- noidea) Having each nodal columnal closely and rigidly jointed to the internodal columnal below it by short elastic fibers, and as such lacking flexibility.

Copyright ©2005 Armand R. Maggenti and Scott Gardner.