Research Article Morphological Analysis of Homaloptera

Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 41-51 Received: August 22, 2020 © 2021 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: October 6, 2020 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v8i1.537 http://www.ijichthyol.org

Research Article

Morphological analysis of Homaloptera gymnogaster Bleeker, 1853 (Family: Balitoridae) from different elevations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia

Robi CAHYADI, Indra JUNAIDI ZAKARIA*, Dewi IMELDA ROESMA Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: Homaloptera gymnogaster (Family: Balitoridae) is an endemic freshwater fish in Sumatra, Indonesia that can be found up until a high elevational aquatic body. There is no previous report about a thorough study on its morphological variations from its various populations. In this study, 47 individuals H. gymnogaster were collected using random sampling from five different elevations (Sikai River at 1996, 1552, 1420, Batang Gumanti on 1531, and Matur River on 1097 m asl), on which 53 morphological characters measured. The result indicated that 41 characters significantly varied with the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05%), which consist of 29 morphometric and 12 meristic characters. The Mann- Whitney U test (with <0.05% standard confidence) confirmed the high differentiation on morphometric and meristic characters among the study sites. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot hinted that albeit populations in Sikai River divided come from different elevations, were still categorized as the same group. On the contrary, Batang Gumanti and Matur River site separated into different groups. This study concluded that differentiation of morphological characters on H. gymnogaster was influenced by current velocity and river size. Keywords: H. gymnogaster, meristic traits, morphometric, Sumatra, Indonesia. Citation: Cahyadi, R.; Junaidi Zakaria, I. & Roesma Imelda. D. 2021. Morphological analysis of Loach Fish Homaloptera gymnogaster Bleeker, 1853 (Family; Balitoridae) from Different Elevations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 8(1): 41-51.

Introduction Lake area at 1950m altitude which signified its Sumatra Island is reported to have 460 freshwater uniqueness for inhabiting high elevation habitats fishes of 64 families, where 162 species are endemic. (Tan & Kottelat 2009). It was also reported from the The diversity of freshwater fish in Sumatra is very inlets and outlets around Maninjau Lake, West high with each region may be inhabited by different Sumatra (Silas 1953), and at the inlets and outlets of species (Hubert et al. 2015). The Belontiidae family Gunung Tujuh Lake, Jambi (Handika et al. 2014; had the highest endemicity (42.3%), followed by Cahyadi & Zakaria 2015). Furthermore, it was families such as Balitoridae (37.5%), Akysidae recorded at the Batang Toru river basin, North (28.6%), Bagridae (25.0%), and Cyprinidae (17.2%). Sumatra (Roesma et al. 2016). West Sumatra Province has the highest endemicity of According to Silas (1953), Homalopterula is freshwater fish (24.1%), seconded by Jambi (20.7%), synonymous with the Homaloptera genus due to Riau Islands (17.3%), and Nanggroe Aceh differences in morphological characters such as Darussalam (17.3%), while Riau Province with caudal and the presence or absence of scales on the 15.5% endemic species becomes the poorest ventral surface of the abdomen. Ott (2009) stated that (Wargasasmita 2002). Homaloptera gymnogaster is Homalopterula is a subgenus under Homaloptera. a freshwater Balitoride and protected under Randall & Page (2015) noted the morphological Government Regulation Number 7 the Year 1999 differentiation between Homalopterula and (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries 2012). The Homaloptera which included presence or absence of H. gymnogaster was once found in the Gunung Tujuh reddish spots on the fins, number of branches on the 41 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 41-51

dorsal fin, the texture of scales (smooth or rough), tail in West Sumatra. Meanwhile, thorough research on type, size of mouth (large or small), rostral length, morphological variations of H. gymnogaster has not and size of the lower lip (large or small). Genus been previously studied, especially in Jambi and Homaloptera distributes throughout Sundaland West Sumatra. The aim of study to analyze variation (Malaysia Peninsula, Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo, and of H. gymnogaster morphology in five locations at Java), and Indochina regions such as Laos, different altitudes in West Sumatra and Jambi Cambodia, India, and Vietnam (Ott 2009). Homaloptera lives mostly in a fast-flowing river. In Materials and Methods Sumatera, some other species have been recorded, Study site: This research was conducted in five namely H. Vanderbilt, H. heterolepis, H. ripleyi, locations according to their altitude, namely the H. amphisquamata and H. Modigliani (Randall & Matur River at an altitude of 1097m, Batang Gumanti Page 2015). 1531atm (both in West Sumatra Province), and three Fish diversity in a certain habitat is influenced by different heights at the Sikai River in Jambi Province the differentiation and variation of fish body (1996, 1552, 1420m asl.) (Table 1). Morphological characters (Straüss & Bookstein 1982; Melvin et al. aspects were analyzed at the Genetic and 1992). Besides, fish body shape is also affected by Biomolecular Laboratory, while physical and environmental and genetic factors. Hence, the chemical factors analysis was performed at the morphological method which uses measuring Ecology Laboratory. Both laboratories are in the morphometric and meristic characters is reliable to Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and identify species. For example, Garra gotyla gotyla, a Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang. fish species that live in the high elevation has typical Research methods: Collection sampling followed morphological characters on body length, fins, and Suhardjono (1999) and analysis of water physical and head length. These characters are resulted from the chemical factors were based on Michael (1994). hill-landscape barrier and inhibit fish to move to Morphological analysis on morphological characters other places (Brraich & Akhter 2015). following Kottelat (1984), Taylor & van Dyke There are indicated the differences in (1985), Hubbs & Lagler (2004), Ott (2009) and morphological characteristics of Puntius binotatus Eschmeyer & Fricke (2017). Valenncienes (Cyprinidae) in the upper, middle, and Morphological characters: Morphological data lower altitudes in the West Sumatra province (Vitri comprised morphometric and meristic characters. et al. 2012). The fishes live in the upstream become The measurement of morphometric characters used smaller than those in the downstream (Fauzi et al. digital caliper while meristic characters were 2016). Roesma & Santoso (2011) also reported that calculated with a stereomicroscope. There were 37 the difference in habitat types and ecologic al factors characters measured for morphometric aspects and among populations would significantly affect the 16 for meristic characters (Kottelat 1984; Taylor & variations of fishes' morphological characters. The van Dyke 1985; Hubbs & Lagler 2004; Ott 2009; fluctuation of chlorophyll-a, pH, dissolved oxygen, Eschmeyer & Fricke 2017) (Fig. 1). and temperature affected the length and weight of Data analysis: Measurement Analysis of Water Sardinella lemuru at five locations in East Java Physics and Chemical Factors: The data on Dissolved (Sartimbul et al. 2018). Temperature, on the other Oxygen (Michael 1984), water velocity, water hand, also determine the development stage of fish temperature, pH, altitude, type of substrate, and larvae (Munir et al. 2016). Syaifullah et al. (2015) vegetation were summarized in a table and reported environmental factors caused morphometric descriptively detailed. and meristic differences in Zernachopterus buffonis Morphological Analysis: The Kruskal-Wallis test 42 Cahyadi et al.- Morphological analysis of Loach Fish

Table 1. Study sites and number of samples collected from each site.

Elevation Number of Location Geographical Position (m) Samples 1. Sikai River, Pelompek Village, Gunung Tujuh Region, Kerinci 10o42’23”S Regency, Jambi Province 1996 7 101o02’42”E

Sikai River, Pelompek Village, Gunung Tujuh Region,Kerinci 10o32’92”S 2. 1552 10 Regency, Jambi Province 100o04’62”E Sikai River, Pelompek Village, Gunung Tujuh Region, Kerinci 10o32’ 81”S 3. 1420 10 Regency, Jambi Province 100o05’75”E 4. Batang Gumanti, Alahan Panjang, Solok Regency, Sumatera 01o 04’47,6”S 1531 10 Barat Province 100o05’71,1”E

Matur River, Nagari Balingka, IV Koto Region, Matur, Agam 06o 05’0,04”S 5. 1097 10 Regency, Sumatera Barat Province. 99o 06’26,4”E Total 47

was used to identify significant characters before There is an indication that populations of compared to the five populations using multivariate H. gymnogaster from different elevations to have analysis. Morphological data analyzed by comparing undergone morphometric differentiation (Table 3). it with the standard length for each morphological Individuals H. gymnogaster from two different character. The data process uses SPSS ver. 19. Mann- altitudes at Sikai River (1996 and 1552m) differed in Whitney U used to determine the morphological five bodily characters, namely standard length (SL), variations between two populations using a the distance between vent and anal fin (DAAF), multivariate comparison between them. The analysis pelvic fin base length (PvFL), orbital width (OW) uses morphological data that were compared with and maxilla barbell length (MBL). The populations each respective standard length. Data were processed of H. gymnogaster from 1996 m and 1420m Sikai with SPSS ver. 19. Principle Component Analysis River differentiated on two characters; predorsal (PCA) was used to determine the distribution pattern length (PredL), head length (HL), and eye length of characters among populations. Data processing (EL). The populations from 1552 and 1420m Sikai was through MVSP 3.1 program, resulting in a PCA River differentiated on 10 characters. They are SL, ordination plot. BH, BHA, BW, PvFBL, caudal peduncle length (CPL), caudal peduncle height (CPH), head height Results (HH), eye width (EW) and orbital length (OL). The Variations and Differentiation of Morphological highest differentiation on morphometric characters H. gymnogaster Characteristics among Five (25 characters) was observed between Batang Locations: The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that 41 Gumanti with Sikai River 1552m and Batang characters (29 morphometric and 12 meristics) were Gumanti with Sikai River 1420m. The analysis of significantly different from among 53 morphological meristic characters of H. gymnogaster among paired characters studied (P<0.005). Mann-Whitney U test study sites found some variety. Between 1996m and identified that Sikai River (1552 and 1420m) with 1552m Sikai River observed six different characters, Batang Gumanti with the highest differences with 25 between 1996 and 1420m Sikai River were with five characters (P<0.05, Table 3), followed by the pairs of different characters, while between 1552 and 1420m Batang Gumanti (1531m) with Matur River; each there were 9 character differences recorded. The with 23 different characters. highest differentiation on meristic characters (11 characters) was observed between Sikai River 1420m 43 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 41-51

Fig.1. Morphometric characters of Homaloptera gymnogaster: 1) Total Length (TL), 2) Body Height (BH), 3) Body Height from Anus (BHA), 4) Standar Length (SL), 5) Predorsal Length (PredL), 6) Prepectoral Length (PecL), 7) Prepelvic Length (PelvL), 8) Preanal Length (PreAnL), 9) Preanus Length (PreAnsL), 10) Anus and Anal Fin Distance (AAFD), 11) Dorsal Fin Base Length (DFBL), 12) Dorsal Fin Length (DFL), 13) Pectoral Fin Base Length (PFBL), 14) Pectoral Fin Length (PcFL), 15) Pelvic Fin Base Length (PvFBL), 16) Pelvic Fin Length (PFL), 17) Anal Fin Base Length (AFBL), 18) Anal Fin Length (AFL), 19) Caudal Peduncle Length (CPL), 20) Caudal Peducle Height (CPH), 21) Caudal Fin Length (CFL), 22) Head Height (HH), 23) Head Length (HL), 24) Head Width (HW), 25) Width Between Orbital (WBO), 26) Orbital Width (OW), 27) Snout Length (SL), 28) Snout and Nose Distance (SND), 29) Operculum and Nose Distance (OND), 30) Width Between Nose (WBN), 31) Orbital Length (OL), 32) Body Width (BW), 33) Barbell on Maxilla Length (BML), 34) Barbell on Lateral Rostral Length (BLRL), 35) Mouth Opening Width (MOW), 36) Distance Between Rostral Barbel (DBRB), 37) Distance Between Lower Lip (DBLL).

Meristic characters of H. gymnogaster: 38) Branched Dorsal Fin Ray (hard) (BDFRh), 39) Branched Dorsal Fin Ray (soft) (BDFRs), 40) Branched Pectoral Fin Ray (BPcFR), 41) Branched Pelvic Fin Ray (BPvFR), 42) Branched Anal Fin Ray (hard) (BAnFRh), 43) Branched Anal Fin Ray (soft) (BAnFRs), 44) Branched Caudal Fin Ray (BCFR), 45) Total Lateral-line Scales (TLLS), 46) Lateral-line Scales Pore on Pelvic Fin (LLSPPvF), 47) Lateral-line Scales Pore on Dorsal Fin (LLSPDF), 48) Lateral- line Scales Pore on Anal Fin (LLSPAnF), 49) Lateral-line Scales Pore on Caudal Peduncle (LLSPCPd), 50) Total Scales on the Lateral-line (TSLL), 51) Total Scales on the Bottom of Lateral-line (TSBLL), 52) Total Scales on the Bottom of Pelvic Fin Lateral- line (TSBPvFLL), 53) Total Predorsal Scales (TPrS).

Fig. 2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot analysis on morphological characters of Homaloptera gymnogaster at several sites in the West Sumatra and Jambi.

44 Cahyadi et al.- Morphological analysis of Loach Fish

Table 2. Descriptive Morphometric statistics of collected Homaloptera gymnogaster in each site.

Sikai River - 1996 m asl Sikai River - 1552 m asl Sikai River - 1420 m asl Batang Gumanti - 1530 m asl Matur River - 1097 m asl Karakter Tubuh Mean Stdev Min Max Mean Stdev Min Max Mean Stdev Min Max Mean Stdev Min Max Mean Stdev Min Max SL 39.40 6.03 30.25 46.90 33.09 4.06 27.58 40.68 40.12 3.43 32.64 43.15 54.89 6.92 47.60 67.11 23.98 3.79 17.91 29.24 TL/SL 1.25 0.06 1.13 1.30 1.25 0.02 1.22 1.27 1.23 0.03 1.19 1.30 1.21 0.01 1.20 1.23 1.23 0.02 1.18 1.27 BH/SL 0.17 0.02 0.13 0.19 0.15 0.01 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.01 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.01 0.14 0.17 0.16 0.01 0.15 0.18 BHA/ SL 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.01 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.01 0.12 0.15 BW/ SL 0.17 0.02 0.13 0.19 0.15 0.01 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.01 0.14 0.18 0.16 0.01 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.02 0.13 0.19 PredL/ SL 0.53 0.03 0.48 0.57 0.52 0.02 0.49 0.56 0.50 0.02 0.47 0.52 0.49 0.01 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.02 0.47 0.52 PecL/ SL 0.21 0.01 0.19 0.23 0.21 0.02 0.19 0.25 0.20 0.02 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.01 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.02 0.18 0.23 PelvL/ SL 0.48 0.03 0.43 0.51 0.46 0.02 0.43 0.50 0.46 0.03 0.43 0.50 0.44 0.01 0.42 0.46 0.45 0.02 0.42 0.47 PreAnL/SL 0.77 0.02 0.75 0.80 0.76 0.01 0.73 0.78 0.76 0.02 0.73 0.80 0.76 0.02 0.74 0.78 0.74 0.02 0.72 0.77 PreAnsL/SL 0.72 0.04 0.64 0.77 0.71 0.02 0.68 0.73 0.71 0.03 0.66 0.76 0.72 0.02 0.69 0.75 0.70 0.02 0.68 0.73 AAFD/SL 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.06 DFBL/SL 0.11 0.01 0.08 0.13 0.11 0.02 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.01 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.02 0.08 0.13 DFL/SL 0.13 0.01 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.02 0.10 0.16 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.02 0.09 0.16 PFBL/SL 0.08 0.00 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.09 PcFL/SL 0.23 0.01 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.03 0.16 0.26 0.22 0.01 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.01 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.01 0.16 0.20 PvFBL/SL 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.07 PvFL/SL 0.14 0.01 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.18 0.12 0.01 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.01 0.11 0.16 AFBL/SL 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.08 AFL/SL 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.12 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.11 CPL/SL 0.15 0.03 0.10 0.21 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.18 0.13 0.01 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.14 CPH/SL 0.10 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.01 0.10 0.13 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.10 CFL/SL 0.23 0.03 0.19 0.26 0.20 0.02 0.17 0.24 0.21 0.03 0.16 0.26 0.15 0.02 0.12 0.18 0.20 0.03 0.15 0.24 HH/SL 0.15 0.04 0.10 0.25 0.13 0.01 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.01 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.01 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.01 0.11 0.14 HL/SL 0.23 0.01 0.20 0.26 0.24 0.02 0.21 0.27 0.20 0.02 0.18 0.24 0.19 0.01 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.01 0.19 0.23 HW/SL 0.18 0.01 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.01 0.18 0.21 0.20 0.01 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.00 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.01 0.16 0.20 WBO/SL 0.12 0.02 0.09 0.15 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.01 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.11 OW/SL 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.07 SL/SL 0.11 0.00 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.08 0.13 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.11 SND/SL 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.10 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.09 OND/SL 0.14 0.02 0.13 0.19 0.15 0.01 0.13 0.17 0.14 0.01 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.01 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.01 0.13 0.17 WBN/SL 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.07 OL/SL 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.06 BML/SL 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.05 BLRL/SL 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.05 MOW/SL 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.07 DBRB/SL 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.25 0.2 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.05 DBLL/SL 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.06

45 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 41-51

Table 3. Differentiated Morphometric Characters of Homaloptera gymnogaster among paired Locations.

Sikai River- Sikai River- Sikai River- Batang MaturRiver-1097 1996 1552 1420 Gumanti- 1531 Sikai River-1996 - Sikai River-1552 5 - Sikai River-1420 2 10 - Batang Gumanti- 21 25 25 - Matur River-1097 10 11 18 23 -

Table 4. Differentiated Meristic Characters of Homaloptera gymnogaster among paired Locations.

Table 5. Physical and Chemical Factors Analysis at study sites.

B. Gumanti-1531 m Matur River-1097 m Sikai River asl asl 1996 m asl 1552 m asl 1420 m asl Time (WIB) 13:20 09:40 09:47 11:45 18:08 Water Temperature 21° C 19° C 19° C 19° C 21° C pH 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.0 Dissolved Oxygen 6.36 6.16 6.16 6.36 6.10 (ppm) Water Velocity 12.70 12.30 12.43 11.90 10.90 River Width ± 9 m ± 7-8 m ± 8-12 m ± 6 - 9 m ± 3 – 5,5 m large and small gravel, large large and small large and small stones, large and small stones, smooth Substrate Type stones, and stones, smooth sand smooth sand and stones, smooth sand sand and rough, moss and rough, gravel rough, gravel and rough, gravel gravel with Matur River, followed by 1420m Sikai River Figure 2 indicated that individuals with Batang Gumanti (10 characters) and Batang H. gymnogaster from three different elevations in Gumanti with Matur River (10 characters) (see Table Sikai River were overlapped in their morphological 4). characters with low differentiation rate. This result Divergence Variations and Patterns on was expected since the three locations were in the Morphological Characters of H. gymnogaster: The same watershed. The Mann-Whitney test across the ordination plot resulted from Principal Component sites in Sikai River confirmed low differentiation Analysis (PCA) showed distinct clusters among value and confirmed the above result. individuals from the Sikai river sites, Matur River Water Physics and Chemical Factors: The analysis and Batang Gumanti (Fig. 2). The eigenvalues shown of physical and chemical factors of water at five for all locations were 0.017 on PC1 and 0 on PC2 locations, it was substantially indicated them as the with a cumulative percentage of 92.948%. clean watersheds. The temperature at sites in Sikai 46 Cahyadi et al.- Morphological analysis of Loach Fish

River ranged from 19-21°C, while at Batang In this study, the differentiation of morphological Gumanti 19°C and Matur River 21°C. This may characters is statistically significant on the body and indicate that H. gymnogaster preferred mild water head characters among the five study sites. Ott (2009) temperatures. The pH across sites ranged between 7.0 reported that populations of H. ripleyi were -7.6 and dissolved oxygen value was from 6.10-6.36 morphologically different on standard length, preanal ppm. The dominant substrates in study sites were length, prepelvic length, head length, nose length, large and small rocks, fine and rough sand, as well as eye diameter, caudal peduncle length, body length gravel (Table 5). from the vent, lateral line and several pelvic fin scale. It was also reported that Botia birdi fish showed Discussion differentiation on morphological characters of total The differentiation of morphological characters on length, standard length, tail length, and head length H. gymnogaster detected at sites in Sikai River may (Sharma et al. 2014). relate to the conditions of the watershed. Stream The PCA ordination plot analysis hinted that the velocity potentially triggers variation on caudal and populations of H. gymnogaster at three sites in Sikai anal fins (Drucker & Lauder 2001; Mohaddasi et al. River were overlapped, which lowered their 2013). Proper adaptation on fins is essential to differentiation on morphological characters. Hence, actively move against rapid torrent for the mobility the three populations in the Sikai River can be of finding food. Furthermore, the water current categorized as a similar group. Populations in Matur stimulates the increase of head length. Rechulicz & River and Batang Gumanti lumped as a separate Kolejko (2012) reported that Rutilus rutylus live in group with high character differentiation. The rapid torrent have longer predorsal length and anal differentiation of morphometric and meristic fin. In opposite, the fish live in the lake has a longer characters were observed on the body and head. The distance between pectoral and pelvic fins. It was difference in habitat conditions, such as the size of reported that Astronotus crassipinnis and the river affects the morphological character of H. Satanoperca pappaterra live in lentic habitats gymnogaster. Batang Gumanti is wider than Matur possess compressed body and longer anal fins, while River, while the current in Matur River flows swifter those inhabit lotic and semi-lotic habitats have than in Batang Gumanti (Table 5). depressed body types and experience elongation on Analysis of water conditions, physical and pectoral, caudal as well as pelvic fins (Oliveira et al. chemical factors measured at study sites concluded 2010). Furthermore, Gasterosteus aculeatus that live that the studied watersheds were categorized as a in inlet habitat has a longer body than those dwell in healthy aquatic body. Sites in Sikai River ranged the lake and outlets (Sharpe et al. 2008). between 19-21°C, while Batang Gumanti 19°C and Morphometrics differentiation is also encouraged by Matur River 21°C. These measurements may the width of the river. At 1552m Sikai River, the indicate the preference of H. gymnogaster for habitat watershed was smaller than at 1420 and 1996m Sikai with mild temperature. Water temperature is indeed River. It was previously reported that river width contributing to the distribution and migration of affected body size of Cyprinella venusta (Haas et al. fishes (Navid et al. 2017). Hence, the ongoing 2010). The highest morphometric differentiation on climate change has been affecting fish distribution in meristic characters was thought to be influenced by cold aquatic habitats and further decreases water velocity, food sources, and river width. The approximately 50% of fish habitats (Eaton & Robert large river contains higher nutritional sources such as 1996). The Indonesian Government Regulation No. algae, phytoplankton, and benthic invertebrates 82 the year 2001 stated the standard value >4ppm on (Newman et al. 2005). dissolved oxygen for aquatic organisms in lakes, 47 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 41-51

rivers, swamps which complied with what recorded character. By which, any damage to the river habitats from each site in this study (6.10-6.36ppm), in may directly impact to the change in diet patterns and addition to pH that range from 7.0-7.6 (Zeswita et al. eventually influence the number of individuals in the 2016; Zakaria et al. 2016; Yusrika et al. 2019). populations. Morphological variations on body and head are Morphological analysis on H. gymnogaster the highlights for the populations at the sites in Sikai among the Sikai River, Matur River, and Batang River. The size of those characters was presumably Gumanti indicated significant differentiation of affected by current velocity. The current velocity at morphological characters and individuals formed 1420, 1552, and 1996m Sikai River measured as separate groups. The differentiation of 12.43, 12.30, 12.70 meters per second, respectively. morphological characters on H. gymnogaster was This data was higher than what was measured at influenced by current velocity and river size. Matur River (10.90 m/s) or Batang Gumanti (11.90 m/s). The morphology of Mystacoleucus Acknowledgements padangensis fish in the Batang Anai and Singkarak We wish our special thanks to the Office of Kerinci Lake was reported enhanced by the current condition Seblat National Park (KSNP), Jambi Province. Our (Nofrita et al. 2015). It was detected on nose length, gratitude is also due to Sah P. Adrian, Bambang N. eye diameter, and the distance between eyes, head Saputra, Annisa I. Aulia, Siska R. Dewi, Fithria D, length, prepelvic distance, predorsal distance, head Miftahul J, Addy P. Mukhziae, Hirzan R, Fernando width, body width, pelvic fin length, and pectoral fin D, Buti Y. Christy, Bayu F, who assisted the field length of individuals from both populations. working. Similarly, the current velocity also reported affecting different aspects in Rainbow trout pelvic fin References (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as it requires considerable Cahyadi, R. & Zakaria, I.J. 2015. Biodiversity energy for harsh swimming activity (Standen 2008). Exploration of Fish in the Gunung Tujuh Lake Area, Kerinci Seblat National Park, Jambi. In: Prosiding 2nd The change in river current resulted from plantation International Wildlife Symphosium. and mining activities had given an effect on leaner Cunico, A.M. & Agostinho, A.A. 2006. Morphological appearance in rainbow fish in Australia (Kelley et al. patterns of fish and their relationships with reservoirs 2017). hydrodynamics. Journal of Brazilian Archives of The high differentiation of morphological Biology and Technology 49(1): 125-134. characters between Batang Gumanti and Matur River Drucker, E.G. & Lauder, G.V. 2001. Locomotor function can be addressed by the difference of river size; the of the dorsal fin in teleost Fishes: Experimental former is larger than the latter. A large watershed in analysis of wake forces in sunfish. Journal of Batang Gumanti supposes to provide rich Experimental Biology 204: 2943-2958. macrozoobenthos and support the prosperity of the Eaton, J.G. & Scheller, R.S. 1996. Effects of climate body size of H. gymnogaster. The study sites were warming on fish thermal habitat in streams of the United States Limnology and Oceanography 41(5): dominated by large and small rocks, fine and rough 1109-1115. sand, and gravel as the substrates. Besides, at the Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fricke, R. (Eds) Catalog of Fishes. highest point in Sikai River, the surface of rocks was electronic version. Available from: http://research. covered by moss which may provide an additional calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcat source of food for fish. Cunico and Agostinho (2006) main.asp (accessed 30 December 2019). Seventeen fish species were reported from several Fauzi, M.; Dahelmi, D.; Zakaria, I.J. & Tang, U.M. 2016. rivers in Brazil, where there was an indication that Biological aspects of lelan fish, Diplocheilichthys food sources and diet habits related to mouth pleurotaenia (Cyprinidae) from the upstream and 48 Cahyadi et al.- Morphological analysis of Loach Fish

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ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ رﯾﺨﺘﯽ ﺟﻮﯾﺒﺎر ﻣﺎﻫﯽ Homaloptera gymnogaster Bleeker, 1853 (ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده: ﺟﻮﯾﺒﺎرﻣﺎﻫﯿﺎن ﺧﺎردار) از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮا ﻣﺮﮐﺰي، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي

روﺑﯽ ﮐﻬﯿﺎدي، اﯾﻨﺪرا ﺟﻮﻧﯿﺪي زﮐﺮﯾﺎ*، دوي اﻣﯿﻠﺪا روﯾﺰﻣﺎ ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت و ﻋﻠﻮم ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آﻧﺪاﻻس، ﭘﻨﺪاگ، ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮا، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي.

ﭼﮑﯿﺪه: ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﯾﺒﺎرﻣﺎﻫﯽ Homaloptera gymnogaster ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ آب ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ در ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮا، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان آن را ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد آﺑﺰي ﺑﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺪن زﯾﺎد ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﺮد. ﻫﯿﭻ ﮔﺰارش ﻗﺒﻠﯽ ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ دﻗﯿﻖ در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ از ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، 47 ﻗﻄﻌﻪ H gymnogaster ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ از ﭘﻨﺞ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ (رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﯿﮑﺎﯾﯽ در ارﺗﻔﺎع 1996 ﻣﺘﺮ، 1552 ﻣﺘﺮ، 1420 ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ، ﺑﺎﺗﺎﻧﮓ ﮔﻮﻣﺎﻧﺘﯽ در 1531 ﻣﺘﺮ و رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﻮر در 1097 ﻣﺘﺮ) ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ، ﮐﻪ 53 وﯾﮋﮔﯽ رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﮐﺮوﺳﮑﺎل-واﻟﯿﺲ 41 ﺻﻔﺖ رﯾﺨﺘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 29 ﺻﻔﺖ رﯾﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﯽ و 12 ﺻﻔﺖ ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﯽ ﺑﻮد، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ (P<0/05). آزﻣﻮن ﯾﻮ ﻣﻦ-وﯾﺘﻨﯽ (در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن 05/0) ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺘﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ را ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﯿﮑﺎي در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ در ﻫﻤﺎن ﮔﺮوه ﺣﻀﻮر داﺷﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮ ﻋﮑﺲ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﺗﺎﻧﮓ ﮔﻮﻣﺎﻧﺘﯽ و ﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﯿﺎن داﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي رﯾﺨﺘﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن آب و اﻧﺪازه رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﮐﻠﻤﺎتﮐﻠﯿﺪي: H. gymnogaster، ﺻﻔﺎت ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﯽ، رﯾﺨﺖﺳﻨﺠﯽ، ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﺮا، اﻧﺪوﻧﺰي.