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Research Article Morphological Analysis of Homaloptera Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 41-51 Received: August 22, 2020 © 2021 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: October 6, 2020 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v8i1.537 http://www.ijichthyol.org Research Article Morphological analysis of Homaloptera gymnogaster Bleeker, 1853 (Family: Balitoridae) from different elevations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia Robi CAHYADI, Indra JUNAIDI ZAKARIA*, Dewi IMELDA ROESMA Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: Homaloptera gymnogaster (Family: Balitoridae) is an endemic freshwater fish in Sumatra, Indonesia that can be found up until a high elevational aquatic body. There is no previous report about a thorough study on its morphological variations from its various populations. In this study, 47 individuals H. gymnogaster were collected using random sampling from five different elevations (Sikai River at 1996, 1552, 1420, Batang Gumanti on 1531, and Matur River on 1097 m asl), on which 53 morphological characters measured. The result indicated that 41 characters significantly varied with the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05%), which consist of 29 morphometric and 12 meristic characters. The Mann- Whitney U test (with <0.05% standard confidence) confirmed the high differentiation on morphometric and meristic characters among the study sites. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot hinted that albeit populations in Sikai River divided come from different elevations, were still categorized as the same group. On the contrary, Batang Gumanti and Matur River site separated into different groups. This study concluded that differentiation of morphological characters on H. gymnogaster was influenced by current velocity and river size. Keywords: H. gymnogaster, meristic traits, morphometric, Sumatra, Indonesia. Citation: Cahyadi, R.; Junaidi Zakaria, I. & Roesma Imelda. D. 2021. Morphological analysis of Loach Fish Homaloptera gymnogaster Bleeker, 1853 (Family; Balitoridae) from Different Elevations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 8(1): 41-51. Introduction Lake area at 1950m altitude which signified its Sumatra Island is reported to have 460 freshwater uniqueness for inhabiting high elevation habitats fishes of 64 families, where 162 species are endemic. (Tan & Kottelat 2009). It was also reported from the The diversity of freshwater fish in Sumatra is very inlets and outlets around Maninjau Lake, West high with each region may be inhabited by different Sumatra (Silas 1953), and at the inlets and outlets of species (Hubert et al. 2015). The Belontiidae family Gunung Tujuh Lake, Jambi (Handika et al. 2014; had the highest endemicity (42.3%), followed by Cahyadi & Zakaria 2015). Furthermore, it was families such as Balitoridae (37.5%), Akysidae recorded at the Batang Toru river basin, North (28.6%), Bagridae (25.0%), and Cyprinidae (17.2%). Sumatra (Roesma et al. 2016). West Sumatra Province has the highest endemicity of According to Silas (1953), Homalopterula is freshwater fish (24.1%), seconded by Jambi (20.7%), synonymous with the Homaloptera genus due to Riau Islands (17.3%), and Nanggroe Aceh differences in morphological characters such as Darussalam (17.3%), while Riau Province with caudal and the presence or absence of scales on the 15.5% endemic species becomes the poorest ventral surface of the abdomen. Ott (2009) stated that (Wargasasmita 2002). Homaloptera gymnogaster is Homalopterula is a subgenus under Homaloptera. a freshwater Balitoride and protected under Randall & Page (2015) noted the morphological Government Regulation Number 7 the Year 1999 differentiation between Homalopterula and (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries 2012). The Homaloptera which included presence or absence of H. gymnogaster was once found in the Gunung Tujuh reddish spots on the fins, number of branches on the 41 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 41-51 dorsal fin, the texture of scales (smooth or rough), tail in West Sumatra. Meanwhile, thorough research on type, size of mouth (large or small), rostral length, morphological variations of H. gymnogaster has not and size of the lower lip (large or small). Genus been previously studied, especially in Jambi and Homaloptera distributes throughout Sundaland West Sumatra. The aim of study to analyze variation (Malaysia Peninsula, Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo, and of H. gymnogaster morphology in five locations at Java), and Indochina regions such as Laos, different altitudes in West Sumatra and Jambi Cambodia, India, and Vietnam (Ott 2009). Homaloptera lives mostly in a fast-flowing river. In Materials and Methods Sumatera, some other species have been recorded, Study site: This research was conducted in five namely H. Vanderbilt, H. heterolepis, H. ripleyi, locations according to their altitude, namely the H. amphisquamata and H. Modigliani (Randall & Matur River at an altitude of 1097m, Batang Gumanti Page 2015). 1531atm (both in West Sumatra Province), and three Fish diversity in a certain habitat is influenced by different heights at the Sikai River in Jambi Province the differentiation and variation of fish body (1996, 1552, 1420m asl.) (Table 1). Morphological characters (Straüss & Bookstein 1982; Melvin et al. aspects were analyzed at the Genetic and 1992). Besides, fish body shape is also affected by Biomolecular Laboratory, while physical and environmental and genetic factors. Hence, the chemical factors analysis was performed at the morphological method which uses measuring Ecology Laboratory. Both laboratories are in the morphometric and meristic characters is reliable to Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and identify species. For example, Garra gotyla gotyla, a Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang. fish species that live in the high elevation has typical Research methods: Collection sampling followed morphological characters on body length, fins, and Suhardjono (1999) and analysis of water physical and head length. These characters are resulted from the chemical factors were based on Michael (1994). hill-landscape barrier and inhibit fish to move to Morphological analysis on morphological characters other places (Brraich & Akhter 2015). following Kottelat (1984), Taylor & van Dyke There are indicated the differences in (1985), Hubbs & Lagler (2004), Ott (2009) and morphological characteristics of Puntius binotatus Eschmeyer & Fricke (2017). Valenncienes (Cyprinidae) in the upper, middle, and Morphological characters: Morphological data lower altitudes in the West Sumatra province (Vitri comprised morphometric and meristic characters. et al. 2012). The fishes live in the upstream become The measurement of morphometric characters used smaller than those in the downstream (Fauzi et al. digital caliper while meristic characters were 2016). Roesma & Santoso (2011) also reported that calculated with a stereomicroscope. There were 37 the difference in habitat types and ecologic al factors characters measured for morphometric aspects and among populations would significantly affect the 16 for meristic characters (Kottelat 1984; Taylor & variations of fishes' morphological characters. The van Dyke 1985; Hubbs & Lagler 2004; Ott 2009; fluctuation of chlorophyll-a, pH, dissolved oxygen, Eschmeyer & Fricke 2017) (Fig. 1). and temperature affected the length and weight of Data analysis: Measurement Analysis of Water Sardinella lemuru at five locations in East Java Physics and Chemical Factors: The data on Dissolved (Sartimbul et al. 2018). Temperature, on the other Oxygen (Michael 1984), water velocity, water hand, also determine the development stage of fish temperature, pH, altitude, type of substrate, and larvae (Munir et al. 2016). Syaifullah et al. (2015) vegetation were summarized in a table and reported environmental factors caused morphometric descriptively detailed. and meristic differences in Zernachopterus buffonis Morphological Analysis: The Kruskal-Wallis test 42 Cahyadi et al.- Morphological analysis of Loach Fish Table 1. Study sites and number of samples collected from each site. Elevation Number of Location Geographical Position (m) Samples 1. Sikai River, Pelompek Village, Gunung Tujuh Region, Kerinci 10o42’23”S Regency, Jambi Province 1996 7 101o02’42”E Sikai River, Pelompek Village, Gunung Tujuh Region,Kerinci 10o32’92”S 2. 1552 10 Regency, Jambi Province 100o04’62”E Sikai River, Pelompek Village, Gunung Tujuh Region, Kerinci 10o32’ 81”S 3. 1420 10 Regency, Jambi Province 100o05’75”E 4. Batang Gumanti, Alahan Panjang, Solok Regency, Sumatera 01o 04’47,6”S 1531 10 Barat Province 100o05’71,1”E Matur River, Nagari Balingka, IV Koto Region, Matur, Agam 06o 05’0,04”S 5. 1097 10 Regency, Sumatera Barat Province. 99o 06’26,4”E Total 47 was used to identify significant characters before There is an indication that populations of compared to the five populations using multivariate H. gymnogaster from different elevations to have analysis. Morphological data analyzed by comparing undergone morphometric differentiation (Table 3). it with the standard length for each morphological Individuals H. gymnogaster from two different character. The data process uses SPSS ver. 19. Mann- altitudes at Sikai River (1996 and 1552m) differed in Whitney U used to determine the morphological five bodily characters, namely standard length (SL), variations between two populations using a the distance between vent and anal fin (DAAF), multivariate comparison between them.
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