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Pdf File Available EUGENE GARFIELD INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC lNFORMATION~ 3501 MARKET ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 Ninety-one Citation Classics ~rosn the Jormsal of Experimental Medicine Number 28 July 13, 1987 Since its inception as the Rockefeller In- of medicaI research. The Rockefeller Insti- stitute for Medical Research in 1901, The tute began with an initial gift of $200,0(MI Rockefeller University has played an import- to be distributed over 10 years. Guided by ant role in the advancement of medical re- a Board of Scientific Directors that includ- search in the US and throughout the world. ed some of the most distinguished US re- I am proud to be associated with this institu- search physicians of the time, the institute tion not only as a member of The Rockefel- initirdly awarded grants and scholarships to ler University Council but also because of US scientists working in medical research my respect and admiration for its president, laboratories at home and abroad. But as the Joshua Lederberg. 1I also think that the uni- need to centralize medical research and de- versity represents the best in private medieal vote full-time efforts to laboratory work be- research in the service of humanity. came apparent, Rockefeller provided addi- From the 1850s to the turn of the century, tional funds to build the medical research the US was growing in wealth, the desire center. In 1905 the institute began publish- for education, and the need for scientists to ing the Jormud of Expen”mental Medicine communicate and develop ideas.z (p. 1-3),3 (JEM) and in 1906 opened its first labora- Private research laboratories existed tory buildktg.b Opened in 1910, the Rocke- throughout the US, but they suffered from feller Institute Hospital was the first clinical lack of financial support and public confi- research hospital in the US.T dence,4 and as a result many US scientists From this base the institute, hospital, and worked in small, inadequately equipped lab- journal grew to produce some of the most oratories, relying heavily on European in- enduring worldwide efforts to improve life, stitutions and publications for current infor- including the first isolation and successful mation.s With the successes of Louis Pas- tests of antibiotics, the development of pre- teur, Robert Koch, and other European pi- serving whole blood, and the first proof that oneers in bacteriology during the late viruses can cause animal cancer. 1 Today, 1800s,4 the scientific community and the The Rockefeller University consists of 50 public began to realize the important rela- laboratories specializing in both basic and tionship between research and the treatment clinical research in the biomedical and re- of disease. The Rockefeller Institute was the lated behaviorrd and physical sciences. In first major foundation dedicated to support- addition to publishing JEIU, The Rockefeller ing medical research efforts in the US. University Press publishes four other med- John Davison Rockefeller, the magnate of ical research journals: the Journal of Clini- the Standard Oil Company, having decided cal Investigation, which was the subject of to donate some of his vast wealth to worthy a recent citation study,s the Journal of Gen- causes, agreed to finance the development eral Physiology, the Journal of Cell Biology, 179 and Biophysical Journal. Probably the best- Transforn@ Principle: Discovering hat known joumrd of The Rockefeller Univer- Genes Are Made of DNA. 13 He has tdso sity Press, however, is JEIU, the subject of written a Ciran”onClassic” commentary this study. about his work. 14 Nineteen other articles in JEIU began in 1896 with a $1,000 amual the Bibliography are also the subjects of contribution from Johns Hopkins Universi- Classics commentaries, as indicated by ty.9 (p. 243) The first editor was William asterisks. H. Welch (1850-1934), a renowned US With such a distinguished group of editots pathologist who revolutionized medical over the years, it is not surprising that JEM school education by combining course work, has continued to be one of the world’s most clinical duties, and laboratory work in the respected medical research journals. Ac- Johns Hopkins University curriculum. 10 cording to data from the 1985 .fournal Cita- The Johns Hopkins medical library is named tion Repotts@ section of the Science Cita- in his honor. (In a previous essay, I dis- tion Index@(SCP ), JEM has an impact fac- cussed how my work on the Welch Medi- tor of11 .2, placing it among the top 5 med- cal Library Indexing Project laid the foun- ical and immunology joumafs and 17th dation for my interest in citation indexing among the 4,072 journals ranked by impact and for the subsequent development of factor. [email protected]) Welch edited the journal for over five Classics from High-hnpact Journals years with great success; however, as the volume of research manuscripts submitted In the past few years we ‘ve published a increased and his involvement as chairman series of essays in which we identi& lists of the Rockefeller Institute’s Board of Sci- of classic papers from such high-impact entific Directors began to consume most of journals as the New England Journal of his time, the journal stopped being pub- Medicine (N!UM), 15the Lacer, lb the BriG lished. In 1905 Welch appointed fellow ish Medical Journal, 17 and the Journal of board member Simon Flexner as his succes- the Amen”can Medical Association. 18 In sor to the position of chief editor and Eu- these studies the citation threshold, the least gene L. Opie as assistant editor.g (p. 249) number of cites received by items in each Since then, the journal has continued to at- Bibliography, is between 158 and 270. tract accomplished scientists to serve on the However, as will be seen, the number of ar- editorial board. Previous editors have in- ticles in JEM at these thresholds is quite cluded Vincent P. Dole, Jr., Ren4 Dubos, high; therefore, we limited the analysis as Herbert S. Gasser, James Hirsch, Richard described below. It is not surprising that Krause, Henry Kunkel, and Peyton Rous. many of the papers listed in the Bibliogra- Its current edkors, Anthony Cerami, Zan- phy have also appeared in previous citation vil A. Cohn, and Maclyn McCarty, are also studies. I9-21 distinguished for their contributions to sci- To develop this Bibliography, we used the ence. Together with Oswald T. Avery and 1955-1985 SCI to identify the most-cited ar- Colin M. MacLeod at The Rockefeller Uni- ticles regardless of the year that they were versity, McCznty coauthored one of the most published in JEM. The 91 articles identified important papers in the history of science— are those cited over 420 times during the one that provided the first evidence that 3l-year pericd. The articles are listed alpha- DNA was responsible for transmitting betically by first author. The average num- hereditary information. la McCarty has re- ber of citations for the articles in the Bibli- ceived several awards for this research con- ography is 764. For the 50 papers that have tribution and has written a book entitled lhe not appeared in any of 1S1’sprevious cita- 180 TabSe 1: Tbc SC/@ research fronta that include 10 or more 1985 citing dc+armentapublished in the Jourrwf of Erperimerrfal Medicine (f, .Exp. Med.). A= number of citing dncmnenta from J. ,!lrp.Med. for each research front, Following in parendreaes is the percent these drrcumentarepresent of the total nmrrberof citing documents. B= total number of citing dcarments. C =total number of core dncumenea. The research fronts are listed in de- scending order by the percent of citing documents that are from J, hp. Med. Name A BC 85.3391 Characterization of T-cell populations and their selected activities in mice 11 (17,2) 642 85-4831 Effezta of mnnnclonal anehdies, anti-L3T4, and fA antigens on T-cell 13 (10,0) 130 3 activation and accessory cell pcpdation; arrdclonal analysis of expression arid recognition of T-cell receptor 85-7939 Major biatncompatibility wmplex-lirrked control of the murine immune 13 (9.0) 145 2 respnnae to myelin basic protein; role of fa antigen mrd T-cell clones s~ific to myelin basic protein immunotbe~py 85-2050 Characterization of complement receptors for C3B, LFA-I, and related 20 (6.3) 320 17 anti8ens in the activation and fiurceion of cytc+mcic T-cells arrd macrophages 85-5994 Characterization, structural amdysis, and expression of class I and class IJ 21 (6.2) 337 13 genes from major bistocompatibility complexes in mice, hummrs, and other mammals 85-0178 Monoclorml antibody activation of T+elSs and arrtigen receptor gene 43 (5 ,8) 740 39 expression 85-1272 Antigen processing mrd presentation by macrophages, dendritic cells, and 25 (4.3) 578 23 B-cells; accessory cell heterogeneity and mechanisms of T-cell activation in the immune respnnst 85-3532 Characterization of anei-idiotypic antibodies and id[otypic regulation in 12 (4,3) 281 12 mice and humans 85-36% Effects of interleukin-2 and studies of its receptors on human T-cell 27 (3,7) 721 20 Iympbncytea 85-1129 Effects of interferon on the expression of class I and class U cell surface 13 (3.5) 374 13 antigens irrmononuclear cells 85-1728 T-cell subsets and actions in allograft rejection, arrtitumoractivity, and 10 (2.9) 346 16 aller8ic neuritis 85-CP381 Antigen expression, activity, and other aspects of natural killer cell 16 (2.8) 569 25 cytotoxicity in human Iymphncytes 85-0134 Hernato~ietic studies using human and murine bone-marrow cell cultures 11 (2,5) 436 25 85-0129 Antigens, differentiation, role of interfercms, and other aspects of B-cells 25 (2.2) 1,144 58 and T-cells in leukemia patients and other humans 85-1379 Biochemical characterization, biological activities, and cellular production 13 (2.1) 614 31 of intedeukin- I 85-2912 Isolation, purification, arrdcharacterization of proteins and antigens from 48 (0.6) 7,571 4 various species using mormclonal mrtibdes and other metbnds 85-1406 Isolation, characterization, expression, and cloning of DNA and RNA 32 (0.5) 6,184 26 nucleotide sequences tion studies, the average number is 553.
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