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Biotechnology 101 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ Ggbd030-Fm.Tex Ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Biotechnology 101 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Recent Titles in the Science 101 Series Evolution 101 Randy Moore and Janice Moore P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Biotechnology 101 Brian Robert Shmaefsky Science 101 GREENWOOD PRESS r Westport, Connecticut London P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shmaefsky, Brian. Biotechnology 101 / Brian Robert Shmaefsky. p. cm.—(Science 101, ISSN 1931–3950) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0–313–33528–1 (alk. paper) 1. Biotechnology. I. Title. TP248.215.S56 2006 660.6–dc22 2006024555 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2006 by Brian Robert Shmaefsky All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006024555 ISBN: 0–313–33528–1 ISSN: 1931–3950 First published in 2006 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Contents Series Foreword xi Preface xiii 1. The Definition of Biotechnology 1 Introduction 1 Contemporary Definitions of Biotechnology 4 Categories of Biotechnology 6 2. Basic Science of Biotechnology 19 Chemistry and Physics of Biotechnology 19 Basic Biology of Biotechnology 26 3. The Tools of Biotechnology 57 Introduction 57 The Tools 59 Amino Acid Analyzers 59 Amino Acid Sequencers 60 Balance 61 Bioreactor 63 Blotting Apparatus 67 Centrifuge 68 Chromatography 70 Chromatogram Scanner/Densitometer 73 Cryopreservation Equipment 74 Cytometer 76 DNA Sequencer 77 Electrophoresis 79 Electroporation Instrument 81 Filtration Apparatus 82 Gel Reader 85 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 vi Contents Gene Gun 86 Incubator 87 Isoelectric Focusing Apparatus 89 LIMS 90 Lyophilizer 90 Microarray Technology 92 Microplate Reader 94 Microscope 94 Microtome 96 Mixer 98 Nanotechnology 101 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Instrument 101 Particle Sizer 103 pH Meter 105 Pipette 107 Polarimeter 107 Rheometer 109 Spectrophotometer 110 Thermocycler 113 Thermometer Probes 114 Water Bath 115 Water Titrator 117 4. Biotechnology Innovations 119 The Creation of Innovations 119 History of Biotechnology Innovations 120 Biotechnology Innovations 126 Genomic Analysis Techniques 127 Genomic Expression Techniques 131 Proteomics Techniques 132 Metabolomics 136 Production of Genetically Modified Organisms 138 Cloning 142 5. Principal People of Biotechnology 147 Introduction 147 Contributors to Biotechnology 148 Al-Kindi 148 W. French Anderson 149 Werner Arber 149 Oswald T. Avery 150 David Baltimore 150 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Contents vii George W. Beadle 151 William James Beal 152 Paul Berg 152 Herbert Boyer 153 Sydney Brenner 153 Pat Brown 154 George Washington Carver 154 Erwin Chargaff 155 Martha Chase 155 Stanley Cohen 156 Stanley N. Cohen 157 Francis S. Collins 157 Gerty and Carl Cori 158 Francis Crick 158 Charles Darwin 159 Felix´ d’Herelle 159 Max Delbruck¨ 160 Hugo de Vries 161 Renato Dulbecco 161 Paul Ehrlich 162 Alexander Fleming 163 Rosalind Franklin 163 Galen 164 Archibald Garrod 165 Walter Gilbert 165 Frederick Griffith 166 Henry Harris 166 Alfred Hershey 167 David Ho 168 Leroy Hood 168 Robert Hooke 169 John Hunter 169 Franc¸ois Jacob 170 Zacharias Janssen 171 Alec Jeffreys 171 Edward Jenner 172 Ernest Everett Just 172 Har Gobind Khorana 173 Shibasaburo Kitasato 174 Robert Koch 174 Arthur Kornberg 175 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 viii Contents Philip Leder 176 Joshua Lederberg 176 Antony van Leeuwenhoek 177 Rita Levi-Montalcini 177 Salvador Luria 178 Andre´ Lwoff 179 Barbara McClintock 179 Ilya Mechnikov 180 Gregor Mendel 180 Johann Friedrich Miescher 181 Cesar´ Milstein 182 Jacques Monod 182 Thomas Morgan 183 Hermann Muller 184 Kary Mullis 184 Daniel Nathans 185 Marshall Nirenberg 186 Severo Ochoa 186 Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki 187 Richard Palmiter 188 Louis Pasteur 188 Linus Pauling 189 Max Perutz 190 Stanley Prusiner 191 Steven Rosenberg 192 Pierre Paul Emile Roux 192 Robert Rushmer 193 Frederick Sanger 193 Matthias Schleiden 194 Theodor Schwann 194 Maxine Singer 195 Lazzaro Spallanzani 196 Hermann Staudinger 196 Nettie Stevens 197 Alfred Henry Sturtevant 198 Walter Sutton 198 Wacław Szybalski 199 Howard Temin 200 Arne Tiselius 201 Alexander Todd 201 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Contents ix Harold Varmus 202 Craig Venter 203 Rudolf Virchow 203 James Watson 204 Maurice Wilkins 205 Ian Wilmut 206 Glossary 207 References and Resources 235 Print 235 Web 243 Index 247 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Series Foreword What should you know about science? Because science is so central to life in the 21st century, science educators believe that it is essential that everyone understand the basic foundations of the most vital and far- reaching scientific disciplines. Science 101 helps you reach that goal—this series provides readers of all abilities with an accessible summary of the ideas, people, and impacts of major fields of scientific research. The volumes in the series provide readers—whether students new to the science or just interested members of the lay public—with the essentials of a science using a minimum of jargon and mathematics. In each volume, more complicated ideas build upon simpler ones, and concepts are discussed in short, concise segments that make them more easily understood. In addition, each volume provides an easy-to-use glossary and an annotated bibliography of the most useful and accessible print and electronic resources that are currently available. P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Preface Biotechnology can be considered as the “automobile” of the 21st cen- tury. It is affecting almost every aspect of society in the same way as the first mass production automobile changed the world in the late 1800s. Many historians view that automobile as a phenomenal technology that brought about unparalleled global prosperity. Biotechnology is likely to bring global prosperity by providing more effective ways to grow foods, manufacture commercial products, produce energy, and treat diseases. The number of new biotechnology applications that make their way into society is increasing rapidly every year. More and more government and university laboratories are dedicating resources to biotechnology research and development. Biotechnology is becoming an increasingly popular career choice for college students enrolled in biology, chem- istry, engineering, and physics programs. Many law schools offer courses and specialties in biotechnology-related areas. Allied health profession- als must now receive continuing education training to understand the growing number of medical biotechnology applications they are en- countering today and in the near future. There have been considerable benefits and risks to every technol- ogy that has been introduced throughout the world in the past three centuries. For example, the automobile paved the way for rapid trans- portation that spurred the growth of suburbs and fast food restaurants. However, the automobile is blamed for depleted fossil fuel reserves and for considerable amounts of air pollution. The benefits of current biotechnology applications include improvements in agricultural prod- ucts, safer medicines, precise treatments for genetic disorders, accurate medical diagnosis technologies, environmentally cleaner ways of pro- ducing commercial chemicals and crops, and alternatives to fossil fuels. Many of the risks include biodiversity and environmental damage caused P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 xiv Preface by genetically modified organisms, unknown health risks of genetically modified foods, the potential for creating a means of inexpensive bio- logical terrorism, and the ethic issues of cloning and gene therapy. This book was designed to provide the reader with the basic principles of modern biotechnology. It addresses the full range of biotechnology techniques and applications used in agriculture, commercial manufac- turing, consumer products, and medicine. The history of biotechnology is also covered including many of the scientists who contributed to the development of modern scientific thought and biotechnology princi- ples. Readers are encouraged to use the unbiased information provided in this book to formulate rational opinions about the benefits and risks of biotechnology. It is also hoped that readers will appreciate the won- ders of biotechnology and the creative ways in which scientists can use
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