Ethical Principles in Ethical Principles in Scientific Research Scientific Research and Publications

Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology

Library ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN SCIENTIFIC LectureRESEARCH author AND PUBLICATIONSOnlineby ©

Emin Kansu,M.D.,FACP ESCMID ekansu@ada. net. tr Library

Lecture author Onlineby ©

ESCMID HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER Library

Lecture author Onlineby ©

ESCMIDINSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY - HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY Ankara PRESENTATION

• UNIVERSITY and RESEARCHLibrary • ETHICS – DEFINITION • RESEARCH ETHICS • PUBLICATIONLecture ETHICS • SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTauthor • SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND TYPES Onlineby • HOW TO PREVENT© UNETHICAL ISSUES • WHAT TO DO FOR SCIENTIFIC ESCMIDMISCONDUCTS IMPACT OF TURKISH SCIENTISTS

Library 19. 300 85 % University – Based 1.78% 18th

Lecture author Onlineby © 0.2 %

ESCMID ‘ACADEMIA’ UNIVERSITY Library

AN INSTITUTION PRODUCING and DISSEMINATING SCIENCE Lecture BASIC FUNCTIONS author Online-- EDUCATIONby © -- RESEARCH

ESCMID - SERVICESERVICE UNIVERSITY Library • HAS TO BE OBJECTIVE

• HAS TO BE HONESTLecture AND ETHICAL • HAS TO PERFORM THEauthor “STATE-OF-THE ART” • HAS TO PLAYOnline THEby “ROLE MODEL” , TO BE GENUINE AND ©DISCOVER THE “NEW”

• HAS TO COMMUNICATE FREELY AND HONESTLY WITH ALL THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN ESCMIDPUBLIC WHY WE DO RESEARCH ? Library PRIMARY AIM - ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE Lecture SECONDARY AIM author - TOOnline PRODUCE by A PAPER - ACADEMIC© PROMOTION

- TO OBTAIN AN OUTSIDE SUPPORT ESCMID SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Library

A Practice aimed to contribute to knowledge or theoryLecture , performed in disciplined methodologyauthor and Onlineby systematic approach©

ESCMID RESEARCHER Library

A Professional individualLecture who has the responsibilit y oauthorf thi nki ng novel ideas, designingOnlineby, developing and/or performing methodologies©

ESCMID RESEARCH DESIGNS • EXPERIMENTAL Library

• NON-EXPERIMENTAL – A) DESCRIPTIVELecture – B) ANALYTICALauthor • 1) LONGITIDUNAL Onlineby -© PROSPECTIVE - RETROSPECTIVE • 2) CROSS-SECTIONAL ESCMID RESEARCHLibrary

¾ IMAGINATION .... Lecture

¾ CREATIVITYauthor İnnovaOnlineby ti on © ¾ INTELLIGENCE + SPARK !! ESCMID Library

NOBEL PRIZE Lecture 1921 in PHYSICS author Onlineby ALBERTALBERT © EINSTEINEINSTEIN

Discoveries in Theoretical Phyyysics and Discovery of “IF I KNEW ESCMID WHAT I WAS GOING TO HAVE AT THE Law of the Photoelectric END I WOULD NOT CALL IT RESEARCH !” Effect BASICS OF SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE Library ¾ HONESTY / INTEGRITY

¾ TRANSPARENCYLecture ¾ UNIVERSALITYauthor Onlineby ¾ RELIABILITY©

¾ ACCESSIBILITY ESCMID HUMAN SUBJECTS RIGHTS Library

Investigators shouldLecture adhere to the Decleration of Helsinki,author Belmont report, and Online Goodby Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidelines © .

ESCMID ANIMALS RIGHTS Library

Treatment of animals should follow guidelines (AnimalLecture Ethics Rules and Regulations) that prevent cruelty to author animals. Onlineby ©

ESCMID Library ETHICSETHICSETHICS INININ Lecture BIOMEDICAL author RESEARCH Onlineby ©

ESCMID ETHICSETHICSLibrary

• A SYSTEM OF MORAL VALUES • SCIENCE OF HONESTYLecture and INTEGRITY • HONEST and OBJECTIVE PRACTICES author • THE RULES OF RIGHT OR GOOD CONDUCT • MORAL VALUESOnline ANDby THEIR APPLICATIONS ©

• DISTINCTION OF “GOOD“GOOD” and “BAD” ESCMID ETHICSETHICS Library

• Science of HonestyLecture and Integrity author Onlineby • Honest and Ob© jective Practices

ESCMID Library

Lecture author Onlineby ©

ESCMID ETHICSETHICS Library

RESEARCHLecture author Onlineby PUBLICATION© ESCMID RESEARCH ETHICS Library

Adherence by scientists and their InstitutionsLecture to honest and verifiable methodsauthor in Proposing, Onlineby Performing, Evaluating© and Reporting Research ESCMID CHOOSING AND DECIDING ON A RESEARCH TOPIC Library WHAT IS THE “IMPORTANCE” OF MY QUESTION ?

AM I ASKING A Lecture“NEW” QUESTION ? author WILL MY RESEARCH PROJECT BE A “NOVELOnline APPROACH”by IN THE FIELD ? © WILL I BE SUCCESSFUL IN THE “PLANNING , APPLICATION AND ESCMIDMETHODOLOGY” ? GOOD RESEARCH MANAGEMENT (EU(EU(EU - GRM)GRM) Library - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

- DATA COLLE CTI OLectureN AND STO RA GE author - DATA ANALYSISOnlineby AND ASSESSMENT ©

- PUBLICATION ESCMID CONDUCT OF SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC FACTLibrary

MENTOR HYPOTHESIS AND NEW QUESTION Lecture PROJECT PROPOSAL MENTOR author DATA COLLECTION Onlineby AND © DATA ANALYSIS MENTOR

ESCMID PUBLICATION MONITORING OF RESEARCH ADVISER =MENTOR = “HODJA” Library

Lecture author Onlineby ©

ESCMID WHO IS A MENTOR / ADVISER ?

• AN HONEST CITIZEN WHO PAYS LibraryHIS/HER TAXES

• A SCIENTIST WHO MUST HAVE A SPARE TIME FOR YOUR PROJECT, AFTERLecture FAMILY HOURS ..

• A SCIENTIST WHO HASauthor A HISTORY OF “ACCEPTED“ AND/OROnlineby “REJECTED” PROJECT PROPOSALS © • ASCIENTISTWITH“GOOD DAYS“ AND AT TIMES HAVING “BAD DAYS”... ESCMID “GOLDEN RULES” IN RESEARCH – MENTOR & MENTEE Library

• SCHEDULE YOUR MEETINGS WITH A MENTOR QUITE FREQUENTLY AND REVIEW THE DATA ! Lecture

• KEEP AND PERMANENT RECORDSauthor OF YOUR DATA IN A ‘CERTIFIEDOnlineby ’ NOTEBOOK ! © • USE STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IN EVERY STEP OF DATA REVIEW WITH AN EXPERT STATISTICIANESCMID ! Library

Lecture author Onlineby © “HOW IS EVERYTHING ....?” “LET US MEET AS SOON AS WE CAN..” ESCMID MEETINGLibrary OF MENTOR MENTOR & MENTEE

Lecture DISCUSSION AND authorREVIEW OF DATA Onlineby MENTEE© MINIMUM TWICE A MONTH FOR 1 HOUR (EU) ESCMID SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IMPORTANCE OF A MENTOR !! Library MENTORMENTOR MENTEEMENTEE

Lecture author “CHALLENGES”Onlineby ©

“PROFESSIONALESCMID EXCELLENCE” MENTORMENTOR Library ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL LecturePERSONAL authorETHICAL Onlineby © MENTEEMENTEE

ESCMID SYDNEY BRENNER (Mentor)

ANDREWLibrary FIRE

Lecture

C.Elegans author Onlineby © JOHN SULSTON ROBERT HORVITZ MRC Unit Post-Doc Fellow Research Fellow 1970 1969 ESCMID 2002 H.ROBERT HORVITZ Library

JOHN E.SULSTON Lecture author C.Elegans Onlineby © SYDNEY BRENNER*

ESCMIDBIOLOGIC CONTROL OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOZIS) 2006 in Physiology and Medicine Library ANDREW FIRE Carnegie Inst of Washington, USA Lecture CRAIG MELLO Univauthor Massachussets Cancer Ctr, USA Onlineby

Library RESEARCH PROJECT

Lecture DATA REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT author Onlineby © PUBLICATION ESCMID ETHICSETHICS Library

RESEARCHLecture author Onlineby PUBLICATION© ESCMID SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONSLibrary

ANY ATTEMPTLecture OR ACTION TO REDUCE author THE INTEGRITYOnlineby AND RELIABILITY© OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ESCMID SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTLibrary

Lecture

“SLOPPY RESEARCH” author SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WITHOUT Onlineby DISCIPLINE © FRAUD

ESCMID “SLOPPY RESEARCH” - THE INVESTIGATOR HAS NOT RECEIVEDLibrary ADEQUATE TRAINING FOR DESIGNING, CONDUCTING, ANALYZING AND REPORTING A RESEARCH PROJECT Lecture - NOT AWARE OF HIS/HER FAULTS AND MISDOINGS ! author - REPORTING UNRELIABLE RESULTS ! Onlineby -HAS“GOOD INTENTIONS”© WITH “GOOD PERSONALITY”

- IT IS A “ TREATABLE AND CURABLE ” CONDITION ! ESCMID SCIENTIFIC FRAUD Library - THE INVESTIGATOR INTENTIONALY MODIFIES AND MAKE CHANGES IN THE PROJECT APPLICATION , RESULTS AND REPORTING Lecture -HAS“BAD INTENTIONS” withauthor “DISHONEST PERSONALITY” Onlineby © - “NO EXCUSE FOR THIS BEHAVIOUR ”

- HAS ESCMIDTO BE INVESTIGATED AND PUNISHED SCIENTIFIC FRAUD Library PLAGIARISM

FABRICATION Lecture FALSIFICATION author

DUPLIOnlineCOCATIby ON © SALAMIZATION

ESCMID UNAUTHORIZED AUTHORSHIP PLAGIARISM Library ¾ Copying from published or unpublished manuscript, article, chapter, paragraph, sentence, figure, table or photograph ; Lecture Without cit ati on t o th e ori gi nal auth or, or Without permission from theauthor publisher. Onlineby It represents `stealing`©of Intellectual Property and is highly unethical.

Atd`ji`iAdiAcceptESCMIDed as a `ma jor crime` in Academia. PARAPHRASING Library ¾ Incorporating the statements of others, making modifications and adding phrases Lecture without citation is unacceptable in the scientific community. author Onlineby ¾ Some colleges© and universities require thei r s tu den ts to s ign a stttatement pritior to registration process. ESCMID FABRICATION Library • The actual making up data and publishing them • Producing data , reportingLecture experiments which were never conducted • “Dry Lab” author • “ManufacturingOnline Databy from clean white benches”benches © • Sometimes are done by computer experts or geniuses…. ESCMID FALSIFICATION Library ¾ Manipulation of Research Data, Processes, Cr itica l Da ta and Researc h Resu lts.. ¾ Try to fit the results “asLecture expected ” or “compatible with the literature..” author ¾ Tryyp to make the results compatible with the “hypothesis andOnline aim ofby the study”. ¾ Try to change the results© to please the mentor, staff, and make an effort to publish… ESCMID SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT Library

•• DarseeDarsee : FabricationLecture •• Soman : Misuse of authorReferee Rights •• ImanishiImanishi--KariKariOnline--BaltimoreBaltimoreBaltimoreby : Falsification •• GalloGalloGallo : HIV discovery© ––PlagiarismPlagiarism

ESCMID DISCOVERY OF HIV

Library

ROBERT GALLO Prof.LUC MONTAGNIER ESCMID2008 NOBEL LAUREATE FOR MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY DAVID BALTIMORE 1975 NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE Pres ident of Roc ke fe ller Un ivers ity ( Resigned in 1991) Library

ESCMID Library

Lecture PfHProf. Hwang Woooo--susukkk author Seoul Universityyy South Korea Onlineby © “Embryonic Stem Cells By Somatic Cell Transfer Technology”ESCMID Science’05Science’05 Library

ESCMID Library Dr. WHANG WOO SUK Investigation for Lecture “lf“Falsification ”..... author OnlinebyWall Street Journal © 16.Aralık.2005

ESCMID December 29,2005 Seoul Univ determined that all 11 Hwang`s Stem Cell Lines were fabricated. Both SCIENCELibrarypapers were retracted

Lecture

ESCMID DUPLICATION Library Repeat publication or publication of the same workik in a different j ournal or forum. Lecture author Usually seen Online in some by junior academicians` for© increasing their number of publications..

ESCMID CONFLICT OF INTEREST Library • When authors have an interest ( other than scientific ))p in promotin gpg a product that was a subject inLecture the publication. • Such interest may be Funding Support by a pharmaceutical companyauthor or serving in anOnline advisoryby role in the comppyany or commercial© entity. • All such interests should be disclosed by the authors , also by the speakers in ESCMID the scientific meetings. AUTHORSHIP Library 1. Taking part in design, experimentation, methods, materials and/or patient care 2. Writing the draft and/orLecture original manuscript, reviewing or working on the content of the text at an intellectual level author 3. Reviewing and/orOnline approvingby the final version of the manuscript© Complete function in 1 + 2 and 3. ESCMID (ICMJE) WHO SHOULD NOTNOT BE AN AUTHOR? Library • Deleting Names with Purpose ! • Putting Names Who Has No Rights in the Paper ! Lecture

• Ghost authors, honoraryauthor authorships, gift authorshipsOnline :by Department heads© , , friends /relatives of the investigator, carrying samples or helping in logistics, etc.

ESCMID 57 GUEST (GIFT) AUTHORSHIP Library ¾ Designation of an individual who does not meet authorship criteria as an author. ¾ Inclusion of name(s) of persons who did not contribute to the intellectualLecture effort and should be discouraged. author Onlineby ¾ Found 16% of research© articles 26% of review articles 21% of editorials

ESCMID Flanagin A,et al.,JAMA 280;222-24,1998 Mowatt G,et al.,JAMA 287;2769-71,2002 GHOST WRITERS Library ¾ Pro fess iona l wr iters w ho is pa id to wr ite boo ks, articles,stories, reports or any other content which are offiilfficialy cre ditdtdited to ano ther person. ¾ Pharmaceutical companiesLecture may have in-house publication managers who may write the manuscripts or may contractauthor them out to companies (ghostOnline writers)by to produce papers in scientific journals. © ¾ EMWA , WAME and BMJ have published guidelines which aim to ensure professional medicalESCMID writers` role in an ethical manner. SCIENTIFIC ETHICS HAS TO BE APPLICABLE IN

IDEA Library HYPOTHESIS

PLANNING WRITING A PROJECT GRANT LectureSUPPORT DATA GENERATION DATA ANALYSISauthor Online PUBLICATIONby POST-PUBLICATION©

ALL STAGESESCMID OF RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT : REASONS 1. INADEQUATE TRAINING IN ETHICSLibrary

2. PRESSURE TO DO RESEARCH AND TO PUBLISH (Publish OR Perish !) Lecture 3. MORE PAPERS = MORE PRESTIGE !

7. PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS ESCMID SCIENTIC MISCONDUCT : PREVENTION Library

¾ EDUCATION, TRAINING AND ESTABLISHMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL ETHICALLecture STANDARDS***

¾ ENCOURAGING PRACTICESauthor TO REDUCE PRESSURES OnlineON SCIENTISTS by © ¾ PROFESSIONAL APPROACHES AFTER DETECTION and PROOF OF ALLEGATIONS ESCMID ETHICAL COMMITTEES IN TURKEY

• HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCIL Library – ETHICS COMMITTEE

• INTER-UNIVERSITIES COUNCIL – ETHICS COMMITTEE Lecture author • TURKISH SCIENTIFIC by AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCILOnline (TÜBİTAK) © – RESEARCH and PUBLICATION ETHICS COMMITTEE

• TURKISHESCMID ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (TÜBA) – ETHICS COMMITTEE Library “BEING WRONG IN SCIENCE IS NOT AN OFFENSE,

IF YOU DO AN EXPERIMENTLecture CAREFULLY

Emeritus Editor , NEJM ESCMID