Ethical Principles in Ethical Principles in Scientific Research Scientific Research and Publications
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Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology Library ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN SCIENTIFIC LectureRESEARCH author AND PUBLICATIONSOnlineby © Emin Kansu,M.D.,FACP ESCMID ekansu@ada. net. tr Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY - HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY Ankara PRESENTATION • UNIVERSITY and RESEARCHLibrary • ETHICS – DEFINITION • RESEARCH ETHICS • PUBLICATIONLecture ETHICS • SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTauthor • SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND TYPES Onlineby • HOW TO PREVENT© UNETHICAL ISSUES • WHAT TO DO FOR SCIENTIFIC ESCMIDMISCONDUCTS Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID IMPACT OF TURKISH SCIENTISTS 85 % University – Based 1.78% 0.2 % 19. 300 18th ‘ACADEMIA’ UNIVERSITY Library AN INSTITUTION PRODUCING and DISSEMINATING SCIENCE Lecture BASIC FUNCTIONS author Online-- EDUCATIONby © -- RESEARCH ESCMID - SERVICESERVICE UNIVERSITY Library • HAS TO BE OBJECTIVE • HAS TO BE HONESTLecture AND ETHICAL • HAS TO PERFORM THEauthor “STATE-OF-THE ART” • HAS TO PLAYOnline THEby “ROLE MODEL” , TO BE GENUINE AND ©DISCOVER THE “NEW” • HAS TO COMMUNICATE FREELY AND HONESTLY WITH ALL THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN ESCMIDPUBLIC WHY WE DO RESEARCH ? Library PRIMARY AIM - ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE Lecture SECONDARY AIM author - TOOnline PRODUCEby A PAPER - ACADEMIC© PROMOTION - TO OBTAIN AN OUTSIDE SUPPORT ESCMID SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Library A Practice aimed to contribute to knowledge or theoryLecture , performed in disciplined methodologyauthor and Onlineby systematic approach© ESCMID RESEARCHER Library A Professional individualLecture who has the respons ibility oauthorf thi nki ng novel ideas, designingOnlineby, developing and/or performing methodologies© ESCMID RESEARCH DESIGNS • EXPERIMENTAL Library • NON-EXPERIMENTAL – A) DESCRIPTIVELecture – B) ANALYTICALauthor • 1) LONGITIDUNAL Onlineby -© PROSPECTIVE - RETROSPECTIVE • 2) CROSS-SECTIONAL ESCMID RESEARCHLibrary ¾ IMAGINATION .... Lecture ¾ CREATIVITYauthor İnnovaOnlineby ti on © ¾ INTELLIGENCE + SPARK !! ESCMID Library NOBEL PRIZE Lecture 1921 in PHYSICS author OnlineALBERTby ALBERT EINSTEIN© EINSTEIN Discoveries in Theoretical Phyyysics and Discovery of “IF I KNEW ESCMID WHAT I WAS GOING TO HAVE AT THE Law of the Photoelectric END I WOULD NOT CALL IT RESEARCH !” Effect BASICS OF SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE Library ¾ HONESTY / INTEGRITY ¾ TRANSPARENCYLecture ¾ UNIVERSALITYauthor Onlineby ¾ RELIABILITY© ¾ ACCESSIBILITY ESCMID HUMAN SUBJECTS RIGHTS Library Investigators shouldLecture adhere to the Decleration of Helsinki,author Belmont report, and Online Goodby Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidelines © . ESCMID ANIMALS RIGHTS Library Treatment of animals should follow guidelines (AnimalLecture Ethics Rules and Regulations) that prevent cruelty to author animals. Onlineby © ESCMID Library ETHICSETHICSIN ETHICSIN IN Lecture BIOMEDICAL author RESEARCH Onlineby © ESCMID ETHICSLibrary ETHICS • A SYSTEM OF MORAL VALUES • SCIENCE OF HONESTYLecture and INTEGRITY • HONEST and OBJECTIVE PRACTICES author • THE RULES OF RIGHT OR GOOD CONDUCT • MORAL VALUESOnline ANDby THEIR APPLICATIONS © • DISTINCTION OF “GOOD“GOOD”“BAD” and “BAD” ESCMID ETHICS ETHICS Library • Science of HonestyLecture and Integrity author Onlineby • Honest and Ob© jective Practices ESCMID Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID ETHICS ETHICS RESEARCH PUBLICATION RESEARCH ETHICS Library Adherence by scientists and their InstitutionsLecture to honest and verifiable methodsauthor in Proposing, Onlineby Performing, Evaluating© and Reporting Research ESCMID CHOOSING AND DECIDING ON A RESEARCH TOPIC Library WHAT IS THE “IMPORTANCE” OF MY QUESTION ? AM I ASKING A Lecture“NEW” QUESTION ? author WILL MY RESEARCH PROJECT BE A “NOVELOnline APPROACH”by IN THE FIELD ? © WILL I BE SUCCESSFUL IN THE “PLANNING , APPLICATION AND ESCMIDMETHODOLOGY” ? GOOD RESEARCH MANAGEMENT (EU(EUGRM) (EU - GRM) Library - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - DATA COLLEC TI OLectureN AND STO RA GE author - DATA ANALYSISOnlineby AND ASSESSMENT © - PUBLICATION ESCMID CONDUCT OF SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC FACTLibrary MENTOR HYPOTHESIS AND NEW QUESTION Lecture PROJECT PROPOSAL MENTOR author DATA COLLECTION Onlineby AND © DATA ANALYSIS MENTOR ESCMID PUBLICATION MONITORING OF RESEARCH ADVISER =MENTOR = “HODJA” Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID WHO IS A MENTOR / ADVISER ? • AN HONEST CITIZEN WHO PAYS LibraryHIS/HER TAXES • A SCIENTIST WHO MUST HAVE A SPARE TIME FOR YOUR PROJECT, AFTERLecture FAMILY HOURS .. • A SCIENTIST WHO HASauthor A HISTORY OF “ACCEPTED“ AND/OROnlineby “REJECTED” PROJECT PROPOSALS © • ASCIENTISTWITH“GOOD DAYS“ AND AT TIMES HAVING “BAD DAYS”... ESCMID “GOLDEN RULES” IN RESEARCH – MENTOR & MENTEE Library • SCHEDULE YOUR MEETINGS WITH A MENTOR QUITE FREQUENTLY AND REVIEW THE DATA ! Lecture • KEEP AND PERMANENT RECORDSauthor OF YOUR DATA IN A ‘CERTIFIEDOnlineby ’ NOTEBOOK ! © • USE STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IN EVERY STEP OF DATA REVIEW WITH AN EXPERT STATISTICIANESCMID ! Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID “HOW IS EVERYTHING ....?” “LET US MEET AS SOON AS WE CAN..” MEETINGLibrary OF MENTOR MENTOR & MENTEE Lecture DISCUSSION AND authorREVIEW OF DATA Onlineby MENTEE© MINIMUM TWICE A MONTH FOR 1 HOUR (EU) ESCMID SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IMPORTANCEMENTOR OF A !!MENTOR Library ORMENT ORMENT MENTEE MENTEE Lecture author “CHALLENGES”Onlineby © “PROFESSIONALESCMID EXCELLENCE” ORMENT ORMENT Library ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL LecturePERSONAL authorETHICAL Onlineby © MENTEE MENTEE ESCMID SYDNEY BRENNER (Mentor) ANDREWLibrary FIRE Lecture C.Elegans author Onlineby © JOHN SULSTON ROBERT HORVITZ MRC Unit Post-Doc Fellow Research Fellow 1970 1969 ESCMID 2002 H.ROBERT HORVITZ Library JOHN E.SULSTON Lecture author C.Elegans Onlineby © SYDNEY BRENNER* ESCMIDBIOLOGIC CONTROL OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOZIS) 2006 in Physiology and Medicine Library ANDREW FIRE Carnegie Inst of Washington, USA Lecture CRAIG MELLO Univauthor Massachussets Cancer Ctr, USA Onlineby © Fundamental mechanisms by which gene expression and “silencing” is controlled with Process of RNA Interference(RNAi) ESCMID PROCESS OF A RESEARCH PROJECT Library RESEARCH PROJECT Lecture DATA REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT author Onlineby © PUBLICATION ESCMID Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID ETHICS ETHICS RESEARCH PUBLICATION SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONSLibrary ANY ATTEMPTLecture OR ACTION TO REDUCE author THE INTEGRITYOnlineby AND RELIABILITY© OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ESCMID SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTLibrary Lecture “SLOPPY RESEARCH” author SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WITHOUT Onlineby DISCIPLINE © FRAUD ESCMID “SLOPPY RESEARCH” - THE INVESTIGATOR HAS NOT RECEIVEDLibrary ADEQUATE TRAINING FOR DESIGNING, CONDUCTING, ANALYZING AND REPORTING A RESEARCH PROJECT Lecture - NOT AWARE OF HIS/HER FAULTS AND MISDOINGS ! author - REPORTING UNRELIABLE RESULTS ! Onlineby -HAS“GOOD INTENTIONS”© WITH “GOOD PERSONALITY” - IT IS A “ TREATABLE AND CURABLE ” CONDITION ! ESCMID SCIENTIFIC FRAUD Library - THE INVESTIGATOR INTENTIONALY MODIFIES AND MAKE CHANGES IN THE PROJECT APPLICATION , RESULTS AND REPORTING Lecture -HAS“BAD INTENTIONS” withauthor “DISHONEST PERSONALITY” Onlineby © - “NO EXCUSE FOR THIS BEHAVIOUR ” - HAS ESCMIDTO BE INVESTIGATED AND PUNISHED SCIENTIFIC FRAUD Library PLAGIARISM FABRICATION Lecture FALSIFICATION author DUPLIOnlineCOCATIby ON © SALAMIZATION ESCMID UNAUTHORIZED AUTHORSHIP PLAGIARISM Library ¾ Copying from published or unpublished manuscript, article, chapter, paragraph, sentence, figure, table or photograph ; Lecture Without cit ati on t o th e ori gi nal au thor, or Without permission from theauthor publisher. Onlineby It represents `stealing`©of Intellectual Property and is highly unethical. Atd`ji`iAdiAcceptESCMIDed as a `ma jor crime` in Academia. PARAPHRASING Library ¾ Incorporating the statements of others, making modifications and adding phrases Lecture without citation is unacceptable in the scientific community. author Onlineby ¾ Some colleges© and universities require thei r s tu den ts to s ign a stttatement pritior to registration process. ESCMID FABRICATION Library • The actual making up data and publishing them • Producing data , reportingLecture experiments which were never conducted • “Dry Lab” author • “ManufacturingOnline Databy from clean white benches”benches © • Sometimes are done by computer experts or geniuses…. ESCMID FALSIFICATION Library ¾ Manipulation of Research Data, Processes, Cr itica l Da ta an d Researc h Resu lts.. ¾ Try to fit the results “asLecture expected ” or “compatible with the literature..” author ¾ Tryyp to make the results compatible with the “hypothesis andOnline aim ofby the study”. ¾ Try to change the results© to please the mentor, staff, and make an effort to publish… ESCMID SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT Library Darsee•• Darsee: FabricationLecture Soman•• Soman: Misuse of authorReferee Rights Imanishi•• BaltimoreKari-- ImanishiOnline-- KariBaltimoreby Baltimore: Falsification Gallo•• Gallo Gallo: HIV discoveryPlagiarism© –– Plagiarism ESCMID DISCOVERY OF HIV Library ? Lecture author Onlineby © ROBERT GALLO Prof.LUC MONTAGNIER ESCMID2008 NOBEL LAUREATE FOR MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY DAVID BALTIMORE 1975 NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE Pres iden t o f Roc ke fe ller Un ivers ity ( Resigned in 1991) Library Lecture author Onlineby © FABRICATION ??? THEREZA IMANISHIIMANISHI--KARIKARI ESCMID Library Lecture PfHProf. Hwang Woooo--susukkk author Seoul Universityyy South Korea Onlineby © “Embryonic Stem Cells By Somatic Cell Transfer Technology”ESCMID Science’05Science’05