Ethical Principles in Ethical Principles in Scientific Research Scientific Research and Publications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ethical Principles in Ethical Principles in Scientific Research Scientific Research and Publications Hacettepe University Institute of Oncology Library ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN SCIENTIFIC LectureRESEARCH author AND PUBLICATIONSOnlineby © Emin Kansu,M.D.,FACP ESCMID ekansu@ada. net. tr Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY - HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY Ankara PRESENTATION • UNIVERSITY and RESEARCHLibrary • ETHICS – DEFINITION • RESEARCH ETHICS • PUBLICATIONLecture ETHICS • SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTauthor • SCIENTIFIC FRAUD AND TYPES Onlineby • HOW TO PREVENT© UNETHICAL ISSUES • WHAT TO DO FOR SCIENTIFIC ESCMIDMISCONDUCTS Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID IMPACT OF TURKISH SCIENTISTS 85 % University – Based 1.78% 0.2 % 19. 300 18th ‘ACADEMIA’ UNIVERSITY Library AN INSTITUTION PRODUCING and DISSEMINATING SCIENCE Lecture BASIC FUNCTIONS author Online-- EDUCATIONby © -- RESEARCH ESCMID - SERVICESERVICE UNIVERSITY Library • HAS TO BE OBJECTIVE • HAS TO BE HONESTLecture AND ETHICAL • HAS TO PERFORM THEauthor “STATE-OF-THE ART” • HAS TO PLAYOnline THEby “ROLE MODEL” , TO BE GENUINE AND ©DISCOVER THE “NEW” • HAS TO COMMUNICATE FREELY AND HONESTLY WITH ALL THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN ESCMIDPUBLIC WHY WE DO RESEARCH ? Library PRIMARY AIM - ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE Lecture SECONDARY AIM author - TOOnline PRODUCEby A PAPER - ACADEMIC© PROMOTION - TO OBTAIN AN OUTSIDE SUPPORT ESCMID SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Library A Practice aimed to contribute to knowledge or theoryLecture , performed in disciplined methodologyauthor and Onlineby systematic approach© ESCMID RESEARCHER Library A Professional individualLecture who has the respons ibility oauthorf thi nki ng novel ideas, designingOnlineby, developing and/or performing methodologies© ESCMID RESEARCH DESIGNS • EXPERIMENTAL Library • NON-EXPERIMENTAL – A) DESCRIPTIVELecture – B) ANALYTICALauthor • 1) LONGITIDUNAL Onlineby -© PROSPECTIVE - RETROSPECTIVE • 2) CROSS-SECTIONAL ESCMID RESEARCHLibrary ¾ IMAGINATION .... Lecture ¾ CREATIVITYauthor İnnovaOnlineby ti on © ¾ INTELLIGENCE + SPARK !! ESCMID Library NOBEL PRIZE Lecture 1921 in PHYSICS author OnlineALBERTby ALBERT EINSTEIN© EINSTEIN Discoveries in Theoretical Phyyysics and Discovery of “IF I KNEW ESCMID WHAT I WAS GOING TO HAVE AT THE Law of the Photoelectric END I WOULD NOT CALL IT RESEARCH !” Effect BASICS OF SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE Library ¾ HONESTY / INTEGRITY ¾ TRANSPARENCYLecture ¾ UNIVERSALITYauthor Onlineby ¾ RELIABILITY© ¾ ACCESSIBILITY ESCMID HUMAN SUBJECTS RIGHTS Library Investigators shouldLecture adhere to the Decleration of Helsinki,author Belmont report, and Online Goodby Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidelines © . ESCMID ANIMALS RIGHTS Library Treatment of animals should follow guidelines (AnimalLecture Ethics Rules and Regulations) that prevent cruelty to author animals. Onlineby © ESCMID Library ETHICSETHICSIN ETHICSIN IN Lecture BIOMEDICAL author RESEARCH Onlineby © ESCMID ETHICSLibrary ETHICS • A SYSTEM OF MORAL VALUES • SCIENCE OF HONESTYLecture and INTEGRITY • HONEST and OBJECTIVE PRACTICES author • THE RULES OF RIGHT OR GOOD CONDUCT • MORAL VALUESOnline ANDby THEIR APPLICATIONS © • DISTINCTION OF “GOOD“GOOD”“BAD” and “BAD” ESCMID ETHICS ETHICS Library • Science of HonestyLecture and Integrity author Onlineby • Honest and Ob© jective Practices ESCMID Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID ETHICS ETHICS RESEARCH PUBLICATION RESEARCH ETHICS Library Adherence by scientists and their InstitutionsLecture to honest and verifiable methodsauthor in Proposing, Onlineby Performing, Evaluating© and Reporting Research ESCMID CHOOSING AND DECIDING ON A RESEARCH TOPIC Library WHAT IS THE “IMPORTANCE” OF MY QUESTION ? AM I ASKING A Lecture“NEW” QUESTION ? author WILL MY RESEARCH PROJECT BE A “NOVELOnline APPROACH”by IN THE FIELD ? © WILL I BE SUCCESSFUL IN THE “PLANNING , APPLICATION AND ESCMIDMETHODOLOGY” ? GOOD RESEARCH MANAGEMENT (EU(EUGRM) (EU - GRM) Library - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - DATA COLLEC TI OLectureN AND STO RA GE author - DATA ANALYSISOnlineby AND ASSESSMENT © - PUBLICATION ESCMID CONDUCT OF SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC FACTLibrary MENTOR HYPOTHESIS AND NEW QUESTION Lecture PROJECT PROPOSAL MENTOR author DATA COLLECTION Onlineby AND © DATA ANALYSIS MENTOR ESCMID PUBLICATION MONITORING OF RESEARCH ADVISER =MENTOR = “HODJA” Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID WHO IS A MENTOR / ADVISER ? • AN HONEST CITIZEN WHO PAYS LibraryHIS/HER TAXES • A SCIENTIST WHO MUST HAVE A SPARE TIME FOR YOUR PROJECT, AFTERLecture FAMILY HOURS .. • A SCIENTIST WHO HASauthor A HISTORY OF “ACCEPTED“ AND/OROnlineby “REJECTED” PROJECT PROPOSALS © • ASCIENTISTWITH“GOOD DAYS“ AND AT TIMES HAVING “BAD DAYS”... ESCMID “GOLDEN RULES” IN RESEARCH – MENTOR & MENTEE Library • SCHEDULE YOUR MEETINGS WITH A MENTOR QUITE FREQUENTLY AND REVIEW THE DATA ! Lecture • KEEP AND PERMANENT RECORDSauthor OF YOUR DATA IN A ‘CERTIFIEDOnlineby ’ NOTEBOOK ! © • USE STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY IN EVERY STEP OF DATA REVIEW WITH AN EXPERT STATISTICIANESCMID ! Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID “HOW IS EVERYTHING ....?” “LET US MEET AS SOON AS WE CAN..” MEETINGLibrary OF MENTOR MENTOR & MENTEE Lecture DISCUSSION AND authorREVIEW OF DATA Onlineby MENTEE© MINIMUM TWICE A MONTH FOR 1 HOUR (EU) ESCMID SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IMPORTANCEMENTOR OF A !!MENTOR Library ORMENT ORMENT MENTEE MENTEE Lecture author “CHALLENGES”Onlineby © “PROFESSIONALESCMID EXCELLENCE” ORMENT ORMENT Library ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL LecturePERSONAL authorETHICAL Onlineby © MENTEE MENTEE ESCMID SYDNEY BRENNER (Mentor) ANDREWLibrary FIRE Lecture C.Elegans author Onlineby © JOHN SULSTON ROBERT HORVITZ MRC Unit Post-Doc Fellow Research Fellow 1970 1969 ESCMID 2002 H.ROBERT HORVITZ Library JOHN E.SULSTON Lecture author C.Elegans Onlineby © SYDNEY BRENNER* ESCMIDBIOLOGIC CONTROL OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOZIS) 2006 in Physiology and Medicine Library ANDREW FIRE Carnegie Inst of Washington, USA Lecture CRAIG MELLO Univauthor Massachussets Cancer Ctr, USA Onlineby © Fundamental mechanisms by which gene expression and “silencing” is controlled with Process of RNA Interference(RNAi) ESCMID PROCESS OF A RESEARCH PROJECT Library RESEARCH PROJECT Lecture DATA REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT author Onlineby © PUBLICATION ESCMID Library Lecture author Onlineby © ESCMID ETHICS ETHICS RESEARCH PUBLICATION SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONSLibrary ANY ATTEMPTLecture OR ACTION TO REDUCE author THE INTEGRITYOnlineby AND RELIABILITY© OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ESCMID SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTLibrary Lecture “SLOPPY RESEARCH” author SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WITHOUT Onlineby DISCIPLINE © FRAUD ESCMID “SLOPPY RESEARCH” - THE INVESTIGATOR HAS NOT RECEIVEDLibrary ADEQUATE TRAINING FOR DESIGNING, CONDUCTING, ANALYZING AND REPORTING A RESEARCH PROJECT Lecture - NOT AWARE OF HIS/HER FAULTS AND MISDOINGS ! author - REPORTING UNRELIABLE RESULTS ! Onlineby -HAS“GOOD INTENTIONS”© WITH “GOOD PERSONALITY” - IT IS A “ TREATABLE AND CURABLE ” CONDITION ! ESCMID SCIENTIFIC FRAUD Library - THE INVESTIGATOR INTENTIONALY MODIFIES AND MAKE CHANGES IN THE PROJECT APPLICATION , RESULTS AND REPORTING Lecture -HAS“BAD INTENTIONS” withauthor “DISHONEST PERSONALITY” Onlineby © - “NO EXCUSE FOR THIS BEHAVIOUR ” - HAS ESCMIDTO BE INVESTIGATED AND PUNISHED SCIENTIFIC FRAUD Library PLAGIARISM FABRICATION Lecture FALSIFICATION author DUPLIOnlineCOCATIby ON © SALAMIZATION ESCMID UNAUTHORIZED AUTHORSHIP PLAGIARISM Library ¾ Copying from published or unpublished manuscript, article, chapter, paragraph, sentence, figure, table or photograph ; Lecture Without cit ati on t o th e ori gi nal au thor, or Without permission from theauthor publisher. Onlineby It represents `stealing`©of Intellectual Property and is highly unethical. Atd`ji`iAdiAcceptESCMIDed as a `ma jor crime` in Academia. PARAPHRASING Library ¾ Incorporating the statements of others, making modifications and adding phrases Lecture without citation is unacceptable in the scientific community. author Onlineby ¾ Some colleges© and universities require thei r s tu den ts to s ign a stttatement pritior to registration process. ESCMID FABRICATION Library • The actual making up data and publishing them • Producing data , reportingLecture experiments which were never conducted • “Dry Lab” author • “ManufacturingOnline Databy from clean white benches”benches © • Sometimes are done by computer experts or geniuses…. ESCMID FALSIFICATION Library ¾ Manipulation of Research Data, Processes, Cr itica l Da ta an d Researc h Resu lts.. ¾ Try to fit the results “asLecture expected ” or “compatible with the literature..” author ¾ Tryyp to make the results compatible with the “hypothesis andOnline aim ofby the study”. ¾ Try to change the results© to please the mentor, staff, and make an effort to publish… ESCMID SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT Library Darsee•• Darsee: FabricationLecture Soman•• Soman: Misuse of authorReferee Rights Imanishi•• BaltimoreKari-- ImanishiOnline-- KariBaltimoreby Baltimore: Falsification Gallo•• Gallo Gallo: HIV discoveryPlagiarism© –– Plagiarism ESCMID DISCOVERY OF HIV Library ? Lecture author Onlineby © ROBERT GALLO Prof.LUC MONTAGNIER ESCMID2008 NOBEL LAUREATE FOR MEDICINE AND PHYSIOLOGY DAVID BALTIMORE 1975 NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE Pres iden t o f Roc ke fe ller Un ivers ity ( Resigned in 1991) Library Lecture author Onlineby © FABRICATION ??? THEREZA IMANISHIIMANISHI--KARIKARI ESCMID Library Lecture PfHProf. Hwang Woooo--susukkk author Seoul Universityyy South Korea Onlineby © “Embryonic Stem Cells By Somatic Cell Transfer Technology”ESCMID Science’05Science’05
Recommended publications
  • USA Education Ph.D., Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Tech
    Victor R. Ambros, Ph.D. Silverman Professor of Natural Sciences Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School373 Plantation Street, Suite 306 Worcester, MA 01605 (508) 856-6380 [email protected] Personal Born: Hanover, NH, USA on December 1, 1953 Citizenship: USA Education Ph.D., Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 1976-1979 Thesis Title: The protein covalently linked to the 5' end of poliovirus RNA Advisor: Dr. David Baltimore B.S., Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 1971-1975 Professional Appointments Silverman Professor of Natural Sciences 2009-present Co-Director, RNA Therapeutics Institute 2009-2016 Professor, Program in Molecular Medicine 2008-present University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA Professor of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School 2001-2007 Professor, Biological Sciences, Dartmouth Medical School 1996-2001 Associate Professor, Biological Sciences, Dartmouth Medical School 1992-1996 Associate Professor, Department of Cellular and Development Biology, 1988-1992 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Assistant Professor, Department of Cellular and Development Biology, 1985-1988 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Postdoctoral Research 1979-1985 Supervisor: Dr. H. Robert Horvitz Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Graduate Research 1976-1979 Supervisor: Dr. David Baltimore Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Research Assistant 1975-1976 Supervisor: Dr. David Baltimore Center for Cancer Research,
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Medicine Essay
    COMMENTARY LASKER BASIC MEDICAL RESEARCH AWARD Of maize and men, or peas and people: case histories to justify plants and other model systems David Baulcombe One of the byproducts of molecular biology cork is altogether filled with air, and that air is has been support for the ‘model system’ con- perfectly enclosed in little boxes or cells distinct cept. All living organisms are based on the same from one another.”)2 (Fig. 1). Two hundred fifty genetic code, they have similar subcellular years later, Beijerinck discovered a contagium structures and they use homologous metabolic vivum fluidum in extracts of diseased tobacco pathways. So, mechanisms can be investigated plants that he later referred to as a virus3. using organisms other than those in which In contemporary science, a green alga— the knowledge will be exploited for practical Chlamydomonas reinhardtii—is a useful model benefit. Model systems are particularly use- in the analysis of kidney disease4. However, ful in the early discovery phase of a scientific in this article, I refer to the contribution of endeavor, and recent progress in biomedical plant biology to a family of mechanisms that I science has fully vindicated their use. Jacques refer to as RNA silencing. This topic has been Monod, for example, famously justified his reviewed comprehensively elsewhere5,6, so here work on a bacterial model system by stating I focus on personal experience and my view of that “what is true for Escherichia coli is also future potential from this work. true for elephants.” My fellow laureates, Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, can defend the use The early history of RNA silencing in of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a good plants model system and so I will focus on plants.
    [Show full text]
  • PIE-1 Sumoylation Promotes Germline Fates and Pirna-Dependent Silencing in C
    RESEARCH ARTICLE PIE-1 SUMOylation promotes germline fates and piRNA-dependent silencing in C. elegans Heesun Kim1†, Yue-He Ding1†, Shan Lu2, Mei-Qing Zuo2, Wendy Tan1, Darryl Conte Jr1, Meng-Qiu Dong2, Craig C Mello1,3* 1RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States; 2National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States Abstract Germlines shape and balance heredity, integrating and regulating information from both parental and foreign sources. Insights into how germlines handle information have come from the study of factors that specify or maintain the germline fate. In early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, the CCCH zinc finger protein PIE-1 localizes to the germline where it prevents somatic differentiation programs. Here, we show that PIE-1 also functions in the meiotic ovary where it becomes SUMOylated and engages the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-conjugating machinery. Using whole-SUMO-proteome mass spectrometry, we identify HDAC SUMOylation as a target of PIE-1. Our analyses of genetic interactions between pie-1 and SUMO pathway mutants suggest that PIE-1 engages the SUMO machinery both to preserve the germline fate in the embryo and to promote Argonaute-mediated surveillance in the adult germline. *For correspondence: Introduction [email protected] During every life cycle, the eukaryotic germline orchestrates a remarkable set of informational tasks †These authors contributed that shape heredity and create variation necessary for the evolution of new species. One approach equally to this work for understanding the mechanisms that promote germline specification and function has been the identification of genes whose protein products localize exclusively to the germline and for which Competing interests: The loss-of-function mutations result in absent or non-functional germ cells and gametes (Seydoux and authors declare that no Braun, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Sborník Konferenčních Příspěvků Byl Vydán Pod ISBN 978-80-7305-117-4 a Poskytnut Všem 170 Registrovaným Účastníkům Konference
    111 let Nobelových cen MENDEL FORUM 2011 Projekt „Od fyziologie k medicíně“ CZ.1.07/2.3.00/09.0219, který je prezentován v rámci konference Mendel Forum 2011, je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky. Mendelianum MZM, Brno Ústav fyziologie FVL VFU Brno ÚŽFG AV ČR, v.v.i., Brno ISBN 978-80-7305-132-7 MENDEL FORUM 2011 25. - 26. října 2011 Dietrichsteinský palác Zelný trh, Brno PROGRAM úterý 25. října 2011 8:30 – 9:00 registrace, zahájení Sekce: OD FYZIOLOGIE K MEDICÍNĚ 9:00 – 9:30 Od fyziologie k medicíně: vzdělávací projekty (I. Fellnerová) 9:30 – 10:00 Fyziologie/medicína v Nobelových cenách (J. Doubek) Sekce: GENETIKA-MENDEL 9:30 – 10:00 Mendel Memorial Medal Mendel Lecture (S. Zadražil) 10:30 – 11:00 diskuse, přestávka s občerstvením 2 11:00 - 11:30 Mendel – neustálá výzva (J. Sekerák) 11:30 – 12:00 Mendel, Biskupský dvůr a počátky vědy na Moravě (J. Mitáček) s navazující odpolední prohlídkou Biskupského dvora středa 26. října 2011 Sekce: NOBELOVY CENY 21. STOLETÍ 9:00 – 9:30 Nobelovy ceny v novém tisícíletí (E. Matalová) 9:30 – 10:00 Helicobacter pylori (M. Heroldová) 10:00 – 10:30 Umlčování genů (M. Buchtová) 10:30 – 11:00 přestávka 3 11:00 – 11:30 Telomery a nesmrtelnost (L. Dubská) 11:30 – 12:00 In vitro fertilizace (B. Kuřecová) s navazující diskusí a občerstvením ************************************** 111 let Nobelových cen http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/ 4 Seznam přednášejících, kontakty doc. RNDr. Marcela Buchtová, Ph.D Ústav živočišné fyziologie a genetiky AV ČR, v.v.i., Brno, Fakulta veterinárního lékařství, VFU Brno [email protected], www.iapg.cas.cz prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room L235, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
    GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE STRANDED RNA Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2006 by Andrew Z. Fire Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room L235, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA. I would like to thank the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institutet for the opportunity to describe some recent work on RNA-triggered gene silencing. First a few disclaimers, however. Telling the full story of gene silencing would be a mammoth enterprise that would take me many years to write and would take you well into the night to read. So we’ll need to abbreviate the story more than a little. Second (and as you will see) we are only in the dawn of our knowledge; so consider the following to be primer... the best we could do as of December 8th, 2006. And third, please understand that the story that I am telling represents the work of several generations of biologists, chemists, and many shades in between. I’m pleased and proud that work from my labo- ratory has contributed to the field, and that this has led to my being chosen as one of the messengers to relay the story in this forum. At the same time, I hope that there will be no confusion of equating our modest contributions with those of the much grander RNAi enterprise. DOUBLE STRANDED RNA AS A BIOLOGICAL ALARM SIGNAL These disclaimers in hand, the story can now start with a biography of the first main character. Double stranded RNA is probably as old (or almost as old) as life on earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Fy 2018 Human Frontier Science Program Organization
    APRIL 2017 APRIL 2018 — MARCH 2019 ANNUAL REPORT FY 2018 HUMAN FRONTIER SCIENCE PROGRAM ORGANIZATION The Human Frontier Science Program Organization (HFSPO) is unique, supporting international collaboration to undertake innovative, risky, basic research at the frontier of the life sciences. Special emphasis is given to the support and training of independent young investigators, beginning at the postdoctoral level. The Program is implemented by an international organisation, supported financially by Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland, the United States of America, and the European Commission. Since 1990, over 7000 researchers from more than 70 countries have been supported. Of these, 28 HFSP awardees have gone on to receive the Nobel Prize. 2 The following documents are available on the HFSP website www.hfsp.org: Joint Communiqués (Tokyo 1992, Washington 1997, Berlin 2002, Bern 2004, Ottawa 2007, Canberra 2010, Brussels 2013, London 2016): https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/membership Statutes of the International Human Frontier Science Program Organization: https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/hfspo-statutes Guidelines for the participation of new members in HFSPO: https://www.hfsp.org/about/governance/membership General reviews of the HFSP (1996, 2001, 2006-2007, 2010, 2018): https://www.hfsp.org/about/strategy/reviews Updated and previous lists of awards, including titles and abstracts:
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Nobel Laureates Hearing Committee On
    S. HRG. 110–1209 2006 NOBEL LAUREATES HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MAY 2, 2007 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 79–907 PDF WASHINGTON : 2013 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 09:23 Mar 19, 2013 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\79907.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii, Chairman JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia TED STEVENS, Alaska, Vice Chairman JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota TRENT LOTT, Mississippi BARBARA BOXER, California KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas BILL NELSON, Florida OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine MARIA CANTWELL, Washington GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey JOHN ENSIGN, Nevada MARK PRYOR, Arkansas JOHN E. SUNUNU, New Hampshire THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware JIM DEMINT, South Carolina CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri DAVID VITTER, Louisiana AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota JOHN THUNE, South Dakota MARGARET L. CUMMISKY, Democratic Staff Director and Chief Counsel LILA HARPER HELMS, Democratic Deputy Staff Director and Policy Director CHRISTINE D. KURTH, Republican Staff Director and General Counsel KENNETH R. NAHIGIAN, Republican Deputy Staff Director and Chief Counsel SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND INNOVATION JOHN F.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Information on the Nobel Prize in Physiology Or Medicine 2006
    Advanced Information on The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 RNA INTERFERENCE This year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is shared by Professor Andrew Z. Fire at Stanford University, California, USA, and Professor Craig C. Mello at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, USA. They receive the prize for their discovery that double-stranded RNA trig- gers suppression of gene activity in a homology-dependent manner, a process named RNA interference (RNAi). Their discovery revealed a new mechanism for gene regulation, and the biochemical machinery involved plays a key role in many essential cellular processes. Double-stranded RNA synthesized within the cell can reduce or abolish gene activity by RNAi-like mechanisms. This control system for gene expression has proven to be important for both the development of an organism and the physiological functions of cells and tissues. Furthermore, RNAi protects against RNA virus infections, especially in plants and invertebrate animals, and secures genome stability by keeping mobile elements silent. Today, double-stranded RNA is used as a powerful tool to experimentally elucidate the function of essentially any gene in a cell. The discovery of RNAi has already had an immense impact on biomedical research and will most likely lead to novel medical applications in the future. Introduction The gene expression process is of fundamental importance for all living organisms. Most genes reside in the chromosomes located in the cell nucleus and express themselves via proteins synthesised in the cytoplasm. The genetic material was identifi ed as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1944 (ref. 1) and the double-helical nature of DNA was revealed in 1953 (by Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962).
    [Show full text]
  • ILAE Historical Wall02.Indd 10 6/12/09 12:04:44 PM
    2000–2009 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Tim Hunt Robert Horvitz Sir Peter Mansfi eld Barry Marshall Craig Mello Oliver Smithies Luc Montagnier 2000 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2007 2008 Arvid Carlsson Eric Kandel Sir Paul Nurse John Sulston Richard Axel Robin Warren Mario Capecchi Harald zur Hauser Nobel Prizes 2000000 2001001 2002002 2003003 200404 2006006 2007007 2008008 Paul Greengard Leland Hartwell Sydney Brenner Paul Lauterbur Linda Buck Andrew Fire Sir Martin Evans Françoise Barré-Sinoussi in Medicine and Physiology 2000 1st Congress of the Latin American Region – in Santiago 2005 ILAE archives moved to Zurich to become publicly available 2000 Zonismide licensed for epilepsy in the US and indexed 2001 Epilepsia changes publishers – to Blackwell 2005 26th International Epilepsy Congress – 2001 Epilepsia introduces on–line submission and reviewing in Paris with 5060 delegates 2001 24th International Epilepsy Congress – in Buenos Aires 2005 Bangladesh, China, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Nicaragua, Pakistan, 2001 Launch of phase 2 of the Global Campaign Against Epilepsy Singapore and the United Arab Emirates join the ILAE in Geneva 2005 Epilepsy Atlas published under the auspices of the Global 2001 Albania, Armenia, Arzerbaijan, Estonia, Honduras, Jamaica, Campaign Against Epilepsy Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Lebanon, Malta, Malaysia, Nepal , Paraguay, Philippines, Qatar, Senegal, Syria, South Korea and Zimbabwe 2006 1st regional vice–president is elected – from the Asian and join the ILAE, making a total of 81 chapters Oceanian Region
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates
    Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates In December 1902, the first Nobel Prize was awarded in Stockholm to Wilhelm Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays. Alfred Nobel (1833-96), a Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite, had bequeathed a $9 million endowment to fund significant cash prizes ($40,000 in 1901, about $1 million today) to those individuals who had made the most important contributions in five domains (Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace); the sixth, in "Economic Sciences," was added in 1969. Nobel could hardly have imagined the almost mythic status that would accrue to the laureates. From the start "The Prize" became one of the most sought-after awards in the world, and eventually the yardstick against which other prizes and recognition were to be measured. Certainly the roster of Nobel laureates includes many of the most famous names of the 20th century: Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Mother Teresa, Winston Churchill, Albert Camus, Boris Pasternak, Albert Schweitzer, the Dalai Lama and many others. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to approximately 850 laureates of whom at least 177 of them are/were Jewish although Jews comprise less than 0.2% of the world's population. In the 20th century, Jews, more than any other minority, ethnic or cultural, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize. How to account for Jewish proficiency at winning Nobel’s? It's certainly not because Jews do the judging. All but one of the Nobel’s are awarded by Swedish institutions (the Peace Prize by Norway). The standard answer is that the premium placed on study and scholarship in Jewish culture inclines Jews toward more education, which in turn makes a higher proportion of them "Nobel-eligible" than in the larger population.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring/Summer 2005, Vol. 27 No. 3 the Magazine of the University Of
    Elected to National Academy of Sciences, p. 3 UMMS Professor Craig Mello spring/summer 2005, vol. 27 no. 3 Justice Served The Magazine of The University of Massachusetts Medical School The RNAi Revolution is Here. The Pivotal Pancreas Neural Pioneers Plus, the Economics of RNAi L., the plural of life The name of this magazine encompasses the lives of those who make up the UMMS community, for which it is published. They are students, faculty, staff, alumni, volunteers, benefactors and others who aspire to help this campus achieve national distinction in education, research and public service. University of Massachusetts Medical School The University of Massachusetts Medical School was created in 1962 by an act of the Massachusetts Legislature and today is comprised of three schools. Since accepting its first class in 1970, the School of Medicine has provided students with an accessible, comprehensive and personally rewarding medical education of the highest quality, one which optimally prepares them to excel as physicians. The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, opened in 1979, is a faculty-initiated PhD program that trains scientists in a specialty area with a broad background in the basic medical sciences, in preparation for conducting research with direct relevance to human disease. Opened in 1986, the Graduate School of Nursing, through its master’s, post master’s, doctoral degree and Graduate Entry Pathway programs, provides professional educa- tion and training for advanced practice nurses within three specialties: adult acute/critical care nurse practitioners, adult ambulatory/community care nurse practitioners and advanced practice nurse educators. Commonwealth Medicine Commonwealth Medicine is UMass Medical School’s innovative public service initiative, provid- ing expertise to public sector agencies so they may optimize their efficiency and effectiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Genetics 1990–2009
    Portfolio Review Human Genetics 1990–2009 June 2010 Acknowledgements The Wellcome Trust would like to thank the many people who generously gave up their time to participate in this review. The project was led by Liz Allen, Michael Dunn and Claire Vaughan. Key input and support was provided by Dave Carr, Kevin Dolby, Audrey Duncanson, Katherine Littler, Suzi Morris, Annie Sanderson and Jo Scott (landscaping analysis), and Lois Reynolds and Tilli Tansey (Wellcome Trust Expert Group). We also would like to thank David Lynn for his ongoing support to the review. The views expressed in this report are those of the Wellcome Trust project team – drawing on the evidence compiled during the review. We are indebted to the independent Expert Group, who were pivotal in providing the assessments of the Wellcome Trust’s role in supporting human genetics and have informed ‘our’ speculations for the future. Finally, we would like to thank Professor Francis Collins, who provided valuable input to the development of the timelines. The Wellcome Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales, no. 210183. Contents Acknowledgements 2 Overview and key findings 4 Landmarks in human genetics 6 1. Introduction and background 8 2. Human genetics research: the global research landscape 9 2.1 Human genetics publication output: 1989–2008 10 3. Looking back: the Wellcome Trust and human genetics 14 3.1 Building research capacity and infrastructure 14 3.1.1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI) 15 3.1.2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics 15 3.1.3 Collaborations, consortia and partnerships 16 3.1.4 Research resources and data 16 3.2 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries 17 3.3 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries: within the field of human genetics 18 3.4 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries: beyond the field of human genetics – ‘ripple’ effects 19 Case studies 22 4.
    [Show full text]