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The Context of REDD+ in Ethiopia Drivers, Agents and Institutions

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The Context of REDD+ in Ethiopia Drivers, Agents and Institutions OCCASIONAL PAPER The context of REDD+ in Ethiopia Drivers, agents and institutions Melaku Bekele Yemiru Tesfaye Zerihun Mohammed Solomon Zewdie Yibeltal Tebikew Maria Brockhaus Habtemariam Kassa OCCASIONAL PAPER 127 The context of REDD+ in Ethiopia Drivers, agents and institutions Melaku Bekele Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources Yemiru Tesfaye Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources Zerihun Mohammed Forum for Social Studies (FSS) Solomon Zewdie MEF, REDD+ Secretariat Yibeltal Tebikew Wondo Genet College of Forestry and natural Resources Maria Brockhaus CIFOR Habtemariam Kassa CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Occasional Paper 127 © 2015 Center for International Forestry Research Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-602-387-003-5 DOI: 10.17528/cifor/005654 Bekele M, Tesfaye Y, Mohammed Z, Zewdie S, Tebikew Y, Brockhaus M and Kassa H. 2015. The context of REDD+ in Ethiopia: Drivers, agents and institutions. Occasional Paper 127. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo by Gessese Dessie A site between Gore and Tepi, South-West Ethiopia CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all donors who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a list of Fund donors please see: https://www.cgiarfund.org/FundDonors Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Contents Abbreviations and acronyms vi Acknowledgments viii Executive summary ix Introduction xi 1 Analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 1 1.1 Current and historical overview of forest resources in Ethiopia 1 1.2 Review of the main drivers of forest cover change 6 1.3 Carbon stocks of the forests of Ethiopia 15 1.4 Mitigation potential 16 1.5 Capacity for monitoring deforestation and forest degradation 17 2 Institutional, environmental and distributional aspects 18 2.1 Putting forest governance in context 18 2.2 Decentralized forest governance and benefit-sharing 26 2.3 Customary rights and international and national legal frameworks 29 2.4 The argument over community rights 31 2.5 Who shall have rights over carbon? 31 2.6 Implications for REDD+ performance 32 3 The political economy of deforestation and forest degradation 33 3.1 General background 33 3.2 Overview of Ethiopia’s political systems in the recent past 33 3.3 History of land tenure 34 3.4 National development policies and implications 34 4 The REDD+ policy environment 44 4.1 Broader climate change policy context 44 4.2 REDD+ policy actors, events and policy processes 48 4.3 Consultation processes and multi-stakeholder forums 50 4.4 Future REDD+ policy options and processes 53 5 Implications for the 3Es 59 5.1 National policies, the 3Es and policy options 59 5.2 Assessment of major aspects of REDD+ and the impact on the 3Es 63 6 Conclusions and recommendations 69 7 References 72 List of figures and tables Figures 1 Land cover types of Ethiopia. 2 2 Average annual change in the number of holders and area of production of major crops from 2006 to 2012. 8 3 Relative contribution of major crops to the total increase in the number of holders and area of production. 8 4 Increase in yield per hectare and area per holder for major crops. 9 5 Share of major crops in production area increase from 2006 to 2012 in four forested regions and the country as a whole. 10 6 Share of major crops in the increase in aggregate production area in forested regions (Oromia, SNNPR, Gambela and Benishangul-Gumuz), non-forest regions and the country as a whole. 10 7 Share of major crops in the increase in production area from 2006 to 2012 for forested zones in Oromia and across the entire Oromia region. 11 8 Share of major crops in the total production area increase from 2006 to 2012 in forested zones, less forested zones, and the entire Oromia region. 11 10 Share of major crops in the total production area increase from 2006 to 2012 in forested zones, less forested zones and the entire SNNPR region. 11 9 Share of major crops in the increase in production area from 2006 to 2012 for forested zones in SNNPR and the entire SNNPR region. 12 11 Regional share of the total area transferred for commercial agricultural. 13 12 Uncertified forest owner in his woodlot with his children, Western Arsi zone, 2013. 20 13 Church forest in northern Ethiopia. 20 14 PFM areas in Ethiopia 21 Tables 1 Estimated forest and woodland cover by region for the year 2005, as projected by the WBISPP and FAO. 3 2 Estimates of total forest and woody vegetation cover for the years 2000 and 2005 according to WBISPP definitions. 3 3 Total forest and woody vegetation cover estimate after reclassification using FAO’s forest definition. 4 4 Estimated change in forest cover across different time periods, as forecast by the WBISPP. 4 5 Estimated change in woodland cover across different time periods, as forecast by the WBISPP. 4 6 Estimated change in forest cover across different periods, after reclassification by FAO. 5 7 Annual deforestation rate estimates of studies in different areas of Ethiopia. 5 8 The major direct drivers of deforestation in Ethiopia and their level of impact. 6 9 Share and total area of crop production by region in 2006 and 2012. 7 The context of REDD+ in Ethiopia | v 10 The distribution of forest cover among zones inthe Oromia and SNNPR regions. 10 11 Major causes of forest degradation in Ethiopia according to the country’s R-PP. 14 12 Direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, their agents, and the level of threat they impose. 14 13 Carbon stocks of forest vegetation categories. 16 14 Estimates of GHG emissions from agricultural clearing of major forested regions. 16 15 Institutional capacity to monitor deforestation and forest degradation. 17 16 International and regional conventions ratified by Ethiopia. 22 17 The dual path of agricultural development in Ethiopia. 37 18 Investment land under the federal land bank. 39 19 Estimated fuelwood demand and supply. 43 20 CDM projects in Ethiopia. 47 21 Timeline of the development of the R-PP in Ethiopia. 52 22 REDD+ initiatives in Ethiopia. 53 23 National policies and programs aggravating deforestation in Ethiopia and their likely detrimental impact on the 3Es of REDD+. 60 24 Policies and programsfor reducing deforestation or increasing sustainable development in Ethiopia and their likely positive impact on the 3Es of REDD+. 61 Abbreviations and acronyms 3E Effectiveness, efficiency, equity BERSMP Bale Eco-region Sustainable Management Program CBOs Community-based organizations CDM Clean Development Mechanism CCF-E Climate Change Forum-Ethiopia CRGE Climate resilient green economy (strategy) EPA Environment Protection Authority EPACC Ethiopia’s Programme of Adaptation to Climate Change EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front ESMF Environmental social management framework FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas GTP Growth and Transformation Plan MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MRV Monitoring, reporting and verification NAMA Nationally appropriate mitigation action NAPA National adaptation program of action NGO Nongovernmental organization NFTP Non-timber forest product PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to Eradicate Poverty PFM Participatory forest management REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation R-PP Readiness preparation proposal R-PIN Readiness plan idea note RTWG REDD+ Technical Working Group SESA Social environmental strategic assessment SFM Sustainable forest management SLM(P) Sustainable Land Management (Project) SNNPR Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region SLMP Sustainable Land Management Program The context of REDD+ in Ethiopia | vii SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WBISPP Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project Glossary of Ethiopian terms Balabat Local intermediary between the local people and the State during the imperial period Gebbar Tax payer, tribute payer Kebele The lowest level of government administration Rist Hereditary use right of land during the imperial period Woreda Administration level equivalent to district Acknowledgments This work is part of the policy component of knowledge-sharing event in Ouagadougou. The CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study (GCS) of event provided the team with insights into all REDD+ led by Dr. Maria Brockhaus. The study 14 countries included in GCS, and highlighted team, which consists of university, government the important scope of the study. These insights and civil society staff, would like to express its allowed us to compare our efforts in Ethiopia gratitude to Dr. Habtemarim Kassa, Dr. Assembe- with similar efforts around the globe. Mvondo and Dr. Maria Brockhaus for their input and guidance. We are especially grateful to: Dr. Mulugeta from Farm Africa; Dr. Yitebitu Moges, Director of We are grateful to all actors who provided National REDD+ Secretariat; and Gideon Shu information including those from federal and Neba, Dr. Manuel Boissiere, Dr. Lou Verchot regional government offices and NGOs. This work and Dr. Steven Lawry from CIFOR who have would not have been possible without them. We reviewed the work in detail and provided also value the time given to the two consultative valuable input.
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