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Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use of Degraded Community Forests in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia

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Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use of Degraded Community Forests in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia Rehabilitation and sustainable use of degraded community forests in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia Inaugural Dissertation Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany submitted by Girma Amente Freiburg im Breisgau, July 2005 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Ernst Hildebrand Referent: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Huss Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Michel Becker Korreferent: Dr. Yonas Yemshaw ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all I thank Almighty God for reaching this milestone in my life. I would like to extend my gratitude to all individuals who contributed to this work in one way or another. I am very grateful to Prof. Dr. Juergen Huss for his guidance and encouragement throughout the study period. He deserves a special credit for reading and structuring the manuscript in such a way that it is readable for others. He was always available whenever assistance was needed. Special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Michel Becker and Dr. Yonas Yemshaw for their advice and valuable comments. I am grateful to Dr. Timm Tennigkeit for his support in designing the fieldwork, reading the manuscript and providing encouragement. I am also grateful to Dr. Axel Weinreich and Dr. Markus Grulke for their helpful advice. Many thanks go to all the staff of the Adaba-Dodola Integrated Forest Management Project and district forest experts for their unfailing support during the fieldwork. I would like to pay special thanks to Dr. Antje Fischer and Hans-Joachim Lipp for their encouragement to start this study and their support during the study period. I am grateful to Mr. Aklilu Ameha, Ahmid Seyid, Asrat Mengesha, Siyyum G/kidan, Kassahun Tegeny, Melese Tegenu, Ararsa Regassa and the tree cover assessment team for their support during the fieldwork. I owe a special debt of gratitude to the members of the user groups for their active participation in the study process and providing me with the required information. I wish to thank all the staff of the Institute of Silviculture who made my stay in the institute comfortable and successful. I would particularly thank Prof. Dr. Juergen Bauhus, Director of the Institute of Silviculture for his kind assistance. I am grateful to Mrs. Andrea Schafer for her support in relation to organisational aspects. Thanks to Mr. David Butler Manning for checking the manuscript. I am also thankful to Mrs. Esther Muschelknautz, Coordinator of international PhD program (IPP) of the Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences for her kind assistance. My study was made possible with financial and material support from the Adaba-Dodola Integrated Forest Management Project, German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), IPP program and I-TOO project. I would like very much to acknowledge their assistance. Last but not least, I thank my wife Tigist Mengistu and my beloved son and daughter, Tolawak and Abenezer Girma for their understanding and patience during the months of separation. Table of contents i Table of contents 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT........................... 1 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................................................. 1 1.2 CONTRIBUTION OF FORESTS TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION....................... 3 1.3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ETHIOPIA ........................................................... 4 1.3.1 Geography and socio-economic conditions....................................................... 4 1.3.2 Forest resources ................................................................................................. 6 1.3.3 Forest management ............................................................................................ 8 1.3.3.1 History of forest management..................................................................... 8 1.3.3.2 Silvicultural experience ............................................................................ 10 1.3.4 Deforestation.................................................................................................... 11 1.4 COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN ETHIOPIA ......................................................... 12 1.4.1 Development of community forest management............................................. 12 1.4.2 Existing legal and policy framework for community forestry......................... 13 1.5 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................ 16 1.6 HYPOTHESES, OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY .............. 17 1.6.1 Hypotheses....................................................................................................... 17 1.6.2 Objectives of the study .................................................................................... 18 1.6.3 Conceptual framework..................................................................................... 18 1.6.4 Structure of the study....................................................................................... 19 2 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE STUDY AREA AND STUDY APPROACH............... 21 2.1 STUDY SITE.......................................................................................................... 21 2.1.1 Location ........................................................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Climatic conditions .......................................................................................... 21 2.1.3 Topography and soils....................................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Vegetation........................................................................................................ 22 2.2 THE PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT APPROACH .................... 24 2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE USER GROUPS.......... 26 2.3.1 Social structure ................................................................................................ 26 2.3.2 Organizational structure................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 Livelihood strategies........................................................................................ 30 2.3.4 Forest utilization pattern .................................................................................. 31 2.3.4.1 Wood utilization........................................................................................ 31 2.3.4.2 Forest grazing............................................................................................ 33 2.3.4.3 Ecotourism ................................................................................................ 34 2.3.4.4 Other non-wood forest products ............................................................... 35 2.3.5 Traditional knowledge in forest management ................................................. 36 2.3.6 Forest management capacity............................................................................ 36 2.3.6.1 Human resources....................................................................................... 36 2.3.6.2 Tools and skills for tending, harvesting and processing........................... 37 Table of contents ii 2.3.6.3 Financial resources.................................................................................... 37 2.4 THE STUDY APPROACH .................................................................................... 38 3. CROWN DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMINANT TIMBER SPECIES............ 40 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 40 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................ 40 3.2.1 Sampling and measurement procedures .......................................................... 40 3.2.2 Establishing relationships between tree diameter and crown dimensions....... 42 3.2.3 Determination of crown area ........................................................................... 42 3.2.4 Determination of optimum number of crop trees/ha ....................................... 42 3.2.5 Estimation of green crown percent .................................................................. 43 3.3 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Crown ratio models.......................................................................................... 44 3.3.2 Relationship between tree diameter and crown length .................................... 44 3.3.3 Relationship between tree diameter and height ............................................... 44 3.3.4 Crown area of the dominant timber species..................................................... 48 3.3.5 Optimum number of crop trees/ha with and without grazing.......................... 48 3.3.6 Green crown percent........................................................................................ 48 3.4 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................... 49 3.4.1 The robustness of the developed models for prediction .................................. 49 3.4.2 Crown area of the dominant timber species..................................................... 51 3.4.3 Optimum number of crop trees taking into account forest grazing ................. 51 3.4.3.1 Method of determination........................................................................... 51 3.4.3.2 Optimum number of crop trees................................................................. 52 3.4.4 The need for pruning.......................................................................................
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